Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Land breeze'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Marine Sciences." Discipline: Marine Sciences; Department/School: Marine Sciences.

Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, September. 1996.
Thesis advisor(s): Carlyle H. Wash. "September 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100). Also available online.

Wind resource assessment studies have been conducted in the Israeli side and the Palestinian side before; however, the previous studies were restricted with the political border either Palestinian or Israeli except one of them that was based on measurements dated to 1940-1983 (R. Shabbaneh & A. Hasan, 1997). Moreover, the studies were performed years ago, with simple techniques and based on old data (R. Shabbaneh & A. Hasan, 1997). Hence, the needs for a new study that is based on updated data, and using updated model is highly demanded. This study is intended to perform wind resource assessment in Palestine/Israel; the study has used two stages of assessment, primary one based on reference station data on both sides, Israeli and Palestinian. The second stage of wind resource assessment is based on WindPRO software. The wind resource assessment ends up with identifying sites with higher potential that are situated in four selected sites, North of Palestine/Israel, North of West-bank, Jerusalem, and Eilat, the higher potential was in Eilat area bearing mean wind speed of 9.88m/s at 100 m hub height.Moreover, the study recognized the importance of political situation assessment due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Based on conducted survey, the political situation assessment concluded that international non-governmental organizations seem to be most capable of starting up wind power project in Palestine/Israel. Furthermore, the study concluded that supportive policies from both the Israeli and Palestinian governments are crucial to promote wind power projects in the region.

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CNPq
Neste trabalho a versão 6.0 do modelo numérico RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) é usada com o objetivo principal de simular a influência da expansão agrícola nas trocas de água e energia em áreas de Caatinga, e quantificar os efeitos das mudanças na cobertura e uso da terra na geração de circulações termicamente induzidas e na atividade convectiva. Os cenários de uso da terra investigados neste estudo foram construídos para representar condições ambientais nativas (sem influências antrópicas), e com alterações decorrentes da construção da represa de Sobradinho, e da expansão de atividades agrícolas e irrigação em região de clima semiárido. O ambiente atmosférico de grande escala é caracterizado pela estrutura dinâmica e termodinâmica típica da área central de um vórtice ciclônico de altos níveis (VCAN). A escolha do período de estudo teve como objetivo garantir condições ambientais com ampla diversidade agrícola em áreas de Caatinga (culturas de sequeiro e agricultura irrigada), e pouca nebulosidade. A evolução temporal da precipitação convectiva acumulada nas simulações da expansão agrícola mostra diferenças marcantes nos efeitos da agricultura de sequeiro e vegetação irrigada. O aumento na taxa da evapotranspiração nas áreas irrigadas eleva consideravelmente o teor de umidade nos baixos níveis da troposfera, reduz a temperatura do ar e diminui a precipitação convectiva. A descontinuidade na umidade e tipo de cobertura vegetal modifica a intensidade e distribuição dos fluxos turbulentos que são importantes na formação dos gradientes de pressão que geram circulações de brisa (brisa lacustre e de vegetação), de forma que o domínio nos transportes verticais de calor e água passa a ser da mesoescala. Verificou-se que as principais forçantes locais na determinação da distribuição espacial dos fluxos turbulentos e da chuva convectiva foram a topografia e a descontinuidade no teor de umidade do solo. Com relação a estabilidade atmosférica percebeu-se a existência de uma relação quase linear entre a Energia Potencial Convectiva Disponível (CAPE) e a temperatura potencial equivalente.
In this work the version 6.0 of the numerical model RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) is used with the main objective of simulating the influence of agricultural expansion on the water and energy exchange in Caatinga vegetation areas, and to quantify the effects that changes on soil use and coverage have on the generation of thermally induced circulations and convective activity. The scenarios of soil use investigated are designed to represent native environmental conditions (without anthropogenic influences) and with alterations due to the implementation of the Sobradinho reservoir, and the expansion of agricultural activities and irrigation in a semiarid climate area. The large scale atmospheric ambient is characterized by the dynamic and thermodynamic structure typical of the central area of an upper level cyclonic vortex. The period of study was chosen aiming at environmental conditions with largely diversified agricultural use in Caatinga vegetation areas (agriculture with and without irrigation), and almost cloudless skies. The temporal evolution of the accumulated convective precipitation in the numerical simulations of the agricultural expansion shows large differences in the effects of agriculture with and without irrigation. The irrigated areas higher evapotranspiration rate causes a substantial increase in the moisture content in the lower troposphere, and lower the air temperature and convective precipitation.

Ngan Shiu Fai.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves [107]-109).
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Observations in Hong Kong --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Review of analytical approach --- p.10
Chapter 2 --- Mathematical model --- p.15
Chapter 2.1 --- Semi-analytical approach --- p.15
Chapter 2.2 --- Physical interpretation --- p.20
Chapter 2.3 --- General properties of the solution --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- Typical sea-land breezes --- p.25
Chapter 3.1 --- Circulation over a straight coastline --- p.25
Chapter 3.2 --- Structure of sea-land breezes --- p.27
Chapter 3.3 --- Dependence on the parameters --- p.40
Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.46
Chapter 4 --- Effects of the coastline geometry --- p.54
Chapter 4.1 --- Effects of coastline curvature --- p.54
Chapter 4.2 --- Model of circular islands --- p.59
Chapter 4.3 --- Scale analysis on the effects of geometry --- p.75
Chapter 5 --- Application to Hong Kong --- p.78
Chapter 5.1 --- Numerical aspect --- p.78
Chapter 5.2 --- Wind branches --- p.83
Chapter 5.3 --- Effects of urban heat islands and sun-facing slopes --- p.85
Chapter 5.4 --- Static heating mode --- p.88
Chapter 5.5 --- Effect of model height --- p.89
Chapter 6 --- Association of sea-land breeze with spatial rainfall pattern --- p.91
Chapter 6.1 --- Regression analysis --- p.93
Chapter 6.2 --- Source of data --- p.94
Chapter 6.3 --- Annual rainfall --- p.95
Chapter 6.4 --- October --- p.95
Chapter 6.5 --- Seasonal Changes --- p.97
Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.100
Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.101
Appendix --- p.103
Chapter A --- Linearisation of the basic equations --- p.104

碩士
國立中央大學
大氣物理研究所
99
Land use (LU) type is one of the important land surface data to describe the exchange of heat and momentum between land surface and atmosphere in the model. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land use data used in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is roughly at 1-km resolution, this data set is outdated with the reference year of 1990s. The WRF version newer than 3.1, provides another LU datasets which is derived from 2001 MODIS satellites products and at 1-km resolution. However, none of these LU datasets correctly characterizes the land use and land cover classifications in Taiwan Island. Regarding this problem, a new land use data is derived using the 2007 SPOT satellite images (this data is named NCU). There are significant differences among these three datasets. When synoptic flow was weak, the simulation results using different land use data showed big effect. Due to relative widely distribution of the type of urban in MODIS, the simulation result is unable to describe the real land use condition correctly. The WRF-MODIS simulation over-predicted maximum temperatures and induced stronger sea breeze flow. On the contrary, the main distribution of USGS land use data is irrigation in Taiwan area. The WRF-USGS simulation results to under-predicted minimum temperature and induced weaker sea breeze flow in the coast. The WRF-NCU simulation result is relatively near observed temperature. The primary land type in USGS is irrigation in Taiwan and the roughness length is set too small, so the WRF-USGS simulation over-predicted wind speed. The WRF-NCU and WRF-MODIS simulations are relatively near observed wind speed. Comparisons with various meteorological measurements show that the NCU land use description improve the simulation of meteorological field apparently.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123).

碩士
國立臺灣大學
大氣科學系
85
The interaction of sea breeze and convective boundary layer have a period .We discover the period equal to merge time of sea breeze passing a thermal cell.Large-eddy simullation present a same order like observed.

碩士
國立中央大學
大氣物理研究所
95
Taiwan is surrounded by sea, where local circulation is easily formed. One of the typical examples is the sea-land breeze, which is also one of the most significant factors for transport pollutant in the coastland. In the area of Taipei and Kaoping in the Taiwan have high pollution source. This paper will focus on the influence of sea-land breeze on air quality over highly polluted area of Taipei and Kaoping. First of all, we would like to define “sea-land breeze day” according to the cause, the situation, and the definition in many papers of sea-land breeze. First, we draw straight a line parallel to the coastline. Then, draw a perpendicular line to it through the station. Take 50 degree, in the direction of clockwise and counterclockwise, as the direction for sea and land breeze. The conditions for sea-land breeze day include, land breeze direction switch to sea breeze direction during daytime and sea breeze direction switch to land breeze direction at night, which occur in the same day with wind direction change duration at least 3 hours long and the wind speed less than 4 m/s. If we average the daily 24 hours chart by month, the result indicates that ozone concentration of sea-land breeze days is lower than that of non sea-land breeze days among the Taipei area. In daytime, ozone concentration in sea-land breeze days is often higher then in non sea-land breeze days in Taipei area. In summer, due to the expansions of pollution area, including coastland, the influence of sea-land breeze is not obvious. However, in Kaoping area, ozone concentration in sea-land breeze days is almost the same with ozone concentration in non sea-land breeze days. In addition to analysis of observation data, we used the model to simulate the cases in 2003. In order to understand influence of sea-land breeze on air pollution in the coastland. It is shown that when sea breeze take place during daytime, the air pollution in the land will be transported to upper sky and dropped to coastland and sea with sea breeze circulation. This increased the ozone concentration in the sea-land breeze days. After analyzing the observation data, it is shown that if the pollutant is away from the coastland, the pollutant transportation will via sea-land breeze. At night, the pollutant in land is transported to the coastland via land breeze to react with ozone, which reduce the concentration of ozone. Till the daytime, land breeze will turn to sea breeze. From the modeling result, sea breeze will bring the pollutant back to land. Due to the sea breeze circulation, the pollutant will be transported from upper sky to the surface near coastland, which increase the concentration of coastland pollution. From observation result, it is also shown that the sea-land breeze will not have influence on the pollution in coastland due to the coastland is also in the range of sea-land pollutant transportation.

碩士
東海大學
環境科學系
88
Characterics of Sea-land Breeze Circulation and Its Influence on High Ozone Pollution in Central Taiwan The region of central Taiwan is located in the western of Central Mountain and the eastern of Taiwan Strait. Both subtropical and tropical climate influenced its climate. When summer comes, sunlight caused the difference of temperature between the sea and land, and mountain and valley. The difference of temperature causes local circulation and dominates meteoric environment of central Taiwan under weak monsoon. Sea-land breeze circulation is dominant. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the sea-land breeze on ozone concentration in central Taiwan. The data of air-quality and meteoric monitoring stations of EPA and Taichung power plant for 1997-1999 were collected and analyzed in this study. The results showed that high concentrations of ozone occurred mainly under sea-land breeze. The frequency of occurrence of high ozone episodes is 46.3％ in central Taiwain in spring and autumn. For understanding the vertical structure of the boundary layer and distribution of pollutant, two experiments have been performed in two different synoptic weather condition. The results showed that there were three parts in the boundary layer of inland area in central Taiwan in sea-land breeze days. (Ⅰ)The lower part was mixing layer and the potential temperature reduced fast with altitude. There was always an inversion on top of the mixing layer. The mixing depth in summer was thicker than in autumn. (Ⅱ)The middle part was entainment zone of sea breeze and free atmospheric wind and potential temperature reduced slowly with altitude. The depth of entainment zone in summer was from the top of mixing layer to 1200m and from the top of mixing layer to 700m in autumn. (Ⅲ)The higher part was free atmosphere. The higher ozone concentration was found in 100m or 250m in autumn, it meant that ozone dispersion was limited by mixing layer. The lower nitrogen oxide concentration was found in 500m in autumn and exponentially decreased with altitude. The backward trajectory analysis showed that the backward trajectory of inland air mass is the same with the trajectory of the sea breeze. It suggested that sea breeze brought ozone precursor(NMHC、NOx) of industrial and traffic area northwest inland and caused high ozone pollution of Nantou and Shushan. NMHC、NOx pollutant distribution area were mainly located in the northwestern part of central Taiwain. Key word: central Taiwan, ozone, sea-land breeze circulation, boundary layer, NMHC, NOx, backward trajectory, pollutant distribution

碩士
國立中央大學
大氣物理研究所
88
In summer, the land-sea breeze associated with the development of deep cumulus convection in afternoon is the most significant character in Taiwan. A number of previous experiments and studies have analyzed the time series, physical mechanism, structure and the interaction with large scale circulation about the phenomenon of land-sea breeze. They showed that the sea breeze and deep cumulus convection are with fairly strong relationship. However, in summer, Taiwan faces strong intra-seasonal variation of its environmental flow, undergoes the subtropical high and south-west monsoon. In between these two climatologies, the see breeze evolution in Taiwan should be deeply influenced by the background systems. There must be a certain kind of structure of the background circulation that can help the land-sea breeze develop best. Therefore, here we analyzed the climate character of the large-scale background to determine the most suitable season and month. From such the season, we tried to set some criteria to classify the structure for best inducing the sea breeze and deep cumulus convection. We used NCEP wind (u,v) data from 1993 to 1998, totally six years, to translate into streamfunction and velocity potential, performed the Fourier analysis to filter the extraseasonal period out. Then we calculated the area average around Taiwan to get the daily time series of July. The GMS IR image and CWB surface stations'' wind are adopted to check the result of our classification by making composites form the selected cases. Our final criteria are: Based on the anticyclone of streamfunction at 850mb, we searched for the cases of cyclonic 200mb streamfunction for the clear condition. In addition, the 200mb streamfunction with the same phase but stronger of the 850mb one are also adopted. The result showed as follow: a. From the analysis of station data, we verify that July is the break of summer monsoon in Taiwan. b. July is the season with the most significant land-sea breeze structure in Taiwan. c. The criteria of our classification can efficiently filter out the large-scale circulation that help the land-sea breeze develop.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
103
This paper investigates the relationship between wave heights and wind speeds using quadratic polynomial regression analysis considering clusters of wind directions and kinds of wave properties. The data of wind and at the observation pole of the Taipei harbor for 2010 and 2012 wave were measured by the Harbor and Marine Technology center. The phenomenon of changing sea/land breezes during each day commonly occurs from May to September. The time of changing land breeze into sea breeze is about am 8:30 and am 8:50 and the time of changing sea breeze into land breeze is about pm 17:10 and pm 17:00, respectively, for 2010 and 2012. Three kinds of clustering wind directions were examined. Separated azimuths of wind directions being 25o, 70o, 205o and 250o are suggested. Higher R2=0.66 and RMSE =0.40 m in model performance are evaluated depending on clusters of wind dirctions than those of R2= 0.63and RMSE= 0.41m by whole the data. Based on the Pierson &; Moskowitz (1964) spectrum observed waves are separated into swells, growing waves and fully developed seas of which are divided into 12 groups of date by 4 clusters of wind directions. Calculated wave heights by the fitted quadratic equation on each group are combined to have a model performance of R2=0.76 and RMSE =0.33 m. The results show that regression analysis on data with consistent statistics has good model performance.

博士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
98
This study investigated the influences of sea-land breezes (SLBs) and northeastern monsoon (NEM) on the transportation and dispersion of air pollutants over coastal region in southern Taiwan. The physicochemical properties of particulate matter (PM) was simultaneously sampled and analyzed at both inland and offshore sites during eight intensive sampling periods. This study further used a SURFER 2-D plotting software, a backward trajectory model, a 3-D meteorological model (MM5), and a comprehensive air quality model (CAMx) to simulate surface wind fields and spatial distribution of air pollutants over the coastal region during the intensive sampling periods of SLBs and NEM. According to the meteorological condition and the synoptic weather patterns of the observation data showed that the SLBs sampling periods commonly occurred the weather patterns were zone of low pressure, pacific high pressure, and west stretch of the pacific high pressure when the main prevailing wind direction were west wind and southwest wind. During the NEM sampling periods, the weather patterns were strong northeastern monsoon, standard northeastern monsoon, and outflow rebound with high pressure in southern Taiwan, and then the main prevailing wind direction were northwest wind and northeast wind. However, during the MIX sampling periods, the weather patterns were outflow circulation of typhoon, weak northeastern monsoon, and outflow rebound with high pressure, while the wind directions didn’t change regular. Thus, at coastal sites, the sea-land breezes induce an inland transport of air pollutants during the daytime and a seaward return of air pollutants at nighttime, causing a recirculation of air pollutants back to inland regions each day during the SLBs sampling periods. During the NEM sampling period was mainly brought from the northeastern wind which transported air pollutants from the northern region to Kaohsiung metropolitan area. The results of PM concentration and size distribution indicated that the inland sites had a higher fraction of fine particles (PM2.5), whereas the offshore sites had a higher fraction of coarse particles (PM2.5-10). These phenomena were attributed to the fact that marine aerosols are generally abundant in the coarse particles. PM concentration is relatively higher during the NEM sampling periods than during the SLBs and MIX sampling periods. For PM concentration, the order of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) was NEM > MIX > SLBs, while the SIA/Ions ratio of PM2.5 were approximately 50% during sampling periods. The [NO3-]/[SO42-] ratios of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 during the SLBs sampling periods were always lowest than those during the NEM and MIX sampling periods. It is suggested that the PM concentrations during the SLBs sampling periods were highly influenced by stationary sources emissions. The crustal elements indicated that the Al, Ca, Fe, and K contributed major composition of particles. Artificial metals, such as Mg, Pb, V, and Zn were also enriched in the atmospheric PM during the NEM sampling periods. In addition, the higher concentration of Fe was attributed to local anthropogenic emission and weak northeastern monsoon during the MIX sampling periods. Regardless of inland or offshore sites, a high concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) during the NEM and MIX sampling periods was consistent with OC/EC ratio higher than 2.2 indicates the potential formation of secondary aerosols. Chloride deficit of PM at inland sites were lost easily for approximately 40.28% during the NEM sampling periods. Moreover, the lowest [Cl-]/[Na+] ratio occurred during the sampling periods when the chloride deficit was relative high at inland sites. According to the results of neutralization ratio (NR), regardless of the periods (SLBs, NEM, and MIX), the particulates of inland and offshore sites were both acid. During the NEM and MIX sampling periods, sulphur oxidation ratio (SOR) of PM2.5 over coastal region in southern Taiwan were above 0.25. It is suggested that the results of SOR during those sampling periods were highly influenced by long transportation. In addition, the nitrogen oxidation ratio was lower influenced than SOR over coastal region in southern Taiwan. It is suggested that air quality of Kaohsiung metropolitan area were influenced by the industrial source emissions. During the SLBs sampling period, sea breezes blown in the morning transported the offshore PM10 back to the inland sites in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area. In contrast, the air mass observed during the NEM sampling period was brought to the Kaohsiung metropolitan area mainly by a northerly wind which transported air mass originating in the northern region (i.e. Chiayi counties). The backward trajectory modeling of the MIX sampling periods suggested that the winds were dominated by the Northeastern Monsoon, and as such, likely inhibited the influences of sea-land breezes. Local surface air mass circulation over southern Taiwan obtained from MM5 model influenced by the southwestern monsoon during the SLBs sampling period. The weather in southern Taiwan during the NEM intensive sampling period was occasionally influenced by the Northeastern Monsoon as well as by complex terrain. During the MIX sampling periods, air mass recirculation was frequently observed in the coastal region of southern Taiwan. The results of CAMx model showed that air pollutions were occurred apparent sea breezes in the afternoon and land breezes at night during the SLBs sampling period. During the NEM sampling period, a strong Northeastern Monsoon blew air pollutions from the north to the southern region. We have compared the model simulation with field measured O3 and PM10 concentrations for inland and offshore regions. The order of correlation coefficients of ¬the model simulation and the measurement for O3¬ and PM10 in sampling periods is SLBs>MIX>NEM and NEM>MIX>SLBs, respectively. Overall, the correlation coefficients of the model simulation and the measurement were middle and high correlation.

This dissertation investigates: (1) the implications of including high-yielding energy sorghum under the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS2) program; (2) the effects of RFS2 with and without projected climate change scenarios on U.S. agriculture; (3) the spatial distribution of cattle breeders in Texas to quantify how climate factors influence cattle breed selection. In the RFS2 energy sorghum work, the ability of the agriculture sector to meet the fuel requirements of RFS2 is examined with and without energy sorghum being a possibility using an agricultural sector model. The results show that energy sorghum would be a valuable contributor that would be used as a feedstock producing over 13 billion gallons per year of cellulosic ethanol. Without the presence of energy sorghum it is found that switchgrass serves as the major cellulosic ethanol feedstock. Findings also indicate that the presence of high-yielding energy sorghum does relax commodity prices and export reductions except for grain sorghum as energy sorghum competes with grain sorghum production. In addition, the results show that the introduction of energy sorghum has minimal effects on GHG mitigation potential in the agricultural sector. In the RFS2 and climate change research, the analysis shows that climate change eases the burden of meeting the RFS2 mandates increasing consumer welfare while decreasing producer welfare. The results also show that climate change encourages a more diversified use of biofuel feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production, in particular crop residues. In the cattle breed research, summer heat stress is found to be a significant factor for breed selection: positive for Bos indicus and negative for Bos taurus and composite breeds. The estimation results also indicate a price-driven trade-off between Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds.

The United Arab Emirates is a new country that has had little time to accumulate a scientific heritage. Meteorologically researched and documented weather material for forecasters is virtually non-existent and that available is fragmented and anecdotal. The thesis tackles this problem by identifying weather phenomena significant to aviation in the Emirates and particularly at Abu Dhabi International Airport (ADIA). Mechanisms responsible for their development are described and applicable forecasting rules and principles are derived. Surface and upper air observation data at ADIA from 1983 to 2002 were analysed to identify the weather phenomena, their associated weather systems and for statistical analyses. When relevant, observation data at Al Ain was also used. Post-processed numerical weather prediction Global Forecast Service Eta model data are used and when and where possible radar and satellite imagery. A secondary aim is to provide information of the general seasonal climate. This was achieved by means of a literature study of the dominating weather systems and the presentation of surface and upper air mean circulation charts. Fog is the most important weather phenomenon and serious disrupter of aviation at ADIA throughout the year. It does not occur during Shamal conditions, but fog can form well inland on the edge of the Empty Quarter at the Liwa Oasis when the Shamal wind becomes light. Contrary to local belief, fog is unlikely to occur on two, or more, consecutive nights. The Shamal can last for several days and disrupt helicopter flights to the oil rigs, while anabatic and katabatic effects often make it gustier and stronger inland at Al Ain than ADIA. While dust storms occur in strong southerly winds off the desert, the Shamal can bring dust from further afield from the north as can the previously unreported Nashi wind. The sea breeze can extend about 150 km inland to Al Ain and the Liwa Oasis. Thunderstorms associated with winter upper air troughs from the west, are the main producers of rain, while occasional thunderstorms off the Hajar Mountains in the east bring some rain in summer. Tropical depressions are a rare event.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
PhD
Unrestricted