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1
Case, Jonathan L., Mark M. Wheeler, John Manobianco, Johnny W. Weems, and William P. Roeder. "A 7-Yr Climatological Study of Land Breezes over the Florida Spaceport." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam-2202.1.
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Abstract Seven years of wind and temperature data from a high-resolution network of 44 towers at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station were used to develop an objective method for identifying land breezes, which are defined as seaward-moving wind shift lines in this study. The favored meteorological conditions for land breezes consisted of surface high pressure in the vicinity of the Florida peninsula, mainly clear skies, and light synoptic onshore flow and/or the occurrence of a sea breeze during the afternoon preceding a land breeze. The land breeze characteristics are examined for two events occurring under different weather regimes—one with light synoptic onshore flow and no daytime sea breeze, and another following a daytime sea breeze under a prevailing offshore flow. Land breezes were found to occur over east-central Florida in all months of the year and had varied onset times and circulation depths. Land breezes were most common in the spring and summer months and least common in the winter. The average onset times were ∼4–5 h after sunset from May to July and ∼6.5–8 h after sunset from October to January. Land breezes typically moved from the west or southwest during the spring and summer, from the northwest in the autumn, and nearly equally from all directions in the winter. Shallow land breezes (<150-m depth) were typically not associated with the afternoon sea breeze and behaved like density currents, exhibiting the largest temperature decreases and latest onset times. Deep land breezes (>150-m depth) were most often preceded by an afternoon sea breeze, had the smallest horizontal temperature gradients, and experienced a mean onset time that is 4 h earlier than that of shallow land breezes.
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Purificação, Carolina, Miguel Potes, Gonçalo Rodrigues, Rui Salgado, and Maria João Costa. "Lake and Land Breezes at a Mediterranean Artificial Lake: Observations in Alqueva Reservoir, Portugal." Atmosphere 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050535.
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The Alqueva reservoir, in the Southeast of Portugal, has significantly changed the landscape of the region, with impacts also on the local climate, as documented in this manuscript, namely the thermal circulation in the form of lake and land breezes. Taking advantage of three strategic meteorological stations, two installed at the shores and another on a floating platform located near the center of the reservoir, a detailed analysis of lake and land breeze occurrences during two years is presented in this study. The thermal gradient between the reservoir and the surroundings is the main driver for the breeze development and the meteorological stations placed in opposite sides of the reservoir allow to establish the criteria in order to detect lake and land breezes. The results showed more land breeze than lake breeze occurrences, in line with the more negative thermal gradient between shores and reservoir in the annual cycle. Lake breezes are more frequent in summer months during daytime and land breezes in turn are more frequent in winter months during night-time.
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Hill, Christopher M., Patrick J. Fitzpatrick, James H. Corbin, Yee H. Lau, and Sachin K. Bhate. "Summertime Precipitation Regimes Associated with the Sea Breeze and Land Breeze in Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana." Weather and Forecasting 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1755–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222340.1.
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Abstract This study assesses the monthly climatology of the timing and placement of convective precipitation events induced by sea and land breezes in the Louisiana–Mississippi–Alabama region, and determines possible reasons for the monthly differences. These objectives were achieved through surface wind climatologies and radar composites from 2003 to 2005, supplemented by statistically significant tests. It is shown that June had an easterly–southeasterly wind regime, whereas July and August featured more southerly flow. These wind regimes may have influenced monthly diurnal wind patterns along the coast. While all months showed a typical pattern of sea-breeze evolution, the land breeze demonstrated monthly variations off the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts. July and August feature a westerly land breeze from Louisiana, while the Mississippi land breeze was stronger in August than in July. A daily wind speed minimum offshore from Mississippi indicates a local transition of influence from the land breeze to the sea breeze, and precedes the peak of the sea breeze at the coastline by about 2 h. During the nighttime hours, radar composites show that precipitation is most prevalent offshore of the Louisiana and Mississippi coastline. By 1100 central daylight time (CDT), precipitation is observed over coastal regions. Local afternoon precipitation is widespread throughout the inland areas, while precipitation is minimal offshore. Statistical significance tests show that areal precipitation coverage (APC) increases in mid- to late summer on the Mississippi coast are due to higher precipitable water and, to a lesser extent, additional CAPE. Greater offshore APC in July and August results from the influence of the local land-breeze setup. Convergence of a land breeze from eastern Louisiana and a stronger land breeze from Mississippi provides the additional lift needed to generate convection over a greater area.
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de Boer, Gijs, Gregory J. Tripoli, and Edwin W. Eloranta. "Implementation and Validation of Dynamical Downscaling in a Microscale Simulation of a Lake Michigan Land Breeze." ISRN Meteorology 2012 (July 29, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/529401.
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A nested numerical simulation of a land breeze observed over the western Lake Michigan shoreline was completed using the University of Wisconsin Nonhydrostatic Modeling System. This simulation was compared against observations obtained using a variety of instrumentation, most notably a scanning lidar system. The simulated land breeze is shown to closely represent the observations. Most notably, the influence of synoptic scale evolution on the strength and extent of the land breeze is illustrated to be a critical factor in accurately simulating the lifetime of the land breeze. Additionally, model resolution is shown to impact the ability of the simulation to accurately portray the fine scale features of the land breeze circulation, including the depth of the land breeze front and interactions between the land breeze and prevailing synoptic scale flow.
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Federico, S., L. Pasqualoni, A. M. Sempreviva, L. De Leo, E. Avolio, C. R. Calidonna, and C. Bellecci. "The seasonal characteristics of the breeze circulation at a coastal Mediterranean site in South Italy." Advances in Science and Research 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2010): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-4-47-2010.
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Abstract. We present a study on the characteristics of the sea breeze flow at a coastal site located in the centre of the Mediterranean basin at the southern tip of Italy. This study is finalized to add new data on breeze circulations over a narrow peninsula and present a unique experimental coastal site at about 600 m from the coastline in a flat open area at the foot of a mountain chain located in a region of complex orography. We study the seasonal behaviour of the sea-land breeze circulation by analysing two years of hourly data of wind speed and direction, temperature, radiation and relative humidity from a surface meteorological station, eighteen-months data from a wind profiler, and two-year data from the ECMWF analysis. Results show that breezes dominate the local circulation and play a major role for the local climate. They are modulated by the season, through the sea-land temperature difference and the large-scale flow. The large-scale forcing acts in phase with the diurnal breeze and opposes the nocturnal breeze. In summer, the daytime difference between the land surface temperature and the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) reaches its maximum, while the nigh-time difference has its minimum. This causes a strong, frequent and intense diurnal breeze and a weak nocturnal breeze. In winter and fall the nocturnal difference between the sea and land surface temperature reaches a maximum value, while the diurnal difference is at its minimum value. This causes a strong, frequent and intense nocturnal breeze despite of the large-scale forcing that is usually opposed to local-scale flow.
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Tang, Xiao Lan. "A Typical Sea-Land Breeze Process in Hainan Island." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.387.
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The automatic weather station data were used to research the evolution and impact factors of tropical island sea breeze convergence in September 2, 2010. Temporal and spatial variation of sea breeze convergence zone, atmospheric background field, physical field and other relevant factors about a typical sea-land breeze process in Hainan Island were diagnostic analyzed. Mesoscale meteorological model WRF was created to simulate the sea-land breeze. The results showed that the subtropical and tropical cyclone were the main synoptic situation which affected the temporal and spatial variation of the sea breeze convergence zone, so there was a significant difference of sea breeze process between both sides of the island. Mesoscale meteorological model WRF simulated the vertical structural features of sea-land breeze circulation and the evolution low of sea breeze convergence zone successfully, resolution of 45 × 15km having a better simulation effect.
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Intrieri, J. M., C. G. Little, W. J. Shaw, R. M. Banta, P. A. Durkee, and R. M. Hardesty. "The Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX)." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-71.5.656.
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The Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX) was conducted at Moss Landing, California, 15–30 September 1987. The experiment was designed to study the vertical structure and mesoscale variation of the land/sea breeze. A Doppler lidar, a triangular array of three sodars, two sounding systems (one deployed from land and one from a ship), and six surface weather stations (one shipborne) were sited around the Moss Landing area. Measurements obtained included ten sea-breeze and four land-breeze events. This paper describes the objectives and design of the experiment, as well as the observing systems that were used. Some preliminary results and selected observations are presented, called from the data collected, as well as the ensuing analysis plans.
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Qian, Tingting, Craig C. Epifanio, and Fuqing Zhang. "Topographic Effects on the Tropical Land and Sea Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-011.1.
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Abstract The effect of an inland plateau on the tropical sea breeze is considered in terms of idealized numerical experiments, with a particular emphasis on offshore effects. The sea breeze is modeled as the response to an oscillating interior heat source over land. The parameter space for the calculations is defined by a nondimensional wind speed, a scaled plateau height, and the nondimensional heating amplitude. The experiments show that the inland plateau tends to significantly strengthen the land-breeze part of the circulation, as compared to the case without terrain. The strengthening of the land breeze is tied to blocking of the sea-breeze density current during the warm phase of the cycle. The blocked sea breeze produces a pool of relatively cold, stagnant air at the base of the plateau, which in turn produces a stronger land-breeze density current the following morning. Experiments show that the strength of the land breeze increases with the terrain height, at least for moderate values of the height. For very large terrain, the sea breeze is apparently blocked entirely, and further increases in terrain height lead to only small changes in land-breeze intensity and propagation. Details of the dynamics are described in terms of the transition from linear to nonlinear heating amplitudes, as well as for cases with and without background winds. The results show that for the present experiments, significant offshore effects are tied to nonlinear frontal propagation, as opposed to quasi-linear wave features.
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Drobinski, Philippe, and Thomas Dubos. "Linear breeze scaling: from large-scale land/sea breezes to mesoscale inland breezes." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135, no. 644 (October 2009): 1766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.496.
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Chen, Tsing-Chang, Ming-Cheng Yen, Jenq-Dar Tsay, Chi-Chang Liao, and Eugene S. Takle. "Impact of Afternoon Thunderstorms on the Land–Sea Breeze in the Taipei Basin during Summer: An Experiment." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 7 (July 2014): 1714–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-098.1.
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AbstractEnvironmental conditions for the roughly three million people living in the Taipei basin of Taiwan are greatly affected by the land–sea breeze and afternoon thunderstorm activities. A new perspective on the land–sea breeze life cycle and how it is affected by afternoon thunderstorm activity in the Taipei basin during the dry season is provided. During the summer monsoon break–revival phase, about 75% of rainfall in the Taipei basin is produced by afternoon thunderstorms triggered by sea-breeze interactions with the mountains to the south of this basin. Because the basic characteristics of the land–sea breeze and the changes it undergoes through the influence of afternoon thunderstorms have not been comprehensively analyzed/documented, a mini–field experiment was conducted during the summers of 2004 and 2005 to explore these aspects of the land–sea breeze in this basin. Thunderstorm rainfall is found to change not only the basin’s land–sea-breeze life cycle, but also its ventilation mechanism. On the nonthunderstorm day, the sea breeze supplies the open-sea fresh air for about 8 h during the daytime, but the land breeze persists on the thunderstorm day from afternoon to the next morning, acting to sweep polluted urban air out of the basin.
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Goler, Robert, Michael J. Reeder, Roger K. Smith, Harald Richter, Sarah Arnup, Tom Keenan, Peter May, and Jorg Hacker. "Low-Level Convergence Lines over Northeastern Australia. Part I: The North Australian Cloud Line." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3092–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3239.1.
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Abstract Observations of dry-season north Australian cloud lines (NACLs) that form in the Gulf of Carpentaria region of northern Australia and the sea-breeze circulations that initiate them are described. The observations were made during the 2002 Gulf Lines Experiment (GLEX) and include measurements made by an instrumented research aircraft. The observations are compared with numerical simulations made from a two-dimensional cloud-scale model. Particular emphasis is placed on the interaction between the east coast and west coast sea breezes near the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The sea breezes are highly asymmetric due to the low-level easterly synoptic flow over the peninsula. The west coast sea breeze is well defined with a sharp leading edge since the opposing flow limits its inland penetration, keeping it close to its source of cold air. In contrast, the east coast sea breeze is poorly defined since it is aided by the easterly flow and becomes highly modified by daytime convective mixing as it crosses over the peninsula. Both the observations and the numerical model show that, in the early morning hours, the mature NACL forms at the leading edge of a gravity current. The numerical model simulations show that this gravity current arises as a westward-moving land breeze from Cape York Peninsula. Convergence at the leading edge of this land breeze is accompanied by ascent, which when strong enough produces cloud. Observations show that the decay of the NACL is associated with a decline in the low-level convergence and a weakening of the ascent.
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Hassanzadeh, S., A. Sedaghatkerdar, and M. Soyuf Jahromi. "The Evaluation of Estoque Model 1990 in Land/Sea Breezes Occurrence over Northern Persian Gulf." Advances in Meteorology 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/564237.
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This is a mesoscale modeling study of land/sea breeze in the vicinity of Bushehr, Iran which is on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Two days in September, 2002 are studied using the model presented in Estoque Model (1990) (hereafter referred to as EsM90). The EsM90 produces a realistic day-night wind field somewhat in agreement with observations provided by the Port and Shipping Organization of Iran. The study demonstrates that the model has a 3-hour delay predicting the time of the maximum of sea breeze, but accurately predicts when the end of the sea breeze occurs. Accurate estimates near mountains at the edge of the modeled region require a more complex simulation. The study shows that a reliable modeling of a complicated coastal environment like Bushehr not only depends on land/sea breezes but also on elevations and prevailing winds. This dependence is especially important when local thermal forcings are weak, for example, during late afternoon and at night.
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Miao, Yucong, Shuhua Liu, Yijia Zheng, Shu Wang, and Bicheng Chen. "Numerical Study of the Effects of Topography and Urbanization on the Local Atmospheric Circulations over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, China." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/397070.
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The effects of the topography and urbanization on the local atmospheric circulations over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region were studied by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, as well as the interactions among these local atmospheric circulations. It was found that, in the summer day time, the multiscale thermally induced local atmospheric circulations may exist and interact in the same time over the BTH region; the topography played a role in the strengthening of the sea breeze circulations; after sunset, the inland progress of sea breeze was slowed down by the opposite mountain breeze; when the land breeze circulation dominated the Bohai bay, the mountain breeze circulation can couple with the land breeze circulation to form a large circulation ranging from the coastline to the mountains. And the presence of cities cannot change the general state of the sea-land breeze (SLB) circulation and mountain-valley breeze (MVB) circulation but acted to modify these local circulations slightly. Meanwhile, the development of the urban heat island (UHI) circulation was also strongly influenced by the nearby SLB circulation and MVB circulation.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Analyzing coastal precipitation using TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 24 (December 21, 2011): 13201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13201-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds, and surface friction increase in transition from sea to land can create persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterranean. During the winter the Mediterranean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurrence of land breeze that opposes the common synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a function of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastlines in the Eastern Mediterranean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze may likely be the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Zhang, Yongxin, Yi-Leng Chen, Thomas A. Schroeder, and Kevin Kodama. "Numerical Simulations of Sea-Breeze Circulations over Northwest Hawaii*." Weather and Forecasting 20, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 827–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf859.1.
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Abstract Sea-breeze cases during 23–28 June 1978 over northwest Hawaii are simulated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Mesoscale Spectral Model (MSM) coupled with an advanced Land Surface Model (LSM) with 3-km horizontal resolution. Subjective analyses show that except for 27 June, the MSM–LSM-predicted onset time, duration, and vertical extent of the sea breezes agree well with observations. The largest mean absolute errors for surface air temperature occur at the coastal stations under strong trade wind conditions (e.g., 23 and 27 June). The model-simulated rainfall distribution in association with sea-breeze fronts is consistent with observations. Sensitivity tests demonstrate the modulation of sea-breeze behavior by surface properties. High-resolution (1 km) MSM–LSM simulations for 23 and 27 June show improvements over the 3-km MSM–LSM in reproducing the observed sea breezes through a better representation of local terrain and a better simulation of orographically enhanced trades channeling through the Waimea Saddle. Deficiencies noted in the model simulations include 1) sea-breeze speeds are more than 2–3 m s−1 weaker than observations, and 2) horizontal penetration of sea breezes is generally overestimated. These deficiencies in the model simulations are primarily related to two factors: one is the underestimation of the trade wind speeds in the initialization from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data that is favoring the farther penetration of the sea breezes, and the other is the uncertainties in the thermal properties of the lava rocks that affect the surface temperature and the sea-breeze speed.
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Heiblum, R. H., I. Koren, and O. Altaratz. "Coastal precipitation formation and discharge based on TRMM observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2011): 15659–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-15659-2011.
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Abstract. The interaction between breezes and synoptic gradient winds creates persistent convergence zones nearby coastlines. The low level convergence of moist air promotes the dynamical and microphysical processes responsible for the formation of clouds and precipitation. Our work focuses on the winter seasons of 1998–2011 in the Eastern Mediterrenean. During the winter the Mediterrenean sea is usually warmer than the adjacent land, resulting in frequent occurence of land breeze that opposes the commom synoptic winds. Using rain-rate vertical profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite, we examined the spatial and temporal distribution of average hydrometeor mass in clouds as a funtion of the distance from coastlines. Results show that coastalines in the Eastern Mediterrenean are indeed favored areas for precipitation formation and discharge. The intra-seasonal and diurnal changes in the distribution of hydrometeor mass indicate that the land breeze is most likely the main responsible mechanism behind our results.
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Adame, J. A., E. Serrano, J. P. Bolívar, and B. A. de la Morena. "On the Tropospheric Ozone Variations in a Coastal Area of Southwestern Europe under a Mesoscale Circulation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2097.1.
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Abstract It is well established that surface ozone levels are greatly affected by orography, solar radiation intensity, meteorological conditions, and the levels of their precursors. In this work, the authors study the sea–land breeze circulation in its relation with the behavior of ozone in a coastal area, located in southwestern Europe, with high levels of solar radiation and an important industrial complex emitting air pollutants. Hourly mean data over a 7-yr period (1999–2005) have been used in the study. Two patterns of sea–land breeze have been identified after analyzing 2298 days of measurements: a “pure” breeze (179 cases) and another one, called a “nonpure” breeze (284 cases), which is the resulting flow of the former and northwesterlies synoptic forcing. Among other results, the highest levels of surface ozone were observed under pure sea–land breeze, with hourly values up to 100 μg m−3 in the mean daily evolution. In contrast, for a nonpure breeze, the 24-h average daily value was lower than the corresponding one under a pure breeze by a factor of 1.16 and could reach 1.60 in representative real cases. These findings give evidence that the formation and accumulation of ozone are favored by the conditions under a pure sea–land breeze: that is, perpendicular wind directions toward the coastline, effective recirculation of air masses, and formation of ozone residual layers above the sea. Because these atmospheric conditions occur in other coastal regions in the world, the conclusions of this study could be extended to them.
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Li, YaoKun, and JiPing Chao. "An Analytical Solution for Three-Dimensional Sea–Land Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 11, 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0329.1.
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Abstract Based on the hydrostatic, incompressible Boussinesq equations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the three-dimensional sea–land breeze (SLB) circulation has been elegantly expressed as functions of the surface temperature distribution. The horizontal distribution of the horizontal or vertical motion is determined by the first or second derivative of the surface temperature distribution. For symmetric land–sea and temperature distribution, the full strength of the sea breeze occurs inland but not at the coastline, and the maximum updraft associates with the heating center. Setting the temperature difference between land and sea (TDLS), which varies with the island size, there would exist an optimal island size corresponding to the strongest SLB circulation that weakens with both a larger and smaller island size. Each velocity component approaches a peak at a certain vertical level. Both the peak value and the corresponding vertical level link with the vertical scale of the surface temperature: the more significant the influence of the surface temperature vertically, the stronger the SLB circulation at a higher vertical level it induces. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model's ideal simulation for the two-dimensional sea breeze is applied to verify the theory. Two cases, land breeze and sea breeze, further support the theory's results despite a certain slight discrepancy due to the highly simplified theoretical equations.
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Amrutha, M. M., V. Sanil Kumar, and J. Singh. "Changes in nearshore waves during the active sea/land breeze period off Vengurla, central west coast of India." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-215-2016.
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Abstract. A unique feature observed in the tropical and subtropical coastal area is the diurnal sea-breeze/land-breeze cycle. We examined the nearshore waves at 5 and 15 m water depth during the active sea/land breeze period (January–April) in the year 2015 based on the data measured using the waverider buoys moored in the eastern Arabian sea off Vengurla, central west coast of India. Temporal variability of diurnal wave response is examined. Numerical model Delft3D is used to study the nearshore wave transformation. The wave height increased due to the sea breeze and reached its peak at ∼ 13:00 UTC at 15 m water depth, whereas the peak significant wave height is at 12:00 UTC at 5 m water depth. Due to the influence of the land/sea breeze system, the range of the peak wave period in 1 day varied up to 8 s. Reduction in the wave height of wind-sea is around 20 % and that of the swell is around 10 % from 15 to 5 m water depth.
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Kolev, I., O. Parvanov, B. Kaprielov, E. Donev, and D. Ivanov. "Lidar Observations of Sea-Breeze and Land-Breeze Aerosol Structure on the Black Sea." Journal of Applied Meteorology 37, no. 10 (October 1998): 982–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0982:loosba>2.0.co;2.
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Lombardo, Kelly, Eric Sinsky, Yan Jia, Michael M. Whitney, and James Edson. "Sensitivity of Simulated Sea Breezes to Initial Conditions in Complex Coastal Regions." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): 1299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0306.1.
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Abstract Mesoscale simulations of sea breezes are sensitive to the analysis product used to initialize the simulations, primarily due to the representation of the coastline and the coastal sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the analyses. The use of spatially coarse initial conditions, relative to the horizontal resolution of the mesoscale model grid, can introduce errors in the representation of coastal SSTs, in part due to the incorrect designation of the land surface. As a result, portions of the coastal ocean are initialized with land surface temperature values and vice versa. The diurnal variation of the sea surface is typically smaller than over land on meso- and synoptic-scale time scales. Therefore, it is common practice to retain a temporally static SST in numerical simulations, causing initial SST errors to persist through the duration of the simulation. These SST errors influence horizontal coastal temperature and humidity gradients and thereby the development of the sea-breeze circulations. The authors developed a technique to modify the initial surface conditions created from a reanalysis product [North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)] for simulations of two sea-breeze events over the New England coast to more accurately represent the finescale structure of the coastline and the spatial representation of the coastal land surface and SST. Using this technique, the coastal SST (2-m temperature) RMSE is reduced from as much as 25°–1°C (7°–1°C), contributing to a more accurate propagation of the sea-breeze front. Techniques described in this work may be important for mesoscale simulations and forecasts of other coastal phenomena.
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Chen, Xingchao, Fuqing Zhang, and Kun Zhao. "Diurnal Variations of the Land–Sea Breeze and Its Related Precipitation over South China." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 12 (November 21, 2016): 4793–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0106.1.
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Abstract Convection-permitting numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model are performed to examine the diurnal cycles of land and sea breeze and its related precipitation over the south China coastal region during the mei-yu season. The focus of the analyses is a 10-day simulation initialized with the average of the 0000 UTC gridded global analyses during the 2007–09 mei-yu seasons (11 May–24 June) with diurnally varying cyclic lateral boundary conditions. Despite differences in the rainfall intensity and locations, the simulation verified well against averages of 3-yr ground-based radar, surface, and CMORPH observations and successfully simulated the diurnal variation and propagation of rainfall associated with the land and sea breeze over the south China coastal region. The nocturnal offshore rainfall in this region is found to be induced by the convergence line between the prevailing low-level monsoonal wind and the land breeze. Inhomogeneity of rainfall intensity can be found along the coastline, with heavier rainfall occurring in the region with coastal orography. In the night, the mountain–plain solenoid produced by the coastal terrain can combine with the land breeze to enhance offshore convergence. In the daytime, rainfall propagates inland with the inland penetration of the sea breeze, which can be slowed by the coastal mountains. The cold pool dynamics also plays an essential role in the inland penetration of precipitation and the sea breeze. Dynamic lifting produced by the sea-breeze front is strong enough to produce precipitation, while the intensity of precipitation can be dramatically increased with the latent heating effect.
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The Executive Committee of Sectiona. "Local Wind (1), Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51, no. 2 (1995): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.51.175.
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The Executive Committee of Sectiona. "Local Wind(1): Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 51, no. 3 (1995): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.51.279.
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Shang, Fang, Dongsheng Chen, Xiurui Guo, Jianlei Lang, Ying Zhou, Yue Li, and Xinyi Fu. "Impact of Sea Breeze Circulation on the Transport of Ship Emissions in Tangshan Port, China." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110723.
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A sea breeze is a local circulation that occurs in coastal regions from the poles to the equator. The adverse influence of ship emissions on air quality in coastal areas may be aggravated by the onshore flow of sea breeze circulation. However, our knowledge regarding the evolution of ship-emitted pollutants during a specific sea breeze episode is still limited. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated the evolution of ship emissions during a sea breeze episode that occurred on 29 June, 2014 in Tangshan port in China by employing the WRF/Chem model. NO2, one of the primary pollutants emitted by ships, was selected as the target pollutant for investigation. The results indicate that the ground level NO2 concentration was considerably affected by sea breeze circulation. Although the onset of the sea breeze was delayed until nearly midday due to offshore synoptic winds, ship-emitted NO2 was transported to more than 100 km inland with the penetration of the sea breeze. Further investigation found that the averaged concentration of ship-contributed NO2 during the episode showed an evident downward trend as the distance from the coastline increased. Vertically, the shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on the sea limited the vertical dispersion of ship emissions, and the pollutant was transported shoreward by the sea breeze within this shallow ABL. The height of the ABLs is lowered in coastal regions due to the cooling effect of sea breezes which brings the cool marine air to the hot land surface. Ship-contributed NO2 was mostly trapped in the shallow ABL; thereby, its concentration increased.
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Li, Yanping, and R. E. Carbone. "Offshore Propagation of Coastal Precipitation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 12 (November 19, 2015): 4553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0104.1.
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Abstract This work focuses on the seaward propagation of coastal precipitation with and without mountainous terrain nearby. Offshore of India, diurnal propagation of precipitation is observed over the Bay of Bengal. On the eastern side of the bay, a diurnal but nonpropagating signal is observed near the west coast of Burma. This asymmetry is consistent with the inertio-gravity wave mechanism. Perturbations generated by diurnal heating over the coastal mountains of India propagate offshore, amplify in the upwind direction, and dissipate in the downwind direction relative to the steering wind, owing to critical-level considerations. A linear model is applied to evaluate sensitivity to gravity waves, as these affect deep moist convection and propagation. Analyses are performed for various heating depths, mountain widths, stability, Coriolis effect, background mean wind, and friction. Calculations reveal how these factors affect the amplitude, dissipation, initiation phase, and propagation speed of the diurnal disturbance. The propagation of precipitation triggered by land–sea breezes is distinguishable from that triggered by a mountain–plains circulation. Convection resulting purely from mountain heating begins earlier, propagates slower, and damps faster than that of the land–sea breeze. For mountains near a coast, slower propagation and stronger earlier convection result from a resonance-like combination of two dynamical mechanisms. The propagation of precipitation is initially triggered by the mountain breeze near the coastal mountain. Over the open ocean, the dominant signal propagates as that of the land breeze but with stronger convection.
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Koseki, Shunya, and Priscilla A. Mooney. "Influences of Lake Malawi on the spatial and diurnal variability of local precipitation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 2795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2795-2019.
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Abstract. We investigate how the intensity and spatial distribution of precipitation vary around Lake Malawi on a diurnal timescale, which can be valuable information for water resource management in tropical south-eastern African nations. Using a state-of-the-art satellite product and regional atmospheric model, the well-defined diurnal cycle is detected around Lake Malawi with harmonic and principle component analyses: the precipitation is intense during midnight to morning over Lake Malawi and the precipitation peaks in the daytime over the surrounding area. This diurnal cycle in the precipitation around the lake is associated with the lake–land breeze circulation. Comparisons between the benchmark simulation and an idealized simulation in which Lake Malawi is removed reveal that the diurnal variations in precipitation are substantially amplified by the presence of Lake Malawi. This is most evident over the lake and surrounding coastal regions. Lake Malawi also enhances the lake–land breeze circulation; the nocturnal lakeward land breeze generates surface convergence effectively and precipitation intensifies over the lake. Conversely, the daytime landward lake breeze generates the intense divergence over the lake and precipitation is strongly depressed over the lake. The lake–land breeze and the background vapour enriched by Lake Malawi drive primarily a diurnal variation in the surface moisture flux divergence/convergence over the lake and surrounding area which contributes to the diurnal cycle of precipitation in this region.
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Zhang, Xiaoyan, Jianping Huang, Gang Li, Yongwei Wang, Cheng Liu, Kaihui Zhao, Xinyu Tao, Xiao-Ming Hu, and Xuhui Lee. "Improving Lake-Breeze Simulation with WRF Nested LES and Lake Model over a Large Shallow Lake." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 8 (August 2019): 1689–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0282.1.
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AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used in large-eddy simulation (LES) mode to investigate a lake-breeze case occurring on 12 June 2012 over the Lake Taihu region of China. Observational data from 15 locations, wind profiler radar, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to evaluate the WRF nested-LES performance in simulating lake breezes. Results indicate that the simulated temporal and spatial variations of the lake breeze by WRF nested LES are consistent with observations. The simulations with high-resolution grid spacing and the LES scheme have a high correlation coefficient and low mean bias when evaluated against 2-m temperature, 10-m wind, and horizontal and vertical lake-breeze circulations. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) remains stable over the lake throughout the lake-breeze event, and the stability becomes even stronger as the lake breeze reaches its mature stage. The improved ABL simulation with LES at a grid spacing of 150 m indicates that the non-LES planetary boundary layer parameterization scheme does not adequately represent subgrid-scale turbulent motions. Running WRF fully coupled to a lake model improves lake-surface temperature and consequently the lake-breeze simulations. Allowing for additional model spinup results in a positive impact on lake-surface temperature prediction but is a heavy computational burden. Refinement of a water-property parameter used in the Community Land Model, version 4.5, within WRF and constraining the lake-surface temperature with observational data would further improve lake-breeze representation.
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Steele, C. J., S. R. Dorling, R. von Glasow, and J. Bacon. "Idealized WRF model sensitivity simulations of sea breeze types and their effects on offshore windfields." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-443-2013.
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Abstract. The behaviour and characteristics of the marine component of sea breeze cells have received little attention relative to their onshore counterparts. Yet there is a growing interest and dependence on the offshore wind climate from, for example, a wind energy perspective. Using idealized model experiments, we investigate the sea breeze circulation at scales which approximate to those of the southern North Sea, a region of major ongoing offshore wind farm development. We also contrast the scales and characteristics of the pure and the little known corkscrew and backdoor sea breeze types, where the type is pre-defined by the orientation of the synoptic scale flow relative to the shoreline. We find, crucially, that pure sea breezes, in contrast to corkscrew and backdoor types, can lead to substantial wind speed reductions offshore and that the addition of a second eastern coastline emphasises this effect through generation of offshore "calm zones". The offshore extent of all sea breeze types is found to be sensitive to both the influence of Coriolis acceleration and to the boundary layer scheme selected. These extents range, for example for a pure sea breeze produced in a 2 m s−1 offshore gradient wind, from 0 km to 21 km between the Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino and the Yonsei State University schemes respectively. The corkscrew type restricts the development of a backdoor sea breeze on the opposite coast and is also capable of traversing a 100 km offshore domain even under high along-shore gradient wind speed (>15 m s−1) conditions. Realistic variations in sea surface skin temperature and initializing vertical thermodynamic profile do not significantly alter the resulting circulation, though the strengths of the simulated sea breezes are modulated if the effective land-sea thermal contrast is altered. We highlight how sea breeze impacts on circulation need to be considered in order to improve the accuracy of both assessments of the offshore wind energy climate and forecasts of wind energy output.
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Niino, Hiroshi. "The Linear Theory of Land and Sea Breeze Circulation." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 65, no. 6 (1987): 901–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.65.6_901.
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Cenedese, A., M. Miozzi, and P. Monti. "A laboratory investigation of land and sea breeze regimes." Experiments in Fluids 29, no. 7 (December 31, 2000): S291—S299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480070031.
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Parvaresh, A., S. Hassanzadeh, and M. H. Bordbar. "Statistical analysis of wave parameters in the north coast of the Persian Gulf." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 6 (September 15, 2005): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2031-2005.
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Abstract. In this study we have analysed wind and wave time series data resulting from hourly measurements on the sea surface in Bushehr, the northern part of the Persian Gulf, from 15 July to 4 August 2000. Wind speed (U10) ranged from 0.34 to 10.38 m/s as alternating sea and land breezes. The lowest wind speed occurs at about midnight and the highest at around noon. The calculated autocorrelation of wind speed data shows that when the sea-land breeze is strong, the land-sea breeze is weak and vice versa. The significant wave height (Hs) varies between 0.10 to 1.02 m. The data of the present study reflects mostly the local waves or the sea waves. The calculated correlation between wind and wave parameters is rather weak, due to the continuous change in the wind direction. Wave height distribution follows the well-known Rayleigh distribution law. The cross correlation analyses between U10 and Hs reveal a time lag of 4h. Finally, we have shown that the time series of U10, Hs, and wave period are stationary. We have modeled these parameters by an auto regressive moving average (ARMA) and auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. Keywords. Oceanography: physical (Air-sea interactions; Surface waves and tides; Upper ocean processes)
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Short, Ewan. "Verifying Operational Forecasts of Land–Sea-Breeze and Boundary Layer Mixing Processes." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0244.1.
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AbstractForecasters working for Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) produce a 7-day forecast in two key steps: first they choose a model guidance dataset to base the forecast on, and then they use graphical software to manually edit these data. Two types of edits are commonly made to the wind fields that aim to improve how the influences of boundary layer mixing and land–sea-breeze processes are represented in the forecast. In this study the diurnally varying component of the BoM’s official wind forecast is compared with that of station observations and unedited model guidance datasets. Coastal locations across Australia over June, July, and August 2018 are considered, with data aggregated over three spatial scales. The edited forecast produces a lower mean absolute error than model guidance at the coarsest spatial scale (over 50 000 km2), and achieves lower seasonal biases over all spatial scales. However, the edited forecast only reduces errors or biases at particular times and locations, and rarely produces lower errors or biases than all model guidance products simultaneously. To better understand physical reasons for biases in the mean diurnal wind cycles, modified ellipses are fitted to the seasonally averaged diurnal wind temporal hodographs. Biases in the official forecast diurnal cycle vary with location for multiple reasons, including biases in the directions that sea breezes approach coastlines, amplitude biases, and disagreement in the relative contribution of sea-breeze and boundary layer mixing processes to the mean diurnal cycle.
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Baker, R. David, Barry H. Lynn, Aaron Boone, Wei-Kuo Tao, and Joanne Simpson. "The Influence of Soil Moisture, Coastline Curvature, and Land-Breeze Circulations on Sea-Breeze-Initiated Precipitation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 2, no. 2 (April 2001): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0193:tiosmc>2.0.co;2.
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Zhu, Lei, Zhiyong Meng, Fuqing Zhang, and Paul M. Markowski. "The influence of sea- and land-breeze circulations on the diurnal variability in precipitation over a tropical island." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21 (November 8, 2017): 13213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13213-2017.
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Abstract. This study examines the diurnal variation in precipitation over Hainan Island in the South China Sea using gauge observations from 1951 to 2012 and Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH) satellite estimates from 2006 to 2015, as well as numerical simulations. The simulations are the first to use climatological mean initial and lateral boundary conditions to study the dynamic and thermodynamic processes (and the impacts of land–sea breeze circulations) that control the rainfall distribution and climatology. Precipitation is most significant from April to October and exhibits a strong diurnal cycle resulting from land–sea breeze circulations. More than 60 % of the total annual precipitation over the island is attributable to the diurnal cycle with a significant monthly variability. The CMORPH and gauge datasets agree well, except that the CMORPH data underestimate precipitation and have a 1 h peak delay. The diurnal cycle of the rainfall and the related land–sea breeze circulations during May and June were well captured by convection-permitting numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which were initiated from a 10-year average ERA-Interim reanalysis. The simulations have a slight overestimation of rainfall amounts and a 1 h delay in peak rainfall time. The diurnal cycle of precipitation is driven by the occurrence of moist convection around noontime owing to low-level convergence associated with the sea-breeze circulations. The precipitation intensifies rapidly thereafter and peaks in the afternoon with the collisions of sea-breeze fronts from different sides of the island. Cold pools of the convective storms contribute to the inland propagation of the sea breeze. Generally, precipitation dissipates quickly in the evening due to the cooling and stabilization of the lower troposphere and decrease of boundary layer moisture. Interestingly, the rather high island orography is not a dominant factor in the diurnal variation in precipitation over the island.
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Nassif, Felipe Barros, Felipe Mendonça Pimenta, Carla de Abreu D'Aquino, Arcilan Trevenzoli Assireu, Luis Hamilton Pospissil Garbossa, and Júlio César Passos. "Coastal Wind Measurements and Power Assessment Using a LIDAR on a Pier." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 35, no. 2 (June 2020): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786351007.
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Abstract This paper reports the first LIDAR measurements obtained on a fishing pier in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. A laboratory was built to monitor the vertical structure, time and directional variability of winds in the transitional region between the ocean and the continent. A meteorological station provided pressure, temperature, wind and humidity data. Prevailing winds tend to blow from the NE along the coastline, strongly influenced by the South Atlantic Subtropical High Pressure center. Sea and land breezes had significant amplitude. The offshore wind component (sea breeze) was generally active from 11:00 to 20:00 h; the onshore component (land breeze) from 22:00 to 09:00 h. Weak vertical shear and increasing wind speeds were typically observed in the early afternoon, while stronger shear and the highest wind speeds tend to occur in the late afternoon. Winds profiles from the ocean sector were usually more intense and less sheared. The average power of wind turbines was estimated. The local resource is nearly 2.5 times greater than that of a site located 9.3 km inland. The use of coastal laboratories was demonstrated to be a cost-saving solution for long-term monitoring of the country's wind resources.
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Hai, Shangfei, Yucong Miao, Lifang Sheng, Linbo Wei, and Qing Chen. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Urbanization and Coastal Change on Sea Breeze over Qingdao, China." Atmosphere 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090345.
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During the past few decades, rapid economic development occurred in Qingdao. Inevitably, human activities have caused great changes to the underlying surface, including urbanization and coastal change. Coastal change mainly refers to the expansion of the coastline to increase coastal land area. Sea-land breeze (SLB) is important for local weather and the transport of air pollutant. However, the impact of human activities on the SLB over Qingdao is not yet clear. Thus, the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is applied to study the effect of urbanization and coastal change on SLB. The study shows that urbanization strengthens the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Due to the expansions of urban area during past decades, sea breeze is strengthened before it passes through the urban areas. When it penetrates into the city, the inland progress of sea breeze is slowed down due to the UHI effect and stronger frictional force. Besides, the expansions of coastline can delay the SLB conversion time, lead to the changes in the sea breeze penetration path and the weakening of SLB intensity.
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Gunson, Jim, and Graham Symonds. "Spectral Evolution of Nearshore Wave Energy during a Sea-Breeze Cycle." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 12 (November 26, 2014): 3195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0205.1.
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Abstract From in situ measurements taken over several sea-breeze cycles off a beach in southwest (SW) Australia, the evolution of the one-dimensional spectrum of wave energy is observed to have a distinctive spectral shape. During the land-breeze phase of the cycle, lower rates of dissipation of wave energy are seen at high frequencies compared to midrange frequencies above the remnant wind-sea peak. A simulation of waves was performed using the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model and produced the same spectral evolution, by generating longshore modes, as seen in the observations. The performance of whitecapping schemes available in SWAN was assessed, and the Alves–Banner scheme was found to best simulate the observed growth and decay of the wave spectra. During the onshore phase of the sea-breeze cycle, local wave growth is duration limited, and during the offshore land-breeze phase, wave growth is fetch limited. From an examination of the modeled two-dimensional spectra it is found that quadruplet interactions play a key role in spreading high-frequency wave energy in frequency and direction space.
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Porson, A., D. G. Steyn, and G. Schayes. "Formulation of an Index for Sea Breezes in Opposing Winds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2525.1.
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Abstract A scaling analysis is conducted to explore the dependence of sea-breeze speed and inland occurrence in the presence of opposing winds on a set of dynamical parameters. The overall aim of the analysis is to develop an index for sea-breeze occurrence in the face of opposing winds, similar to the Biggs and Graves lake-breeze index. Most studies separate sea-breeze speed and sea-breeze inland occurrence or, at best, link the two in linear analyses. This work analyzes the output of a nonlinear numerical mesoscale model (in idealized simulations) using scaling methods commonly applied in observational studies. It is found that the scaled sea-breeze speed, in response to increasing magnitude of opposing wind, shows two distinct phases: a phase of increasing speed while the sea breeze progresses inland and a phase of sharply decreasing speed when the sea breeze is no longer detected inland. The analysis also allows the development of an index for sea-breeze inland occurrence. This index is an improvement over existing analyses through the use of nonlinear scaling and the use of surface heat flux as opposed to simpler land–sea temperature contrasts.
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Rafiq, Syeda, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Ivica Janeković. "Dynamics of the Land–Sea Breeze System and the Surface Current Response in South-West Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110931.
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The land–sea breeze (LSB) system, driven by the thermal contrast between the land and the adjacent ocean is a widely known atmospheric phenomenon, which occurs in coastal regions globally. South-west Australia experiences a persistent and one of the strongest LSB systems globally with maximum wind speeds associated with the LSB system often exceeding 15 ms−1. In this paper, using field measurements and numerical simulations, we examine: (1) the local winds associated with the land–sea breeze with an emphasis on the ocean; and, (2) the response of the surface currents to the diurnal wind forcing. The measurements indicated that the wind speeds decreased between midnight and 0400 and increased rapidly after 1100, reaching maxima >10 ms−1 around 1800) associated with the sea breeze and decreased to midnight. Wind directions were such that they were blowing from south-east (120°) in the morning and changed to almost southerly (~200°) in the afternoon. Decomposition of the wind record to the diurnal and synoptic components indicated that the diurnal component of winds (i.e., LSB) was oriented along the south-west to north-east axis. However, the stronger synoptic winds were from the south-east to south quadrant and in combination with the LSB, the winds consisted of a strong southerly component. We examined the evolution, horizontal extent, and propagation properties of sea breeze fronts for characteristic LSB cycles and the sea breeze cell propagating offshore and inland. The results indicated that the sea breeze cell was initiated in the morning in a small area, close to 33° S, 115.5° E, with a width of ~25 km and expanded onshore, offshore and alongshore. The sea breeze cell expanded faster (30 kmh−1) and farther (120 km) in the offshore direction than in the onshore direction (10 kmh−1 and 30–40 km). Winds during the LSB cycle followed a counterclockwise rotation that was also reflected in the surface currents. The winds and surface currents rotated anticlockwise with the surface currents responding almost instantaneously to changes in wind forcing but were modified by topography. The diurnal surface currents were enhanced due to the resonance between the LSB forcing and the inertial response.
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Bauer, Timothy J. "Interaction of Urban Heat Island Effects and Land–Sea Breezes during a New York City Heat Event." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 3 (March 2020): 477–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0061.1.
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AbstractThe state of knowledge of the effects of urban heat islands is advanced through investigation of a heat event in the highly complex coastal environment of New York City (NYC) by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and surface observations in the NYC metropolitan area to evaluate heat retention at high- and low-temperature times during 18–20 July 2013. Urban surface air temperatures are 1°–2°C higher than rural temperatures throughout the daytime and increase to 3°–5°C higher during the night. Lack of a land–sea temperature gradient prevents development of a land breeze during the night. A land–sea temperature difference approaching 20°C leads to sea-breeze effects during 18 July that reduce daytime skin temperatures, but higher winds greatly reduce the sea breeze during 19 July. WRF Model data are generated using three urban parameterization schemes. The most sophisticated multilayer urban parameterization proves to be most accurate when compared with surface observation data. Errors between WRF Model data and surface observations are attributed to assigned coastal sea surface temperatures, excessive building drag, and too little urban heat retention. Adjustments to the input parameters to the multilayer scheme improved accuracy to lead to the control simulation used for urban heat island effects and land–sea-breeze analysis. NYC building interaction with the synoptic flow generates urban drag and wake effects, although relatively high winds limit their extent. Urban flow results and identified model errors support the development and deployment of the best urban parameterization scheme.
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Li, Mengmeng, Zhichun Mao, Yu Song, Mingxu Liu, and Xin Huang. "Impacts of the Decadal Urbanization on Thermally Induced Circulations in Eastern China." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 2 (February 2015): 259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0176.1.
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AbstractSignificant urbanization has occurred in the Yangtze River Delta region of eastern China, which exerts important effects on the local thermally induced circulations through regulating the heat flux and thermal structure. Previous studies lack a correct representation of the seasonal vegetation phenology associated with urban expansion, and therefore it is difficult to accurately describe the land–atmosphere coupling. In this study, high-resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations are used to describe the changes in land surface characteristics, including land-cover type, green vegetation fraction, and leaf area index with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The use of MODIS satellite observations provides a clear improvement in model performance when compared with ground-based measurements. A typical urban heat island is generated around Shanghai, Wuxi–Suzhou–Yangzhou, and cities along the Yangtze River and Hangzhou Bay, which subsequently modifies the local thermal circulations. The sea breeze is significantly enhanced over the north bank of Hangzhou Bay because of the increased land–sea temperature contrast. Several surface convergent zones are generated along the Shanghai–Suzhou–Wuxi city belt as a result of the combined effects of the urban heat island, the enhanced sea breeze, and the lake breeze at Lake Tai.
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You, Cheng, Jimmy Chi-Hung Fung, and Wai Po Tse. "Response of the Sea Breeze to Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta Region." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 7 (July 2019): 1449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0081.1.
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AbstractThe Pearl River delta (PRD) region has undergone rapid urbanization since the 1980s, which has had significant effects on the sea-breeze circulation in this region. Because the sea breeze plays an important role in pollutant transportation and convective initiation in the PRD region, it is meaningful to study the effects of urbanization on the sea breeze. In this study, three numerical experiments were conducted from 2 June to 31 August 2010 with land-use data from 1988, 1999, and 2010. For each simulation, characteristics of the sea breeze such as the start time, end time, intensity, height, pumping ability, and inland penetration distance were quantified. By comparing the characteristics of the sea breeze in these simulations, its response to urbanization was quantified. The results show that urbanization enhances the duration, height, and intensity of the sea breeze but blocks its inland penetration. One physical mechanism is proposed to dynamically elucidate the response of the sea breeze to urbanization. Because the urban area in the PRD region is concentrated near the coast, urbanization imposes a positive heating gradient on the coastal region and a negative heating gradient on the region farther inland. The positive heating gradient may intensify the sea breeze, and the negative heating gradient may prevent the sea breeze from propagating farther inland.
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Markowicz, K. M., P. J. Flatau, J. Remiszewska, M. Witek, E. A. Reid, J. S. Reid, A. Bucholtz, and B. Holben. "Observations and Modeling of the Surface Aerosol Radiative Forcing during UAE2." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 2877–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2555.1.
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Abstract Aerosol radiative forcing in the Persian Gulf region is derived from data collected during the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Unified Aerosol Experiment (UAE2). This campaign took place in August and September of 2004. The land–sea-breeze circulation modulates the diurnal variability of the aerosol properties and aerosol radiative forcing at the surface. Larger aerosol radiative forcing is observed during the land breeze in comparison to the sea breeze. The aerosol optical properties change as the onshore wind brings slightly cleaner air. The mean diurnal value of the surface aerosol forcing during the UAE2 campaign is about −20 W m−2, which corresponds to large aerosol optical thickness (0.45 at 500 nm). The aerosol forcing efficiency [i.e., broadband shortwave forcing per unit optical depth at 550 nm, W m−2 (τ500)−1] is −53 W m−2 (τ500)−1 and the average single scattering albedo is 0.93 at 550 nm.
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Wanlong, Chen, Sun Weiguo, Zhou Jingnan, and Chen Jiang. "A numerical simulation on lake-land breeze of qinghai lake." Journal of Lake Sciences 7, no. 4 (1995): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18307/1995.0401.
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Feliks, Yizhak. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos in the Sea and Land Breeze." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 17 (September 2004): 2169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2169:ndacit>2.0.co;2.
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Grant, Leah D., and Susan C. van den Heever. "Aerosol-cloud-land surface interactions within tropical sea breeze convection." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 13 (July 12, 2014): 8340–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021912.
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Georgiadis, T., G. Giovanelli, and F. Fortezza. "Vertical layering of photochemical ozone during land-sea breeze transport." Il Nuovo Cimento C 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509176.
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Holmer, Björn, and Marie Haeger-Eugensson. "WINTER LAND BREEZE IN A HIGH LATITUDE COMPLEX COASTAL AREA." Physical Geography 20, no. 2 (March 1999): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1999.10642674.
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Zengmao, Wu. "Numerical study of lake-land breeze over lake vättern Sweden." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 1987): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02677066.
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