Academic literature on the topic 'Land conflicts'

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Journal articles on the topic "Land conflicts"

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Dong, Guanglong, Yibing Ge, Haiwei Jia, Chuanzhun Sun, and Senyuan Pan. "Land Use Multi-Suitability, Land Resource Scarcity and Diversity of Human Needs: A New Framework for Land Use Conflict Identification." Land 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101003.

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Land use conflicts are intensifying due to the rapid urbanization and accelerated transformation of social and economic development. Accurate identification of land use conflicts is an important prerequisite for resolving land use conflicts and optimizing the spatial pattern of land use. Previous studies on land use conflict using multi-objective evaluation methods mainly focused on the suitability or competitiveness of land use, ignoring land resource scarcity and the diversity of human needs, hence reducing the accuracy of land use conflict identification. This paper proposes a new framework for land use conflict identification. Considering land use multi-suitability, land resource scarcity and the diversity of human needs, the corresponding evaluation index system was constructed, respectively, and the linear weighted sum model was used to calculate the land use conflict index. Taking Jinan as the study area, the spatial distribution characteristics of land use conflicts are accurately identified and analyzed. The results show that: (1) Land use multi-suitability in Shanghe county and Jiyang district is high, but the intensity of land use conflict is not. This indicates that land use multi-suitability is the premise and basis of land use conflict, but it is not the only determinant, which is consistent with our hypothesis. (2) Land use conflicts in Jinan were dominant by medium conflict, accounting for 43.89% of the conflicts, while strong and weak land use conflicts accounted for 25.21% and 30.90% of the conflicts, respectively. The spatial distribution of land use conflicts is obviously different, with high conflicts in the north and low conflicts in the south. Strong land use conflicts are concentrated in the urban and rural transition zones of Tianqiao, Huaiyin and Shizhong districts and in the northern parts of Licheng and Zhangqiu districts. (3) Inefficient land use and land resource waste aggravated regional land use conflicts in Licheng and Zhangqiu districts. (4) The new framework for land use conflict identification proposed in this study can accurately identify land use conflicts, providing a scientific reference and new ideas for accurate identification of land use conflicts.
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Omodo, Kagere Willy, Gilbert Obici Obici, and David Mwesigwa Mwesigwa. "Land Governance Institutions and Land Conflict Management in Lira District, Lango Sub-Region, Uganda." International Journal of Conflict Management 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijcm.1177.

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of selected land governance institutions in the management of land conflicts in Lango sub-region. Methods and materials: Both correlation and descriptive designs were used and a sample size of 200 was targeted, and sampled using purposive and simple random sampling techniques from whom, questionnaires was administered among members of Land Tribunals, local council courts, and opinion leaders. The response rate of 86% was achieved from which data was analysed. Findings: The study reveals that the correlation between Land Tribunals and land conflicts (r = .120; p-value >.05) is positive and weak; between Local Council Courts and land conflict (r = .224; p-value <.05) is positive and weak; and between Ad-hoc Mediators and land conflict (r = .518; p-value>.05) is positive and strong. Further, the results of multiple regression reveal that Land Tribunals (Beta = .143; p-value >.05) is low in land conflict management; Local Council Courts (Beta = .085; p-value >.05) is low in land conflict management; and that Ad-hoc Mediators (Beta = .479; p-value >.05) is relatively high in land conflict management. Conclusion: It was concluded that Land Tribunals are the least effective in managing land conflicts but Local Council Courts are least effective in managing land conflicts; and that Ad-hoc Mediation is more effective in managing land conflicts in the study area. Recommendations: From the study, it is encouraged that government considers re-enforcing the role of Land Tribunals with the view of making them more effective in land conflicts management; A study on factors leading to rampant land conflicts is proposed.
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Purba, I. Gde Putu Bayu Raka, ,. I. Gusti Ngurah Anom Rajendra, and Ni Ketut Agusintadewi. "Mapping Analysis of Conflict Potential Utilization of Coastal Area Desa Pangkung Tibah, Kediri, Tabanan." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2020.v04.i02.p06.

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Pangkung Tibah Village is located in the southern coastal area of Bali Island. About 70 percent of the land area in this village has been ruled by investors for tourist accommodation, especially the area close to the beach. At the beginning, land acquisition plans were not well received by local villagers, but other approaches were made by investors, including involving security forces to force citizens to surrender their lands. Field data reveals various problems, such as land of citizens that are isolated without access in the land of investors, land use that is not proprietary, the potential destruction of the environment, actions that cause citizens to feel uncomfortable. This research aims to map the potential conflicts of coastal utilization of the village. The method used is a qualitative approach. Primary data collection is done by in-depth interviews with relevant informant and field observations. The results of the study identified land utilization perpetrators, potentially conflict locations, conflicting causes, conflict forms, level conflicts to date, and mapping potential conflicts of mild, moderate, and severe conflict levels. Potential conflict mapping analysis is based on territorial theory and conflict theory. Thus, the results of this research can be used as a basis for consideration by policy determinants (Government and indigenous leaders) to overcome the potential conflict of coastal utilization by coordinating the research results with Spatial planning and coastal area management strategies for sustainable economic, social and environmental development in research locations. Index Terms— conflicts, coastal utilization, mapping, potential conflicts, coastal areas
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Sunawardi, Sunawardi, Suhendrayatna Suhendrayatna, and Teuku Muhammad Jamil. "THE ROLE OF ACEH GOVERNMENT THROUGH LAND CONFLICT SETTLEMENT IN ACEH." Al-Ijtima`i: International Journal of Government and Social Science 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jai.v7i2.1451.

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During 2017 to 2021, there were 120 land conflict complaints in Aceh that were submitted to the Aceh Government. Based on the data from the field study, information was obtained that the typology of the land conflicts was HGU land conflicts, Land Acquisition, Use Rights/HPL, Land Overlap, Cultivated Land, Customary Land, Forest Land, Certified Land, Inheritance Land, Land Claims, Land Transmigration, Waqf Land, Land Limits and Land Grants. The government's role in resolving land conflicts is carried out by the Aceh Land Office through the Land Conflict and Dispute Resolution Coordination Team that involves the relevant agencies. Settlement is carried out non-litigation (outside the court) through coordination between agencies by taking an inventory of conflicts arranged in a typology of conflict for resolution through the relevant agencies according to the authority. Furthermore, if the settlement is needed, mediation of the parties will be carried out by a land mediator so that a decision can be made by the District Court on the agreed minutes.
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Henningsen, Anne Folke. "Contesting Promised Land: Moravian Mission Land Conflict in South Africa around 1900." Social Sciences and Missions 23, no. 2 (2010): 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489410x511560.

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AbstractAt the Moravian mission station Goshen in South Africa's Eastern Cape, conflicts over land rights between missionaries and dissenting congregants around the turn of the twentieth century, led to court cases between the two parties. Through a case study of such a conflict with ensuing court cases, the strategies and practices of the parties involved are analysed and the impact of the civil disobedience of the dissenting congregants is shown. La station missionnaire morave de Goshen, à l'est du Cap en Afrique du Sud, vit émerger au tournant du vingtième siècle des conflits entre missionnaires et croyants dissidents autour des droits sur la terre, conflits qui entrainèrent les deux parties devant la justice. En étudiant ces conflits et les aff aires judiciaires qui s'ensuivirent, ce texte analyse les stratégies et les pratiques des parties impliquées ainsi que l'impact de la désobéissance civile des croyants dissidents.
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Sabogu, Adams, Théophile Bindeouè Nassè, and Issaka Kanton Osumanu. "LAND CONFLICTS AND FOOD SECURITY IN AFRICA: AN EVIDENCE FROM DORIMON IN GHANA." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 2, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v2i2.126.

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This study examined the implication of land conflicts on food security in the Dorimon Traditional Area of the Wa West District of Northern Ghana. The study used a phenomenological research design approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection and analysis. Primary data were sought from interviews with household heads, key informants and focus group discussions. Various methods were combined to sample a total of 221 respondents from eight communities and four institutions for the study. The study revealed the existence of numerous land conflicts in the area, prominent among them are the land boundary conflict between the Guse and Dontanga Clans, land ownership conflict between Guo-Nayiri and Guo-Katung Clans and that of land ownership conflict between Charile and Nyimbale communities. Other forms of land conflicts were user conflicts between neighbouring land users and some form of limited access due to discrimination against women and settlers. The main drivers of these land conflicts were greed and selfish interest by individuals, the lack of clear land boundaries between clans, rising population pressure and the weakening of traditional institutions. Meanwhile, the study revealed that 62 per cent of household in the Dorimon Traditional Area were food insecure. It was established that land conflicts affect food security negatively as it leads to low food production, loss of income, destruction of food systems, disruption of herbal health delivery and also depletion of food stalk as a result of sale of food staff in pursuit of conflicts. Customary system of conflict resolution is the most popular system of conflict resolution in the area. In order to improve on the efforts at managing land conflicts and also mitigating their effects on food security, it is recommended that; alternative source of livelihoods should be provided to the people, traditional institutions should be strengthened, land boundaries between clans or communities should clearly be defined, demarcated and documented and, also, there should be strong stakeholder collaboration in land administration.
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Zhang, Jing, Yan Chen, Xinming Chen, Congmou Zhu, Bingbing Huang, and Muye Gan. "Identification of Potential Land-Use Conflicts between Agricultural and Ecological Space in an Ecologically Fragile Area of Southeastern China." Land 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101011.

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In the context of ensuring national food security, high-intensity agricultural production and construction activities have aggravated the conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces in ecologically fragile areas, which have become one of the most important factors hindering regional sustainable development. This study took Lin’an District, a typical hilly region of southeastern China, as an example. By constructing a landscape ecological risk evaluation model, land-use conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces were identified, spatial autocorrelation and topographic gradient characteristics were analyzed, and land-use conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed. During 2008 and 2018, the degree of land-use conflict in Lin’an District displayed an increasing trend, and the proportion of severe conflicts increased obviously. Slope is the main factor affecting land-use conflicts in a hilly region and shows a negative correlation, mainly because areas with flat terrain are more conducive to human activities. Based on the characteristics of land-use conflicts in Lin’an District, conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed to provide a theoretical basis and practical support for land-use conflict management. Our study provides scientific evidence for sustainable land-use planning and ecological management in ecologically fragile areas.
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Barr, Jessica Marion. "home/land." Brock Review 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/br.v11i2.147.

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In this series, entitled home/land, documentary photographs by Christopher Cowperthwaite provide the foundation for works that are meditations on the disruptions – cultural, political, and ecological – that result from conflict and crisis. The paintings present fragmentary images of the construction of the Israel-Palestine separation wall (and its concomitant fragmentation of the land), which are fused with collaged images from other conflicts and other times, asking the viewer to consider how an ever-deepening palimpsest of conflicts has become etched in our collective memory and on the surface of the earth since the World Wars. I created this series as an attempt engage my artistic practice with the complex history and contemporary reality of globalized conflict, which, via globalized media, has become imbricated with the flow of our daily lives and thoughts. As a Canadian artist and educator, I have no direct contact with the daily crises occurring in conflict zones, yet I am impelled to respond creatively, to translate my affective response to these global catastrophes into a visual elegy and a plea for awareness of the human and ecological impacts of warfare.
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Yves, Fallé Landry. "Stratégies De Gestion Des Conflits Fonciers Intra Familiauxà Douafla Dans La Sous-Préfecture De Sinfra (Centre-Ouest Ivoirien)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n2p23.

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Our study is focused on intra-family conflicts in the locality of Douafala at the sub-prefecture of Sinfra in the west center of Cote d'Ivoire. It has helped us to understand and analyze the causes of intra-family conflicts within the families of Douafla and the processes used in solving them. The argument is that intra-family land conflicts take many forms in the locality of Douafala and the actors use specific techniques to resolve these conflicts. The study was guided by the main question: What are the intra-family land conflicts existing in Douafla which justifies the land conflicts existing within the family unit? To answer this question, we have developed three hypotheses from the three specific objectives. Indeed, the first objective was to identify intra-family conflicts in Douafla. The second objective was to analyze the intra-family conflicts and the adopted (customary and administrative) strategies of this conflict. Finally, the last objective was to analyze the procedures adopted by the authorities in the resolution of this conflict. At the end of our analysis, we stated that land in all its forms generates conflicts that are sometimes adjustable. Land conflicts, therefore, arise due to generosity in the past and the lack of paper document of the land.
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Syaukat, St Mahmud. "DIMENSI KEPENTINGAN UMUM DALAM MEMBERIKAN HAK GUNA USAHA DI ATAS TANAH ULAYAT MASYARAKAT ADAT." Jurnal Surya Kencana Satu : Dinamika Masalah Hukum dan Keadilan 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/jdmhkdmhk.v6i2.334.

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With the nature that is so important, the soil was ranked first most potential conflict both vertical conflict (conflict between the residents and the authorities) and horizontal conflicts (conflicts among fellow citizens). Therefore a government of a country should be able to put politics pertanahannya law precisely by considering all sides of the state of society so that potential conflicts as mentioned above can be minimized. Against that government of the Republic of Indonesia after the win independence from the Dutch, trying to land reform and political building a new national land law by changing land laws in force earlier, Agrarisch Wet (Stb 1870-55) was considered not appropriate with the personality of the Indonesian nation. Hence was born the Act No. 5 of 1960 (BAL No.5 / 1960), the Law on Agrarian, hereinafter referred to as UUPA. The focus of the problem in this research is the dimension of Public Important Giving Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) Above Communal Land of Indigenous People, research conducted with secondary data are descriptive qualitative research shows the first, very important to the principle of general interest not give customary land both, would need to be established specifically about the provisions of lands which have positive implications for the public interest.Keywords: Publik Interest, HGU, Communal Land
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Land conflicts"

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Baligira, John. "Land rights and land conflicts in Kibaale since the colonial settlement." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32198.

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This thesis examines why there has been persistent conflict over land in Africa, with reference to Kibaale district in western Uganda. The land conflicts, especially in post-colonial sub-Saharan Africa, are attributed to such factors as the colonial legacy which has contributed to unequal access and conflicting identities. By tracing the conflict from the British colonial period, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how it evolved and why it was not resolved by the end of colonial rule and in post-colonial Uganda. The thesis draws on Mamdani's theory of decentralized despotism to establish the extent to which the post-colonial central governments' maintenance of some rural despotic authorities has undermined the land conflict resolution efforts. I contend that, though the post- colonial governments' maintenance of landlordism has partly contributed to the land-related conflict in Uganda, it does not fully explain why the conflict has persisted in places such as Kibaale district. Based on data generated through in-depth interviews with purposively sampled participants, archives and from secondary sources, the thesis contributes to an improved understanding of why land-related conflicts in Africa have persisted. It particularly shows what has undermined the ability of post-colonial governments and other stakeholders to address the roots of these conflicts. The main findings of the thesis include: the bitter memories of the late 19th and early 20th century British colonial conquest and land dispossession of people in Kibaale are still reflected in the narratives of the early settlers; the government-sponsored and selfmotivated massive resettlement of people from mainly Western Uganda to Kibaale district has increased the complexity of land disputes; different peoples' identities have also contributed to the conflict in Kibaale; and the national as well as local political actors have often intensified the conflict for the sake of political power. The thesis concludes that the instrumentalization of citizenship and belonging by the autochthons as well as the specific historical and socioeconomic factors in Kibaale district have contributed to persistent conflict over access to and ownership of land.
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Akhter, Tasneem. "The role of property rights for land degradation and land use conflicts." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16285.

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Bodendegradation ist ein wachsendes Problem von Pakistan, die Biomasse Verlust verursacht und hat einen schlechten Einfluss auf die Wirtschaft des Landes. Nordöstlich von der Provinz Punjab, die berühmt für die Reisanbau ist, leidet auch mit diesem Problem. Zusammen mit einigen anderen Gründen, sind institutionelle Aufbau in den Regionen und der Landnutzungsänderungen der Hauptgründe für diesen Abbau. Obwohl das Land ist, die privaten Eigentümern, aber wegen der Störung der bestehenden Eigentumsrechte und die jüngste Stadterweiterung in der Region hat interfamiliären Konflikte zwischen Grundbesitzern im Zusammenhang mit Entfremdung Land provoziert. Diese Konflikte haben ein Potenzial von gefährden ländlichen Setup und der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion des Landes. Das Ziel der Studie ist es, diese Konflikte Ansatz, den Schwerpunkt auf die Notwendigkeit des institutionellen Wandels für die Nutzung von landwirtschaftlichen degradierten Flächen und mögliche Governance-Struktur für Land Umwandlung in Pakistan. Die Organe der Sustainability Framework von Hagedorn et al (2002) wird verwendet werden, und einige politische Empfehlungen gehen abgeleitet werden.
Land degradation is a growing problem of Pakistan, which causes biomass loss and has a bad effect on the economy of the country. Northeast of Punjab province, which is famous for the rice cultivation, is also suffering with this problem. Along with some other reasons, institutional setup in the regions and the land-use change are the main reasons of this degradation. Although the land is owned by private owners, but because of the malfunctioning of existing property rights and the recent urban expansion in region has provoked interfamily conflicts between landowners related to land alienation. These conflicts have a potential of jeopardising rural setup and agriculture production of the country. The aim of the study is to approach these conflicts, focus on the need of institutional change for the use of agricultural degraded lands and possible governance structure for land conversion in Pakistan. The Institutions of Sustainability Framework of Hagedorn et al (2002) will be employed and some policy recommendations are going to be derived
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Junior, Darlan de Oliveira Reis. "Senhores e trabalhadores no Cariri cearense: terra, trabalho e conflitos na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12759.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Esta tese trata das relaÃÃes entre senhores e trabalhadores que viveram na regiÃo do Cariri, localizada no extremo sul da ProvÃncia do CearÃ, na segunda metade do sÃculo XIX. O domÃnio do espaÃo regional se deu, nÃo sà pela apropriaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, como o controle da terra, mas tambÃm atravÃs da elaboraÃÃo de um discurso sobre a vocaÃÃo econÃmica do lugar e na exploraÃÃo de trabalhadores livres e escravizados, em diferentes atividades econÃmicas. Numa abordagem que se insere no campo da HistÃria Social, procuro analisar as questÃes que envolvem o mundo do trabalho: as contradiÃÃes resultantes da desigualdade social, as prÃticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores, bem como os conflitos e as diferentes formas de resistÃncia dos trabalhadores. Foram utilizadas fontes como jornais, leis, processos criminais, processos civis, inventÃrios, correspondÃncias e relatÃrios de autoridades pÃblicas.
This thesis discusses the relations between masters and workers who lived in the region of Cariri, located in the extreme south of the Province of CearÃ, in the second half of the nineteenth century. The regional area domain occurred not only by natural resources appropriation, such as control of the land, but also through the development of a speech on economic vocation of the place and exploitation of free and enslaved workers, in different economic activities. In an approach based on the field of Social History, I intend to analyze the issues implicating the labor world: contradictions arising from social inequality, control practices established by masters, as well as the conflicts and different forms of workers resistance. Were used sources such as newspapers, laws, criminal cases, civil cases, inventories, correspondences and reports of public authorities.
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Alexander, Shelley M. "A GIS decision support system for resolving land allocation conflicts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24643.pdf.

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Appiah-Boateng, Sabina [Verfasser]. "Land-use Conflicts and Psychosocial Well-being / Sabina Appiah-Boateng." Hildesheim : Universität Hildesheim, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1217404317/34.

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Hanaček, Ksenija. "Land-use changes, cultural ecosystem services, and environmental conflicts: Evidence from rural Bulgaria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670263.

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Como resultado de sus interacciones e interdependencias con las personas, los agroecosistemas se obtienen servicios de ecosistemas culturales (SEC) como identidad rural, conocimiento tradicional y ceremonias relacionadas con cultivos. Sin embargo, los agroecosistemas se enfrentan globalmente a cambios en los usos de suelo, como la agricultura intensiva, el abandono de la tierra y la urbanización, que están influenciados por las fuerzas económicas, políticas y de mercado. Junto con estas tendencias, están surgiendo conflictos ambientales entre diferentes actores con diferentes intereses en las áreas terrestres. Esta tesis doctoral examina de manera integral los SEC y críticamente examina cómo están influenciados por los cambios en el uso de suelo y que tipo de conflictos ambientales surgen según los cambios en el SEC. El estudio comienza a nivel global, luego utiliza a Bulgaria como el caso de estudio tanto a nivel regional como a nivel comunitario, con especial énfasis en las políticas rurales. Los resultados de la investigación indican que los agroecosistemas proporcionan múltiples SEC interrelacionados que constituyen el patrimonio agrícola mundial. Además, los cambios en el uso de suelo tienen un impacto significativo en la cultura y la tradición, principalmente de los agricultores y las comunidades rurales, y por lo tanto surgen conflictos ambientales en forma abierta y latentes. En el caso de estudio en Bulgaria, la evaluación de SEC por parte de los diferentes actores a nivel regional y agrícola indica que la evaluación de SEC se ve interrumpida debido a cambios en el uso de suelo. Además, las sobre el SEC a nivel comunitario pueden surgir como conflictos ambientales que se expresan abiertamente a través de manifestaciones o protestas, siempre que el poder político de la comunidad para la gestión ambiental sea alto. Cuando el grado de poder es bajo, conflictos relacionados con SEC están latentes, expresados con una gran importancia dada a la identidad rural. De hecho, este estudio muestra que los conflictos ambientales por la apropiación de tierras agrícolas están entrelazados con la desposesión cultural. Sobre la base de estos hallazgos, esta tesis argumenta que el patrimonio agrícola global está en riesgo de perderse debido a los cambios en el uso de la tierra. Se necesitan políticas más holísticas de uso de la tierra a diferentes escalas de gobernanza que tengan en cuenta tanto la importancia crítica de las comunidades locales como el SEC que crean conjuntamente para la preservación y nutrición de las zonas rurales. La población rural y los SEC co-creados desempeñan un papel fundamental en la defensa de los problemas de distribución de servicios ecosistémicos y en la promoción de la sostenibilidad social, ecológica y económica. Por lo tanto, la participación de las partes interesadas locales debe incluirse en la toma de decisiones sobre el uso de suelo y el SEC debe ser reconocido en la ciencia y la políticas publicas como vías para la preservación ambiental y la estabilidad social de las zonas rurales marginalizadas.
As a result of their interactions and interdependencies with people, agroecosystems contribute to the creation of cultural ecosystem services (CES) such as rural identity, traditional knowledge, and ceremonies related to cultivation. However, global agroecosystems are currently undergoing vast land-use changes –such as intensive agriculture, land abandonment, and urbanization – which are influenced by economic, policy, and market forces. Along with these trends, environmental conflicts are emerging between stakeholders with differing interests in land areas. This dissertation holistically examines CES by critically studying how CES, in the light of relational values, are disrupted by land-use changes, and further identifying environmental conflicts arising from changes in CES. The study begins at the global level, then uses Bulgaria as a case study at both the regional level and community levels, with particular emphasis on rural policies. Results of the research indicate that agroecosystems provide multiple interrelated CES that constitute global agricultural heritage. Further, land-use changes have a significant impact on culture and tradition, mainly at the expense of farmers and rural communities, and therefore lead to open and latent forms of environmental conflict. In the Bulgarian case study, stakeholders’ evaluation of CES at both regional and farm levels indicate CES evaluation is often disrupted due to land-use changes. Moreover, concerns about CES at the community level can emerge as environmental conflicts that are expressed openly thorough demonstrations or protests, provided the community’s political power for environmental management is high. When the degree of power is low, such CES-related conflicts are latent, expressed with a high importance placed on rural identity. Indeed, this study shows environmental conflicts over agricultural land appropriation are intertwined with cultural forms of dispossession. On the basis of these findings, this dissertation argues global agricultural heritage is at risk of being lost due to land-use changes. More holistic land-use policies at different governance scales are needed that consider both the critical importance of local communities and the CES they co-create for preservation and nourishment of rural areas. Rural people and co-created CES play a fundamental role in defending ecosystem services distribution issues and promoting social, ecological, and economic well-being. Therefore, the participation of local stakeholders is important in land-use decision-making, and CES recognition in science and policy as pathways for the environmental preservation and social stability of marginalized rural areas.
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Kideghesho, Jafari Ramadhani. "Wildlife conservation and local land use conflicts in Western Serengeti, Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1970.

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The pre-colonial traditional societies in Western Serengeti were physically and spiritually connected to animal species and plants in their surrounding environments. This link contributed to sustainable use and harmonious coexistence. The religious affiliation and local management structures sanctioned some destructive behaviours and designated some species and habitats as sacred. Additionally, low human population and primitive technology posed low pressure on resources. Colonial regime interrupted the coexistence through introduction of new management structures. The exclusive, prohibitive and punitive actions perpetrated by colonial regime under "fences and fines" conservation approach fomented conflicts and local resentment towards conservation policies. However, despite local resentment and conflicts, the economic and political reasons forced the post-colonial government to inherit these policies uncritically.

While the idiom "Serengeti shall not die" has been a popular motto and ambition for decades, some forces had been working against it. These forces include: inefficient state-led enforcementn (due to shrinkage of government budgets in 1970s and 1980s); human population growth; rural poverty; globalisation of markets in animal products (e.g. rhino horns and ivory) and; local resentment towards the conservation policies. The reduction of the wildlife populations and habitats as a result of these forces, ruled out the efficacy of “fences and fines” approach in conserving wildlife. This prompted a need to search for alternative approach that would end this crisis.

The community conservation (CC) initiative, which emerged as a major paradigm of conservation work in late 1980s, was the most appealing option. Through provision of tangible economic benefits, CC sought to motivate local people to align their behaviours with conservation goals. This prescription was applied to Serengeti where two CC initiatives, Serengeti Regional Conservation Project (SRCP) and Community Conservation Service (CCS) were launched. Findings from this study indicate that the benefit based approaches implemented under these initiatives are fundamentally flawed, a scenario that precludes their possibility to contribute significantly to conservation objectives.

Although attitudinal survey indicated that the benefit-based strategy increase acceptability towards conservation, this may not necessarily imply a change in behaviour. Poaching was still rampant in the villages under the projects. However, even if the strategy could lead to a change of behaviour among the beneficiaries, its impact to conservation would still be insignificant since only a small fraction of the communities benefit (i.e. 14 out of 126 villages). Furthermore, even within the project villages the minimal benefits granted are inequitably distributed and monopolised by local elites. The poorest members of the society are unable to enjoy these benefits because cash is required to access them (e.g. game meat, medical services).

Along with the benefits, the results indicated that the costs inflicted by wildlife to local people and some socio-demographic factors (education, wealth) have potential role in shaping conservation attitudes. Local communities experiencing fewer costs from wildlife conservation and those most educated were less likely to support protected areas. Those with more livestock were more negative, probably because the costs of prohibition from access to water and pasture in protected areas were more obvious to them. Conservation attitudes were more positive to Serengeti National Park than to the adjacent Game Reserves, a scenario that can be attributed to history and the age of the park. It was created some 50 years when population was low and land was still available. Furthermore, the majority of the villagers were, either too young, or were not even born when the Park came to existence. Therefore, they did not feel the pain of eviction, if there was any.

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Thondhlana, Gladman, Georgina Cundill, and Thembele Kepe. "Co-management, land rights, and conflicts around South Africa’s Silaka Nature Reserve." Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67781.

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Globally, co-management of protected areas (PAs) offers promise in efforts to achieve ecological integrity and livelihood needs. Most co-management agreements are premised on joint decision making in defining equitable sharing of benefits from and the management responsibilities for natural resource management. However, co-managed PAs are often conflict ridden. The forceful closure of Silaka Nature Reserve in South Africa in 2013 by a local community epitomizes the conflicts that can emerge in co-management arrangements. Using Silaka Reserve as a case study, we ask questions related to the meaning of land to local people, with an interrogative focus beyond “material benefits” in co-management discourse. The results of this study show that apart from nonaccrual of material benefits, conflicts arise from nonrecognition of nonmaterial aspects such as cultural values of and historical attachment to land and limited involvement of land claimants in decision making. The implications for co-management as a desired outcome on settled land claims are discussed.
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Ubink, Janine M. "In the land of the chiefs customary law, land conflicts, and the role of the state in peri-urban Ghana /." [Leiden] : Leiden University Press, 2008. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/librarytitles/Doc?id=10302637.

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Balakrishnan, Sai Swarna. "Land Conflicts and Cooperatives along Pune's Highways: Managing India's Agrarian to Urban Transition." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10967.

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The past ten years has been a decade of land wars in India. Rapid urbanization is spilling beyond city boundaries into the highways connecting large cities, instigating a frenzied consolidation and conversion of agricultural lands into urban/industrial lands. This process is fraught with conflict, as different social groups compete to stake their claims on the land value increments - the increases in land value due to the change in land use from agricultural to non-agricultural - of these newly converted highway lands. Against the backdrop of conflictual land consolidation processes, this dissertation examines the unique case of the Pune highways, located in the state of Maharashtra in India. Along some of Pune’s highways, agrarian landowners – sometimes voluntarily and sometimes with the mediation of bureaucrats – are pooling their fragmented agricultural lands, converting them to urban and industrial lands, and forming collective institutions of land ownership to own and control these newly converted highway lands. In other words, agrarian landowners along these highways are not being displaced from their lands. Instead, they are capturing some or all of the land value increments, and are benefiting from the urban transition. I examine the conditions that made these collective institutions possible in the Pune region, and the possibility and desirability of transferring these conditions to other regions elsewhere that are mired in similar land conflicts. My main finding is that the core of India’s land conflicts is a change in the valuation of land from fertility to location. This new, highway-induced restructuring of the land market interacts in complex ways with older caste-based forms of agrarian land control and these changes in land-based social relations is the source of conflict. India’s rapid urbanization along highways is taking place not within cities, but in-between cities, and is leading to new forms of politics that defies the urban-rural dichotomies. I also use Pune’s land conflicts and cooperatives as a window into the broader phenomenon of India’s 21st century transition from an agrarian to urban economy, and articulate the major elements of the new regional institutions that are needed for managing land markets during an uncertain urban transition.
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Books on the topic "Land conflicts"

1

Marie-Theres, Wacker, and Wainwright Elaine Mary 1948-, eds. Land conflicts, land utopias. London: SCM Press, 2007.

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Singh, Pramod K. Status of land conflicts in India. Anand: Institute of Rural Management, 2015.

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Environment, New Zealand Ministry for the. Managing rural amenity conflicts. Wellington, N.Z: The Ministry, 2000.

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William, Derman, Odgaard Rie, and Sjaastad Espen, eds. Conflicts over land & water in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2007.

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Tettey, Wisdom. The politics of land and land-related conflicts in Ghana. Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, 2008.

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Tettey, Wisdom. The politics of land and land-related conflicts in Ghana. Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, 2008.

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The Andean past: Land, societies, and conflicts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

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Gates, Paul Wallace. Fifty million acres: Conflicts over Kansas land policy, 1854-1890. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

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The struggle over land in Africa: Conflicts, politics & change. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press, 2010.

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ZERO (Organization : Harare, Zimbabwe), ed. Conflicts over land and other natural resources in Zimbabwe. Greenwood Park, Harare, Zimbabwe: ZERO, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Land conflicts"

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Havel, J. J. "Land use conflicts." In Resilience in mediterranean-type ecosystems, 147–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4822-8_10.

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Batisai, Kezia, and Fadzai Chipato. "Displacements and land conflicts." In The Future of Zimbabwe's Agrarian Sector, 187–207. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003158196-11.

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Walter, H. S. "Land Use Conflicts in California." In Ecological Studies, 107–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03543-6_6.

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Musavengane, Regis, and Llewellyn Leonard. "Land conflicts in Southern Africa." In Conservation, Land Conflicts, and Sustainable Tourism in Southern Africa, 1–14. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003188902-1.

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Liwenga, Emma T., and Florian Silangwa. "Natural resource use conflicts in a changing climate: The case of the wetlands of Kilombero and Kilosa districts in Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 153–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0153.

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Abstract In Tanzania studies on conflicts between subsistence farmers and agropastoralists/pastoralists as well communities versus conservationists have been frequently reported. These include studies on water use conflicts in the Pangan River Basin. Agropastoralists have also been evicted as a result of these conflicts. The overriding tendency has thus been centered on discussion about what keeps pastoralists and crop cultivators apart rather than what keeps them together. Although conflicts occur mainly as a result of resource competition, some conflicts constitute only one aspect of a much more complex interaction between the two groups. Little has been documented in examining the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors in aggravating these conflicts and how this triggers various dimensions of conflicts among livelihood groups. This study examined the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors as causes of natural resource conflict, based on a study conducted in Kilosa and Kilombero districts in south-central Tanzania. The study further examined conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of adaptive capacity to address these issues in a changing climate and in particular explored the roles of institutions in conflict resolution, and the associated challenges and opportunities involved. The study was conducted through a household survey, focus group discussions and expert interviews with Kilosa and Kilombero district land planning officers. The aim was to understand the challenges of land use planning and how those transformed into conflicts between users. The results of the interviews in the two districts revealed that there were land conflicts related to boundary disputes between and among villages, investors against villages or communities, and government agencies versus villages or investors. Unlike Kilosa, Kilombero District had more land conflicts involving villages and government institutions. There is a complicated land conflict in 25 villages against the Ramsar site area.
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Etienne, M., J. Aronson, and E. Le Floc’h. "Abandoned Lands and Land Use Conflicts in Southern France." In Ecological Studies, 127–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03543-6_7.

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Havel, J. J. "Land use conflicts and the emergence of multiple land use." In The Jarrah Forest, 281–314. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3111-4_16.

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Tamanaha, Brian Z. "Asian land conflicts and the Great Transformation." In Land Law and Disputes in Asia, 274–96. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003170600-20.

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Hennecke, Anna, and Nils Rettenmaier. "Sustainable Land Use: Food Production or Fuels." In Competition and Conflicts on Resource Use, 245–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10954-1_17.

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Búrquez, Alberto. "A Land of Illusions and Thin Air." In Conflicts Between Biodiversity Conservation and Humans, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83270-4_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Land conflicts"

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Wahid, Fathul, Øystein Sæbø, and Bjørn Furuholt. "Does a land information system resolve land conflicts?" In the Seventh International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2737856.2737906.

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Xu, Yanwen. "Conflicts of Interest in Land Appraisal." In 2010 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2010.305.

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Afrizal, Afrizal, Siska Adhariani, and Ovy Irawan. "Gender and Conflicts: Patterns and Causes of Masculinization of Land Conflicts in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS 2021, 30-31 August 2021, Padang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316259.

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"Perceptions of Land and Conflicts: The Case of Nairobi." In 14th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2007. ERES, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2007_334.

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Marbun, Supardy. "Actualizing Land Bank as One of The Efforts to Prevention of Land Disputes and Conflicts Settlement." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies, ICILS 2020, July 1st 2020, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-7-2020.2303664.

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Onose, Diana A., Cristian I. Iojă, Maria Pătroescu, Grabiel O. Vânău, and Mihai R. Niţă. "Spatial analysis of locational conflicts: case study: locational conflicts generated by the expansion of built up surfaces in the northern area of Bucharest, Romania." In Virtual cities and territories. Coimbra: Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Coimbra and e-GEO, Research Center in Geography and Regional Planning of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Nova University of Lisbon, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7714.

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The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze land use conflicts existing in the northern area of Bucharest and to spatially model their impact on the expandint residential areas. The main objectives are: 1) to analyze the dynamics of built up surfaces between 1975-2010; 2) to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamic of locational conflicts and 3) to spatially model the impact of locational conflicts on residential areas.
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Meitzen, Mark E., Lisa Loftus-Otway, Robert J. Grow, Nathan M. Hutson, Ari D. Bruening, and Ron Phillips. "Preserving and Protecting Freight Infrastructure and Routes." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74097.

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A smoothly functioning freight transportation network is part of the nation’s critical infrastructure and is essential to the operation of the U.S. economy. Rail is a significant component of this infrastructure. There are serious threats to American’s freight rail system caused in large part by intrusion of incompatible land uses, especially in America’s burgeoning megapolitans. Population growth, rising incomes, and other aspects of economic growth have all led to increased competition for the land resources around the freight rail network. Incompatible land uses around freight rail corridors and facilities often results in conflicts between those uses and barriers to efficient freight transportation. This paper discusses the research results from Transportation Research Board (TRB) Project NCFRP 24 that developed a website, www.EnvisionFreight.com, and a report outlining tools and strategies for better planning and design of residential and other structures in proximity to freight corridors and facilities. The paper initially discusses the benefits and importance of an integrated multimodal freight system, and the value of a smoothly functioning freight transportation network. This includes discussion of the freight rail network’s part in the nation’s critical freight transportation infrastructure. The paper then reviews the conflicts and barriers that often occur between incompatible land uses and freight rail assets. Case studies that were conducted during the research are also utilized to show current practices in planning for freight. Finally the paper discusses strategies for preserving and evolving the network of freight rail corridors and access points, which requires foreseeing future areas of conflict and acting proactively in an economically rational manner. Our research found four areas of tools and preservation and protection strategies to minimize and resolve conflicts between freight and other land uses: long-range planning, zoning and design, mitigation, and education and outreach. The research found that tremendous potential exists to significantly affect decision making that impacts freight. With the likely emergence of freight mega-regions that do not respect state or even national boundaries, a new planning dialogue is required to prepare for the next generation freight system to support these regions. Planning decisions that will be made over the next decade will be critical to our future transportation system efficiencies and regional competitiveness. Local and regional freight planning in this context will require highly skilled freight transportation planners, new planning strategies and tools, community support, longer-term regional visioning, and legislative authority.
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Moomen, Abdul-Wadood, and Ashraf Dewan. "Mining, agricultural space and land use conflicts: The role of local government." In 2015 Fourth International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2015.7248103.

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Salgado Cofré, Daniela, and Álvaro Mercado Jara. "Going to the Clay: Exploring Conflicts and Values of the Soil in Valparaiso." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.60.

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This proposition presents a design and artistic research focused on the soil that aims to generate active and poetic forms of reflection around the fragile interdependence of human and non-human lives in an increasingly precarious urban environment, emphasised by the current ecological crisis. In order to engage in such reflections, this practice-oriented research —led by designers, architects, artists and educators— collects relational modes of material interdependence in the region of Valparaíso, Chile, by exploring veins and clay pits for pottery making that are relevant and known by artisans and artists of this area. These spaces are threatened by the increasingly precarious environmental conditions that are exacerbated by the monoculture of the land, the reconstitution of the soil by massive urbanisation projects, and the inaccessibility to clay pits due to the replacement of the commons by the privatisation and exploitation of the land. These urban conflicts generate deterritorialisation that contrasts with the significant relevance and values that these spaces hold for artists, artisans, and other groups, that promote their protection and the respectful interaction with the soil. Against this background, this practice-oriented research explores and expects to make visible the transformation of these lands by following the uses of the soil, identifying conflicts and values that emerge around these extraction sites through immersive sensitive experiences. These immersions into different clay pits consist of walking around, observing the ground, sensing the space, collecting clay from the soil together, sensing and manipulating the material to explore its properties. Thus, by examining the materials, voices and artistic expressions —in the form of poems, sound compositions, images, drawings, photos, cartographies and clay objects— co-produced during four immersions into diverse veins of the Valparaíso Region, we expect to bring back to the fore alternative modes of reflexivity around these sites. This sum of collective experiences for exploration and creation in the veins and clay pits of Valparaíso serves to trace other relational ways of inhabiting, valuing and working with the soil. Therefore, we envisage this practice-oriented research project as a poetic alternative to critically question the modern technocratic logics of urbanisation that operate in the region through the commodification and overexploitation of the land.
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Busch, M. "Land use conflicts in the coastal zone: The potential of informal conflict resolution along the case of JadeWeserPort in Germany." In Littoral 2010 – Adapting to Global Change at the Coast: Leadership, Innovation, and Investment. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/litt/201110002.

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Reports on the topic "Land conflicts"

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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Adebayo Aromolaran, and Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie. How Conflicts Affect Land Expansion by Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.015.

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The expansion of smallholder farms into larger farm sizes is a key strategy for growing agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy could simultaneously expand farm incomes while addressing poverty since the majority of farms in sub-Saharan Africa are smallholder farms. There is limited existing research on the possible role of conflicts in stymying the ability of smallholder farmers to transition into larger-scale farming and on the impacts of conflicts in areas that are not directly within active conflict zones. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of conflict on the ability of smallholder farmers to transition to larger scales in two regions that are not in a traditional conflict zone, by developing a household utility maximisation model to explain choices made by farm households in response to conflict.
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Gupta Bhaya, Sreetama, Kumar Sambhav Shrivastava, and Thomas Wordsell. Subversion of the due process of seeking land acquisition and resultant land conflicts. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6720.

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Adelaja, Adesoji, Justin George, Thomas Jayne, Milu Muyanga, Titus Awokuse, Lenis Saweda O. Liverpool-Tasie, and Adebayo B. Aromolaran. Role of Resilience Factors in Mitigating the Negative Effects of Conflict on Land Expansion. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.010.

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Shocks and stresses from natural disasters, climate change, economic volatility, armed conflicts and political instability could hinder expansion efforts by smallholder farms (SHFs). The application of the resilience concept as a mitigator of the impacts of such shocks on land expansion by farmers is an important developmental challenge. In this paper, we hypothesise that the resilience capacity of SHFs mitigate the adverse effects of conflict shocks and examine how assets, off-farm income, access to social safety nets, and education level of the household lead contribute to household-level resilience to armed conflicts.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Managing Conflicts over Land and Natural Resources Through Collective Action: A Case Study from Rural Communities in Zambia. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/capriwp105.

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Donnelly, Phoebe, and Boglarka Bozsogi. Agitators and Pacifiers: Women in Community-based Armed Groups in Kenya. RESOLVE Network, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags2022.4.

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This research report is a case study of women’s participation in community-based armed groups (CBAGs) in Kenya. It examines: the diversity of women’s motivations to participate in community-based armed groups in Kenya; women’s roles and agency within community-based armed groups, communal conflicts, as well as community security and peacebuilding structures; and gender dynamics in conflict ecosystems, including social perceptions about women’s engagement in conflict. This case study contributes to the literature on women and CBAGs by examining the variations in their engagement across a single country, based on diverse local contexts. Data collection sites for the study included 1) the capital city, Nairobi; 2) Isiolo County; 3) Marsabit County; 4) Mombasa County; and 5) Bungoma County. Together, these sites provide insight into local conflict dynamics in rural and urban areas; on country borders and on the coast; and in communities with ethnic polarization, land conflicts, criminal gangs, and histories of violent extremism and secessionist movements. The Kenyan research team employed a qualitative approach to data collection through key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and the use of secondary source data. The findings show that there is no single template for understanding women’s engagement with CBAGs; instead, women’s motivations and roles within these groups are varied and highly contextual, just as with the motivations and roles of men. This study demonstrates the utility of context-specific analyses at the sub-national level to capture the range of women’s participation in and engagement with CBAGs and their greater contributions to the local security landscape.
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Sauer, Sérgio, and Lídia Cabral. Martyrdom of the Cerrado: An Agri-Food Territory in Need of Justice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.010.

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The Cerrado is a natural biome occupying 25 per cent of Brazil’s surface. Compared to the Amazon, it is relatively unknown to international audiences, yet it is currently the world’s largest agricultural frontier. Intensive soybean and beef production are driving deforestation, water depletion, habitat loss, and land grabbing. Emphasising the scale of land-based inequality and conflicts, this briefing exposes the Cerrado as a territory of martyrdom, contrasting the ‘miracle’ portrayed by the dominant agri-food regime. Resistance struggles within the region are outlined and recommendations looking to challenge the success narrative of agribusiness and to move towards territorial justice are presented.
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Alston, Lee, and Bernardo Mueller. Property Rights, Land Conflict and Tenancy in Brazil. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15771.

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Sturgess, Patricia, and Christopher Flower. Land and conflict in Sierra Leone: A rapid desk-based study. Evidence on Demand, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd.dec2013.sturgess_flower.

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Sanders, John A. Network Centric Warfare: Operational Application in the Land Dimension of Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403856.

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Alston, Lee, Edwyna Harris, and Bernardo Mueller. De Facto and De Jure Property Rights: Land Settlement and Land Conflict on the Australian, Brazilian and U.S. Frontiers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15264.

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