Journal articles: 'Land equivalent ratio. eng'

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Otto, S., T. Trautmann, and M. Wendisch. "On realistic size equivalence and shape of spheroidal Saharan mineral dust particles applied in solar and thermal radiative transfer calculations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 9 (May 12, 2011): 4469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4469-2011.

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Abstract. Realistic size equivalence and shape of Saharan mineral dust particles are derived from in-situ particle, lidar and sun photometer measurements during SAMUM-1 in Morocco (19 May 2006), dealing with measured size- and altitude-resolved axis ratio distributions of assumed spheroidal model particles. The data were applied in optical property, radiative effect, forcing and heating effect simulations to quantify the realistic impact of particle non-sphericity. It turned out that volume-to-surface equivalent spheroids with prolate shape are most realistic: particle non-sphericity only slightly affects single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter but may enhance extinction coefficient by up to 10 %. At the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) the Saharan mineral dust always leads to a loss of solar radiation, while the sign of the forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) depends on surface albedo: solar cooling/warming over a mean ocean/land surface. In the thermal spectral range the dust inhibits the emission of radiation to space and warms the BOA. The most realistic case of particle non-sphericity causes changes of total (solar plus thermal) forcing by 55/5 % at the TOA over ocean/land and 15 % at the BOA over both land and ocean and enhances total radiative heating within the dust plume by up to 20 %. Large dust particles significantly contribute to all the radiative effects reported. They strongly enhance the absorbing properties and forward scattering in the solar and increase predominantly, e.g., the total TOA forcing of the dust over land.

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Tang, Xiumei, Yu Liu, and Yuchun Pan. "An Evaluation and Region Division Method for Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand Based on Land Use and POI Data." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062524.

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Mastering the regional spatial differences of ecosystem service supply and ecosystem service demand is of great significance to scientifically planning the development and utilization of national land and maintaining healthy development of ecosystems. Based on the relationship analysis of ecosystem service supply and ecosystem service demand, this study explored the regional ecosystem service supply by ecosystem service value based on grid data and constructed an ecosystem service demand evaluation model that integrated the construction land ecosystem service demand equivalent for static aspects and the point of interest (POI) kernel density estimation for dynamic aspects on the basis of land use and POI data. In the end, it put forward a region division method for ecosystem service supply and ecosystem service demand and conducted an empirical analysis of Haidian District, Beijing. The following results were concluded: (1) the ecosystem service value of different grids in Haidian District was between RMB (Chinese monetary unit, Yuan) 0 and RMB 2.4787 million. In terms of spatial distribution, the ecosystem service supply took on an obvious trend of gradual decrease from the northwest to the southeast, with major ecosystem service supply coming from the northwest. (2) The construction land ecosystem service demand equivalent of Haidian District was characterized by a multicenter cluster: the high equivalent area was in the southeast, while the equivalent of the northwest was relatively low. POI kernel density estimation demonstrated cluster distribution, with a high kernel density estimation in the southeast, a lower kernel density estimation in the central part, and the lowest kernel density estimation in the northwest. The ecosystem service demand index also showed cluster distribution: high index in the southeast, low index in the northwest, and prominent sudden changes from the central part to the south. (3) The bivariate local spatial autocorrelation cluster diagram method was used to divide five types of ecosystem service supply and ecosystem service demand, namely non-significant correlation region, high ecosystem service supply and high ecosystem service demand region, high ecosystem service supply and low ecosystem service demand region, low ecosystem service supply and high ecosystem service demand region, low ecosystem service supply and low ecosystem service demand region. Grids with the highest ratio belonged to the non-significant correlation region; the distribution of low ecosystem service supply and high ecosystem service demand region had the greatest concentration, mainly in the southeast; the grids of high ecosystem service supply and low ecosystem service demand region were mainly present in the northwest and in a continuous way; the grids of low ecosystem service supply and low ecosystem service demand region, and high ecosystem service supply and high ecosystem service demand region were extremely few, with sporadic distribution in the central part. The research results could provide a basis for the adjustment and fine management of regional land use structure.

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Çopur Doğrusöz, Medine, Hanife Mut, Uğur Başaran, and Erdem Gülümser. "Performance of Legumes-Turnip Mixtures with Different Seed Rates." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.81-86.2125.

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This study aimed to investigate appropriate seed rates for legume-turnip intercrops under different harvest stages. Turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa) was sown with common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. Poir) in 2014 with four different combinations (100% legume, 75% legume + 25% turnip, 50% legume + 50% turnip, 100% turnip) and catted in two different times when the beginning and end of the flowering of turnip. The study was conducted in Yozgat-Turkey with three replicates. Hay yield, protein yield, ADF, NDF, Ca, Mg, P, K, Land Equivalent Ratio, Competitive Ratio and Aggressivity characteristics were determined in view of the combinations. The results of this study, 50%HV + 50%T and sole pea harvested turnip was at the beginning of flowering stage were the best treatments. On the other hand, when harvest was done at end of the flowering of turnip 50%P + 50%T, 75%P + 25%T and 50%HV + 50%T intercropping were the high yielding treatment.

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Dupraz, Christian, Kevin Wolz, Isabelle Lecomte, Grégoire Talbot, Grégoire Vincent, Rachmat Mulia, François Bussière, et al. "Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082293.

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Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock, can lead to multiple economic and ecological benefits compared to trees and crops/livestock grown separately. Field experimentation has been the primary approach to understanding the tree–crop interactions inherent in agroforestry. However, the number of field experiments has been limited by slow tree maturation and difficulty in obtaining consistent funding. Models have the potential to overcome these hurdles and rapidly advance understanding of agroforestry systems. Hi-sAFe is a mechanistic, biophysical model designed to explore the interactions within agroforestry systems that mix trees with crops. The model couples the pre-existing STICS crop model to a new tree model that includes several plasticity mechanisms responsive to tree–tree and tree–crop competition for light, water, and nitrogen. Monoculture crop and tree systems can also be simulated, enabling calculation of the land equivalent ratio. The model’s 3D and spatially explicit form is key for accurately representing many competition and facilitation processes. Hi-sAFe is a novel tool for exploring agroforestry designs (e.g., tree spacing, crop type, tree row orientation), management strategies (e.g., thinning, branch pruning, root pruning, fertilization, irrigation), and responses to environmental variation (e.g., latitude, climate change, soil depth, soil structure and fertility, fluctuating water table). By improving our understanding of the complex interactions within agroforestry systems, Hi-sAFe can ultimately facilitate adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice.

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Mupangwa, W., M. Mutenje, C. Thierfelder, M. Mwila, H. Malumo, A. Mujeyi, and P. Setimela. "Productivity and profitability of manual and mechanized conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Eastern Zambia." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000606.

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AbstractClimate variability and declining soil fertility pose a major threat to sustainable agronomic and economic growth in Zambia. The objective of this study was to assess crop yield, land and labor productivity of conservation agriculture (CA) technologies in Eastern Zambia. On-farm trials were run from 2012–2015 and farmers were replicates of a randomized complete block design. The trials compared three CA systems against a conventional practice. Yield and net return ha−1 were determined for maize and legume yield (kg ha−1) produced by ridge and furrow tillage, CA dibble stick planting, CA animal traction ripping and direct seeding. The dibble stick, ripline and direct seeding CA systems had 6–18, 12–28 and 8–9% greater maize yield relative to the conventional tillage system, respectively. Rotation of maize with cowpea and soybean significantly increased maize yields in all CA systems. Intercropping maize with cowpea increased land productivity (e.g., the land equivalent ratio for four seasons was 2.01) compared with full rotations under CA. Maize/cowpea intercropping in dibble stick CA produced the greatest net returns (US$312-767 ha−1) compared with dibble stick maize-cowpea rotation (US$204-657), dibble stick maize monoculture (US$108-584) and the conventional practice (US$64-516). The net-return for the animal traction CA systems showed that maize-soybean rotations using the ripper were more profitable than the direct seeder or conventional ridge and furrow systems. Agronomic and economic benefits of CA-based cropping systems highlight the good potential for improved food security and agricultural productivity for smallholder farmers.

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Widodo, Yudi, Sri Wahyuningsih, Made Jana Mejaya, and Yuliantoro Baliadi. "Intercropping Twice of Corn with Cassava to Supply the Feed of Biomass in Eastern Mount Kawi of Malang Indonesia." Rural Sustainability Research 42, no. 337 (December 1, 2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2019-0008.

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Abstract Three treatments were tested with four replications at RCBD, namely cassava monoculture, corn twice under cassava intercropping, and corn with corn monoculture where the second corn was planted 5 days after harvested. Planting distance of cassava in monoculture was 100x100 cm, and in intercropping was 200x50 cm, by which corn was planted in 50x30 cm, 1 seed per hole. All plots received dairy cattle manure 5 t ha-1. Fertilizer applied for cassava was Urea 100 kg ha−1, Ponska 200 kg ha−1 and KCl 100 kg ha−1 split into two applications two weeks after cassava planting, then when first of corn was harvested. Corn fertilization was Ponska 150 kg ha−1 + Urea 100 kg ha−1 every 3 months and split into two applications: 1 week and 4 weeks after corn was planted. Cassava and twice corn fertilization was Urea 300 kg ha−1 + Phonska 400 kg ha−1 + KCl 100 kg ha−1. Results showed that cassava monoculture can be improved by inserting of twice corn in between rows. Under sole cropping cassava, the B/C ratio was the highest 1.61, however with incorporating twice of corn the B/C ratio was 1.58. Intercropping cassava and twice of corn resulted in the Land Equivalent Ratio 2.146. By intercropping cassava with corn twice at the end of dry season, there was an opportunity to find corn biomass for dairy cattle. Under intercropping, cassava was able to produce 21.5 t ha−1 of fresh roots, while first and second of corn produced fresh biomass of 34 t ha−1 and 28 t ha−1 respectively.

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Oleson, K. W., G. B. Bonan, J. Feddema, and M. Vertenstein. "An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part II: Sensitivity to Input Parameters and the Simulated Urban Heat Island in Offline Simulations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1061–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1598.1.

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Abstract In a companion paper, the authors presented a formulation and evaluation of an urban parameterization designed to represent the urban energy balance in the Community Land Model. Here the robustness of the model is tested through sensitivity studies and the model’s ability to simulate urban heat islands in different environments is evaluated. Findings show that heat storage and sensible heat flux are most sensitive to uncertainties in the input parameters within the atmospheric and surface conditions considered here. The sensitivity studies suggest that attention should be paid not only to characterizing accurately the structure of the urban area (e.g., height-to-width ratio) but also to ensuring that the input data reflect the thermal admittance properties of each of the city surfaces. Simulations of the urban heat island show that the urban model is able to capture typical observed characteristics of urban climates qualitatively. In particular, the model produces a significant heat island that increases with height-to-width ratio. In urban areas, daily minimum temperatures increase more than daily maximum temperatures, resulting in a reduced diurnal temperature range relative to equivalent rural environments. The magnitude and timing of the heat island vary tremendously depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions and the characteristics of surrounding rural environments. The model also correctly increases the Bowen ratio and canopy air temperatures of urban systems as impervious fraction increases. In general, these findings are in agreement with those observed for real urban ecosystems. Thus, the model appears to be a useful tool for examining the nature of the urban climate within the framework of global climate models.

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WOOD, CHRIS M., R. G. BOUTILIER, and D. J. RANDALL. "The Physiology of Dehydration Stress in the Land Crab, Cardisoma Carnifex: Respiration, Ionoregulation, Acid-Base Balance and Nitrogenous Waste Excretion." Journal of Experimental Biology 126, no. 1 (November 1, 1986): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126.1.271.

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Air-breathing Cardisoma carnifex, collected in Moorea, French Polynesia, were held in fresh water similar in chemical composition to that in their burrows. Under control conditions, which allowed branchial chamber flushing but not ventilation of the medium, crabs demonstrated net Na+ and Cl− uptake, and ammonia, urea and base excretion (= acidic equivalent uptake). Throughout 192 h of water deprivation, crabs dehydrated slowly at a rate of 0.55 g H2O kg−1 h−1, eventually reaching a near lethal 18% loss of total body water. Increases in haemolymph osmolytes were quite variable (0–29%); electrolyte excretion was negligible. MOO2 and MCOCO2 both decreased by approximately 55%, maintaining an unusually low gas exchange ratio (R = 0.53), and suggesting general metabolic depression. There was no evidence of internal hypoxia as haemolymph lactate remained at hydrated levels and PaOO2 actually increased. The dominant acid-base response was a progressive metabolic alkalosis accompanied by a partially compensating rise in PaCOCO2. Alkalosis was probably caused by blockage of the normal aquatic excretion of base produced by the metabolism of this herbivore. Other possible causes were eliminated: i.e. alkalaemia due to contraction of the ECFV; entrainment via strong ion shifts; CaCO3 mobilization; and ammonia accumulation in the haemolymph. In the absence of water, net ammonia production and excretion both appeared to cease, and alternate end products (urea, uric acid) did not generally accumulate. Within 2h of rehydration, crabs regained more than half the lost water, MOO2 and MCOCO2 increased above control levels, and ammonia excretion and haemolymph concentration both exhibited a prolonged (56 h) 4- to 6-fold rise. At the same time, metabolic alkalosis was reversed in association with elevated net base excretion into the water; the latter was correlated with an increase in the strong ion difference (SID) flux ([Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+ - Cl−]). Note:

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Kristiono, Afandi, Siti Muzaiyanah, Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth, and Arief Harsono. "Produktivitas Tumpangsari Kedelai dengan Jagung pada Akhir Musim Hujan di Lahan Kering Beriklim Kering (Productivity of Soybean Intercropping with Maize at the End of Rainy Season in Dry Land with Dry Climate )." JURNAL PANGAN 29, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.33964/jp.v29i3.495.

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ABSTRAK Luas panen kedelai di Indonesia pada 2017 hanya mencapai 355.799 ha dengan produksi 538.728 ton. Untuk mencapai swasembada, luas panen tersebut harus dapat ditingkatkan menjadi 1,2 juta ha dengan produktivitas 1,6 ton/ha. Peningkatan luas panen kedelai dapat dilakukan pada lahan kering dan iklim kering yang pemanfaatannya belum maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi produktivitas dan kelayakan teknis paket teknologi budidaya kedelai tumpang sari dengan jagung di lahan kering beriklim kering. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada musim hujan (MH) 2017/2018 di Kecamatan Tegaldlimo, Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur pada zona iklim D3 (3–4 bulan basah/tahun) dengan jenis tanah vertisol, mengikuti pola tanam padi gogo – jagung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cara tanam tumpang sari kedelai dengan jagung baris ganda setelah panen padi gogo, mampu memberikan hasil biji jagung kering 2,03 ton/ha dan kedelai 1,50 ton/ha. Cara tanam ini lebih menguntungkan daripada tanam jagung atau kedelai monokultur yang berturut-turut memberikan hasil 3,50 ton/ha dan 1,85 ton/ha biji kering. Hasil kedelai dan jagung pada saat penelitian tidak maksimal karena selama pertumbuhan curah hujan hanya 194 mm, sehingga tanaman terutama jagung mengalami cekaman kekeringan. Keuntungan usahatani kedelai monokultur, jagung monokultur, dan kedelai tumpang sari dengan jagung berturut-turut adalah Rp8.633.500,00; Rp5.039.400,00; dan Rp11.090.600,00 per ha. Tumpang sari kedelai dengan jagung mampu memanfaatkan lahan lebih efisien dengan Nilai Kesetaraan Lahan (NKL) 1,39. kata kunci: jagung, kedelai, lahan kering beriklim kering, tumpang sari ABSTRACT Soybean harvested area in Indonesia in 2017 only reached 356,799 ha with a total production of 538,728 tons. To achieve self-sufficiency, the harvested area must be increased to 1.2 million ha with a productivity of 1.6 tons/ha. To increase the harvested area, soybean can be developed in a dry land with dry climate that has not been utilized optimally. The study aimed to evaluate the productivity and technical feasibility of soybean intercropping with maize in a dry land with a dry climate. The study was conducted in the rainy season of 2017/2018 at Tegaldlimo Sub-district, Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province in the D3 climate zone (3–4 wet months/year) at vertisol soil using the cropping pattern of upland rice-maize.The results indicated that soybean is intercropping with maize in a double row after upland rice harvesting was able to provide the dry seeds yield of maize 2.03 tons/ha and soybean 1.50 tons/ha. This planting method was more profitable compared to maize monoculture yielding 3.50 tons/ha or soybean monoculture yielding 1.85 tons/ha dry seeds yield. The yields of soybean and maize in the study were not optimal due to low precipitation to only 194 mm during the plant growth, so the crops, particularly the maize experienced drought stress. The benefits of soybean monoculture, maize monoculture, and soybean intercropping with maize farming were 8,633,500 IDR, 5,039,400 IDR, and 11,090,600 IDR per ha, respectively. The soybean intercropping with maize was also able to utilize land more efficiently with a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.39. keywords: maize, soybean, dry land with dry climate, intercropping

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Ekaka-A, E. N., N. E. S. Lale, and C. C. Wokocha. "The Land Equivalent Ratio and Its Mutualistic Implications: Computational Approach." IOSR Journal of Mathematics 10, no. 4 (2014): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5728-10448285.

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Hussain, Iqtidar, Shakeel Ahmad Jatoi ., Obaidullah Sayal ., and Muhammad Safdar Balo . "Green Fodder Yield and Land Equivalent Ratio of Sorghum-Legume Association." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 1 (December 15, 1999): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.175.176.

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Riley, Janet. "Examination of the Staple and Effective Land Equivalent Ratios." Experimental Agriculture 21, no. 4 (October 1985): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700013193.

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SUMMARYTwo extensions to the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) concept, the Effective LER and the Staple LER, are evaluated for an intercrop of two species. The use of different standardizing sole-crop yields in the Effective LER equation is emphasized for the formation of different comparisons between intercrop and sole-crop yields. The Staple LER for different standardizing sole-crop yields is introduced. The equivalence of the Staple and Effective LERs under certain conditions is shown and illustrated.

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Fletcher, Andrew L., John A. Kirkegaard, Mark B. Peoples, Michael J. Robertson, Jeremy Whish, and Antony D. Swan. "Prospects to utilise intercrops and crop variety mixtures in mechanised, rain-fed, temperate cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 12 (2016): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16211.

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Despite the potential productivity benefits, intercrops are not widely used in modern, mechanised grain cropping systems such as those practised in Australia, due to the additional labour required and the added complexity of management (e.g. harvesting and handling of mixed grain). In this review we investigate this dilemma using a two-dimensional matrix to categorise and evaluate intercropping systems. The first dimension describes the acquisition and use of resources in complementary or facilitative interactions that can improve resource use efficiency. The outcome of this resource use is often quantified using the land equivalent ratio (LER). This is a measure of the relative land area required as monocultures to produce the same yields as achieved by an intercrop. Thus, an LER greater than 1 indicates a benefit of the intercrop mixture. The second dimension describes the benefits to a farming system arising not only from the productivity benefits relating to increased LER, but from other often unaccounted benefits related to improved product quality, rotational benefits within the cropping system, or to reduced business risks. We contend that a successful intercrop must have elements in both dimensions. To date most intercropping research has considered only one of these two possible dimensions. Intercrops in large, mechanised, rain-fed farming systems can comprise those of annual legumes with non-legume crops to improve N nutrition, or other species combinations that improve water use through hydraulic redistribution (the process whereby a deep-rooted plant extracts water from deep in the soil profile and releases a small proportion of this into the upper layers of the soil at night), or alter disease, pest or weed interactions. Combinations of varieties within cereal varieties were also considered. For our focus region in the southern Australian wheatbelt, we found few investigations that adequately dealt with the systems implications of intercrops on weeds, diseases and risk mitigation. The three main intercrop groups to date were (1) ‘peaola’ (canola-field pea intercrops) where 70% of intercrops (n = 34) had a 50% productivity increase over the monocultures, (2) cereal-grain legume intercrops (n = 22) where 64% showed increases in crop productivity compared with monocultures and (3) mixtures of cereal varieties (n = 113) where there was no evidence of a productivity increase compared with the single varieties. Our review suggests that intercropping may have a role in large rain-fed grain cropping systems, based on the biophysical benefits revealed in the studies to date. However, future research to develop viable intercrop options should identify and quantify the genotypic differences within crop species for adaptation to intercropping, the long-term rotational benefits associated with intercrops, and the yield variability and complexity-productivity trade-offs in order to provide more confidence for grower adoption. Farming systems models will be central to many of these investigations but are likely to require significant improvement to capture important processes in intercrops (e.g. competition for water, nutrients and light).

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Ceunfin, Syprianus, Djoko Prajitno, Priyono Suryanto, and Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra. "Penilaian Kompetisi dan Keuntungan Hasil Tumpangsari Jagung Kedelai di Bawah Tegakan Kayu Putih." Savana Cendana 2, no. 01 (January 27, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/sc.v2i01.76.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai kompetisi dan keuntungan hasil dalam tumpangsari jagung varietas pioner 21 dan kedelai varietas grobogan dibawah tegakan hutan kayu putih. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode percobaan lapangan yang terdiri atas dua faktor dan dirancang dengan menggunakan Rancangan Petak ber-alur. Faktor pertama sebagai petak utama berupa Posisi bidang olah dari kedudukan tegakan kayu putih (Zona) dan faktor kedua sebagai anak petak adalah jarak tanam jagung. Petak utama berupa zona bidang olah terdiri dari 2 aras yaitu zona 1 terletak pada posisi bidang olah yang berjarak 0-1 m dari kedudukan tegakan (Z1); zona 2 terletak pada posisi bidang olah yang berjarak 1-2 m dari kedudukan tegakan (Z2), Anak petak adalah jarak tanam jagung yang terdiri atas 3 aras yaitu: 50 cm x 20 cm (J1), 70 cm x 20 cm (J2) dan 90 cm x 20 cm (J3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tumpangsari tanaman jagung dan kedelai dibawah tegakan kayu putih sangat menguntungkan.Tanaman jagung lebih agresif dan competitif daripada tanaman kedelai sehingga menyumbangkan keuntungan pada land equivalent ratio total dan area time equivalent ratio dan Actual Yeild loss total pada perlakuan zona pengolahan lahan maupun jarak tanaman. Zona pengolahan lahan 0-1 m dari kedudukan pohon kayu putih memberikan hasil land equivalent ratio total, area time equivalent ratio, dan actual yield loss total paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 1,71, 1,66 dan 0,82 sedangkan Jarak tanam 50 cm x 20 cm memberikan hasil land equivalent ratio total, area time equivalent ratio, dan actual yield loss total paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 2,27, 2,25 dan 1,58. ©2017 dipublikasikan oleh Savana Cendana.

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Russell, J. T., and R. M. Caldwell. "Effects of Component Densities and Nitrogen Fertilization on Efficiency and Yield of a Maize/Soyabean Intercrop." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (October 1989): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015155.

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SUMMARYA field study was conducted in 1985 at two locations in Maryland, USA, to test the influence of environment (location), input level (N fertilization), management (component density combinations), and measure of performance on recommendations for a maize/soyabean intercrop. Location affected the degree of intercrop yield depression of each crop; the effect of N on relative competitive abilities; the maximum Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and maximum modified Staple Land Equivalent Ratio (SLER); the difference between LER and SLER; the optimum density combinations and change in optima in response to N; and the N level at which the greatest land use efficiency was achieved. Given the complexity of the environmental effects, recommendations based on the trials have a very narrow range of applicability.

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Farhad, ISM, E. Jahan, MA Rahman, MG Azam, and TA Mujahidi. "Performance of Mixed Cropping of Lentil with Cowpea Under Variable Seeding Ratios." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 21, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v21i1.39391.

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The field experiment was carried out at South Lemua, MLT site, Feni (AEZ 19) during Rabi season of 2015-16 to evaluate the performance of lentil as mixed crop with cowpea under variable seeding ratio. The treatment combinations used for the experiment were T1= Sole Lentil (100 %) @ 40 kg seed ha-1, T2 =Sole Cowpea (100%) @ 45kg seed ha-1, T3 = Lentil (100%) + Cowpea (10 %), T4 = Lentil (100 %) + Cowpea (20 %) and T5 = Lentil (100 %) + Cowpea (30 %). Lentil var. BARIMashur-6 and cowpea variety BARI Felon-1 were used in this study. The yield of lentil decreased with the increase of cowpea population in the mixed cropping situation. All the mixed cropping combinations showed higher lentil equivalent yield (LEY), land equivalent ratio (LER), net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR) than sole cropping. The highest lentil equivalent yield (1438 kg ha-1) and maximum land equivalent ratio (1.24) were observed in T4 treatment. Cost and return analysis showed that the highest net return (Tk. 77,890 ha-1) was found in T4 treatment while sole cowpea gave the lowest net return (Tk. 7530 ha-1). The highest benefit cost ratio (3.09) was recorded from lentil (100 %) + cowpea (20 %) whereas the minimum (1.21) from sole cowpea. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 125-129

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Runkulatile, Herry, Koki Horama, Takeshi Horie, Takashi Kurusu, and Tatsuya Inamura. "Land Equivalent Ratio of Groundnut-Fingermillet Intercrops as Affected by Plant Combination Ratio, and Nitrogen and Water Availability." Plant Production Science 1, no. 1 (January 1998): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.1.39.

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Salehi, Aliyeh, Sina Fallah, Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner, Bano Mehdi, and Hans-Peter Kaul. "Growth analysis and land equivalent ratio of fenugreek-buckwheat intercrops at different fertilizer types." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 69, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/boku-2018-0010.

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Summary Intercropping can increase crop growth and yield due to improved resource use efficiency. A two-year field experiment was performed in Shahrekord (Iran) to determine the effect of crop stand composition and fertilizer type on the productions of aboveground dry matter and growth parameters of fenugreek-buckwheat intercrops. Sole crops of fenugreek (F) and buckwheat (B) were compared to the three substitutive intercropping ratios (F:B = 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2). Crop stands were fertilized with chemical fertilizer or broiler litter. Fenugreek could produce in intercrops a similar amount of above-ground dry matter compared to its corresponding share on the sowing ratio. Contrary to that, buckwheat could produce in intercrops more above-ground dry matter than its share on the sowing ratio, especially with a low to medium share of buckwheat. Consequently, the intercrops with F:B (2:1) and F:B (1:1) had an above-ground dry matter yield advantage compared to the pure crop stands of both crops. Broiler litter was more effective in increasing the growth rates and thus the above-ground dry matter production compared to the chemical fertilizer. Thus, growing fenugreek and buckwheat in intercrops fertilized with broiler litter can be beneficial for increasing the biomass production in semiarid environments.

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Yu, Yang, David Makowski, Tjeerd-Jan Stomph, and Wopke van der Werf. "Robust Increases of Land Equivalent Ratio with Temporal Niche Differentiation: A Meta-Quantile Regression." Agronomy Journal 108, no. 6 (November 2016): 2269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.03.0170.

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Newman, S. M. "A Pear and Vegetable Interculture System: Land Equivalent Ratio, Light Use Efficiency and Productivity." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014630.

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SUMMARYThe productivity, land equivalent ratios (LERs) and light use efficiency of a pear and radish interculture system were assessed. Pear yield was unaffected by intercropping. Relative yields for the radish component varied between 0.5–1.01 depending upon the yield index and spatial arrangement employed. This gave LER values for the system of 1.5–2.01. The overall trans-missivity of the pear canopy was 73%. A 47% reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) gave a yield reduction of 65% in terms of number of saleable radish, but did not affect total dry matter productivity. Reductions in radish yield directly beneath pear trees was thought to be due to other factors besides PAR. The total dry matter productivity of a system containing five successive radish crops was estimated at 26.25 tonnes ha−1 yr−1.

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Metwally, A., A. Abuldahab, M. Shereif, and M. Awad. "Productivity and Land Equivalent Ratio of Intercropping Cotton with Some Winter Crops in Egypt." American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2016/27523.

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Yu, Yang, Tjeerd-Jan Stomph, David Makowski, and Wopke van der Werf. "Temporal niche differentiation increases the land equivalent ratio of annual intercrops: A meta-analysis." Field Crops Research 184 (December 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.09.010.

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Ahmed, Faruque, Osamu Hirota, You Yamada, Tomokazu Haraguchi, Masaru Matsumoto, and Toshihiro Mochizuki. "Studies on Yield, Land Equivalent Ratio and Crop Performance Rate in Maize-Mungbean Intercropping." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 45, no. 1 (November 2000): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/24355.

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Begum, Shamim Ara, and Mohammed Abdul Kader. "Intercropping short duration leafy vegetables with pumpkin in subtropical alluvial soils of Bangladesh." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 36, no. 1 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp18004.

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Intercropping may allow increasing both the productivity and diversity of crop through efficient utilization of land in densely populated countries like Bangladesh where fertility of agricultural land is declining gradually. A field experiment was conducted at a recently developed alluvial soil in Bangladesh during 2015–16 and 2016–17 winter seasons to select suitable leafy vegetables intercropping with pumpkin for higher productivity, better land and time utilization and maximum economic return. Six leafy vegetables viz., coriander green, red amaranth, radish green, mustard green, jute green, and spinach were intercropped with pumpkin and compared with sole pumpkin using a randomised complete block design. Intercropping leafy vegetables with pumpkin did not reduce pumpkin yield but increased system productivity by 39–120% over sole cropped pumpkin. All the intercropping combinations performed better than sole pumpkin. However, the highest system yield (72.7 & 75.6 t ha–1), land equivalent ratio (1.74 & 1.75), area time equivalent ratio (1.20 & 1.16), net return (8001 & 8350 USD ha–1) and benefit cost ratio (10.3 & 10.7) were obtained in 2015–16 & 2016–17, respectively from pumpkin + spinach system indicating that this system might be suitable for higher crop productivity, better land and time utilization as well as economic return for the selected area.

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K. Solanki, Vishnu. "Economic and Land Equivalent Ratio Performance of Herbal Medicinal Crops under Three-Tier Agroforestry System." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 2458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.296.

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Feng, Lingyang, Muhammad Ali Raza, Jianyi Shi, Muhammad Ansar, John Kwame Titriku, Tehseen Ahmad Meraj, Ghulam Abbas Shah, et al. "Delayed maize leaf senescence increases the land equivalent ratio of maize soybean relay intercropping system." European Journal of Agronomy 118 (August 2020): 126092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2020.126092.

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Mergo, M., E. G. Rhoden, and M. Burns. "EFFECT OF RELATIVE PLANTING DATE ON INTERCROPPING." HortScience 26, no. 6 (June 1991): 692C—692. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.692c.

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Intercropping is a management system that maximizes production per unit area of land. Intercropping has to be carried out with crops that are compatible in order to ensure increased productivity. An intercropping study was conducted to determine a suitable planting pattern for corn (Zea mays), an overstory crop, and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas), an under-story crop. Five relative planting dates were established for each component crop (3 week; before, 3WB; 2 weeks before, 2WB; simultaneous, SIM; 2 weeks after, 2WA; and 3 weeks after, 3WA planting the other crop). Monocrop of each component was also planted. The marketable yields of sweetpotato were reduced by 48, 57, 75, 76 and 74% when sweetpotato was intercropped with corn and planted 3WB, 2WB, SIM, 2WA and 3WA corn, respectively. Corn grain yields were reduced 28, 28, 26, 57, and 66% when intercropped with sweetpotato beginning 3WB, 2WB, SIM, 2WA and 3WA sweetpotato, respectively. Although yields of individual component crop were reduced in intercrop, there was no significant difference in land utilization. Land equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and competition ratio were not significantly affected by planting date. Intercropping corn and sweetpotato was compatible when both crops were simultaneously planted.

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Choudhary, VK. "Suitability of Maize-legume intercrops with optimum row ratio in mid hills of eastern Himalaya, India." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2015): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21916.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) being a widely space crop were tried with different combinations of legumes cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) as intercrops at different planting geometry to find out their suitability during 2009, 2010 and 2011 at eastern Himalayan, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Three experiments were carried out in sequence to identify suitable planting geometry to accommodate intercrops, screening best legume crops and subsequently best performed row ratio of maize and legume crops were intercropped in third experiment with 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 row proportions. Sole maize gave the maximum grain yield with 4571.1 kg ha-1, whereas, stover yield was highest with maize-cowpea intercrop at 1:2 row ratios (8013.4 kg ha-1) and 57.1 kg ha-1 day-1 production efficiency followed by frenchbean and least with blackgram. Competition indices like land equivalent ratio (LER) was highest with 1:2 row ratio of maize-frenchbean (1.66), land equivalent coefficient (0.67). But, highest area time equivalent ratio (ATER) noticed with 1:2 row ratio of maizeblackgram (1.47). Relative crowding coefficient (K) and competition ratio were noticed higher with 1:2 row ratio of maize-cowpea, whereas, cowpea combinations has better crowding coefficient and blackgram combinations registered better competitiveness. Monetary advantage index (MAI) was 6433.2 with 1:2 row ratio of maize-blackgram followed by maize-cowpea and lowest with maize-frenchbean with the trend of 1:2>1:5>1:1 row ratios. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21916 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 52-62 (2014)

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Setyaningsih, Luluk. "EFEKTIVITAS INOKULUM FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEMAI TANAMAN HUTAN." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.20.

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Effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum Arbuskula Growth of seedling Plain Forest Utilization of mycorrhizae in forestry are often constrained in the availability of inoculum mukoriza that not every moment can be obtained in sufficient quantities and in accordance with the type of crop and land acidity. It required effort to make the inoculant that can anticipate the condition. It has been developed inoculant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), that explores from various acidity land from under the stands of forest plants, namely inoculum R2, P2, N2 and C2-containing AMF of the genus Glomus sp. The study was conducted with 5 grams inokulasi AMF inoculum (equivalent to 15-30 spores) on seedling sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), teak (Tectona grandis) and meranti (Shorea leprosula). Observations were carried out for 9 weeks by measuring the height and diameter growth of each week and dry biomass and shoot-root ratio at the end of observation. The statistical analysis was complete randomized with design 5 treatment of inoculant without comparing among species of forest plants seedlings. Results of variance analysis showed that after 9 weeks of observation, AMF inoculum treatments did not significantly affect height growth (p <0:40) and diameter (p <0.59) of sengon seedlings, but significant effect on diameter growth (p <0:09) and the growth of teak seedlings higher (p <0:06) and total dry weight (BKT) (p <0.07) seedling timber. C2 inoculant was effective to increase seedling height growth sengon up to 5% and meranti up to 22%. R2 inoculant increased height growth for seedlings of teak and meranti respectively 25% and 81%; Inokulan P2 increased by 23% and 81%, while the N2 inoculant increased by 21% and 53% of seedling growth of teak and meranti. Inoculant R2, P2 and N2 are recommended to be applied to seedlings of teak, and timber, while for legume crops such as sengon more advisable to use inoculants C2.Key words : inoculum, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Forest plants seedling Abstrak Pemanfaatan mikoriza di bidang kehutanan sering terkendala pada ketersediaan inokulum mukoriza yang tidak setiap saat dapat diperoleh dalam jumlah cukup dan yang sesuai dengan jenis tanaman serta keasaman lahan. Untuk itu diperlukan upaya untuk membuat inokulan yang dapat mengantisipasi kondisi tersebut. Telah dikembangkan inokulan fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) hasil eksplorasi dari berbagai keasaman lahan dari bawah tegakan tanaman hutan, yaitu inokulum R2, P2, N2 dan C2 yang mengandung FMA dari genus Glomus sp. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menginokulasikan sebanyak 5 gram inokulum FMA (setara 15-30 spora) tersebut pada semai sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), jati (Tectona grandis) dan meranti (Shorea leprosula). Pengamatan dilakukan selama 9 minggu dengan mengukur pertumbuhan tinggi dan diameter setiap minggu dan biomasa kering serta rasio pucuk-akar pada akhir pengamatan. Penelitian dirancang secara acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan inokulan dengan tanpa membandingkan antar jenis semai tanaman hutan. Hasil analisa sidik ragam menunjukan bahwa setelah 9 minggu pengamatan, perlakuan inokulum FMA tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan tinggi (p<0.40) dan diameter (p<0.59) semai sengon, namun berpengaruh nyata pada pertumbuhan diameter (p<0.09) semai jati dan pertumbuhan tinggi (p<0.06) serta berat kering total (BKT) (p<0.07) semai meranti . Inokulan C2 efektif untuk peningkatan pertumbuhan tinggi semai sengon hingga 5% dan meranti hingga 22%. Inokulan R2 mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tinggi semai jati dan meranti masing-masing sebesar 25% dan 81%; Inokulan P2 meningkatkan sebesar 23% dan 81%; sedangkan inokulan N2 mampu meningkatkan sebesar 21% dan 53% terhadap pertumbuhan semai jati dan meranti. Inokulan R2, P2 dan N2 lebih disarankan untuk diaplikasikan pada semai jati, dan meranti, sedangkan untuk tanaman legum seperti sengon lebih disarankan menggunakan inokulan C2.Kata kunci : Inokulum, Fungi Mikoriza arbuskula, Semai tanaman hutan

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Gebremichael, A., B. Bekele, and B. Tadesse. "Evaluation of the effect of sorghum-legume intercropping and its residual effect on yield of sorghum in yeki woreda, sheka zone, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v9i2.45412.

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The imbalance between the crop production and population growth is currently the major issue in southern Ethiopia. To feed the growing population, increasing the production of food through growing more crop types in the same field as an intercropping is the right strategy. The current study was aimed at evaluating the effect of sorghum-legume intercropping and its residual effect on yield of sorghum. The land equivalent ratio was calculated for sorghum intercropped with pigeon pea and cowpea. Intercropping sorghum with pigeon pea and cowpea increases the land productivity as its Land Equivalent Ratio is greater than 1. In both cases, the land equivalent ratio is greater than 1 indicating the benefits of intercropping. The residual effect of sorghum intercrop with legumes was evaluated on the yield of sorghum. Although there was no statistically significance differences on yield and yield component of sorghum, sorghum planted on the plot of pigeon pea and cowpea sole has 44.6% and 27.8% yield advantage relative to sorghum alone respectively. Planting sorghum under sorghum-cowpea intercropped condition increase the yield of sorghum by 41.8%. The result also shows 74.0% sorghum yield change was observed when planted after intercropped condition of sorghum with pigeon pea. The productivity of sorghum also increases when planted on the plot of sole legume. The current finding in general shows that legume crops contributed to the yield of sorghum either intercropped with legume or grown up using residual contribution of legumes after a year. Therefore, for maximum sorghum production farmers in the area should plant either as intercrop or after residual effect of legumes. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 9(2): 62-66, December 2019

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Nasamsir, Nasamsir, and Usman Usman. "POLIKULTUR TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis quineensis Jacq.) DENGAN TANAMAN JELUTUNG (Dyera polyphylla)." Jurnal Media Pertanian 4, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v4i2.82.

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Oil palm planting can be done between rows of jelutung plants, resulting in optimal growth and productivity of the land. The research will be conducted in Betara and Bram Itam Kanan , Tanjung Jabung Barat, with the condition of peatland will be conducted from Mei to Juny 2019. This study aims to determine the value of land equivalent ratio (LER) in the intercropping of oil palm with jelutung plants. This research used survey method on farmers' land planted monoculture and intercropping with oil palm and jelutung plant. The location of this study was chosen intentionally because at these locations there is a cultivation of intercropping with oil palm and jelutung plants. The observed variables are; planting distance (m), stem height (m), stem circumference (cm), leaf color, age of production (years), productivity of the oil palm and jelutung plants in intercropping (ton), and land productivity. To answer the proposed hypothesis, the data obtained in the field is done statistical analysis with Z test and descriptive method in the form of tabulation. The results showed that the production of oil palm and Jelutung monoculture system cropping were more than polyculture system cropping, but based on the calculation of the value of land equivalent ratio (LER), that value was > 1 (1.4).

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Sundari, Titik, and Dan Siti Mutmaidah. "Kesesuaian Galur-Galur Harapan Kedelai untuk Tumpangsari Jagung + Kedelai." Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) 46, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/jai.v46i1.14880.

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Intercropping is one way of increasing land productivity. The research was aimed to determine the suitability of soybean promising lines for maize + soybean intercropping based on land productivity assessed by land equivalent ratio (LER). The research was conducted at Kendalpayak Station Research, Malang, in February to May 2016, using factorial randomized block design, repeated three times. The first factor was cropping system (monoculture and intercropping), the second factor was 55 soybean genotypes. Spacing for maize in the intercropping system was 2.2 m x 0.5 m x 0.2 m, and for soybean was 0.35 m x 0.10 m. In monoculture, spacing for maize was 0.75 m x 0.25 m and for soybean was 0.35 m x 0.10 m. The results showed there was five genotypes suitable for intercropping of maize + soybean based LER value, ie G//IT7-3, M0706//MI196-3, M0706//MI197-4, M0706//MI199-1, and M0706//MI199-2, with LER value of more than 1. Intercropping of maize with these soybean lines, gives a higher land productivity than monoculture. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merrill genotype, monoculture, land equivalent ratio, Zea mays

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Agustira, Muhammad Akmal, Ilham Lubis, Eka Listia, Erwin Nyak Akoeb, Iman Yani Harahap, and M. Edwin S. Lubis. "FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTERCROPPING MAIZE AND SOYBEAN ON IMMATURE OIL PALM." Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v26i3.60.

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Maize and soybean can be planted for intercropping on immature oil palm, however its financial and economycal aspects have not been widely studied. This study was aimed to analyze the financial and economic aspects of intercropping of maize and soybean on immature oil palm, level of land use efficiency, and comparison of efficiency between monolculture and intercropping system. The study located in Sorolangun Experimental Station, District of Sorolangun, Jambi. Methods used in the study were farming business analysis, Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR), Return on Investments (ROI), Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), and Land Equivalent Optimize Ratio (LOER). The results showed that maize had a profit level of Rp 9,676,564/ha/growing season, RCR 1.76; ROI 188.28% (three growing seasons per year), while soybean had a profit level of Rp 4,059,352/ha/growing season, RCR 1.51 and ROI 75.22% (three growing seasons per year). Based on these results, intercropping of maize and soybean on immature oil palm are economically and financially feasible. For the land use efficiency, corn LER value for corn and soybean was 0.95 and 0.85, respectively, showing that yield of maize and soybean from intercropping system (effective land area of 7,200 m2 per ha of oil palm area) was 95% and 85% when compared to monoculture system. The LOER value of corn and soybeans per ha was 1.32 and 1.18, respectively, which showed that corn and soybeans growing on intercropping system with immature oil palm were more efficient than monoculture system at the same size of land. Based on those comparative analysis of economic values, financial, and land use efficiency, corn was a better alternative crop for intercorpping on immature oil palm than soybean.

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Donyavian, H., Y. Raii, and M. Jokar. "Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), and Competition Indices in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) – Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Intercropping System." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajb.2018.11896.

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Liu, Xin, Tanzeelur Rahman, Chun Song, Feng Yang, Benying Su, Liang Cui, Weizhao Bu, and Wenyu Yang. "Relationships among light distribution, radiation use efficiency and land equivalent ratio in maize-soybean strip intercropping." Field Crops Research 224 (July 2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.05.010.

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Feng, Liang, Wen-Ting Yang, Quan Zhou, Hai-Ying Tang, Qiao-Ying Ma, Guo-Qin Huang, and Shu-Bin Wang. "Effects of interspecific competition on crop yield and nitrogen utilisation in maize-soybean intercropping system." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 8 (August 12, 2021): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/665/2020-pse.

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Intercropping system plays a crucial role in improving crop yield, nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUE) and economic benefit. The difference in crop yield and interspecific relationship under different bandwidth and row ratio allocation patterns are still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to explore change regularities between crop yield and interspecific relationships under maize soybean intercropping with different bandwidths and row ratios. The results showed that the yield of intercropped crops was lower than that of the sole crop. The nitrogen accumulation (NA), NUE and nitrogen competition ratio was the highest under the intercropping mode with a bandwidth of 2.0 m, which indicated that this mode was more conducive to the N uptake and utilisation in crops. In all intercropping systems, nitrogen equivalent ratio (NER) and land equivalent ratio (LER) were all greater than one, indicating that intercropping systems were conducive to improving land utilisation efficiency and NUE. Under the same bandwidth pattern, expanding the maize soybean row ratio from 2 : 4 to 3 : 4 was beneficial to the improvement of LER, NER, NUE, crop group yield. In conclusion, it was preferable in the NA, NUE, crop group yield under the system of bandwidth 2.0 m and row ratio 2 : 2, which could be a reference for maize soybean intercropping system.

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Ram, Kalu, and RS Meena. "Evaluation of pearl millet and mungbean intercropping systems in arid region of Rajasthan (India)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 43, no. 3 (January 15, 2015): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i3.21616.

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A field experiment was conducted during kharif season, 2011 to evaluate different row ratio of pearl millet with mungbean in the arid region of Rajasthan. The treatments comprised of sole pearl millet at 45 cm spacing, one sole mungbean and ten pearl millet with mungbean treatments row in different ratio. The intercropping of pearl millet with mungbean in 1 : 7, followed by 2 : 6 and 1: 3 row ratio produced maximum pearl millet equivalent yield (PMEY), land equivalent ratio (LER), aggresivity , net returns,benefit cost (B : C) ratio and also better nutrient uptake by these treatments compared to sole and other intercropping treatments. Aggressivity values showed that inter crop mungbean did not offer any competition to pearl millet in different row ratio, while relative crowding coefficient (RCC) values indicated was a yield disadvantage in mungbean in all the intercropping system except 1: 7 row ratio. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i3.21616 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(3): 367-370, 2014 (December)

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Ijoyah, M. O., T. Iorlamen, and F. T. Fanen. "Yield Evaluation of Three Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Varieties Intercropped with Maize (Zea mays L.) in a Southern Guinea Savannah Location, Nigeria." International Letters of Natural Sciences 23 (August 2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.23.36.

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Field experiments were conducted from July to November during the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons, at the Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, to evaluate the yields of two newly introduced sesame varieties (Ex Sudan and SN 603) against the commonly grown variety “E-8” under intercropping with maize variety ‘Oba 98’. The trial area consisted of a total of seven treatments, replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that, though maize yield was not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by intercropping with sesame varieties, however, intercropped yield of sesame variety ‘Ex Sudan’ was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater by 26.8 % and 25.6 % respectively, in years 2012 and 2013, compared to that obtained from intercropped sesame variety ‘SN 603’, and by 19.5 % and 20.9 % respectively, in years 2012 and 2013, compared to that produced from intercropped popular sesame variety ‘E-8’. Intercropping maize variety ‘Oba 98’ with sesame variety ‘Ex Sudan’ gave the highest total intercrop yield, greatest biological efficiency with a relative yield total values of 0.87 and 0.91 respectively, in 2012 and 2013. The combination also recorded the highest land equivalent ratio (LER), highest land equivalent coefficient, highest area x time equivalent ratio (ATER), highest total monetary returns (N584,200 and N588,600 respectively, in years 2012 and 2013) and highest monetary equivalent ratio (MER). The implication of study showed that sesame variety ‘Ex Sudan’ performed best and could therefore be recommended as a potential replacement for the popular variety ‘E-8’ under intercropping with maize variety ‘Oba 98’ in Makurdi, Nigeria.

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Tsai, Jeng-Lin, Ben-Jei Tsuang, Po-Sheng Lu, Ming-Hwi Yao, and Yuan Shen. "Surface Energy Components and Land Characteristics of a Rice Paddy." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1568.1.

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Abstract Many meteorological and air-quality models require land characteristics as inputs. A field experiment was conducted to study the surface energy budget of a rice paddy in Taiwan. During the day, the energy balance ratio measured by an eddy covariance (EC) system was found to be 95% after considering the photosynthetic and local advected heat fluxes. The observations by the EC system suggest that the Bowen ratio was about 0.18 during the daytime. The EC system also measured the daytime absorbed carbon dioxide flux. The equivalent photosynthetic energy flux was about 1% of the net solar radiation. A reference table describing the land characteristics of rice paddies for use in meteorological and air-quality models is listed that shows that the albedo and the Bowen ratio measured over rice paddies were lower than those listed in many state-of-the-art models. This study proposes simulating latent heat flux by assigning proper values for canopy resistance rather than by assigning constant values for Bowen ratio or surface moisture availability. The diurnal pattern of the canopy resistance of the rice paddy was found to be “U” shaped. Daytime canopy resistance was observed to be 87 s m−1, and a high canopy resistance (∼900 s m−1) should be assigned during nighttime periods.

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Ribas, Rodolfo Gustavo Teixeira, Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho, Alexson Filgueiras Dutra, José Carlos Barbosa, and Glauco de Souza Rolim. "Land Equivalent Ratio in the Intercropping of Cucumber with Lettuce as a Function of Cucumber Population Density." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030088.

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Lettuce and cucumber are two important vegetables cultivated in greenhouses. Intercropping can increase the yield without increasing the demands for inputs. A more efficient use of resources in production systems can reduce costs and environmental impacts. We evaluated the land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropping cucumber and lettuce as a function of the cucumber population. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the cucumber population density (100, 85, 70, and 55% of 2.35 plants m−2) and two lettuce cultivars, ‘Lucy Brown’ and ‘Vanda’. The cucumber population density affected the amount of photosynthetically active radiation that reached the lettuce. The higher the density, the lower the total fresh mass and yield of the two lettuce cultivars. Fruit yield per plant and per area decreased and increased, respectively, as the density increased. LER was highest when cucumber was intercropped with ‘Vanda’ lettuce. LER increased with the density of ‘Vanda’ but decreased for ‘Lucy Brown’. ‘Lucy Brown’ produced commercial traits (head formation) only at the lowest density (55%). The presence of lettuce did not affect the cucumber yield per plant or per area. The intercropped system used land more efficiently than monocultured crops of lettuce and cucumber, with better results for ‘Vanda’ than ‘Lucy Brown’.

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Yildirim, Ertan, Büsra Cil, Melek Ekinci, Metin Turan, Atilla Dursun, Adem Gunes, Raziye Kul, and Nurgul Kitir. "EFFECTS OF INTERCROPPING SYSTEM AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO, YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF BROCCOLI." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 19, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.3.9.

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To determine effects of intercropping broccoli with onion and their correspondence to different nitrogen concentrations on growth, yield and nutrient contents, field studies were conducted for two years. In intercropping plots, onion sets were planted between broccoli rows. Broccoli and onion plants were also grown as monocrops. Nitrogen was applied at three different rates (160, 200 and 240 kg ha–1) in both mono and intercrop plots of broccoli. The overall efficiency of intercropping was evaluated by employing land equivalent ratios (LERs). Cropping systems significantly did not affect chlorophyll reading value, yield and other parameters observed. However, nitrogen application rate had significant effect on these parameters. The highest values of these parameters were generally observed in 240 kg ha–1 nitrogen application. Macro and microelement content of broccoli leaves was affected neither by cropping systems nor by nitrogen fertilization except for N, Mn, Zn and NO3. Intercropping increased plant height but decreased the plant diameter of onion. There wasn’t significant decrease in plant weight of intercropped onion at 240 kg ha–1 nitrogen treatment when compared to monocropping. Broccoli intercropped with onion at 240 kg ha–1 nitrogen had the highest LER values, showing that intercropping practice could be more productive than monocropping especially in case of 240 kg ha–1 nitrogen application.

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42

Kaushik, S. S., and T. D. Sharma. "Wheat and Component Intercrop Yield, Land Equivalent Ratio and Monetary Indices Influenced by Intercropping and Row Proportions." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 7 (July 10, 2017): 2626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.370.

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Koocheki, Alireza, Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam, and Seyyed Mohammad Seyyedi. "Saffron-pumpkin/watermelon: A clean and sustainable strategy for increasing economic land equivalent ratio under limited irrigation." Journal of Cleaner Production 208 (January 2019): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.209.

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44

Keesman, K. J., W. van der Werf, and H. van Keulen. "Production ecology of agroforestry systems: A minimal mechanistic model and analytical derivation of the land equivalent ratio." Mathematical Biosciences 209, no. 2 (October 2007): 608–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2007.04.001.

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Sebetha, Erick. "Maize Field Biomass Yield and Land Equivalent Ratio under the Influence of Different Management Practices and Location." Asian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2019.25.31.

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Hamzei, Javad, and Mohsen Seyedi. "Evaluation of the Effects of Intercropping Systems on Yield Performance, Land Equivalent Ratio, and Weed Control Efficiency." Agricultural Research 4, no. 2 (February 27, 2015): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40003-015-0161-y.

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Stręk, Żanna, and Karol Noga. "Production value of agricultural land – a factor determining the consolidation of land – case study." E3S Web of Conferences 171 (2020): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017102012.

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Land as a means of labour and agricultural production is a very important or even the most important good of a farmer. For centuries spatial structure of Polish rural areas was determined by historical and legal, social and economic, political, economic, technical and demographic conditions. A characteristic feature of land is the fact that it is a part of nature used for plant production but at the same time it is not a product of human labour so it cannot be replaced by a different means of production or its area cannot be increased. Soil quality is one of the most important factors determining potential high income from agricultural activity. Agricultural land quality is expressed as soil class and its suitability for cultivating specific plants or groups of plants – as soil and agricultural complexes. Throughout Poland uniform classification of soil was applied taking into account soil morphology and its physical properties. The study contains elaborate descriptive and cartographic material such as classification maps in the scale equivalent to cadastral maps. In studies concerning spatial and economic phenomena occurring in rural land, respective villages are grouped into larger typological units with respect to similarity of their features. The classification was used in developing a method for the appraisal of land for land consolidation and exchange works. The classification according to land uses can be applied in economic practice better by being expressed as a single number in the form of a productivity ratio rather than a soil quality index. This is the premise underlying the purpose of this paper – calculating the ratio of productivity for cropland and grassland for the needs of identifying villages similar in that respect. The studies were carried out in 116 villages in the county of Łęczna in Lublin voivodeship. Data relating to surface of respective classes of soil was retrieved from the land and buildings register and the calculation of the ratio was based on scores assigned on a 100-point scale.

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48

Rhoden, E. G., P. Jere, and P. K. Biswas. "INTERCROPPING OF SOUTHERNPEAS AND CORN." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 489d—489. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.489d.

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Intercropping increases land use efficiency and provide prolonged yields between compatible crops. A study was conducted to evaluate the yield advantage of intercropping southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata) with corn (Zea mays) in addition to determining the yield advantage of corn, `Yellow Trucker', and two southernpeas cultivars; `Mississippi Silver' and `Pinkeye Purolehull', in an intercrop. Cropping method significantly affected the yield of corn but not southernpeas. Cropping method also influenced leaf area, dry matter and plant height of both southernpeas cultivars. Corn had higher yields in alternate-single row (45×30 cm) with southernpeas intercrop than within (90×15 cm) or alternate row (90×15). Competition for light and nutrients may have accounted for the reduction in dry matter and leaf area of southernpeas in intercrop. The average yield advantage, as measured by the land equivalent ratio, ranged between 1.39 and 1.70. When area time equivalent ratio was used to measure the yield advantage, the range was 1.2 to 1.45. `Pinkeye Purplehull' is more compatible with corn in intercropping than `Mississippi Silver'.

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Kashevarov, N. I., T. A. Sadokhina, and D. Yu Bakshaev. "Competitive ability of components in mixed agrocenoses of fodder grain crops." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-1-5.

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The results of the analysis of yield and biological efficiency of single-species and mixed crops of cereals and legumes, depending on the cultivation zones, are presented. The study was carried out in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Western Siberia and the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Siberia. The results were analyzed by means of Land Equivalent Ratio and the coefficient of aggressiveness. In the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, two-component mixtures with a seeding rate of 60– 75% of cereals (barley or oats) and 35–50% of legumes (peas) had an advantage in cultivation for fodder grain. The yield was 2.3–2.9 t/ha of grain with digestible protein content of 106–110 g per feed unit and the efficiency of the area use of 1.17 units. Peas mixed with wheat had the highest coefficient of aggressiveness (plus 0.53). In the conditions of the steppe zone of Western Siberia, two-component mixtures of barley and wheat with field peas are the most effective with a ratio of cereal and legume components of 60/50% of the total seeding rate of crops. The yield of these cenoses was noted at the level of single-species crops, and the nutritional value was 6–10% higher. Land Equivalent Ratio for this zone amounted to 1.21-1.3 units. The share of the legume component in the grain yield of three-component mixtures under unfavorable dry conditions of the steppe zone was registered insignificant. The value of the coefficient of aggressiveness of the legume component decreased to minus 1.58 and its share in the agrocenosis decreased to the utmost extent. The foreststeppe zone of Eastern Siberia is characterized by sufficient moisture, which contributed to a good grain harvest. The highest yield was provided by a mixture of oats with peas (4.85 t/ha) and oats with peas and barley (4.29 t/ha), with the Land Equivalent Ratio of up to 1.45 units and the coefficient of aggressiveness close to zero. In this zone, there are favorable growth conditions for binary crops.

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Seserman, Diana-Maria, Dirk Freese, Anita Swieter, Maren Langhof, and Maik Veste. "Trade-Off between Energy Wood and Grain Production in Temperate Alley-Cropping Systems: An Empirical and Simulation-Based Derivation of Land Equivalent Ratio." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070147.

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The alley-cropping systems (ACSs), which integrate parallel tree strips at varying distances on an agricultural field can result, complementarity of resource use, in an increased land-use efficiency. Practitioners’ concerns have been directed towards the productivity of such systems given a reduced area covered by agricultural crops. The land equivalent ratio (LER) serves as a valuable productivity indicator of yield performance and land-use efficiency in ACSs, as it compares the yields achieved in monocultures to those from ACSs. Consequently, the objective of this combined experimental and simulation study was to assess the tree- and crop-yields and to derive the LER and gross energy yield for two temperate ACSs in Germany under different design scenarios, i.e., tree arrangements (lee- or wind-ward) and ratios of tree area to crop area. Both LER and gross energy yields resulted in a convex curve where the maximum values were achieved when either the tree or crop component was dominant (>75% of the land area) and minimum when these components shared similar proportions of land area. The implications of several design scenarios have been discussed in order to improve the decision-making, optimization, and adaptation of the design of ACSs with respect to site-specific characteristics.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Land equivalent ratio. eng'

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