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1
Ryan, Joanna. "Examining land reform in South Africa: evidence from survey data." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26945.
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Land and land reform have long been contentious and highly charged topics in South Africa, with land performing the dual functions of redress for the past and development for the future. This research explores both these aspects of land, with the focus being on the impact of land receipt on household welfare and food insecurity, and social preferences for fairness and redistribution more generally. One of the main aims is to contribute to the land reform debate by providing previously-lacking quantitative evidence on the aggregate welfare outcomes of land redistribution, as well as the extent of social preferences for redistribution in the land restitution framework. In exploring these issues, the welfare outcomes of land are first explored using the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data and unconditional quantile regression analysis. The focus is then narrowed to the food insecurity impact of land receipt, beginning with a methodological chapter outlining the development of a new food insecurity index applying the Alkire-Foster method of multidimensional poverty measurement (2009; 2011). This is followed by the presentation and discussion of food insecurity profiles of land beneficiary and non-beneficiary households. The new index is also used as an outcome measure in exploring the determinants of household food insecurity. These two sections again use the NIDS data. The final section shifts the emphasis from the economic welfare benefits of land redistribution to notions of fairness and social justice encapsulated by land restitution. A behavioural laboratory experiment is used to investigate social preferences for fairness, and the factors that influence redistributive inclinations, by exploring the relative weights placed on fairness considerations and self-interest, as well as the fairness ideal. The findings indicate that beneficiaries do not use the land received for productive purposes, a possible explanation for the limited economic welfare impacts of land reform that are observed. Despite this limited developmental impact, the laboratory experiment makes it clear that land reform plays an important role in addressing other needs and wants in society, particularly in respect of preferences for fairness and addressing historical injustices.
2
Mainali, R. M. "The economics of inequality and human capital development : evidence from Nepal." Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3512/.
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This thesis has three pieces of empirical studies that analyse economic inequality across social groups (castes and gender) and its impact on human capital endowments in developing countries with particular reference to Nepal. Three aspects of inequalities have been examined: disincentive in educational attainment in female arising from labour market discrimination, disproportional representation of low-caste workers in better jobs and inequity in health care utilisation and health outcomes across castes. This study contributes to the literature of economics by developing a new theory and extending existing econometric models in analysing economic inequality across social groups. The first piece of research examines the impact of marital anticipation on female education in the presence of labour market discrimination. It develops a theoretical model for jointly determining the age at marriage and female education. The model hypothesizes that as females are not rewarded in the labour market as much as men are; married women are encouraged to engage in household work as a result of the intra-household division of labour in their marital union. Thus, parental anticipation of this effect affects their daughter's age at marriage and can influence investment in girls' schooling. It then estimates the causal effect of age at marriage on education in light of the theoretical model using household data from Nepal.
3
Lu, Ruosi. "The minimum wage, inequality and employment in China." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6390/.
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This study looks at the welfare implications of the minimum wage in China, and covers three topics: the minimum wage and wage inequality, the minimum wage and employment, and the minimum wage and the gender wage gap. The main finding is that the welfare implications of the minimum wage in China are mixed, with both positive and negative welfare effects. Four main conclusions are reached. Firstly, minimum wages can effectively reduce overall wage inequality at the municipal level (despite non-compliance) through raising individual wages at the lower end of the wage distribution. Secondly, minimum wages generally have significantly negative effects on urban employment with some indication of more marked effects for traditionally disadvantaged groups such as youth, older workers, and women. Thirdly, minimum wages significantly raise women’s wages relative to men’s at the lower quantiles of wage distribution, thus reducing the gender wage gap. Together with the second result, this means that the minimum raises women’s relative wages, while lowering their employment. Fourthly, these three results are especially robust during 2004-2007, when the minimum wage system was reinforced.
4
Williamson, Stefanie. "Recession, precariousness and inequality : youth employment trajectories before and after the 2008-2009 recession." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52827/.
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The extent of youth unemployment in the UK in the years following the 2008 economic crisis, as well as the backdrop of longer-term concern regarding the rise of precarious work (Beck 2000, Standing 2011) prompted discussions of a 'lost generation' of young people set to feel the economic scars from embarking on their careers at a time of economic turmoil. The 2008-2009 recession was also (dubiously) labelled a 'mancession' and the first 'middle class recession'. Despite this, comparatively few sociology studies have adopted a quantitative approach to compare the class and gender dimensions of inequality in young people's employment trajectories prior to and following the 2008-2009 recession. This research makes an original contribution to the field by using longitudinal sequence analysis methods to contrast the employment trajectories of two cohorts of 16 to 24 year olds in the UK: a pre-recession and a recession cohort. In doing so, it establishes the extent to which the patterns of class and gender inequality amongst young people, not only in unemployment, but also in the movement in and out of 'precarious work', differed prior to and following the 2008-2009 recession. It finds that precarious employment was not as widespread as 'end of work' theorists suggested but that the recession brought an increased minority of young people who experienced employment difficulty. Furthermore, it argues that the recession did not advantage or disadvantage class or gender groups in a uniform way. Rather, changing trends in the recession highlighted a number of complex and shifting patterns of inequality amongst young people of different genders and from differing class backgrounds.
5
Högman, Alve, and Pär Sällström. "Land Reforms: A Successful Course of Action?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9245.
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The problem with unequal distribution of land ownership, in developing countries, has been debated in numerous papers. It is important to solve this problem and one of the major contributions in finding a solution is the implementation of a land reform. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the outcome of two different approaches to land reform, i.e. coercive and market based, and to find out how successful they are in reducing the concentration of land ownership in a sustainable direction. The conclusion of this paper is that neither of the approaches alone is successful in this task, the strength lies instead in a combination of the coercive and market based approach.
6
Koutmeridis, Theodore. "The market for 'rough diamonds' : information, finance and wage inequality in macroeconomics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58068/.
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During the past four decades both between and within group wage inequality increased significantly in the US. Three of the most well-documented facts concern the increase in the education premium, the rise in the experience premium and the narrowing gender wage gap. Existing studies explain some of them separately but there is no unified explanation of all three at the same time. I provide a microfounded justification for the first two, by introducing private employer learning in a signaling model with credit constraints. I show that when financial constraints relax, talented individuals can acquire education and leave the uneducated pool. This implies that the eventual group of uneducated young workers becomes of lower average quality, as most of the rough diamonds have now been plucked out of this group. My explanation is consistent with US data from 1970's to 2000's, indicating that the rise in the education and the experience premium coincides with a fall in unskilled inexperienced wages, while at the same time skilled or experienced wages do not change much. The model accounts also for the fact that the education premium increases more for low-experienced workers, while the experience premium increases only for the low-educated ones. The introduction of gender-specific credit constraints, explains also the narrowing gender wage gap, by allowing the cost of borrowing to decline and become more similar for the two genders recently, while in the past it was much costlier for women. More equal borrowing opportunities for men and women, decrease inequality between genders, however they also increase inequality within gender by boosting the wage gap between different education and experience groups for both sexes. This theory explains the puzzling coexistence of increasing meritocracy and growing wage inequality in the American society, by highlighting the conflict between equal opportunities and substantial economic equality.
7
Riach, Kathleen. "A discursive analysis of organizational age inequality and older worker identity." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/963/.
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This thesis argues that whilst a critical mass of age and employment literature is developing, research has centred on the work/non-work interface, or focussed on the experience of ‘older workers’ as classified through chronological markers. As a result, it has overlooked how the terms themselves that are used within policy, academia and organizations to conceptualise and refer to age inequality are interrelated and shape our understanding of this phenomenon. In order to further investigate how language and power affect the reproduction of organizational age inequality, this study takes a discursive approach to examine ‘ageism’, ‘age discrimination’ and ‘older worker’ as socially constructed phenomena. The discursive approach develops the work of Pierre Bourdieu to argue that whilst action may be shaped and understood through larger collective ideological processes, power and domination are never absolute, since the constitution of the individual is created through the interaction between the self and social in different spaces and at different times. Thus, in order to understand the reproduction of age inequalities, one must not only consider what ideological discourses are drawn upon and the strategies or techniques used to legitimize them, but also analyze the relationship between these constructions and how they are related to an individual’s own identity work. Using data collected from 33 interviews with human resource managers, the findings show that whilst managers discuss their own organizations as upholding age diversity, their interpretation of what constitutes ageism and age discrimination allows for a high degree of variability in their practices. By negotiating between the margins of what constitutes equal and unequal practice, a number of ideas can be justified which may equally be construed as discriminatory. These discourses are then analysed in relation to their own ageing identity work, where the ‘older worker’ is constructed through a complex negotiation between the reproduction of an ‘ideal type’ and the individual’s own ageing identity project.
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Maimba, Tanaka. "Land reform as a means of poverty alleviation and inequality redress in Mashonaland Central, Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78622.
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This thesis set out to assess the impact of the land reform program on two farms located in the Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe, Tembo and Rutherdale, and to examine how the livelihoods of resettled farmers from this area evolved. Since 2000, the debate surrounding Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Programme and the implications thereof on smallholder livelihoods, has been heated and polarised. There is therefore need for empirically based studies to help quell the debate.
A qualitative case study design was adopted for this research. The study sites were Tembo and Rutherdale, farms in Mashonaland Central province of Zimbabwe. The farms are about six kilometres from Shamva gold mine and have thirteen A1 farms and thirty-four A2 farms. The study participants consisted of the resettled farmers in the two farms. Key informants such as the agricultural extension and the agribusiness officers for the area and the village headmen provided information for the study. Semi-structured interviews were the main data collection instruments and these were supplemented through literature and document analysis.
This study found that the land reform programme for Tembo and Rutherdale farms largely benefited the beneficiaries of the scheme. The resettled farmers in the area live in harmony with each other and have developed social networks to tackle their challenges. Access to Land allowed farmers to improve in income generation. There is, however need for further government support and intervention with the intent to make the farmers more self-sufficient. The government could also come in as a facilitator to initiatives by the households themselves to solve their challenges.
This research suggests that other successful land reform programmes in other parts of the country be unveiled and studied so that the underlying principles behind their successes or failures are unearthed to quell the debate on the impacts of the land reform programme in the country.Dissertation (MSocSci (Development Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Anthropology and Archaeology
MSocSci (Development Studies)
Unrestricted
9
Su, Fang. "Uneven human capital development in contemporary China : a non-monetary perspective on regional and gender inequality." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12305/.
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Regional inequality is one of the most challenging issues facing China in the coming decade. Whilst this matter can be approached from different angles; mainstream scholars have tended to examine this issue by way of monetary measurement (e.g. GDP or income per capita). This study draws attention to the non-monetary aspect in order to shed new light on regional inequality. Accordingly, this research focuses on the gaps and trends of human capital development, a key non-monetary index proxying for regional inequality in transitional China. Taking education and health status as two key indicators, in particular, this research aims to trace the trends in regional inequality over the last two decades, investigate to what extent those two dimensions can help to identify and integrate factors behind regional disparities, and to analyse some profound policies and implications. Based upon official educational and health status statistics at provincial level, this study develops a model to exam regional disparity between the three economic development zones from 1990 to 2005. Main findings are that different perspectives of regional inequality bring out different consequences; from the viewpoint of human capital development, regional inequality presents positive findings in uneven development. Secondly, causes of development are fairly diverse and different measurements may significantly vary outcomes. Thirdly, uneven development is a spontaneous phenomenon underlying development, which over varying lengths of time may have stimulated economic growth in a positive way. Finally, limitations are discussed associated with policy implications.
10
Tilley, Susan Mary. "Idealised land markets and real needs: the Experience of landless people seeking land in the Northern and Western Cape through the market-based land reform programme." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5657_1285084476.
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This thesis interrogates the claim that resource-poor, rural land seekers can acquire land through the land market which constitutes the central mechanism of land redistribution in South Africa&rsquo
s market-based land reform programme. The study explores two key aspects in relation to this claim. Firstly, it provides a critique of the underlying assumptions prevalent in much of the current market-based land reform policy, as advocated by its national and international proponents, and the manner in which the market as a mechanism for land redistribution has been conceptualized and its outcomes envisaged. Secondly, it considers the extent to which this conceptualization - which it is argued, draws on idealized and abstracted notions of land market functioning - is realized and examines the extent to which the espoused outcomes of market-based land reform policy are aligned with or contradicted by the functioning of real markets and the experiences of resource-poor land seeking people in their attempts to engage in the land market with limited state support. The details of the market&rsquo
s operation are analysed, with a distinction made between the operational practice of real markets &ndash
based on direct evidence-based observation
and degrees of policy abstraction and theoretical assumptions regarding how markets should or might operate. The study&rsquo
s methodological framework draws on an agrarian political economy perspective, as used by theorists such as Akram-Lodhi (2007) and Courville (2005), amongst others. This perspective enables a consideration of the various contexts and socially embedded processes involved in land transactions and the extent to which these are shaped and framed by the politics of policy-making. In line with this perspective, the study focuses on the social relations brought to bear on the acquisition of land and the way in which land markets operate. It is suggested that land is not solely viewed as an economic commodity by land-seekers. Furthermore, it was found that markets cannot be understood as neutral institutions in which participants are equal players.
11
Choy, Emmett. "Hong Kong's Economic Freedom and Income Inequality." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/718.
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Hong Kong is considered to be the most economically free country in the world, but also has the highest amount of income inequality of any developed country. The Hong Kong government is able to sustain laissez faire policies due to its monopoly on land supply. Maintaining high property values allows the government to maximize revenue from property tax, which acts as a hidden tax. A major contributor to income inequality is the formation of oligopolies in Hong Kong that creates an anticompetitive environment. The interests of the government and oligarchs are aligned as both obtain significant portions of revenue from the property sector. As globalization makes Hong Kong even more vulnerable to external shocks, the government faces the challenges of increasing competition, diversifying its revenue streams, and closing the income gap while standing by its principles in order maintain regional competitiveness as an international business hub.
12
Rwelamira, Juliana. "Effect of rural inequality on migration among the farming households of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01212009-160959/.
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Lillo, Bustos Nicolás A. "Essays on the effects of the Homestead Act on land inequality and human capital, the effects of land redistribution on crop choice, and the effects of earthquakes on birth outcomes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/113453/.
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Chapter 1: Land Inequality and Human Capital: Evidence for the United States from the Homestead Act. This chapter uses historical records of land patents and county level census data to estimate the impact of the Homestead Act of 1862 |an egalitarian land distribution policy implemented in the United States| on land inequality, school enrolment, and literacy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The results show that the Homestead Act reduced land inequality and increased school enrolment and literacy, and that there is not heterogeneous effects on school enrolment by sex, but the effect is driven by the impact on children of primary school age. Using the Homestead Act as an instrument for land inequality, the results show that land inequality had a strong negative impact on school enrolment. This result is relevant to the literature because identification does not rely on variation across geographic, climatic, or soil characteristics. These results are robust to the inclusion of state specific year fixed effects and are not driven by convergence. On the contrary, I argue that convergence in school enrolment was a consequence of the Homestead Act. Chapter 2: Land Redistribution and Crop Choice: Evidence from Reform and Counter-Reform in Chile. This chapter uses unique historical data on the Chilean land reform of the 1960s and 1970s to estimate the impact that redistribution had on land inequality and crop choice. The results show that land redistribution had a persistent negative effect on land inequality, and that areas that were treated with more reform increased their share of land cultivated with fruits, vegetables, and vineyards, and lowered the share of land destined to forest plantations. The fact that a military coup interrupted the reform process allows for the comparison of the effects of reform and counter-reform, which sheds light on the mechanisms through which redistribution operated. I find that land that was transferred to new owners drive the results for crop choice, but not those for land inequality. Chapter 3: Earthquakes and Birth Outcomes in Chile. This chapter estimates the e effects of earthquakes on birth weight and length of gestation. I use administrative data on the universe of live births in Chile between 1994 and 2011. I combine that data with GIS raster information from USGS ShakeMaps to assign a detailed measure of earthquake intensity for each birth during each trimester of pregnancy. I find that, although the baseline estimates suggest a weak negative effect, these results are not robust to the exclusion of births from a strong 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck off the coast of south-central Chile, which caused approximately 500 casualties, heavy infrastructure damage, and significant disruption to the government's logistics.
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Franklin, Rashawn P. "An Evaluation of the Techniques and Strategies for Recruiting African-Americans by 1862 Land-Grant Universities." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cld_etds/24.
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As post-secondary education becomes more important for the American citizen to generate wealth, universities are struggling to retain and graduate African-Americans, the third-most represented demographic in the country, especially at predominately white colleges and universities. The Colleges of Agriculture at these particular institutions are struggling to even get Black students to apply, let alone graduate. One of the major issues is the disconnect between the African-American community and the idea of post-secondary education in the agricultural field. One way that disconnect can be combatted is new techniques and strategies in recruiting African-Americans. This study identifies three themes based on interviews with recruiters from universities throughout the country, as to why universities are struggling to effectively recruit Black students into programs. The results indicate that there is a lack of resources present and offered in recruiting said student, a perceived misconception of African-American’s views of agriculture and a major disconnect with the African-American community and colleges of agriculture. In order to combat and ultimately fix this issues, these three themes must be addressed.
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Mahmood, Hafiz Zahid. "Resource distribution and productivity analysis within Pakistan's agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16002.
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Land ist eine entscheidende Ressource in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion, aber seine ungleiche Verteilung verzögert das Wohlergehen der Entwicklungsländer. Diese Studie wurde hauptsächlich entwickelt, um die Verteilung von land und die damit verbundenen Problemen der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität in den zugehörigen Ländern zu erforschen. Darüber hinaus wurde die unterschiedliche Ebene der Verteilung von land auf die Beziehungen zu anderen betriebs und sozio-ökonomischen Indikatoren analysiert. Ebenso wurde die vollständige oder teilweise Faktor-produktivität, Bruttoergebnisse, Ernteintensität, Ernte-Vielfalt, die Unterschiede der Einkommensverteilung und die institutionelle Kredit Verfügbarkeit untersucht. Alle der genannten Indikatoren wurden für kleine, mittlere und große Kategorien der Betriebsgrößen bewertet. Drei verschiedene Standorte wurden differenziert nach ihrem zugang zu bewässerung aus gesucht z.B. ständig bewässerte. Flächen m0it ganzjährigen Dauerkulturen, nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Flächen mit sechsmonatiger Bewässerbarkeit durch die öffentliche Infrastruktur und Flächen mit dene bewässerungs-infrastrukture (vor allem durch Brunnen bewässert). Verschiedene statistische (zB. Gini-Koeffizient, Lorenz-Kurve, Herfindahl-Index etc.) und ökonometrische Maßnahmen (log-log-Funktion) wurden zu messung verschiedener Indikatoren zur Erreichung der Ziele der Studie verwendet. Der Ergebnisse belegen eine gleichmäßige Landverteilung in nicht dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten, während die Landverteilung in regenbewässerten Gebieten zersplittert ist. Die Leistung der meisten der Indikatoren, d.h. die Rendite, Bruttoergebnisse, die landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen, Arbeitsproduktivität, Einkommensverteilung, Anbauintensität und Anbaudiversität war im Vergleich zu anderen Gebieten höher. Während die Faktorproduktivität, Bewässerungsproduktivität und die institutionelle Kreditverfügbarkeit in dauerhaft bewässerten Gebieten höher war. Allerdings wiesen regenbewässerung-gebiete immer die geringste Effizienz in Bezug auf alle der genannten Indikatoren auf. Die genannten Indikatoren waren bei kleinen Betrieben stärker ausgeprägt als bei größeren betrieben. Darüber hinaus bestätigten regressive Ergebnisse der Studie die Existenz der inversen Beziehung zwischen Betriebsgröße und Produktivität an allen Standorten der Studie. Daher wird der Schluss gezogen, dass eine bessere Verteilung von Land und kleine Betriebsstrukturen der Landwirtschaft dazu beitragen können, mehr zu produzieren. Es wird dringend empfohlen, dass die Umverteilungen der Land reformen notwendig sind, in Entwicklungs ländern mit Landknappheit und reichlichen Arbeitskräften wie Pakistan. Es kann auch zur Linderung von Armut beitragen und als Hilfe zür Ernährungssicherung in den benachteiligten Regionen dienen.Land is a pivotal resource in agriculture production but its uneven distribution retards the welfare of developing nations. This study was, mainly, devised to address land distribution problems and consequent farm productivity in the study area. Furthermore, level of land distribution disparities was focused on to observe its relationship with different on-farm and socio-economic indicators including total and partial factor productivities, gross margins, cropping intensity, crop diversity, income distribution disparities and institutional credit availability etc. All of the aforesaid indicators were also assessed for small, medium and large farm size categories. Three distinct locations were chosen on the basis of varying irrigation endowments i.e. irrigated perennial area with year round, irrigated non-perennial area with six months irrigation availability through public infrastructure and rainfed area was mainly tubewell irrigated (without public irrigation infrastructure). Various statistical (i.e. Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Herfindahl Index etc) and econometric measures (i.e. log-log function) were employed to quantify different indicators to achieve objectives of the study. Land was observed evenly distributed in irrigated non-perennial area as compared to other areas while land distribution was found most skewed in rainfed area. The performance of most of the indicators i.e. yield, gross margins, farm income, labour productivity, income distribution, cropping intensity and crop diversity was found better as compared to other areas. While total factor productivity, irrigation productivity and rate of institutional credit availability was higher in irrigated perennial area. However, rainfed area was always least efficient with respect to all of the quantified indicators. The aforesaid indicators were observed better at small farms than larger ones. Moreover, regression results of the study also confirmed the existence of inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in all of the study locations. Therefore, it is concluded that better land distribution and small farms agriculture can help to produce more. So, it is strongly suggested that redistributive land reforms are necessary in land scarce and labour abundant developing countries like Pakistan. It can also alleviate poverty and help to bring food security in the deprived regions.
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Segura, Andrea Carolina. "Increasing Quality of Low–Income Housing Settlements ‘Mi Casa, Mi Vida y Nuevos Barrios’ Case Study City of Córdoba, Argentina." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277123825.
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Hughes, Charlotte Degener. "Indigenous-led Resistance to Environmental Destruction: Methods of Anishinaabe Land Defense against Enbridge's Line 3." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/91.
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Enbridge has proposed the Line 3 “Replacement” Project, a new pipeline project taking a new route strait through Anishinaabe treaty territory in what is known as northern Minnesota. In the middle of the regulation process, the future remains unclear of how the State of Minnesota will move forward with the permitting process, but Anishinaabe communities, a range of non-profit organizations, and local landowners remain firmly against the line. Rooted in varied frameworks of Native sovereignty, the land, and Indigenous feminism, Anishinaabe communities lead the resistance against a product of ongoing settler colonialism, racial capitalism, and environmental racism. This thesis contextualizes the multi-tactical repertoires of those defending the land in the existing work of Indigenous scholars who write on the necessity for land-based resistance towards the unsettling process of decolonization. Ultimately, the resistance against Line 3 is representative of a long-term battle for Native sovereignty and self-determination in defense of the land and future generations.
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Hammons, Joseph J. "Exploitation and Domination: A Marxist Analysis of the Impact of Class Structure on State Terrorism." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1621010238325563.
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Nilsson, Julia. "The perceptions of young South Africans to the land reform : -A qualitative study of young people in Stellenbosch." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80262.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions of the land reform by the young population in Stellenbosch, South Africa. So far, the land reform that was implemented already in 1994, has not proven to be effective on the country’s huge inequality of land ownership between the black and white population. The white minority still own the majority of the land, due to historical injustices that developed through colonisation of South Africa and during the apartheid rule. Since 2014, the discussions of the land reform have got more attention, both nationally and internationally, due to a new policy proposal called land expropriation without compensation. The objective of the thesis were therefore to gain an understanding on the perception of the land reform by both black and white people. To accomplish this, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with seven people from black ethnicities and seven people from white ethnicities. The interviews were outlined to analyse how grievance would be affected by the land reform, as well as if the respondents answers differed due to homogeneous characteristics. The main results from this research was that there were no indication on that the level of relative deprivation would be affected by the land reform. Although, the majority of the respondents stressed the importance of the land reform to be given the right support and attention by the government in order to be successful. This could in turn be seen as problematic whereas most of them did not express much trust for the government. In addition, the perception by the land reform could generally not be interconnected to a certain background characteristics. The answers to both of the research questions could be explained by the uncertainty about the implementation of the land reform.
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さやか, 迫田, and Sayaka Sakoda. "二極化する社会における社会保障制度." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13020870/?lang=0, 2016. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13020870/?lang=0.
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現在，社会保障制度の再検討が国民の強い関心を集めている。本論文の目的は，我が国の社会保障制度の基盤を支えてきた，家族・市場(仕事)・政府のうち，家族・市場(仕事)の共同体としての機能がどの様に失われているかについて論じるべく，2006年から蓄積されたデータを用いて計量経済学的な実証分析を行ったものである。The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanism of inequality, focusing on the process of family by annalysing micro panel data and crosssectional data since 2006. Family, companies and government used to ensure the livelihoods of all citizens. In addition to the change of demographic structure, the rise in unmarried and divorce rate as well as the common-law marriage changed the family system which traditionally ensured our livelihoods.
博士(経済学)
Doctor of Economics
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Borges, Guilherme Martins Teixeira. "O saber penal como instrumento legitimador do processo de criminalização dos trabalhadores rurais sem-terra: apontamentos acerca da Comissão Parlamentar Mista de Inquérito da Reforma Agrária e Urbana (CPMI da Terra)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4163.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation aims to analyze the relationship between the action of landless rural workers, especially the activities of members of the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST), and the criminalization process of his conducts by Criminal Law. Therefore, this study aims to verify scientifically know as the criminal knowledge can be a legitimate instrument to promote the criminalization and stigmatization of these landless workers. Thus, the work takes as its starting point the characterization of their research subject, namely, the landless rural workers in its meaning of agrarian social movement, why it held an approach to the construction of social inequality and its correlation with the emergence and structuring of social movements, for, in the end, weave important considerations about what is meant by social Movement and Agrarian MST. Following aimed to explain how the criminal know contemporary Brazilian still shows a strong influence of the positivist criminological thought inaugurated by the Italian school centuries ago. It is shown how positivist criminology was responsible for creating a conception of social dangerousness and embrace a segregationist and selective criminological project, such that those individuals who were "classified" as a threat, should be removed from social interaction. We report how this discourse entered " the back door " of the criminal laws homelands and enabled the creation of an ideology of social defense and the criminalization of minorities (poor, landless ruais, black and so on). Finally, aiming to demonstrate the hypothesis elected, held a review of the work conducted by the Joint Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry ( CPMI ) and Urban Land Reform, known as "CPMI of Land ", specially her Final Report , highlighting Project Senate n . 264/2006 ( PLS No. 264 /06 ) and Project of House of Representatives n . 7485/2006 ( PL No. 7485 / 06 ), whose proposals are, appropriately, intended to spearhead a process of criminalization of landless legitimized by criminal law.
A presente dissertação objetiva analisar a relação entre a atuação dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra, em especial a atuação dos integrantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), e o processo de criminalização de suas condutas por parte dos operadores do direito. Para tanto, este estudo se propõe a verificar cientificamente como o saber penal pode ser um instrumento legítimo para promover a criminalização e estigmatização penal destes trabalhadores. Desta forma, o trabalho toma como ponto de partida a caracterização do seu sujeito de pesquisa, qual seja, os trabalhadores rurais sem terra em sua acepção de movimento social agrário, razão por que se realizou uma abordagem da construção das desigualdades sociais e a sua correlação com o surgimento e estruturação dos movimentos sociais, para, ao final, tecer importantes considerações sobre o que se entende por Movimento Social Agrário e MST. Na sequência, objetivou-se explanar como o saber penal brasileiro contemporâneo ainda ilustra uma forte influência do pensamento criminológico positivista inaugurado pela Escola Italiana séculos atrás. Demonstra-se como a criminologia positivista foi responsável por criar uma concepção de periculosidade social e abraçar um projeto criminológico segregacionista e seletivo, de tal forma que aqueles indivíduos os quais fossem “classificados” como uma ameaça, deviam ser afastados do convívio social. Relata-se como esse discurso adentrou “pelas portas dos fundos” das legislações penais pátrias e possibilitou a criação de uma ideologia da defesa social e da criminalização das minorias (pobres, trabalhadores ruais sem terra, negros e etc.). Ao final, objetivando demonstrar factivelmente a hipótese de trabalho eleita, realizou-se uma análise dos trabalhos realizados pela Comissão Parlamentar Mista de Inquérito (CPMI) da Reforma Agrária e Urbana, conhecida como “CPMI da Terra”, em especial os encaminhamentos por ela declarados em seu Relatório Final, com destaque para o Projeto de Lei do Senado n. 264, de 2006 (PLS N. 264/06) e o Projeto de Lei da Câmara dos Deputados n. 7485/2006 (PL N. 7485/06), cujas propostas revelam, com propriedade, a intenção de encabeçar um processo de criminalização dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra legitimado pelo próprio Direito Penal.
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Ange, Thomas. "Deux problèmes de décompte diophantien." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0134/document.
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Nous traitons ici de questions d’effectivité dans les problèmes de Mordell-Lang et de Schanuel où la notion de hauteur algébrique joue un rôle central.Dans un premier temps nous revisitions la méthode de Vojta-Faltings dans un cadre général, en y incluant notamment un procédé de descente uniforme qui permet d’optimiser le nombre de recours au pesant mécanisme d’approximation diophantienne. Nous proposons ensuite une application de ce résultat au problème de Mordell-Lang plus Bogomolov dans le tore, qui consiste à décrire un sousensemble algébrique X comme réunion de translatés de sous-tores inclus dans X moyennant de se restreindre à un sous-groupe de rang fini épaissi. Nous nous appuyons en particulier sur un énoncé d’Amoroso et Viada concernant le problème de Bogomolov dans ce contexte et améliorons les bornes antérieures obtenues par Rémond.Dans un second temps, nous établissons une version du théorème de Schanuel dans le cadre d’un espace adélique hermitien sur un corps de nombres. Nous donnons une estimation asymptotique du nombre de points projectifs de hauteur bornée pour une hauteur définie par une famille de normes sur les complétés en chaque place, vérifiant certaines conditions mais sans hypothèse de pureté dans le cas ultramétrique. Le terme reste obtenu est totalement explicite et linéaire en le régulateur du corps de nombres grâce au recours à une méthode introduite par Schmidt. Nous traitons également plusieurs applications de ce résultat, notamment aux problèmes de Dedekind-Weber et de Loher-MasserWe are dealing here with effectiveness matters about the Mordell-Lang and Schanuel problems where algebraic heights play a central role.At the first time, we modify the Vojta-Faltings method in a general context by including some uniform descending process which has the advantage to optimize the number of iterations of the heavy Diophantine approximation mechanism. We then propose an application to the toric Mordell-Lang plus Bogomolov problem whose aim is to describe an algebraic subset X as the union of translates of closed, irreducible subgroups included in X when restricted to some enlarged, finite rank subgroup. In particular we use a theorem of Amoroso and Viada about the Bogomolov problem in this context and we improve the previous bound given by Rémond.At the second time, we prove a version of the theorem of Schanuel in the setting of a Hermitian adelic vector bundle over a number field. We give an asymptotic estimate for the number of projective points of bounded height for heights given by a family of norms over the completions at each place, satisfying several conditions but no purity hypothesis in the ultrametric case. The error term is totally explicit and linear with respect to the regulator of the number field through the use of Schmidt’s method. We finally give some applications of our result in particular to the Dedekind-Weber and Loher-Masser problems
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Álamo, Pons Óscar del. "El regreso de las identidades perdidas: movimientos indígenas en países centro-andinos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7241.
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Esta investigación analiza los procesos de organización y emergencia indígena en los países centro-andinos (Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú) de la región latinoamericana. En concreto, determina aquellos factores que determinan la aparición
de movimientos indígenas en Bolivia y Ecuador (de diferente intensidad) así como su
inhibición en Perú a pesar de que los tres países comparten características socio-
económicas comunes y trayectorias histórico-políticas paralelas - incidiendo en la
dinámica que politiza las identidades étnicas en las tres últimas décadas. Al margen de
ello, especifica el impacto que los movimientos indígenas contemporáneos tienen en:
los sistemas políticos actuales y su desempeño en la arena electoral; los procesos de
democratización en marcha en la zona y los desafíos que suponen para éste y las
iniciativas de reforma del estado.
This research analyzes the indigenous organization process in center-andean
countries (Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú) and reveals those factors which cause indigenous
movements (in Bolivia and Ecuador) and those ones which impede this phenomenon in
Perú - although these countries have common trends in economical, political and
historical spheres - with special attention to the political dynamic of ethnic identities
during the last three decades. Also these pages detail the impact of the indigenous
movements in: political systems and their performance in electoral arena;
democratization processes and the challenges that these movements put into them and
over state reform initiatives.
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Unal, Fatma Gul. "The impact of land ownership inequality on rural factor markets." 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3336995.
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This dissertation explores the interconnection between land ownership inequality and functioning of rural factor markets in Turkey. It investigates the effectiveness and efficiency of land and labor markets in generating and distributing economic opportunities within agriculture and, thereby, in reducing rural inequality. In addition, the dissertation examines allocative efficiency in Turkish agriculture by testing for an inverse size-yield relationship across farms, and by econometric analysis of the economic and social determinants of participation in tenancy and labor markets. I combine historical, empirical and theoretical investigation to produce an analysis of the functioning of rural factor markets, focusing on the effects of land ownership inequality on rural factor markets in Turkey. In investigating labor and land relations through factor markets, the first important finding of this research is the evidence of tremendous amount of inequality in incomes, land ownership and rural factor market participation. In order to understand how this inequality comes about and affects markets I investigate four important issues. First, I look at the utilization of land and labor resources by looking at inverse size yield relationship in Turkish agriculture. Inverse size yield relationship suggests that as farm size gets smaller yield per acre gets larger. Second, I use a maximum likelihood estimation to investigate the determinants of land and labor market participation. Third, I look at the link between land ownership inequality and market failure via formulating an index, which is utilized as a measure and account of market malfunctioning. Market malfunctioning, is a normatively defined index which looks at the deviation of measured inequalities of incomes relative to the inequality that would prevail under neoclassical markets. One of the most important findings of this dissertation is a strong evidence for inverse size yield relationship in Turkish agriculture, which reflects the inability of rural markets to mediate effectively between land owners and labor suppliers. In addition, findings of this research suggest that unequal distribution of agricultural assets, most importantly owned land is instrumental in the ability of markets to offer economic opportunities and allocate resources efficiently.
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Bhandari, Bishnu. "Landownership and social inequality in the rural Terai area of Nepal." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12228077.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-274).
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Chcn, Hung Tien, and 陳宏典. "Investigating Whether the Money Supply and Land Price Would Leave Adverse Effects on the Income Inequality." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44058662291831628495.
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碩士義守大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
101
This study uses the ratio of house prices to income as the indicator of income inequality, investigating whether the money supply and land price would leave adverse effects on the income inequality. The study data before and after the financial tsunami, collected from the General discussion on housing prices and the relationship between economic variables, and using vector error correction model for relationship between house prices and economic variables derived from leading backward, found the money supply and land prices will have a deteriorating effect on gap between rich and poor. Proceeds of land prices, the money supply and the price ratio, two-way causal relationship exists between . It may cause land prices skyrocketing and loose monetary policy will cause inflation, affect the desire of flat-collar purchased the House, resulting in widening the gap between rich and poor. Proceeds than one-way leading land prices in the price. The likely reason is, the widening of the gap between rich and poor, making rich people, not only will buy a House, or even more than two houses, thus bidding up land prices.
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Madletyana, Philani. "Race, gender, class and land reform: a case study approach on the land reform for agricultural development (LRAD) sub-programme." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/11018.
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M.A. Faculty of Humanties, University of the WitwatersrandThe racial discrimination under colonialism and apartheid culminated to the dispossession of black people from their land, and to unequal land distribution between black and white people. Territorial segregation during this period was not only about the displacement of black people from their land and their deprivation to equal access to land compared to their white counterparts, it was also about economic deprivation, eradication of subsistence agriculture and the transformation of blacks into wage labourers (Hall, 2004; Walker, 2008).The post-apartheid land reform process was initiated to redress the injustices and inequalities of the past. It took a market-driven approach to blend the objectives of land reform with those of national reconciliation and maintenance of food security (DLA, 1997). The land reform process took a form of restoring land to its original owners who were forcefully removed from it after June 1913 or compensation if land could not be restored. It was also aimed at securing tenure rights for farm workers, labour tenants, farm dwellers and people residing in communal areas. The aims of the third part of the land reform programme was to redistribute 30% of commercial farms in white hands to black people with the view of redressing racial disparities in landholding. As early as in the initial stages of the development of South Africa’s land policy in the early 1990s, scholars and civil society groups warned about the ineffectiveness of the market to deliver on land reform objectives. This paper adopts a case study approach to study the South African land reform process in relation to the notion of empowerment. It focuses on the Land Reform for Agricultural Development (LRAD) sub-programme by looking at the intersection between race, gender and class. Bambanani Fruits (Pty) Ltd, an LRAD project based in the Gauteng province is used as a case study. This is an LRAD Equity Scheme project, meaning that its beneficiaries (who are former workers on the farm) acquired an LRAD grant to purchase equity shares to be co-owners of the project. Bambanani Fruits is a successful project considering its productivity and access to the market. This paper investigates how much LRAD beneficiaries are part of this success i.e. whether they have agency, whether they feel a sense of ownership and control of the project, and the extent at which they take part in decision making in the project. This task is carried out through the application of Kabeer’s (1999) instrumentalist model of measuring empowerment. Kabeer states that empowerment is measured by looking at three aspects, namely; resources, agency and achievement. Kabeer’s model is applied to the data which was collected through various means including in depth interviews with Bambanani LRAD beneficiaries and land officials from the province, document analysis and review of existing scholarly work on land reform. It is well documented that South Africa’s land reform process has been very slow in delivering to its objectives, and departmental reports used in this paper also confirm this assertion. The research results reveal that even though more land was transferred under LRAD, the sub-programme also encountered some of the challenges and hindrances faced by its predecessor Settlement/Land Acquisition Grant (SLAG). It faced budgetary constraints, complexities of the land market such as price restrictions and resistance by land owners to cede land, and so on. Generally, it was found that LRAD tended to entrench race, gender and class disparities in landholding. At Bambanani, I discovered that LRAD has affected beneficiaries differently. The sub-programme has stratified these beneficiaries into competing class factions. Divergent interests have emerged to distort the actual meaning of empowerment. I have labelled this tension a ‘dichotomous factionalism’. The struggle and conflict is caught up between beneficiaries themselves, and their disunity has left the hegemony of the farm’s management unchallenged. I argue that, their empowerment is firstly condemned from within and this internal condemnation limits their negotiating power with the management. Secondly, their empowerment is curtailed by the farm’s management in such as way that it sometimes uses its majority shares to justify unilateral decision making. According to Kabeer, empowerment ought to encompass egalitarian decision making. Respondents have reported this is not always being the case at Bambanani. One group of participants complained about how things have remained the same on the farm despite the acquisition of LRAD shares to co-own the farm. Another group which is mostly comprised by trust members argued that things have changed for the better compared to the period prior to the attainment of these equity shares. In doing so, this group blames the discontent group for the lack of commitment to the project and for being after money over the interest of the project. The discontent group has also complained that the trust is not representing their interests to the management, and whenever they lay complaints there are often threats of expulsion. Apart from the above mentioned conflict of interests amongst Bambanani beneficiaries, positive elements were also discovered where beneficiaries agreed on some areas of dissatisfaction. I have labelled this a Collective Discontent Spectacle. The plight of beneficiaries is caused by the lack of adequate exposure to the business side of the farm’s operation and the lack of delivery on houses which were promised to them by the management as part of the shareholding package. Having considered the Bambanani case and other literature on LRAD, I concluded that LRAD has failed to fulfil empowerment requirements as per Kabeer’s model.
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Fongar, Andrea. "Measuring nutrition: Comparing different nutritional assessment tools and analyzing intra-household inequality in rural Kenya." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E41B-9.
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Bou, Dib Jonida. "Effects of oil palm expansion and other related land-use changes on the livelihoods of rural households in Indonesia." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E408-4.
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Almanzar, Miguel. "Essays on the Effects of Growth, Public Expenditures and Infrastructure Investments in Developing Countries." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3EA9-4.
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Murombo, Alick. "Women's economic empowerment for sustainable livelihoods through the land reform in Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25611.
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The study explored the extent of women’s economic empowerment for sustainable livelihoods through the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe, focusing on three wards in the Makoni district. The study addressed the paucity of information on the usefulness of land redistribution on women’s improved food security and disposable income. Using a qualitative case study, the researcher purposefully selected thirty female land beneficiaries to participate in focus group discussions and five land officers from government departments to be interviewed as key informants. Findings reveal that the FTLRP generally meant that men accessed more land than women. Women’s livelihood initiatives were hampered by their failure to access sufficient support from the government and external partners. Despite the government signing various charters purported to support women’s empowerment, there is still a lot to be done to achieve it.Lolu cwaningo lwaluhlola izinga lwamandla okuthuthukiswa komnotho kwabesifazane ukuze kube nokuphila okusimeme ngokusebenzisa Uhlelo Lokusheshiswa Kokuguqulwa Komhlaba eZimbabwe, lugxile ezigcemeni ezintathu eMkhandlwini waseMakoni. Lolu cwaningo lwethula ukuntuleka kolwazi ngokubaluleka kokubuyiswa komhlaba kabusha okumayelana nokuvikelwa kokuthuthukiswa nokuphepha kokudla kwabesifazane nokuthola imali engenayo. Ukusebenzisa ucwaningo lwesigameko olubhekene nobungako bento, umcwaningi wakhetha ngenhloso abazuzi noma abahlomuli besifazane bomhlaba abangamashumi amathathu ukuba babambe iqhaza ezigxoxweni zeqembu ezigxile kokuthize kanye nenhlolokhono nezikhulu zomhlaba ezinhlanu ezivela eminyangweni kahulumeni njengabantu ababalulekile. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi Uhlelo Lokusheshiswa Kokuguqulwa Komhlaba luchaza ukuthi abesilisa yibona abahlomula kakhulu ukudlula abesifazane. Izindlela zokuphila zabesifazane zavinjelwa ukwehluleka kwabo ekutholeni uxhaso olwanele oluvela kuhulumeni kanye nabambisane nabo abangaphandle. Ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni asayinde incwadi ewumqulu enikezelana ngelungelo noma amandla okubhekiswe ekusekeleni kokuxhaswa kokuthukiswa kwabesifazane, kuningi okusamelwe kwenziwe ukufezekisa lombono.
Esi sifundo saqwalasela ubungakanani bokuxhotyiswa kwabafazi ngamandla ezoqoqosho abawanikwa ngenkqubo ekuthiwa yiFast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) eZimbabwe, kugxininiswa kwiiwadi ezintathu ezikwisithili saseMakoni. Esi sifundo salungisa ukunqaba kolwazi olumalunga nokuba luncedo konikezelo lomhlaba malunga nokuphuculwa kokuqinisekiswa kokutya nemivuzo yabafazi. Ngokusebenzisa isifundo esigxila kumgangatho ngokuthatha imizekelo yeemeko ezithile, umphandi wakhetha ngononophelo abafazi abangamashumi abathathu nababenikwe umhlaba, wabasebenzisa kwiingxoxo zamaqela, waqhuba udliwano ndlebe namagosa eSebe lezemihlaba. Okwafunyaniswayo kwadiza ukuba ngokweFTLRP amadoda afumana umhlaba omninzi ngaphezu kwabafazi. Intlalo nempilo yabafazi iqhwaleliswa kukungafumani kwabo inkxaso eyaneleyo kurhulumente nakumaqabane karhulumente angaphandle. Nangona urhulumente etyikitya izivumelwano ezininzi ezithi uxhobisa abafazi, kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe ukuze iphumelele loo njongo.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Lin, Jou-Chun, and 林柔均. "Gender and Wealth Inequality of Return on Lands in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jqa9k9.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
105
We use Taiwan’s administration tax records over 2005~2014 to analyze the previously discovered gender and wealth inequality of return on lands. For gender inequality, we compare lands acquired by different sources, and find that lands from purchase and land from inherited lands without will demonstrate significant gender difference, the latter show the greatest gender gap. For wealth inequality, we analyze the duration of holding lands using survival analysis. We find that liquidity constraints and expected return play significant roles in land selling decision, and it seems that the rich is more sensitive to expected return than the others. In addition, the variance of individual heterogeneity shows a clear decreasing trend with wealth. We suppose the rich have more information sources and so predict return better. Such advantage passes on to the next generation.
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Methula, Dumisani Welcome. "Black Theology and the struggle for economic justice in the democratic South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18918.
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This study sets out to contribute to the expansive development of Systematic Theology and Black Theology, particularly in the struggle for economic justice in the democratic South Africa. The liberation of black people in South Africa and across the globe is the substantive reason for Black Theologies‘ existence and expression. The study‘s reflections on economic justice and Black Theology as sites of the intellectual focus and analysis is central to understanding the conditions of existence for the majority of South Africa‘s citizens, as well as understanding whether the fullness of life based on dignity and freedom as articulated in biblical witness, particularly John 10:10 is manifest for black people in South Africa. The study also seeks to identify, describe, analyse and understand the emancipatory theories and praxis, which entail a plethora of efforts they undertake to liberate themselves. Understanding and engendering the nexus of social practice and theological insights in the articulation of Black Theology as a particular expression of systematic theology, and drawing attention to the ethical foundations undergirding Black Theology, are important in demonstrating Black Theology‘s role and task as a multi-disciplinary discipline which encompass and engender dialogue within and between theory and praxis, and theology and ethics. This study thus suggests that since the locus of Black Theology and spirituality is embedded in the life, (ecclesial and missional) work (koinonia) and preaching (kerygma) of black churches, they have the requisite responsibility to engage in the efforts (spiritual and theological) in the struggle to finding solutions to the triple crises of unemployment, inequality and poverty which ravage the quality and dignity of life of the majority black people in post-apartheid South Africa. This study therefore concludes by asserting that, there are a variety of viable options and criteria relevant for facilitating economic justice in South Africa. These strategies include transformational distribution of land to the majority of South Africans, the implementation of heterodox economic policies which engender market and social justice values in the distribution of economic goods to all citizens. It also entails prioritization of the social justice agenda in economic planning and economic practice. In theological language, economic justice must involve the restoration of the dignity and the wellbeing of the majority of South Africans, who remain poor, marginalised and disillusioned. It also entails promoting justice as a central principle in correcting the remnants of apartheid injustices, which limit transformational justice which enables and facilitates equality, freedom and economic justice for all South African citizens.Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Systematic Theology)