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Journal articles on the topic 'Land Inequality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Albertus, Michael, Thomas Brambor, and Ricardo Ceneviva. "Land Inequality and Rural Unrest." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 3 (July 12, 2016): 557–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716654970.

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What is the relationship between landholding inequality and rural unrest? And why does land reform that ostensibly addresses rural grievances sometimes exacerbate unrest? We advance the understanding of these longstanding questions by shifting the emphasis from how landholding inequality fuels rural grievances to how it captures the collective action capacity of landowners. Using municipal-level data from Brazil’s large land reform program from 1988 to 2013, we demonstrate that the relationship between landholding inequality and unrest is conditional. Isolated threats to landed elites in the form of land invasions are difficult to repel, generating a positive relationship between landholding inequality and one-off land invasions. By contrast, sustained, broader local threats triggered by nearby land reforms catalyze landowner organization to repel land invasions, leading to the reverse relationship. The findings provide a novel answer for why a straightforward link between land inequality and rural unrest is elusive and may generalize to a broad range of similar cases.

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2

Muller, Edward N., Mitchell A. Seligson, Hung-der Fu, and Manus I. Midlarsky. "Land Inequality and Political Violence." American Political Science Review 83, no. 2 (June 1989): 577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962407.

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Considerable research effort has been invested in establishing the appropriate relationship between patterns of land distribution and political violence. In an article in the June 1988 issue of the Review, Manus I. Midlarsky proposed and tested a new measure of the distribution of land, which he called “patterned inequality.” He presented supporting evidence with data from Latin American and Middle Eastern countries. In this controversy, Midlarsky's analysis is challenged by Edward N. Mutter, Mitchell A. Seligson, and Hung-der Fu. They advocate an alternative measure of land inequality, test its effect on levels of political violence in Latin America, and find it wanting. In his rejoinder, Midlarsky offers new analytical support for his claims.

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3

Wegerif, Marc C. A., and Arantxa Guereña. "Land Inequality Trends and Drivers." Land 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040101.

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Land related inequality is a central component of the wider inequality that is one of the burning issues of our society today. It affects us all and directly determines the quality of life for billions of people who depend on land and related resources for their livelihoods. This paper explores land inequality based on a wide scoping of available information and identifies the main trends and their drivers. A wider conceptualization of what constitutes land inequality is suggested in response to shifts in how power is concentrated within the agri-food system. Land inequality is the difference in the quantity and value of land people have access to, the relative strengths of their land tenure rights, and about the appropriation of value derived from the land and its use. More data gathering and research needs to be done to better understand and monitor land inequality. Despite data limitations, what can be seen globally is a growing concentration of land in larger holdings leaving the majority of farmers, along with indigenous people and other communities, with less land. As importantly, elites and large corporations are appropriating more of the value within the agri-food sector, leaving farmers and workers with a shrinking proportion of the value produced. A framework is offered to explain the self-perpetuating nature of land inequalities that involve the mutually reinforcing concentration of both wealth and power. This is an unsustainable situation that can only be effectively addressed through challenging the fundamental drivers of accumulation by the few.

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4

Uddin, Muhammad Sharif. "Inequality in the Promised Land." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education 9, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i1.1703.

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Inequality in the promised land: Race, resources, and suburban schooling is a well-written book by L’ Heureux Lewis-McCoy. The book is based on Lewis-McCoy’s doctoral dissertation, that included an ethnographic study in a suburban area named Rolling Acres in the Midwestern United States. Lewis-McCoy studied the relationship between families and those families’ relationships with schools. Through this study, the author explored how invisible inequality and racism in an affluent suburban area became the barrier for racial and economically minority students to grow up academically. Lewis-McCoy also discovered the hope of the minority community for raising their children for a better future.

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5

Kang, Jatinder. "Inequality in the Promised Land." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649215597204.

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6

Stilwell, Frank. "Land, inequality and regional policy." Urban Policy and Research 17, no. 1 (March 1999): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111149908727787.

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7

Miller, Melinda C. "Land and Racial Wealth Inequality." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.371.

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Could racial wealth inequality have been reduced if freed slaves had been granted land following the Civil War? This paper exploits a plausibly exogenous variation in policies of the Cherokee Nation and southern United States to identify the impact of free land on the size of the racial wealth gap. Using data on land, livestock, and home ownership, I find evidence that former slaves who had access to free land were absolutely wealthier and experienced lower levels of racial wealth inequality in 1880 than former slaves who did not. Furthermore, their children continued to experience these advantages in 1900.

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8

De Luca, Giacomo, and Petros G. Sekeris. "Land inequality and conflict intensity." Public Choice 150, no. 1-2 (July 28, 2010): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9692-8.

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9

Aleksandrovich Mayboroda1, Victor. "On Inequality of Rights in Agricultural Land Privatization." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24497.

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The article examines the institution of agricultural land privatization. Considering the dynamics of modern legislation, considerable attention is paid to the historical overview of the development of regulatory developments in this institution. Currently, due to uncertain meaning of the term "privatization", the author emphasized its semantic content in regulating land relations in general and in connection with the turnover of agricultural land, in particular through the application of content analysis methods in normative materials. In addition, the land purchase was compared with certain provisions of foreign legal systems. The study has led to conclusions regarding the need for formation of independent law enforcement practices for privatization of agricultural land for agricultural use. The author suggests using this term if there is a regional norm on privatization. At the same time, if the regional legislation establishes the date for privatization commencement beyond an obvious planning horizon and does not allow the use of this particular institution, the author offers to transform public property into private using the institution to purchase land granted on a lease basis. The current application of the institute of public land privatization for agricultural use lacks the opposition of semantic burden of privatization to other forms of transformation of public possession into private property. The absence of such opposition in a law enforcement practice provides an opportunity for confusion of privatization and land purchase when considering specific disputes. Today, those participating in privatization, i.e. persons who can potentially purchase publicly owned lands, are in unequal conditions with regard to other methods of acquiring public lands, including through purchase in case of a bona fide rent. The study itself aims to understand the results of public land transformation into private land based on a priori provision on the need to form a competitive environment for the existence of various forms of ownership through economic regulation methods, avoiding the provision of legal advantages to individual forms of ownership.

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10

Muller, Edward N., and Mitchell A. Seligson. "Inequality and Insurgency." American Political Science Review 81, no. 2 (June 1987): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1961960.

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Maldistribution of land in agrarian societies is commonly thought to be an important precondition of mass political violence and revolution. Others argue that because of the difficulty of mobilizing rural populations for political protest, land maldistribution is irrelevant except as part of an inegalitarian distribution of income nationwide. These rival inequality hypotheses have significant implications with respect to the kinds of reforms likely to reduce the potential for insurgency in a society. They are tested using the most comprehensive cross-national compilation of data currently available on land inequality, landlessness, and income inequality. Support is found for the argument that attributes the greater causal import to income inequality. Moreover, the effect of income inequality on political violence is found to hold in the context of a causal model that takes into account the repressiveness of the regime, governmental acts of coercion, intensity of separatism, and level of economic development.

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11

Cipollina, Maria, Nadia Cuffaro, and Giovanna D’Agostino. "Land Inequality and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124655.

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Increasing commercial pressure on land may lead to land concentration in developing countries, especially in the context of complex systems of property rights. In this article we review through meta-analysis (MA) the econometric findings of the literature estimating the nexus between land inequality and economic growth. In particular, our MA controls for various features of the studies and for the so-called “publication bias,” and shows that land-inequality negatively affects economic growth, especially at low development levels. Analysis based on panel data, which generally imply a relatively short run perspective, typically report a lower or positive correlation between land inequality and growth, suggesting that the negative impact of land inequality emerges in the long run, possibly through credit constraints and institutional mechanisms.

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12

Erickson, Lennart, and Dietrich Vollrath. "Dimensions of Land Inequality and Economic Development." IMF Working Papers 04, no. 158 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451857610.001.

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13

Krishnaji, N. "Dynamics of Land Inequality: Polarization or Pauperization?" Indian Journal of Human Development 12, no. 2 (August 2018): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018788742.

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This paper looks at land ownership in rural India. It shows a high concentration of land in the hands of the rich at the top along with a proliferation of small holdings and a steady growth in numbers of rural labour households among whom a significant proportion own and cultivate some land. The underlying processes are analysed here using a Marxian framework, more specifically the models of Karl Kautsky and V.I. Lenin that extend the Marxian logic to agrarian structures. They note in particular that among the differentiated peasantry the small ones can survive without losing their land by several means that include the proverbial 'tightening of the belt' to reduce household consumption levels, as also to other factors such as their ability to lease in land to the extent possible and their entry into markets as sellers of the produce of commercial crops. The analysis shows a broad consistency of the Indian data with the Kautsky and Lenin models. It is seen that, apart from this, the state has played a major role – one that is a necessary part of populist politics – in supporting the small peasantry.

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14

Di Matteo, Livio. "Land and inequality in Canada 1870–1930." Scandinavian Economic History Review 60, no. 3 (November 2012): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.2012.727765.

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15

Broegaard, Rikke J. "Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in Nicaragua." Development and Change 36, no. 5 (September 2005): 845–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155x.2005.00438.x.

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16

Olper, Alessandro. "Land inequality, government ideology and agricultural protection." Food Policy 32, no. 1 (February 2007): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.03.009.

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17

Tole, Lise. "A Quantitative Investigation of the Population-Land Inequality-Land Clearance Nexus." Population and Environment 26, no. 2 (November 2004): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-004-0836-y.

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18

Lusasi, Justin, and Dismas Mwaseba. "Gender Inequality and Symbolic Violence in Women’s Access to Family Land in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania." Land 9, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110468.

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We set out to unveil gender inequality with respect to women’s access to family land following the surge in tree-planting in selected villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Specifically, the study describes land-transaction procedures at the household level and shows how the lack of women’s involvement in such land transactions affect their access to and control over family lands. Gender inequality is portrayed in a variety of social and economic activities, with women being deprived of access to, control over, and ownership of land. Although the current land laws address gender inequalities pertaining to women’s access to, ownership of, and control over land, the impact of such reforms has been minimal. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, we reveal how women suffer symbolic violence through traditional practices of land management and administration. Societies in the studied villages are strongly patriarchal, with men being dominant and women subordinate. In such a patriarchal system, women’s empowerment is urgent. Women require knowledge and awareness of the laws and regulations that affirm their rights not only to family lands, but also to participation in decision-making processes regarding family assets. We recommend non-oppressive approaches to natural-resource management. As such, we call for existing authorities at the village and district levels, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and legal bodies to promote gender equality in land-management practices. We also advocate dialectical communication between women and men in order to reveal and heal practices of symbolic violence, and enhance gender equality in respect of access to land and its control and ownership in villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Effective implementation of existing land laws and regulations that address gender inequality and associated violence is unavoidable.

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19

Ceddia, M. Graziano. "The impact of income, land, and wealth inequality on agricultural expansion in Latin America." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 7 (January 24, 2019): 2527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814894116.

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Agricultural expansion remains the most prominent proximate cause of tropical deforestation in Latin America, a region characterized by deforestation rates substantially above the world average and extremely high inequality. This paper deploys several multivariate statistical models to test whether different aspects of inequality, within a context of increasing agricultural productivity, promote agricultural expansion (Jevons paradox) or contraction (land-sparing) in 10 Latin American countries over 1990–2010. Here I show the existence of distinct patterns between the instantaneous and the overall (i.e., accounting for temporal lags) effect of increasing agricultural productivity, conditional on the degree of income, land, and wealth inequality. In a context of perfect equality, the instantaneous effect of increases in agricultural productivity is to promote agricultural expansion (Jevons paradox). When temporal lags are accounted for, agricultural productivity appears to be mainly land-sparing. Increases in the level of inequality, in all its forms, promote agricultural expansion, thus eroding the land-sparing effects of increasing productivity. The results also suggest that the instantaneous impact of inequality is larger than the overall effect (accounting for temporal lags) and that the effects of income inequality are stronger than those of land and wealth inequality, respectively. Reaping the benefits of increasing agricultural productivity, and achieving sustainable agricultural intensification in Latin America, requires policy interventions that specifically address inequality.

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20

Gill, Zulfiqar A., and Rajan K. Sampath. "Inequality in Irrigation Distribution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i1pp.75-100.

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This paper provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and other irrigation-related land variables among agricultural households, across farm size groups both at the national and provincial levels, at a point in time as well as over a period of time; it decomposes the levels of inequality in terms of its two components, namely, "within province" and "between provinces" inequality; and it estimates the relative performance of the four provinces in achieving equity in irrigation distribution. In doing this analysis, the paper makes use of the agricultural census reports pertaining to the years 1959-60, 1971-1972, and 1979-1980. The paper's major results are that there exists considerable intra- and interprovincial inequality in Pakistan. Of the two major contributors to the overall inequality in the country as a whole, the withinprovince inequality component contributes more than 90 percent of the total inequality. The paper identifies the two main reasons for the high within-province inequality as being (I) the very highly skewed distribution of land across cultivating households and (2) the lack of regressi vity in the distribution of irrigation across farm size groups, especially that of govemment"controlled canal irrigation. The paper recommends a lexicographic ordering of canal irrigation distribution, under which irrigation water will be provided first to irrigate all the irrigable land of the smallest of farms, and after fulfilling their demands, it will fulfil the demands of the second smallest farm size group, and so on.

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21

Nwapi, Chilenye. "Land Grab, Property Rights and Gender Equality in Pluralistic Legal Orders: A Nigerian Perspective." African Journal of Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340005.

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This article considers the impact of land grab on the promotion of gender inequality within the Nigerian pluralistic legal order. It examines the interface between customary law and statute law in the determination of land ownership and access in Nigeria. It makes two key arguments. (1) While legal pluralism presents opportunities for curtailing the excesses of customary law, it has often resulted in the dominant legal system – statute law – fostering gender inequality in a manner that is beyond the capacity of the so-called barbaric customary laws. (2) The capacity of law to effectively address the problem of gender inequality within the context of land grab is very limited, because the nature of most land grab-related activities that promote gender inequality are appropriately legal and it is their unintended consequences that undermine women’s rights. The article argues for an effective use of the political process to complement legal interventions.

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22

Sant'anna, André Albuquerque. "Land inequality and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1600022x.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between land concentration and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. It develops a conceptual framework in which an individual may have three alternatives: to be a farmer in an already established place, to be a rural worker, or to migrate to the agricultural frontier in order to deforest. This model implies that land inequality affects deforestation positively. Based on data from municipalities with positive deforestation from 2002 to 2011, a model has been estimated to test this theoretical prediction. By making use of an instrumental variable, results show that there is statistical evidence to support the existence of a direct relationship between land inequality and deforestation. Results are stronger for the period 2002–2005. This might be due to command and control policies which have significantly increased the cost of clearing land since the mid-2000s.

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23

Franke, Richard W. "Land Reform versus Inequality in Nadur Village, Kerala." Journal of Anthropological Research 48, no. 2 (July 1992): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.48.2.3630406.

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24

Adamopoulos, Tasso. "Land inequality and the transition to modern growth." Review of Economic Dynamics 11, no. 2 (April 2008): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2007.07.004.

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25

Adams, Jr., Richard H. "Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt." Economic Development and Cultural Change 50, no. 2 (January 2002): 339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/321913.

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26

Sekeris, Petros. "Land Inequality and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2011): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1208.

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27

Lesorogol, Carolyn K. "Transforming Institutions among Pastoralists: Inequality and Land Privatization." American Anthropologist 105, no. 3 (September 2003): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.531.

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28

Bekar, C. T., and C. G. Reed. "Land markets and inequality: evidence from medieval England." European Review of Economic History 17, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/het009.

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29

WU, FULONG. "Land Development, Inequality and Urban Villages in China." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33, no. 4 (December 2009): 885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00935.x.

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30

Flores, Thomas Edward. "Vertical Inequality, Land Reform, and Insurgency in Colombia." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2013-0058.

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AbstractHow can we understand the origins and resilience of Colombia’s long-running insurgency? A leading theory emphasizes the feasibility of insurgency, identifying drug trafficking as the main culprit. I propose an alternative theory of civil violence that emphasizes how bargaining over property rights in the face of deep vertical inequality deepens the subordinate group’s social identity, heightens its sense of grievance, and facilitates collective violence. An examination of the history of land reform struggles in Colombia echoes this pattern. Struggles over land reforms in the 1920s and 1930s created new patterns of collective action that helped sustain campesino groups in the “independent republics” of the 1950s and 1960s and the creation of the FARC in 1964. This analysis suggests that the Colombian state’s lack of credibility on issues of land reform demands a significant third-party enforcement of any peace agreement and confidence-building measures between the FARC and the Colombian government.

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31

PETERS, PAULINE E. "Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa." Journal of Agrarian Change 4, no. 3 (July 2004): 269–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2004.00080.x.

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32

Azadi, Hossein, and Eric Vanhaute. "Mutual Effects of Land Distribution and Economic Development: Evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America." Land 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060096.

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Land plays an important role in the economies of developing countries, and many theories connecting land inequality with different dimensions of economic development already exist. Even though efficacious land distribution allows societies to transition from poverty to a human capital-based developed economy, ongoing issues related to property rights, inequality, and the political economy of land distribution are unavoidable. The general objective of this paper is to explore the nexus between land distribution and economic development. The specific objectives are to: (i) identify which land distribution programs/activities contribute to economic development; (ii) investigate the role of stakeholders in land distribution programs that affect the growth of productivity; and (iii) assess the deficiencies of current land distribution policies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to explore how economic development theories contribute to decreasing income inequality. This paper provides an overview of land distribution history and the main economic development theories. It also highlights the links between land distribution and the main elements of economic development. Finally, it provides a comparative review of the most recent empirical works regarding the characteristics, limitations, and potential (mutual) effects of land distribution and economic development settings on developing countries worldwide.

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33

Cho-Yam, Lau. "Urban Developments and Mobility Inequality of the Disadvantaged." Asian Journal of Social Science 26, no. 2 (1998): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382498x00157.

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AbstractThis paper investigates how the mobility inequality of the disadvantaged is negatively influenced by urban socio-economic and land-use development in Hong Kong. The first part reviews the concepts of equality, mobility and the influence of socio-economic and land-use development on the mobility of the disadvantaged. The latter part investigates mobility provisions of the Mass Transit Railway and bus services by means of route tests. The findings of the route tests show that mobility inequality existed among the disadvantaged and the better-off in Hong Kong. This paper concludes that mobility inequality of the disadvantaged is due to the negative influences of socio-economic and land-use policies and developments.

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34

Brockett, Charles D. "Measuring Political Violence and Land Inequality in Central America." American Political Science Review 86, no. 1 (March 1992): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964022.

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The value of cross-national quantitative studies of the relationship between mass political violence and land inequality is challenged along three lines. First, gross and systematic errors in the political violence data of the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (the usual data source for empirical studies) render them worthless for Central America at least and probably much of the Third World as well. Second, conceptualizations of land inequality have been too simplistic to be of much theoretical value. Third, the temporal nature of this relationship has been inadequately considered. Responding to such deficiencies, I elaborate a broader understanding of land inequality and provide a fuller discussion of the temporal nature of its relationship to political violence. Throughout, the five nations of Central America are utilized for appropriate case material.

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35

Midlarsky, Manus I. "Rulers and the Ruled: Patterned Inequality and the Onset of Mass Political Violence." American Political Science Review 82, no. 2 (June 1988): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1957397.

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The theory of patterned inequality between rulers and ruled provides a valuable analytic approach to the relationship between inequality and political violence. Under conditions of a bifurcated pattern of inequality, the probability of political violence is likely to be greater than under a more generalized inequality typically measured by the Gini index. A strong systematic relationship between patterned inequality in Latin American landholdings and deaths from political violence was discovered using the exponential distribution as a model for the lower portion of the land distribution and the log-exponential for the upper. This degree of association was far stronger than that found between the Gini index of land inequality in Latin America and deaths from political violence. Evidence supporting the theory was also found in an analysis of Middle Eastern landholdings.

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36

Ahmad, Manzoor, and Rajan K. Sampath. "Irrigation Inequalities in Pakistan 1960-1980: A District-level Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i1pp.53-74.

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This study estimates the magnitudes of inequality in the distribution of irrigated areas at three points in time and extends the fmdings of Gill and Sampath (1990) using more disaggregated data. Specifically, it provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and irrigation-related attributes among agricultural households across farm-size groups at provincial and district levels. It decomposes the levels of inequality in each province in terms of its two major components, namely, "betweendistricts" and "within-district" inequality, and tests a modified "Kuznet" hypothesis, according to which the relationship between the levels of inequality and the levels of development is an inverted "U". The major findings of the study are: There exists considerable inequality in the distribution of various land area variables across farm-size groups in all the districts of Pakistan, with considerable inter-district variations in their levels and movements over time; between the "within-district" inequality and "betweendistricts" ineqUality. The former represents 91 percent, 76 percent, 75 percent, and 65 percent of total inequalities for Sindh, the Punjab, Balochistan, and the NWFP, respectively. This means that more has to be done in terms of the irrigation distribution policy than in terms of removing the inter-district variations in irrigation development. And, finally, the modified "Kuznet" hypothesis is valid in explaining the inter-district variations in the levels of inequality in the distribution of at least some of the land area variables.

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37

Barleta, Leonardo, Mateo Carrillo, Zephyr Frank, and Erik Steiner. "Ejidos, Urbanization, and the Production of Inequality in Formerly Agricultural Lands, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1975–2020." Land 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120526.

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The ejido is an institution of communal land tenure and governance administered by the Mexican government. This paper assesses the current visual appearance of landscapes and implicit land use in ejidal lands on the periphery of Guadalajara, Mexico, using Google Street View (GSV) images tagged for signs of urban distress. Distressed landscapes are associated with the temporal process of urban expansion—newer settlements tend to be more visibly impoverished. Concentrations of vulnerable housing are correlated with encroached-upon ejidal lands in a process that was underway by the 1970s, well before Mexico’s neoliberal turn. Ejidos on the urban periphery, created to support agricultural communities during Mexico’s radical period of agrarian reform, are now sites of urban sprawl and impoverishment. Nevertheless, these communities remain legally salient as federal entities with respect to the disposition of land. Their presence complicates the historical evolution of land use in the urban periphery in ways that do not fit into classical central place models. We conclude that the presence of ejidos is associated with rapid and chaotic urbanization by migrants and the loss of agricultural capacity in Guadalajara’s periphery.

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38

Zhang, Qian Forrest. "Retreat from Equality or Advance towards Efficiency? Land Markets and Inequality in Rural Zhejiang." China Quarterly 195 (September 2008): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000763.

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AbstractBased on a 2001 survey, this study finds increased disparities in land distribution in rural Zhejiang. Regression analyses yield three main findings. First, increased disparities in land distribution are associated with growth of land markets. Second, rural households who acquired land through markets significantly increased their farm income. Land markets thus gave rise to a new venue of income generation and increased inequality in farm income. Widening disparities in land rights and farm income, however, did not constitute a further retreat from equality, but instead had compensatory effects on overall inequality, as land markets brought up families who would have fallen at the lower end of income distribution in the absence of such markets. Third, land markets increased efficiency in farming, as households who acquired land were using it more productively. In rural Zhejiang, growth of land markets broadened access to market opportunities and enhanced both efficiency and equity.

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Prasetyo, Bayu Agung, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, and Sri Mulatsih. "Infrastructure, economic growth and inequality in Indonesia land borders." Economic Journal of Emerging Markets 5, no. 2 (October 2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ejem.vol5.iss2.art3.

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Karapınar, Barış. "Land Inequality in Rural Southeastern Turkey: Rethinking Agricultural Development." New Perspectives on Turkey 32 (2005): 165–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600004155.

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A village in the province of Diyarbakır in Southeastern Turkey has recently appeared in many national newspapers and on TV with headlines such as “Rebellion against the landlord continues,” “Tractor chain against the landlord,” and “Peasants united against the landlord.” For many, this was rather amusing news – reminding them of a popular comedy film based on a fictional representation of peasants rebelling against their landlord in the 1970s. In reality, however, the actions were a serious appeal by peasants voicing their plight about extreme inequality in rural Southeastern Anatolia.

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Percoco, Marco. "Entrepreneurship, Family Ties, and Land Inequality: Evidence from Italy." Growth and Change 46, no. 3 (March 11, 2015): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12096.

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Wei, Yehua Dennis, Han Li, and Wenze Yue. "Urban land expansion and regional inequality in transitional China." Landscape and Urban Planning 163 (July 2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.019.

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Berry, R. Albert. "Reflections on injustice, inequality and land conflict in Colombia." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 42, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2017.1378400.

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Bou Dib, Jonida, Zulkifli Alamsyah, and Matin Qaim. "Land-use change and income inequality in rural Indonesia." Forest Policy and Economics 94 (September 2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.06.010.

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Qasim, Muhammad, Zahid Pervaiz, and Amatul Razzaq Chaudhary. "Do Poverty and Income Inequality Mediate the Association Between Agricultural Land Inequality and Human Development?" Social Indicators Research 151, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02375-y.

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TROUNSTINE, JESSICA. "The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation." American Political Science Review 114, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000844.

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Public goods in the United States are largely funded and delivered at the local level. Local public goods are valuable, but their production requires overcoming several collective action problems including coordinating supply and minimizing congestion, free-riding, and peer effects. Land use regulations, promulgated by local governments, allow communities to solve the collective action problems inherent in the provision of local public goods and maintenance of property values. A consequence of these efforts is residential segregation between cities along racial lines. I provide evidence that more stringent land use regulations are supported by whiter communities and that they preserve racial homogeneity. First, I show that cities that were whiter than their metropolitan area in 1970 are more likely to have restrictive land use patterns in 2006. Then, relying on Federal Fair Housing Act lawsuits to generate changes in land use policy, I show that restrictive land use helps to explain metropolitan area segregation patterns over time. Finally, I draw on precinct level initiative elections from several California cities to show that whiter neighborhoods are more supportive of restricting development. These results strongly suggest that even facially race-neutral land use policies have contributed to racial segregation.

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Irawati, Irawati, and Adril Hakim. "PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM DISTRIBUSI TANAH ATAU LAHAN PERKEBUNAN (Studi Literatur Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Perspektif Abu ‘Ubaid Al-Qasim Bin Salam)." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46899/jeps.v2i2.147.

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With the development and welfare reasons, the government diverts thousands hectare civil‟s gardens for the sake of oil palm plantation development. Beside the unfair handing the Ulayat land mechanism, the switch function of productive agricultural lands led to growing economic inequality which lead to the conflict. Therefore, the thought of Abu Ubaid in the book of al-Amwal regarding the law and politics in the land or plantations as a benchmark in achieving solution upon the issue. The research question in this study namely: How does the view of Abu „Ubaid about the government's role in the distribution and management of plantations? and what kind of policies is needed, so it can effectively decrease the gaps in the current farm/land owner?. The methodology in this present study used descriptive research which is library-based research. The data were analyzed qualitatively. Data used in this study is qualitative data obtained from an authentic source comprising a source of primary data and secondary data sources. The results show that that the law and the way of Abu „Ubaid provide a solution to the inequality of land ownership is very different from the government policy in Indonesia. One of the policy which is to clarify over the abandoned land by tenants is for three years and then the government takes the right for the land. The government has the authority to give the land to a new tenant who wants to turn the land becomes more productive.Keywords: Goverment. Land or Farming, Abu Ubaid Al-Qasim bin Salam

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Huo, Congjia, and Lingming Chen. "Research on the Impact of Land Circulation on the Income Gap of Rural Households: Evidence from CHIP." Land 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080781.

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With the continued development of the economy, the income gap among Chinese rural households continues to widen. The land system plays a decisive role in developing “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” and land circulation is a factor in the increase in income inequality among farm households. Based on the 2013 China Household Income Project (CHIP), this article used the re-centered influence function (RIF) regression method to empirically test the impact of rural land circulation on the income gap of rural households in China in three regions: the central, eastern and western regions. The quantile regression tested the impact mechanism of income inequality of rural households from the perspective of labor mobility and land circulation. The empirical results showed that land circulation increases the income inequality of rural households. The theoretical mechanism test proved that the dynamic relationship between land circulation and labor mobility increases rural household income. However, this increase has a greater effect on rural households with a high income and a small effect on rural households with a low income, resulting in a further widening of the income gap. Therefore, while increasing the income of rural households through land circulation, the government should also consider income equity. Finally, this article puts forward the policies and opinions on land reform and provides a brief discussion on the future direction of development.

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Haq, Rashida. "Land Inequality by Mode of Irrigation in Pakistan, 1990-2000." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 1011–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.1011-1022.

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In Pakistan agriculture land accounts for a large portion of total wealth and the distribution of this land effects household welfare and agriculture efficiency. Evidence shows that in developing countries, land inequality is detrimental to overall efficiency due to incomplete markets and therefore results in welfare losses to those with little or no land as there are several benefits associated with access to land [Vollrath (2007)]. Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economy of Pakistan which contribute 22.4 percent to Gross Domestic Product, 43.05 percent of labour force engaged in agriculture sector and 67 percent of population reside in rural areas out of which 30 percent of people living below the official poverty line. As the climate of Pakistan is arid to semi arid, its 80 percent agriculture is irrigated. Pakistan has one of the largest irrigation system in the world based on Indus basin irrigation system which plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the nature of distribution of irrigation water across farm size groups determines to a significant extent the nature of distribution of agriculture income.

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Nieto-Matiz, Camilo. "Democracy in the countryside: The rural sources of violence against voters in Colombia." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318802986.

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What are the subnational variations of violence against voters? This article studies the effect of land concentration on electoral violence in the context of armed conflict in Colombia. My central argument is that electoral violence tends to be higher in municipalities where landowners are a relevant social actor. More concretely, in areas where violent groups dispute territorial control, higher levels of land inequality – a proxy for landowner prominence – have a positive effect on electoral violence. However, actors do not make the simple choice between violence or no violence but may also resort to fraudulent tactics. Because electoral fraud requires greater cooperation and coordination with the state, I argue that violent groups with stronger links to state officials and political elites are more likely to engage in fraudulent tactics compared to anti-government actors. To estimate the effect of land inequality on electoral coercion and fraud, I exploit the levels of soil quality as an instrumental variable for land concentration in Colombia between 2002 and 2011. This article contributes to the literature on the politics of land inequality; elections and electoral manipulation; and the use of violence in democratic settings.

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