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1
Pule, Neville W., and Motlatsi Thabane. "Lesotho's land tenure regimes: experiences of rural communities and the calls for land reform." Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 2 (2004): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x04000126.
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Calls to reform Lesotho's traditional or customary land tenure abound. The main argument of those who call for reform is that there is no security of tenure, and therefore economic development and foreign and local investment in agriculture are lacking. Lately, traditional land tenure has been blamed for environmental degradation of agricultural land. Using oral and documentary evidence collected in the Rothe Ward, Mafeteng District, and the Mafeteng District Secretary's Office, this paper argues that the traditional land tenure is ambiguous on ownership of land, and is in need of reform designed to prevent various forms of chiefly abuse. However, no evidence of insecurity of tenure per se was found. Instead, poverty and lack of capital with which to acquire agricultural inputs in order to improve production were most prevalent in the responses of rural communities. Finally, the paper ends on a note of caution that reforms as envisaged may have calamitous long-term consequences both for rural communities and the country.
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Gara, Anissa, Mohamed Karim Aounallah, and Dorra Ajabi. "Evaluation of Farms’ Sustainability According to Land Tenure in Mornag, Tunisia." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.43726.
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<p>In Tunisia the main objective of sustainable agriculture is to improve agricultural systems by creating more wealth and meeting the needs of the population without compromising those of future generations. It turned out that confusion and lack of clarity of ownership status of agricultural land would lead to instability in agricultural sustainability by having a negative impact on social and economic prosperity and environment preservation. Within this environmental concern, the current research constitutes an assessment of the level of sustainability of different farms in Tunisia where problems of land ownership still exist. The current research is based on the Farm Sustainability Indicators method (standing for: <em>‘Indicateurs de durabilité des exploitations agricoles </em>or IDEA). This case study employed IDEA method which provides operational content to compare the sustainability concept at the farm level, based on the factor of ‘land tenure status’. In Tunisia, the lack of clear land ownership affects the output of agriculture that is why it is valuable to assess the impact of land properties status on farms’ agricultural sustainability. Hence, we distinguished two groups of farms: Private Farms (PF) (inherited from father to son) and Farming Enhancement Corporation (FEC) (state’s lands leased by farmers for many years). The results showed that land tenure has impact on farms sustainability. PF are more sustainable on both agro-ecological scale (49.2) and socio-territorial scale (48); compared to FEC (agro-ecological: 44.5 and socio-territorial: 46). PF favor integrated systems and the production of field crops and fodder crops and they attach greater importance to their employees’ training.</p>
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Angkoso, Jefri Bangkit, Ahmad Nashih Luthfi, and Sudibyanung Sudibyanung. "Distribusi Penguasaan dan Pemilikan Tanah Pertanian di Desa Nglegok, Kabupaten Karanganyar." Tunas Agraria 3, no. 2 (2020): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jta.v3i2.111.
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Abstract: There is inequality for land tenure and land ownership in Indonesia in recent decades. The Gini Index can be used to see the level of inequality in the distribution of land tenure and land ownership. The purpose of this research is to determine the distribution of land tenure and land ownership of agricultural land, the level of inequality, and the influencing factors. This research uses qualitative methods with case study strategies. The results of this study are in Ngungkal, in the largest class of land tenure and land ownership, 13.875 m² of agricultural land is only owned by 1 farmer family (0.59% of the total sample). In the smallest class, 13.766 m² of agricultural land is owned by 126 farmer families (11.30% of the total sample). In the largest class of land tenure and land ownership in Talok, 5.532 m² of agricultural land is owned by 1 farmer family (1,89% of the total sample), while on the smallest class 7.583 m² of agricultural land is owned by 29 farmer families (22,64% of the total sample). Gini Index in land tenure and land ownership of agricultural land in Ngungkal and Talok is high, namely 0.72 in Ngungkal and 0.52 in Talok. The small size of agricultural land owned by farmer families due to land fragmentation through legal actions in the form of buying and selling and grants, as well as legal events in the form of inheritance. Fragmentation of agricultural land in Nglegok Village causes the “gurem” effect on farm families, where the size of agricultural land which is initially small becomes even smaller.Keywords: agricultural land, inequality, gini index, gurem. Intisari: Ketimpangan penguasaan dan pemilikan terjadi di Indonesia dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Indeks Gini dapat digunakan untuk melihat tingkat ketimpangan distribusi penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah di suatu wilayah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah pertanian, tingkat ketimpangannya dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah di Dusun Ngungkal, di kelas terbesar penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah, 13.875 m² lahan pertanian hanya dimiliki oleh 1 keluarga petani (0,59% dari total sampel). Di kelas terkecil, 13.766 m² tanah pertanian dimiliki oleh 126 keluarga petani (11,30% dari total sampel). Di kelas terbesar kepemilikan tanah dan kepemilikan tanah di Dusun Talok, 5.532 m² tanah pertanian dimiliki oleh 1 keluarga petani (1,89% dari total sampel), sedangkan pada kelas terkecil, tanah pertanian seluas 7.583 m² dimiliki oleh 29 keluarga petani (22,64% dari total sampel). Indeks Gini penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah pertanian di Ngungkal dan Talok tergolong tinggi, yaitu 0,72 di Ngungkal dan 0,52 di Talok. Kecilnya luas tanah pertanian yang dimiliki kepala pertani akibat adanya fragmentasi tanah melalui perbuatan hukum berupa jual beli dan hibah, serta peristiwa hukum berupa pewarisan. Fragmentasi tanah pertanian di Desa Nglegok menyebabkan efek guremisasi pada keluarga petani, dimana luas tanah pertanian yang pada awalnya sudah kecil menjadi semakin kecil lagi.Kata kunci: tanah pertanian, ketimpangan, indeks gini, gurem.
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SAUNI, HERAWAN. "KONFLIK PENGUASAAN TANAH PERKEBUNAN." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.1.1.45-67.
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Abstract There is a vivid imbalance in farm land domination. This emerge conflict in almost Indonesia territory. Structuring the ownership or control of land has been started since the Act Numebr 5 of 1960 as the reference in the structuring of the agricultural land holdings in Indonesia. However, what is hoped and be the justification reason the act seems has not shown as demanded. Based on Decree of Head of BPN RI Number 34 of 2007 on Technical Guidelines for Handling and Resolution of Land Issues, land conflicts arise regarding the issue of tenure, ownership, use or utilization of the plot of land. The enactment of Law No. 18 of 2004 on Plantations also open conflicts between farmers and plantation companies. Conflict occurs when the plantation is difference between one or more people or groups of people with plantation companies relating to land tenure estates. There are several factors that cause conflict, especially agricultural land tenure plantation land, namely: (1) inequality of agricultural land holdings; (2) there is a vagueness setting land rights; (3) wasteland physically; and (4) overlapping land ownership. Recalling the complexity of the conflict over land, land conflict resolution should be based not only on purely formal legal approach but also through other approaches such as economic, social and cultural.
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SAUNI, HERAWAN. "KONFLIK PENGUASAAN TANAH PERKEBUNAN." University Of Bengkulu Law Journal 1, no. 1 (2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.v1i1.1327.
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Abstract There is a vivid imbalance in farm land domination. This emerge conflict in almost Indonesia territory. Structuring the ownership or control of land has been started since the Act Numebr 5 of 1960 as the reference in the structuring of the agricultural land holdings in Indonesia. However, what is hoped and be the justification reason the act seems has not shown as demanded. Based on Decree of Head of BPN RI Number 34 of 2007 on Technical Guidelines for Handling and Resolution of Land Issues, land conflicts arise regarding the issue of tenure, ownership, use or utilization of the plot of land. The enactment of Law No. 18 of 2004 on Plantations also open conflicts between farmers and plantation companies. Conflict occurs when the plantation is difference between one or more people or groups of people with plantation companies relating to land tenure estates. There are several factors that cause conflict, especially agricultural land tenure plantation land, namely: (1) inequality of agricultural land holdings; (2) there is a vagueness setting land rights; (3) wasteland physically; and (4) overlapping land ownership. Recalling the complexity of the conflict over land, land conflict resolution should be based not only on purely formal legal approach but also through other approaches such as economic, social and cultural.
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Pratiwi, Pravitasari Anjar, and Mohammad Rondhi. "Distribusi Kepemilikan Lahan Pertanian Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Di Wilayah Perkotaan Kabupaten Jember." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 15, no. 1 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v15i1.25056.
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<em>Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural becomes unavoidable, given the high demand for land use to promote economic development. Conversion of agricultural land mostly occurs in urban areas affecting the changing patterns and distribution of agricultural land tenure in urban areas. Higher rents for land in urban areas will trigger land conversion and lead to imbalances in agricultural land tenure. Changes in the distribution of agricultural land will affect farm income, because agricultural land is a valuable asset for farmers and affects their farm income. The purpose of this study was to determine the inequality of agricultural land tenure and farm income in urban areas of Jember. Using analytical method with gini index and descriptive method. Samples were determined by simple random sampling and 43 samples were obtained. The result of the research shows that: (1) land tenure index of agricultural land is 0.52 which means that farm ownership in Jember urban areas is unequal, (2) farm income with gini index 0.46 means that income of farming activity in urban area is uneven.</em>
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Polunin, G. A., and V. V. Alakoz. "Main trends and problems of spatial development of agricultural land use and land tenure in the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of Russia." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2101-01.
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The article outlines the main trends in the spatial development of agricultural land use and land tenure in the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of the European part of Russia, which are summarized in several groups; worldwide trends, the most significant changes in countries, production and market phenomena, changes in the forms and types of ownership and land management. An assessment of the main problems that prevent the spatial development of agricultural land use is considered in the article paying the special attention to the areas unfavorable for agricultural production. The authors describe the existing problems in the field of land relations and administration of agricultural lands.
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Pham, Van Duc, and Victor Barkhatov. "The policy on agricultural land and its impact on agricultural production and peasant’s life in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017506010.
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The paper analyzes the key contents of the policies on agricultural land of the State of Vietnam today, such as, the tenure of agricultural land ownership, the State’s guidelines on land price, the policy on concentration and accumulation of agricultural land, the policy on agricultural land tax and policy on compensation for agricultural land recovery. Then the paper process to evalute the impact of Agricultural Land Policies to Vietnam’s Agriculture in the Renovation Period as well as the Impact of Agricultural Land Policies on Agricultural Land Fund. The paper also analyzes both the positive impacts and unexpected impacts of Land Policies on the Peasant Life. Through the research the paper comes to the conclusion that despite many outstanding achievements of renovated management policies on the agricultural land, there will be new issues and problems relating to policies on land, which should be addressed timely and prorperly in order to help Vietnam develop its modern and sustainable agriculture.
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Melnikovová, Lea, and Bohumil Havrland. "State Ownership of Land in Uzbekistan – an Impediment to Further Agricultural Growth?" Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 49, no. 1-4 (2016): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2016-0001.
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Abstract The present paper aims to demonstrate how the state land ownership affects development of agricultural sector in Uzbekistan, and what are its strengths and weaknesses. It highlights the importance of secure land right regardless of ownership. Land in Uzbekistan is state-owned; the exclusive state ownership of land was first incorporated in the 1992 Constitution. The official rationale was to ensure food security and social stability; another concern was the state-run irrigation system, operation of which would be hampered in the event of land privatization. Farming entities in Uzbekistan possess different rights to land: from long-life inheritable rights of the dehkans (small-scale household farms) to rights limited by 30 to 50 years and defined by lease contracts of the private farmers. The latter are monitored by the state and are subject to state interventions; in the first place they have to carry the burden of state quotas for cotton and wheat and they are obliged to sell these crops for state-dictated prices. Dehkans provide a major part of livestock production and they can, unlike private farmers, sell all their production at market prices. Land tenure rights in Uzbekistan lack certain qualities that would make land tenure rights meaningful. The duration of land rights is sufficient, however they do not assure the holders that rights will be recognized and enforced at low costs and do not provide them with mechanisms allowing adjustment under changing conditions.The authors conclude that the insufficient land tenure security, which is further undermined by state interventions, poses a significant barrier impeding development in the agricultural sector. The paper identifies opportunities for change arising from the gradual strengthening of market principles.
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Herdiyanti, Chita. "KEPEMILIKAN TANAH ABSENTEE OLEHPEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL BERDASARKAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 4 TAHUN 1977." Jurnal Magister Hukum ARGUMENTUM 6, no. 1 (2019): 951–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/argu.v6i1.1848.
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Agricultural land that is owned by a cord (Absentee) is legally prohibited. Because the ownership of the Absentee-owned Agricultural Land distances the ideals and spirit of land reform as the basic rule of every National Agrarian law. Absentee land tenure is prohibited because it can restore a very detrimental Landlord system especially to local farmers residing in Absentee land. True agricultural land should be utilized and done in an effort to meet the productivity that will raise the economy nationally. However, Government Regulation No. 4 of 1977 concerning Agricultural Land Ownership by Clothes (Absentee) for Retired Civil Servants states that "a Servant within 2 (two) years preceding retirement allowed to buy agricultural land in guntai (absentee) covering an area of up to 2/5 of a part the maximum limit of land tenure for the relevant Level II Regions. ". Is the ban on the ownership of farmland in a strand (Absentee) applies to all the people of Indonesia ?. The prohibition of land ownership does not apply to Civil Servants State From the provisions of the law above can be concluded that Civil Servants (PNS) can have Absentee land because it is considered Civil Servants have been credited as a driver of the state system. However, with the conditions set forth in the legislation. Civil Servants or Retired Civil Servants who have farmland by hand (Absentee) can make a profit-sharing system as an effort to manage the absentee land to be more productive again by sticking to the prevailing laws and regulations.
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Szabó, Erika. "Land regulation in the European Union and Hungary." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 1, no. 1 (2007): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2007/1/8.
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Land, as it constitutes one of the bases of agricultural production, has a special position in the economic-judiciary surroundings of states. In Hungarian history, land ownership has undergone many radical transitions. The decade starting from the political and land regulation reform is a short time in land tenure. In spite of it, there have been several important changes in land ownership structure. In the 1970s and 80s, large agricultural firms, especially co-operatives and state farms, were common in Hungary. State hegemony was typical of land ownership and use, with rather small, privately owned parcels. Since privatization began after 1989, this tendency has changed, with land owned by farmers. In the following article, I am going to review the laws regulating land ownership and land use in Hungary and in the European Union.
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Putra, Chandra Dewangga Marditya. "PENERAPAN LARANGAN PEMILIKAN TANAH PERTANIAN SECARA ABSENTEE." Jurnal Hukum dan Kenotariatan 3, no. 2 (2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/hukeno.v3i2.3364.
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Untuk menjadikan masyarakat tani yang adil dan makmur maka pemerintah melalui program landreform yang meliputi perombakan mengenai kepemilikan dan penguasaan tanah serta hubungan-hubungan hukum yang bersangkutan dengan penguasaan tanah. Sesuai dengan Pasal 10 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria telah mengamanahkan terkait larangan kepemilikan atas tanah pertanian secara absentee. Dengan adanya ketentuan tersebut diharapkan para pemegang hak atas tanah pertanian dapat mengusahakan atau mengerjakan sendiri tanah yang dimilikinya sehingga tanah-tanah pertanian memang menjadi produktif dan tidak terdapat tanah pertanian yang di biarkan atau absentee. Tujuan larangan absentee agar hasil yang diperoleh dari pengusahaan tanah sebagian besar dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat desa tempat letak tanah. Fenomena larangan tanah absentee/guntai secara nyata terjadi, tetapi tidak dilakukan sanksi yang tegas.Kata kunci: absentee, kepemilikan hak atas tanah, pertanian, sanksi. To make a fair and prosperous farming community, the government through a Land Reform program which includes a reshuffle of land ownership and control as well as legal relations concerned with land tenure. In accordance with Article 10 paragraph (1) the Basic Agrarian Law mandates Absentee prohibitions on ownership of agricultural land. With the existence of these provisions it is expected that holders of agricultural land can cultivate or work on their own land so that agricultural lands are indeed productive and there is no agricultural land that is left or Absentee. The purpose of the Absentee ban is that the results obtained from the cultivation of land can be enjoyed mostly by rural communities where the land is located. The phenomenon of the prohibition of Absentee / guntai land actually occurred, but no strict sanctions were made.Keywords: absentee,ownership of rights to land, agriculture, sanctions.
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KOSTYASHKIN, Ivan O., Nadiia I. CHUDYK-BILOUSOVA, Liudmyla S. TARANENKO, Alla V. ANDRUSHKO, and Natalia M. LOGINOVA. "Land Ownership in Ukraine: Reform Issues." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 4 (2020): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.4(50).13.
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At present, the issue of land market reform for Ukraine is extremely urgent, as the state has for over 20 years been operating a moratorium on the alienation of agricultural land. The prudent transition from a moratorium on the alienation of agricultural land to the modern land market is a priority area for land reform. The purpose of the paper is to conduct a scientific analysis of the current state of land market reform in Ukraine, as well as to compare the chosen reform path with the experience of developing the mechanisms of legal regulation of the land market in several European countries. Methods traditional for legal studies in Ukraine were used to achieve this purpose: historical law; comparatively law; formal law. The study found that a moratorium on the sale of agricultural land leads to the existence of a gray land market, which benefits primarily large corporations, and violates the rights of other business entities. State regulation in the EU countries is expressed in limiting the size of land, control over compliance with the change of purpose of land or the absolute prohibition of its change, restrictions on admission to the purchase of land by foreigners, obtaining special permits for the acquisition of agricultural land, etc. To fulfil the potential of the land market and fully protect the rights of landowners, it is important to consider not only the expansion of opportunities for sale but also the lease of land. The experience of the European Union states that the priority way of development of the land market is its development through stimulation of the farming method of land tenure and land use, which contributes to the performance of the social function by the land.
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Coulibaly, Brahima, Gideon Sagoe, and Li Shixiang. "Towards poverty alleviation in developing countries: An empirical study of the impact of land tenure reforms in Kati, Mali." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0246502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246502.
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Post-colonial land tenure reforms in emerging countries have partly aimed at poverty reduction through equitable land access. However, the poverty rate keeps rising in rural and peri-urban settings in Sub-Saharan Africa dominated by agricultural activities. This article reviews land tenure reforms in Mali, from the year 2000 to 2017 regarding poverty alleviation and evaluates their impacts on indigenous smallholder farmers, using multiple linear and logistic regression models and local experts’ elicitations. The results indicate that the advent of land titles as the only definitive evidence of land ownership, following the reforms, has generally weakened customary land management. Smallholder farmers face several barriers to obtaining land titles, limiting equity in land access and security. This has paved way for land markets marred by irregularities and resulted in colossal loss of agricultural lands, which are the main source of rural livelihood. Thus, the reforms have not yielded the intended poverty reduction outcomes. The study recommends that land transfers must be authorised by a single institution, represented at the various administrative levels, which issues an authentic and incorruptible document using appropriate technology. Moreover, since pro-poor provisions in the reforms usually lack implementing decrees in Mali, political will is key to achieving equitable land access and security.
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Untari, Untari, and Maria Veronoca Irene Herdjiono. "LAND OWNING PATTERNS ON RICE FARMING: Increasing Production and Efficiency." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 16, no. 2 (2020): 118–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v16i2.3731.
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Merauke has a large potential for agricultural land with a type of agriculture that can be developed, namely a wetland farming system that is very suitable for paddy production. The objectives of this study are: a) to know the patterns of paddy farming, b) analyze the level of production from land tenure patterns, and c) analyze the level of economic efficiency of paddy farming in the pattern of paddy farmland ownership in Marga Mulya village, Semangga District, Merauke Regency. The study used 60 respondents as a source of data and information on primary research data. Data analysis method used to answer the research objectives is farming analysis and R/C ratio. The results of the study concluded that there are two patterns of rice farming land ownership, namely the pattern of ownership of private land and leased land. The two patterns of land ownership show that the pattern of ownership of private land has a higher production compared to the pattern of ownership of rent versus 2,785.71 kg/ha/season and 2,313 kg/ha/season with an efficiency level of 2.57% and 2.51%.
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Et al., AGUS SEKARMADJI. "DATA SYNCHRONIZATION MODEL TO IMPROVE THE SUPERVISION OF LAND OWNERSHIP FOR CITIZENS TOWARDS THE INDONESIAN AGRARIAN REFORM AGENDA." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (2021): 1673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2323.
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The change of ownership and control of agricultural and non-agricultural land for all Indonesian people is a mandate of Article 7, 10 and 17 of Act Number 5 Year 1960 under the Indonesian Agrarian Reform. In practice, however, people can own property rights beyond the stipulated limit. The article aims to improve a fair distribution of land through the proposed model of supervision and property rights land tenure reforms. The data synchronization developed through an online system can be the tool to improve the supervision and management of land ownership and tenures.
 The methods used are the statute approach, socio-legal approach, and case study approach. The statute approach analysed existing statutes regarding land and land rights in Indonesia, the result is further observed in practice through the socio-legal approach by observing the data and figures in local regions. The case study approach reviews past judgments in the matter to examine the consistency and sufficiency of prevailing laws and policy and the direction of its developments.
 This study found that there is still an ineffective implementation of the law resulting in people having lands more than their limit. The proposed data synchronization model developed through an online system can solve this problem by harmonizing data in local regions with the existing data at the Civil Registry Office and the Tax Office.
 This study provides an essential contribution to the existing literature of Indonesian Agrarian Reform as well as a guideline for policymakers.
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Buletsa, Sibilla. "Features of circulation of agricultural lands in Ukraine for legal entities." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 15, no. 29 (2020): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2020.29.23.
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Land in Ukraine can be in private, communal and state ownership. The lands of Ukraine include all lands within its territory, including islands and lands occupied by water bodies, which are divided into categories according to their main purpose. Legal entities may acquire land mainly for use on the rights of lease, sublease, emphyteusis and permanent use, may have agricultural land on the right of lifelong inherited land tenure, the legal regulation of which is currently absent. In Ukraine at this stage, models of organization of relations between business partners are effectively and justifiably used through the creation of a joint holding company in a foreign jurisdiction, which further establishes the company in Ukraine. As a result of the anti-terrorist operation and the occupation of Crimea on the territory of Ukraine, the rights of thousands of people to housing, land and property, including the rights of agricultural land use, were violated. Today, land lease is the main way of doing agribusiness, lease agreements have become an important tool for absorbing weaker competitors or seizing their land. In conditions of slow growth in the cost of rent, agricultural holdings can afford a slightly higher fee, which gives them a significant advantage over farmers. However, the moratorium on land has been lifted in 2020 and the land market in Ukraine will be introduced on July 1, 2021. From this date, agricultural land will be available to individuals, ie the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land will be lifted. As for legal entities, the land market will be open for them only from January 1, 2024.
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Kareemulla, K., Pandian Krishnan, S. Ravichandran, B. Ganesh Kumar, Sweety Sharma, and Ramachandra Bhatta. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810225.
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The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.
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Nezam-Mafi, Mansoureh Ettehadieh. "The Khāliṣah of Varamin". International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, № 1 (1993): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800058013.
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The history and development of land tenure in Iran have been affected by many factors, including climatic conditions, scarcity of water, lack of security, widespread tribalism, and legal and administrative confusion. In addition to limitations in resources, political instability in the premodern period molded systems of land tenure in Iran. Changes of dynasty were frequent and usually followed by the confiscation and redistribution of land. The Qajar dynasty (1788–1925), which came to power after a long period of anarchy and civil war, continued that general pattern. There were three classes of land ownership in Iran in this period: waqfs (religious endowments), arbābī (land owned by large landlords), and khāliṣah (state-owned lands). This last category was composed of lands confiscated by the government as punishment for rebellion or failure to pay taxes. As land was often the only form of wealth landlords had, the threat of government confiscation was an instrument of control as well as a source of revenue for the state. The khāliṣah were usually rented out on long-term leases or were granted as ṭuyul, that is in lieu of services rendered or salaries deferred. The khāliṣah were also in some instances farmed directly by the government. These lands were cultivated by peasants under conditions similar to those of the arbābī lands. They were scattered throughout the country and were also subject to various local and regional variations in agricultural taxes.
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Lawrence, Ted J., Richard C. Stedman, Stephen J. Morreale, and Sarah R. Taylor. "Rethinking Landscape Conservation: Linking Globalized Agriculture to Changes to Indigenous Community-Managed Landscapes." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291988950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919889503.
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Community-managed landscapes have valuable conservation potential. In particular, indigenous community management has slowed deforestation. However, globalized agriculture is an underlying driver of changes to indigenous community-managed landscapes. Our objective is to explain a hypothesized global-to-local causal pathway that stems from processes of globalized agriculture and changes to indigenous community-managed landscapes. The global-to-local pathway involves a nested hierarchy of political–economic processes, specifically land and natural resource privatization, commodification, and acquisition. At the local landscape level, we focus on changes to land tenure, livelihoods, land use, and land cover. Changes to land tenure involve a shift away from community and toward individual ownership and management. Concurrently, livelihoods shift away from subsistence and toward market-oriented activities. Subsequently, land use shifts away from small-scale extensive and toward large-scale intensive crop cultivation, away from diverse crop cultivation and toward monocropping, and away from crop toward livestock farming. Ultimately, land cover shifts away from diverse agro-forested and toward homogeneous deforested lands. We illustrate our approach using ejidos, a type of community-managed lands, in Yucatán, México as an exploratory example. We use descriptive statistics to initially assess the shift in ejido land tenure, from community to individually parcelized systems, and the shift in a principal subsistence livelihood and land use activity, from maize cultivation to cattle rearing. We highlight that individually parceled areas within ejidos are more deforested than community-managed areas. In all, we urge landscape conservation scientists to more fully consider not just local actions but also impacts stemming from globalized agriculture and to advance the breadth and depth of more extensive studies and analyses.
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Besteman, Catherine. "Individualisation and the assault on customary tenure in Africa: title registration programmes and the case of Somalia." Africa 64, no. 4 (1994): 484–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161370.
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Over the past forty years, programmes intended to individualise rights to land have been introduced across Africa. These programmes are supported by an ideology which argues that individualisation is a necessary prerequisite of agricultural investment and development. Utilising data collected on the effects of the national title registration programme in Somalia, and drawing on similar studies of registration programmes in other African countries, this article challenges the assumption that individualisation and registration necessarily result in improved agricultural investment and productivity. On the contrary, the data reviewed here suggest that such programmes have contributed to concentration of ownership, growing landlessness, insecurity of tenure, wealth inequalities, and even declining productivity in many areas. The motivation behind individualisation and registration programmes is analysed, including an examination of the colonial and Western ideological distinction between African ‘communal’ land tenure and modern Western individualised tenure, struggles for power over control of resources, and a tendency to treat land tenure as solely an economic (rather than social) institution.
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Wickham, Chris. "The Power of Property: Land Tenure in Fāṭimid Egypt". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, № 1 (2019): 67–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341475.
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AbstractEgyptian land tenure in the Fāṭimid period (969-1171) is often assumed to have been based on state ownership of agricultural land and tax-farming, as was in general the case in the Mamlūk period which followed it, and as many Islamic legal theorists rather schematically thought. This article aims to show that this was not the case; Arabic paper and parchment documents show that private landowning was normal in Egypt into the late eleventh century and later. Egypt emerges as more similar to other Mediterranean regions than is sometimes thought. The article discusses the evidence for this, and the evidence for what changed after 1100 or so, and, more tentatively, why it changed.
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Goyal, Ankita. "Customary Land-Tenure and the Poor: A Study of Jharkhand and Meghalaya." Social Change 50, no. 3 (2020): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085720951178.
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For most people living in rural India having access and control over land is crucial for their livelihood, more so in the case of tribals. This article analyses the nature of the customary land-tenure system in some districts of Jharkhand and Meghalaya and their impact on livelihood patterns, food security and poverty. Based on both secondary and primary data, the article seeks to examine the nature of the customary land-tenure systems in selected scheduled areas; specifically identifying the status of locals versus non-locals in managing land resources and analysing the extent to which women have been able to secure land rights under customary laws. The article concludes that though there are both positive and negative aspects to community and individual ownership of agricultural land, but on the whole the prevailing system does not helping in bettering the conditions of disadvantaged communities.
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POPOV, Andriy, Serhii MOVCHAN, Serhii KOLOMIIETS, and Ivan LEZHENKIN. "FORMATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND LAYOUT AS AN ALTERNATIVE OF LAND CONSOLIDATION." Ekonomichna ta Sotsialna Geografiya, no. 84 (2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7154/2020.84.42-54.
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The lack of a national strategy (program) for land consolidation, which would be integrated into the country’s land policy, led to the adoption in 2018 of the Law of Ukraine № 2498-VIII “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine in Respect of the Issue of Collective Ownership of Land, Improvement of Agricultural Land Use Rules, Prevention of Raidership and Stimulation of Irrigation in Ukraine”. This law is designed to solve the existing problems of land use concerning the rational use of land parcels. However, the principles declared by the relevant law have not gained practical application to this day. The purpose of the article is to analyse the procedure for the formation of the agricultural land layout to ensure the rational use of land through the exchange of rights of use as an alternative to land consolidation. A detailed analysis of the Law № 2498-VIII allowed to develop an algorithm for the formation of the agricultural land layout with the purpose to exchange of land parcels and their rights of use. This has allowed approaching the solution of the set problem in a more structured and comprehensive way. It has been established that the permitted exchange of land parcels and rights of use within the agricultural land layout is not a land consolidation either in the classical or in any other sense. An analysis of the legal provisions of Law № 2498-VIII has revealed their inconsistency with the “Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security” and best international practice on land consolidation. The existing obstacles to the implementation of the legislation on improving the rules of land use in the agricultural land layout have been found out. Three key causes of their occurrence (technical, legal and organizational) have been identified.
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Adenuga, Adewale Henry, Claire Jack, and Ronan McCarry. "The Case for Long-Term Land Leasing: A Review of the Empirical Literature." Land 10, no. 3 (2021): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030238.
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Land, as a factor of production, has a vital role within the agricultural sector compared with other sectors. However, in recent years, land mobility has become a significant issue around the world with increased concentration and competition for land ownership, limiting the overall competitiveness of the agri-food sector and constraining the potential opportunities for new entrant farmers to access land. While land leasing is increasingly being embraced as a common form of land tenure serving as an alternative to the purchase of land for agriculture, the length of lease has been shown to have a significant impact on land productivity and sustainability. In this study, we provide a comprehensive and systematic review exploring the benefits of longer-term land leasing with a particular focus on developed countries and some selected developing countries in the context of commercial farming with more formal arrangements. Specifically, we highlight the barriers to long-term land leasing and identify potential incentives that might be adopted to encourage long-term land leasing for both landowners and farmers who seek to rent land.
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Aliev, Bagomed G., and Arsen O. Murtazaev. "LAND TENURE ARRANGEMENTS IN DAGESTAN IN PROFESSOR A.R. SHIKHSAIDOV’S WORKS." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 14, no. 4 (2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch14444-52.
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The article is devoted to the contribution of a well-known historian-orientalist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Amri Rzaevich Shikhsaidov to the study of land tenure in Dagestan. The authors of the article studied three monographs and a number of articles by A.R. Shikhsaidov, dedicated to the history of the region and its southern part in the VII – XIX centuries. It is important to note that A.R. Shikhsaidov was one of the first to analyze the works of Arab historians and geographers, as well as local Arabic-speaking sources, and extensively studied land arrangements in Dagestan in the early Middle Ages, from the X – XV centuries to the XIX century inclusive. The article analyzes the classification of A.R. Shikhsaidov forms of agriculture. He singled out a number of forms (state land, diya, ikta, waqf and freehold land), which experienced the known influence of political and socio-economic processes in the region and changed during the historical process. The authors of the article show the contribution of the scholar in identifying and characterizing changes in the status of land tenure forms in the historical process. The authors emphasize the importance of the material, introduced by A.R. Shikhsaidov in the scientific circulation, for each of these forms of land ownership. The scientific value of the analogies carried out by Professor Shikhsaidov for various forms of land ownership that existed in Dagestan with various forms of land ownership in the countries of Western Europe, Russia and the South Caucasus countries is emphasized.The article is of an overview nature and will be useful both for the study of the work of a prominent Dagestan scholar and for researchers in the development of land relations in Dagestan.
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AMMAN, HANS M., and ANANTHA KUMAR DURAIAPPAH. "Land tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in Kenya." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 3 (2004): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001268.
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Many conflicts in many parts of the developing world can be traced to disputes over land ownership, land use and land degradation. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that information asymmetries among various principals within these countries in land tenure and market systems have caused marginalization of some principals by the others. A sustained process of marginalization driven by these asymmetries has inevitably caused the disadvantaged to revolt resulting in many cases in violent clashes. In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model to test our hypothesis by analyzing the complex interdependencies existing among the various principals in the Narok District in Kenya. Violent clashes have been increasing in the district since the first outbreak in 1993. Preliminary results seem to confirm our hypothesis that asymmetrical information structures among the various principals over land and agricultural markets could have been the catalytic forces for these conflicts. In order to reduce these discrepancies, we recommend two institutional reforms. The first involves the adoption of a hybrid land tenure system whereby land ownership is based on individual titles while the use and sale of the land is governed by communal rules established by a community participatory proceeds. The second recommendation involves the formation of an information network comprising of all principals with the main objective of it being a forum for exchange of ideas and information pertaining to land use options and the opportunities offered by the market system.
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Bozsik, Norbert, and Róbert Magda. "Efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary." Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration 6, no. 1 (2018): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33605/croma-012018-003.
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Purpose – The object of the article is to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural production in Hungary and in Hungarian regions. Furthermore, our purpose is to point out the effectiveness of Hungarian agriculture compared to the average of the EU. Based on results we evaluate the regional differences from the aspect of agricultural productivity and Hungary’s lag behind the average level of EU member states. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology of the paper is based on partial productivity methods. Comparing the main economic indicators of agricultural industry (output, gross value added and enterpreneurial income) to the annual working unit (AWU) and land unit (hectare) we analysed how efficiently labour and land is used in production. Conclusions are drawn from the results of the analysis. Findings – The paper shows the main charasteristics of Hungarian agriculture. Based on measuring efficiency of agricultural production, we highlight the extent to which the efficiency of Hungarian agricultural production remains below the EU average. The article also presents how effective the production factors (labour and land) are in the agricultural production of the regions of Hungary. Research limitations/implications – In the paper, we applied partial efficiency methods to evaluate the productivity of agricultural production. There are several directions of further investigations to measure the efficiency of agriculture (e.g. multi-factor productivity methods). Beside the methods, the research can be extended for any other direction (e.g. any other NUTS level etc.). Practical implications - Based on the results we outline recommendations for more effective use of production factors. The proposals are concerning how to increase the efficiency of the workforce in agriculture and to the find the optimal land utilization considering the environmental sustainability. Originality/Value – The paper provides comprehensive view on Hungarian agriculture situation with special emphasis on the regions. It presents original results of efficiency of the Hungarian agricultural production by regions and draws proper conclusions for practice. Keywords: agricultural production, efficiency, labour market, land market. Research type: research paper. JEL classification: J43 – Agricultural labour market Q10 – Agriculture general Q15 – Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
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Baaru, Mary Wamuyu, and Charles K. K. Gachene. "Effect of Land tenure change on Land use in Machakos County, Kenya." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-19-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Land tenure is considered an important issue of development agenda and this has led to land allocation and titling in developing countries across continents. As a result, a massive transfer of land rights. Land tenure has been considered as one of the key factors that define patterns and changes in land use system. Due to challenges in collective ownership, Kenya has embraced this idea shifted away to individual land tenure system. This paper examines how land tenure change has influenced land use patterns in Katheka-kai Location, Machakos County for 21 years (1988- 2009), Kenya.</p><p> The study area was until 1995 a ranching scheme but transformed to individual farms, providing a niche in studying land use change. Six classes identified as forests, cultivated land, savannah grassland, water bodies, built-up land, rocky areas, and bare land was used for change detection. Thematic change detection for Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ was established using ENVI EX. This was done by selecting two images of the same scene, with same number of classes and same names at different times.</p><p> During the period of 1988&amp;ndash;2009, the major land use/cover was savannah grassland, bare land, rocky areas, and forest. Cultivated land, built-up areas, and water bodies had the least land cover. The land use/cover change has been dynamic with about 68.6% land changing from one land use to another between 1988 and 2009 (Figure 1 and 2).</p><p> The 24.4% increase recorded in savanna grassland was at the expense of rocky areas, forest cover, bare land and water bodies that lost 18.7, 2.9, 2.1 and 0.7% respectively (Table 1). Despite the loss, forest cover still recorded 2.7% increase between 1988 and 2009 mostly from rocky areas (1.6%) and bare land (1.2%). Apart from becoming savanna grassland, most of the bare land was converted to rocky areas (7.6%), cultivated land (1.8%) and forests (1.2%) and this explains the 7.4% decrease in area under bare land. Cultivated land witnessed a 1.8% increase between 1988 and 2009 and was due to conversion of bare land (1.8%) and forest cover (0.6%) into cultivated land. Increase in percentage area under built-up areas (0.5%) was as result of conversion of bare land (0.2%), rocky areas (0.2%) and savanna grassland (0.1%). Water bodies changed to become savanna grassland (0.7%) and rocky areas (0.4%) and this led to 0.5% decline in land under water bodies.</p><p> Savanna grassland, bare land and rocky areas are the dominating land uses/justified by the fact that the area is a rangeland initially hosting a range of wildlife animals. Increased population leads to high demand for food and housing and this explains the increase cultivation land and built-up areas. A study carried out by Gathaara et. al. (2010) in the same area reported that most of the farmers resulted in agricultural activities to meet increasing food demand as well as for economic gains. Similarly, Mundia and Muranyan (2009) reported that changing land tenure policy resulted in expansion of agricultural land. Furthermore, after subdivision and issuance of title deeds to individual members, the owner gets the rights to make land use decisions based on benefits.</p></p>
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Lanamana, Willybrordus, and Imaculata Fatima. "Effects of Different Land Status on Conservation Land and Income of Upland Rice Farming in Mausambi Village, Maurole Subdistrict, Ende Regency." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 33, no. 2 (2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v33i2.21704.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">The objectives of this study were to: (1) analyze the effects of different land tenure status on soil conservation level and (2) analyze the soil conservation level on production and income of upland rice farming. This research was conducted in Mausambi Village, Maurole Subdistrict, Ende Regency. Considerations in choosing a research village were seen from: a) the number of farmers who pawned agricultural land b) the extent of dry land and critical land c) the high percentage of poor farmers d) centers of food crop production and e) areas vulnerable to erosion. The population of upland rice farmers in Mausambi village was 214 people and consisted of 36 sharecroppers, 32 mortgagors and 146 owners. The method of sampling is cluster sampling, where this technique is a technique of selecting a sample from groups, small units or clusters. The sample size was calculated using Parrel formula. The sample size of land ownership status was 92 owners, 34 sharecroppers and 21 mortgagors. The analysis method used was multiple linear regression by including dummy variable of land tenure status and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the farmers on land tenure status of owner are better in doing soil conservation efforts when compared to farmers on land tenure status of sharecropper and mortgagor. Owner dummy variable significantly affected the soil conservation level at 99% significant level. The positive sign means that the soil conservation level score on owner land tenure status is higher than the owner land tenure status of sharecropper and mortgagor. This is because in the owner farmers, the responsibility of soil conservation is higher than the farmers on other land tenure status. The well-done soil conservation efforts provide effect on the production and income of upland rice farming. The result of the research also shows that the land in the research site has not experienced severe erosion and soil conservation has been conducted but not maximized yet, especially on the aspect of contour farming, terrace treatment, terrace-strengthening plants, and tillage.</span></p>
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Shoemaker, Jessica. "Fee Simple Failures: Rural Landscapes and Race." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.8 (2021): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.8.fee.
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Property law’s roots are rural. America pursued an early agrarian vision that understood real property rights as instrumental to achieving a country of free, engaged citizens who cared for their communities and stewarded their physical place in it. But we have drifted far from this ideal. Today, American agriculture is industrialized, and rural communities are in decline. The fee simple ownership form has failed every agrarian objective but one: the maintenance of white landownership. For it was also embedded in the original American experiment that land ownership would be racialized for the benefit of its white citizens, through acts of colonialism, slavery, and explicit race-based exclusion in property law. Today, rather than undoing this racialized legacy, modern property rules only further concentrate and homogenize rural landownership. Agricultural landownership remains almost entirely— 98 percent—white. This is a critical racial justice issue that converges directly with our impending environmental crisis and the decline of rural communities more generally. This Article builds on work of rural sociologists and farm advocates who demonstrate, again and again, that despite a pervasive narrative of rural places dying for want of population and agricultural systems too far gone for reform, the reality is a crowd of emerging farmers—and farmers of color in particular— clamoring for access. Existing policy efforts to support beginning farmers have focused primarily on supporting a few private land transactions within existing systems. This Article brings property theory to the table for the first time, arguing that property law itself is not only responsible for the original racialized distributions of agricultural land but also actively perpetuates both ongoing racialized disparities and the currently industrialized and depopulated rural landscape. This Article deconstructs our most fundamental land-tenure choice—the fee simple itself—and calls on our collective legal imagination to develop more adaptive, inclusive, and dynamic land-tenure designs rooted in these otherwise overlooked rural places.
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Chernikova, Nataliia. "Features of formation and development of lease relations in Tavriya province (2nd half of XIX century – 1917)." Grani 23, no. 3 (2020): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172045.
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The article deals with the process of formation and development of lease relations in the agrarian sector of Tavria province in the second half of the 19th century-1917 in the conditions of vendible farming and animal husbandry development. The causes of widespread leasing and the specificity of this process in different counties of the province are analyzed. The role of landlord ownership in the formation of the lease fund of the region is determined. The vast lands served as a significant source of productive and non-productive profit for the local nobility. Few owners of capitalist-type farms used the proceeds of the lease to modernize their farms. Lease was the main means of land use for the vast majority of nobles. The ways of involving the Taurian peasantry in the lease relations in the conditions of its property and social differentiation are revealed here. Attention is drawn to the fact that the wealthy peasantry was the main tenant who used the leased land primarily for the organization of commercial agriculture. Characterization of the types of land constituting the lease fund of the region have been made. It has been found that private ownership constituted its vast majority, as well as peasant allotments, treasury lands and private institutions. The specifics of the lease of state-owned lands in Tavria province are shown. A wide variety of statistical sources cover the types of land leases and regional features of their using. Skopschina was a popular form of rent; however, on the areas of commercial agriculture, there was a dynamic development of monetary rent as a characteristic feature of capitalist housekeeping. The dynamics of changes in rental prices in the context of species and regional differentiation are traced. The advantages and disadvantages of rent for the owners and tenants of the province are highlighted. It was concluded that the lease occupied an important place in the land tenure and land using of the population of Tavria province - above all, the nobility and the peasantry as the main subjects of lease relations and makers of agricultural products. It contributed to the development of entrepreneurship and the strengthening of capitalist forms of farming in the countryside.
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JOSEPH, SABRINA. "The Legal Status of Tenants and Sharecroppers in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France and Ottoman Syria." Rural History 18, no. 1 (2007): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306002007.
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By the middle of the sixteenth century, the role of the tenant farmer and sharecropper in both Syria and France witnessed important transformations which lent increasing relevance to the social and legal status enjoyed by these cultivators. In various regions of France after the sixteenth century, a rising class of bourgeois landholders increasingly appropriated agricultural lands from both peasant proprietors and nobles, leading to the spread of both sharecropping and leasing contracts. In Ottoman Syria, the appropriation of peasant lands and proliferation of tenancy arrangements was linked to an expanding state which sought to consolidate power and ensure the consistent flow of revenue. Thus, this paper will address how the socio-legal discourse on tenants and sharecroppers differed in a context where arable lands were appropriated by private rather than public forces. Issues that are examined include: perceptions of agricultural innovation; possession rights; and payment of rent and other dues.While Islamic legal scholars articulated a discourse which sought to incorporate tenants and sharecroppers, French legal and social thinkers of the day championed the rights of the landlord above all else. Unlike their Syrian counterparts, French thinkers linked agricultural development and efficient production to private ownership of land. In Syria, on the other hand, jurists advocated a land tenure system in which the possession rights of cultivators were supported while landlord interests were not jeopardised. Thus, agricultural development in the Syrian case was articulated within a framework which conceded multiple layers of ownership. These ideas would have an important impact on nineteenth-century developments in both regions.
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Jabbar, Awais, Qun Wu, Jianchao Peng, Ali Sher, Asma Imran, and Kunpeng Wang. "Mitigating Catastrophic Risks and Food Security Threats: Effects of Land Ownership in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (2020): 9258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249258.
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In the wake of environmental challenges, the adoption of risk management strategies is imperative to achieve sustainable agricultural production and food security among the Pakistani farmers of Punjab. For a deeper insight into farmers’ adaptive behavior towards climate change, this study explored the role of land tenancy in the adoption of risk management instruments, such as off-farm diversification, improved varieties, and crop insurance. Off-farm diversification was found to be a preferred instrument among landless tenants. The study also employed a multivariate probit model that further signified the role of land tenure in risk-related decisions. Apart from land tenancy, the results identified the prominence of risk perception, information access, and extension access in adoption decisions. This study also investigated the association between risk management approaches and food security indicators (household hunger scale, food consumption score). Analysis revealed a significant association between risk management tools and food security indicators.
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Kloppers, Henk J. "Introducing CSR - The Missing Ingredient in the Land Reform Recipe?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 17, no. 2 (2017): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2014/v17i2a2184.
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In reaction to the unequal land ownership brought about by decades of apartheid, the first democratically elected government embarked on an extensive land reform programme - a programme consisting of the three constitutionally protected pillars: restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The aim of this programme is not only to provide for restitution to persons who lost their land as a result of racially based measures, but also provide previously disadvantaged South Africans with access to land in order to address the unequal land ownership. This research focuses on the restitution and redistribution pillars of the land reform programme. The progress made in terms of both these sub-programmes has been disappointing. With reference to redistribution the government has set the target to redistribute 30% of white owned commercial agricultural land to black persons by 2014. To date, less than 10% of this target has been achieved and all indications are that the overwhelming majority of land which has been redistributed is not being used productively or have fallen into a state of total neglect. The state of the redistributed land can be attributed to a variety of causes, with the main cause being the government's inability to provide proper post-settlement support to land reform beneficiaries. Against this background it is clear that alternative options have to be identified in order to improve the result of land reform. This article identifies corporate social responsibility (CSR) as one of the missing ingredients in the recipe for a successful land reform programme. The article introduces CSR and discusses the business case for CSR; identifies its benefits; considers its possible limitations; and examines the major drivers behind the notion. From the discussion of these topics it will become evident that an assumption of social responsibility by businesses in especially the agricultural sector might contribute to an improved land reform programme.
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Karpenko, A. "Conceptual principles of the organization of the agricultural land land market in Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2 (143) (December 27, 2018): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2018-143-2-40-47.
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The article assesses the current state of the land fund of Ukraine in the light of the transformation processes of ownership. It is determined that after the reforms carried out, along with changes in the forms of land tenure, the forms of management have changed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the forms of management of the individual type, popular in Europe, are gaining momentum in Ukraine, which is manifested in the gradual growth of the area of farms. It is noted that a significant proportion of private land holdings speaks of a sufficiently formed proposal in a potential land market, with regard to which perspectives in the Ukrainian society are being actively debated. The general results of sociological research conducted by a number of scientists in different regions of Ukraine are outlined, and the results of which determine the position of the population regarding the sale of agricultural land. Analyzing statistical data, and assessing scientific developments in the field of land sales, summarized key theses of the global trends in institutional conditions for the functioning of the land market in the leading EU countries. The key features of land resources and their market circulation are outlined. The specificity of the land is determined by the fact that it is immovable, therefore, unlike other resources that can be moved, only the rights to continuity of its use are sold on the land market. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the commodity in such a market is the right to land, which ensures comprehensive and predictable access to opportunities for profit from its exploitation, as well as obligations related to land and its exploitation, in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development. The article describes the price situation on the land market in the EU countries and states that an efficient land market can improve the productivity of the country's economy and increase its recovery, since it will allow landowners to turn their assets into capital that can be used for other purposes and the money received by farmers through the mortgage system, can be used to finance the development of production activities. Conceptual basis for the introduction of the market of agricultural land. land protection of interests of land plot owners; creation of a strong economically active middle class in rural areas; improvement of leasehold land relations; provision of sustainable land use; increase of employment of rural population; prevention of depreciation of agricultural land; introduction of mechanisms for preventing speculation in agricultural land and monopolizing it; increasing capitalization and liquidity of land as an economic asset. In our opinion, the fundamental positions of an efficient agricultural land market are: establishing a private ownership limit in one hand up to 200 hectares; in cultivation for farms – up to 1000 hectares; fixing of the minimum term of lease (already settled up to 7 years); development of a mechanism for preventing speculation and monopolization in the land market by establishing a land sales tax for the first 5 years (at the rate of 100% of the selling price); introduction of antitrust sanctions, by limiting the maximum area of land use by one enterprise – no more than 30% of the area of one OTG; consolidation of land for the establishment of a minimum land parcel that is not subject to parceling; prevention of depreciation of agricultural land through the introduction of a minimum price level; the development of mechanisms for mortgage lending to farmers for the purpose of land acquisition and financing for the development of production. Subjective composition of the land market, to include: citizens of Ukraine; family farms, established by citizens of Ukraine; 3) territorial communities; 4) the state in the person of the special regulatory institute. The main expected results from the introduction of regulated market turnover of agricultural land are: ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to land and disposing of them; avoidance of depreciation of land; introduction of preventive mechanisms for market circulation of land; increasing the role of the state in the initial stage of the introduction of theland market in terms of its regulation. Key words: land relations, land market, mortgage lending, agriculture.
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Tweeten, Luther. "Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Mahmood Hasan Khan and M. Ghaffu Otaudhry (edt.). LaJld Reforms in Pakistan, A Historical Perspective. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics 1987. viii+216 pp.Price: Rs 220 (USS 35) for hardcover; Rs 140.00 (USS 20) for soft-cover." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 2 (1988): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i2pp.217-218.
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The authors describe how Pakistan has grappled with land reform, surely one of the most intractable and divisive issues facing agriculture anywhere. The land-tenure system at independence in 1947 included a high degree of land ownership concentration, absentee landlordism, insecurity of tenant tenure, and excessive rent. Land reform since 1947 focused on imposition of ceilings on landholding, distribution of land to landless tenants and small owners, and readjustments of contracts to improve the position of the tenant. These reformist measures have removed some but by no means all of the undesirable characteristics of the system. The authors list as well as present a critique of the reports of five official committees and commissions on land reform. The reports highlight the conflicts and ideologies of the reformers. The predominant ideal of the land reformers is a system of peasant proprietorship although some reformers favoured other systems such as communal farming and state ownership of land, and still others favoured cash rents over share rents. More pragmatic reformers recognized that tenancy is likely to be with Pakistan for the foreseeable future and that the batai (sharecropping) arrangement is the most workable system. According to the editors, the batai system can work to the advantage of landlord and tenant if the ceilings on landholding can be sufficiently lowered (and enforced), the security of the tenant is ensured, and the tenant has recourse to the courts for adjudication of disputes with landlords. Many policy-makers in Pakistan have come to accept that position but intervention by the State to realize the ideal has been slow. The editors conclude that" ... the end result of these land reforms is that they have not succeeded in significantly changing the status quo in rural Pakistan" (p. 29).
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. "The agrarian question in the mirror of the discussions in the pre-revolutionary historiography." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (2018): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871218.
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The abolition of serfdom in the middle of the XIX century put the agrarian question into the first place for the thinking Russian intellectuals. The consequences of the Great Reforms for community development, peasant land tenure and land tenure, land ownership, the economy of the agrarian sector, the economic initiative of the population, the growth of agricultural production, the management and self-management of peasant societies, the adaptation of the peasant economy to the changing market conditions, socio-cultural changes caused by modernization processes, socio-economic contradictions both between individual categories of the peasantry and among peasants and representatives of other social groups - all these surveys were actively discussed by the Russian public at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The specifically sociological components of the agrarian question were transformed into an analysis of the role and significance of the peasant community for the development of the country, and this topic was undoubtedly of a political nature, and the polemics around it was extremely rich. Economists, historians, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, travelers, figures of Zemstvo, publicists, officials, politicians, revolutionaries, representatives of all social strata of Russian society wrote about the agrarian question and the ways of its solution.
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Fedoseev, Roman V. "THE SIZE OF THE DEBT OF THE NOBLE LAND TENURE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION LAND CREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Economic History 15, no. 1 (2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.044.015.201901.046-059.
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Introduction. The process of establishing a system of loans secured by land ownership, which took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, was of great importance in the capitalization of agricultural production. Caught in the plight of the landed gentry lost after the reform, the ability to use free labor in the form of their serfs, was in great need in money as in order to freelance workers and to modernize their economies, to fill which just managed the joint-stock land banks. At the same time, tough credit conditions led many of them to the ruin and sale of estates, which forced the government to resort to the practice of concessional lending in the face of the state Noble land Bank. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of archival data extracted from the Fund of the state Noble land Bank, which is located in the vaults of the Russian state historical archive. The solution of the research tasks required the involvement of a set of methods of historical and economic science. In the course of the research such methods as comparative-historical, systematic, quantitative, statistical, structural approach and complex analysis were used. Results. The analysis of statistical data of the Middle Volga region reflected the amount of debt of estates of hereditary nobles in the Middle Volga region to credit institutions at the end of the XIX century. It was also demonstrated the specificity of the travel indicators of land credit institutions in the provinces of the Middle Volga region. It was found that the share of the Noble Bank in the region was more than 90 % of the total number of loans issued on the security of land ownership. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, the created system led to the fact that almost 2/3 of private land ownership was pledged by credit institutions. A significant part of the earned money was spent on the payment of interest, the possibility of timely payment of which directly depended on many indicators: the harvest, methods of management, specific conditions of the area, as well as the presence or absence of the labor market and other similar circumstances. Many landowners, unable to cope with loans, sold part or the entire estate in order to eliminate debts.
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Sumaryanto, NFN, NFN Syahyuti, NFN Saptana, and Bambang Irawan. "Masalah Pertanahan di Indonesia dan Implikasinya Terhadap Tindak Lanjut Pembaruan Agraria." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 20, no. 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v20n2.2002.1-19.
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<p><strong>English<br /></strong>For many years, to spoor agricultural growth and development Indonesia has been being constrained by its problems of land tenure. Land ownership and holding by farmers are very small, unconsolidated, and deteriorated. The tenure has not been being improved because of inconsistent both policy and its implementation. Assuming that Tap MPR RI No. IX/MPR/2001 with regard to agrarian reform and natural resource management reflected political will of the nation, we need some inputs for its follow up. To meet the need, better understanding of land tenure and its relation to both agricultural and rural development is required.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Salah satu masalah mendasar yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam membangun sistem pertanian yang tangguh adalah struktur pengusaan yang tidak terkonsolidasi, serta penguasaan rata-rata per petani yang sangat kecil dan timpang. Sampai saat ini upaya memperbaiki struktur penguasaan tanah tidak tercapai. Hal itu merupakan akibat dari rumusan kebijaksanaan yang tidak mampu mengakomodasi faktor-faktor strategis dalam masalah pertanian dan implementasi kebijaksanaan yang kurang konsisten. Dengan anggapan bahwa Tap MPR RI Nomor IX/MPR/2001 tentang Pembaharuan Agraria dan Penguasaan Sumberdaya Alam mencerminkan aspirasi politik bangsa, maka arah perbaikan menjadi lebih terbuka. Dalam konteks demikian itu, pemahaman masalah pertanahan secara komprehensif sangat di perlukan agar tindak lanjut Tap tersebut mencapai sasaran. Tulisan ini mencoba menginventarisasi, mengidentifikasi dan membahas konstelasi permasalahan di bidang pertanahan yang secara empiris sangat kompleks. sasarannya adalah meningkatkan pemahaman dan kearifan dalam merumuskan kebijaksanaan di bidang pertanahan dan implementasinya.</p>
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Maake, Manala Shadrack. "LAND REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA: OBSTINATE SPACIAL DISTORTIONS." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 1 (2016): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/1234.
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This theoretical paper seeks to make an empirical contribution to the Land Reform discourses. The paper argues that the pace of land redistribution in South Africa is undeniably slow and limits livelihood choices of relatively most intended beneficiaries of land reform programme. The primacy and success of the programme within rural development ought to measured and assessed through ways in which the land reform programmes conforms to and improve the livelihoods, ambitions and goals of the intended beneficiaries without compromising agricultural production and the economy. In addition, paper highlights the slow pace of land reform programme and its implications on socio-economic transformation of South Africa. Subsequently, the paper concludes through demonstrating the need for a radical approach towards land reform without disrupting agricultural production and further to secure support and coordination of spheres of government. The democratic government in South Africa inherited a country which characterized by extreme racial imbalances epitomized through social relations of land and spatial distortions. Non-white South Africans are still feeling the effects of colonial and apartheid legal enactments which sought to segregate ownership of resources on the basis of race in particular. Thus, successive democratic governments have the specific mandate to re-design and improve land reform policies which are targeted to reverse colonially fueled spatial distortions. South Africa’s overall Land Reform programme consists of three key elements and namely are; land redistribution, tenure reform and land restitution. Concomitantly, spatial proponents and researchers have denounced and embraced land reform ideology and its status quo in South Africa. The criticisms overlapped towards both beneficiaries and state due to factors like poor post-settlement support, lack of skills, lack of capital, infighting over land claims and land management.
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Keeley, Wolz, Adams, et al. "Multi-Party Agroforestry: Emergent Approaches to Trees and Tenure on Farms in the Midwest USA." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082449.
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Agroforestry represents a solution to land degradation by agriculture, but social barriers to wider application of agroforestry persist. More than half of all cropland in the USA is leased rather than owner-operated, and the short terms of most leases preclude agroforestry. Given insufficient research on tenure models appropriate for agroforestry in the USA, the primary objective of this study was to identify examples of farmers practicing agroforestry on land they do not own. We conducted interviews with these farmers, and, in several cases, with landowners, in order to document their tenure arrangements. In some cases, additional parties also played a role, such as farmland investors, a farmer operating an integrated enterprise, and non-profit organizations or public agencies. Our findings include eleven case studies involving diverse entities and forms of cooperation in multi-party agroforestry (MA). MA generally emerged from shared objectives and intensive planning. MA appears to be adaptable to private, investor, institutional, and public landowners, as well as beginning farmers and others seeking land access without ownership. We identify limitations and strategies for further research and development of MA.
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Palaiologou, Palaiologos, Alan A. Ager, Max Nielsen-Pincus, Cody R. Evers, and Kostas Kalabokidis. "Using transboundary wildfire exposure assessments to improve fire management programs: a case study in Greece." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 8 (2018): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17119.
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Numerous catastrophic wildfires in Greece have demonstrated that relying on fire suppression as the primary risk-management strategy is inadequate and that existing wildfire-risk governance needs to be re-examined. In this research, we used simulation modelling to assess the spatial scale of wildfire exposure to communities and cultural monuments in Chalkidiki, Greece. The study area typifies many areas in Greece in terms of fire regimes, ownership patterns and fire-risk mitigation. Fire-transmission networks were built to quantify connectivity among land tenures and populated places. We found that agricultural and unmanaged wildlands are key land categories that transmit fire exposure to other land tenures. In addition, fires ignited within protected lands and community boundaries are major sources of structure exposure. Important cultural monuments in the study area had fairly low exposure but higher potential for fires with moderate to high intensity. The results show how the spatial diversity of vegetation and fuels, in combination with vegetation management practices on private and public tracts of land, contribute to transboundary risk. We use the results to motivate a discussion of integrating transboundary risk assessments to improve the current wildfire-risk rating system and begin the process of reforming risk governance in Greece.
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Sam, Irsal Marsudi, Setiowati Setiowati, and Rakhmat Riyadi. "Analisis Penguasaan, Pemilikan, Penggunaan dan Pemanfaatan Tanah di Sempadan Pantai di Kelurahan Bintarore." Tunas Agraria 3, no. 2 (2020): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jta.v3i2.112.
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Abstract: Most of the land beach border Village Bintarore has been controlled and owned by the community. The purpose of this research are (1) to know the kind of land tenure, land ownership, land use and land utilization; (2) Land Office Policy in Bulukumba Regency granting land rights; (3) the suitability of the land use and land utilization with RTRW. The research was conducted using qualitative methods for data analysis, survey and interview methods for data collection and the use of the census method. Based on the results of the study are known: (1) land on the beach border Village Bintarore is controlled by the Government, the public and legal entities. Types of landholdings consists of State land and land ownership rights. Type of land use consists of the use of the open land for housing, services, government agencies, religious services, rental services, workshop, warehousing, graves, sports field, industry, trade and services mix. Land utilization type consists of utilization as a place of residence, mix, economic, social, agricultural and not utilized; (2) Bulukumba District Land Office do policies to keep providing land rights in the area of the border of the Bintarore Village beach, (3) there are 87,19% mismatch between the use and utilization of land at Bintarore Village beach border with RTRW.Keywords: IP4T, RTRW, beach border. Intisari: Sebagian besar tanah sempadan pantai Kelurahan Bintarore telah dikuasai dan dimiliki oleh masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui (1) Jenis penguasaan, pemilikan, penggunaan dan pemanfaatan tanah; (2) Kebijakan Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Bulukumba dalam pemberian hak atas tanah; (3) Kesesuaian penggunaan dan pemanfaatan tanah dengan RTRW. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei dan wawancara serta menggunakan metode sensus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui: (1) Tanah di sempadan pantai Kelurahan Bintarore dikuasai oleh pemerintah, masyarakat dan badan hukum. Jenis pemilikan tanah terdiri dari tanah negara dan tanah hak milik. Jenis penggunaan tanah terdiri dari penggunaan untuk perumahan, tanah terbuka, jasa instansi pemerintah, jasa peribadatan, jasa sewa, perbengkelan, pergudangan, kuburan, lapangan olahraga, industri, jasa perdagangan dan kebun campuran. Jenis pemanfaatan tanah terdiri dari pemanfaatan sebagai tempat tinggal, campuran, ekonomi, sosial, pertanian dan tidak dimanfaatkan; (2) Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Bulukumba melakukan kebijakan untuk tetap memberikan hak atas tanah di kawasan sempadan pantai Kelurahan Bintarore (3) Terdapat 87,19% ketidaksesuaian antara penggunaan dan pemanfaatan tanah di sempadan pantai kelurahan Bintarore dengan RTRW.Kata Kunci: IP4T, RTRW, sempadan pantai.
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Amado, Miguel, Francesca Poggi, Adriana Martins, Nuno Vieira, and Antonio Amado. "Transforming Cape Vert Informal Settlements." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (2018): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072571.
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The lack of land ownership databases in developing countries has influenced inhabitants of these countries to occupy public lands. This situation has resulted in areas of informal housing, commerce, and agriculture, ultimately creating new informal settlements, which are becoming a serious problem in developing countries. These informal settlements contain inhabitants settled on public land without any infrastructure and against the landowner’s wishes. This process results in uncontrolled land occupation that promotes new informal areas without any proper urban utilities, positioned in risky areas, where the minimum requirements for healthy living are not being met. In some cases, this incentivizes an informal economy. Building a cadastral map in informal settlement areas is fundamental to supporting the future transformation of illegal areas, and in regulating the occupation of new subdivisions and new expansion areas. In this paper, we present a methodology developed to support the management of informal settlement areas. The method we used has the potential for replication so that it can be adapted to multiple types of informal settlements, as can the model used to register the land tenure. The model was developed using a series of qualitative and quantitative data that determine the identification and classification of buildings, along with a physical and functional description. A Geographic Information System, an initial survey of existing land titles of possession, and public proposals to develop new expansion areas were used to develop the model. A case study is presented where the land management model was implemented in Chã da Caldeiras in Ilha do Fogo, which is an informal settlement in Cape Verde. The proposal created using the results was accepted by the population and local authorities.
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Mkpado, Mmaduabuchukwu, and Opeyemi Ebenezer Omowole. "Coping strategies among female farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria during recent economic recession: What factors matter?" Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 53, no. 3 (2020): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2020-0014.
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AbstractEconomic recession often exacerbates the effects of poverty on agrarian communities in Nigeria. This paper examined the effects of economic recession on female farmers and coping strategies they employed. It explored the effects of the crisis on their income, farm size, livelihood and welfare aspects such as feeding, schooling of their children and health care. The study was conducted in Ondo State, Nigeria. Primary data were used. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to administer 100 copies of the questionnaires on females in rural agrarian households in the study area. The obtained data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Likert scale analysis. The findings showed that the economic recession resulted in poor health care, inadequate feeding, poor income and school dropouts. Major factors that helped the women to cope were land ownership security/access to land, introduction of new crops, marital status and educational status. These factors are crucial as their Chi-square values and Likelihood Ratios were significant at one percent probability level (P < 0.01). The research concludes that educated females as well as married women and women possessing secured land tenure coped better in times of economic crisis. The paper thus recommends increased investments by governments in the agricultural sector to help curtail the inflation in food prices and increasing women access to land and education.
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Cornelio, D. L. "SOCIOECONOMIC DRIVERS OF LAND USE INTENSIFICATION IN FIJI ISLANDS: A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-837-2021.
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Abstract. Shifting cultivation is a common agricultural practice in the Pacific Islands rarely sustainable today since fallow periods are ever shorter due to the demographic growth, farms fragmentation, uncertain land tenure, and pressures from the market economy among other factors (drivers). Official statistical data and maps were utilized to build up chloropleth maps indicating the areas of high land use intensity (LUI) according to farm size ranges and socioeconomic parameters (treatments) for the country. Twenty vector layers were digitized from published maps for eight ranges of farm sizes (from less than 1 to more than 100 ha), and converted to raster format with a 170 m2 pixel size. Critical maps were then built by boolean operations displaying areas in which both the land use and the socioeconomic driver were simultaneously ranked as high or very high. Treatments showed significant differences among them (p < 0.05), being the most influential those related to human demography. In farms smaller than 3 ha size land use is intense when (in order of importance) Indo-fijian population, household size and land availability values are high; while in farms of 20–50 ha size it is intense when the values of (in order of importance) population change, Indo-fijian population, land availability, fishing and sugar farming are also high. LUI patterns normally decrease with the increase of farm size, but increases on farms over 20 ha size. It is recommended to propose policies that will des-accelerate the rates of land use, such as the facilitation of land ownership over farms of bigger sizes, the gradual replacement of mono cropping by agroforestry systems, and the creation of more employment opportunities in the industry, tourism and services sectors.
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Bilsborrow, Richard E., Alisson F. Barbieri, and William Pan. "Changes in population and land use over time in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 34, no. 4 (2004): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672004000400015.
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This paper draws upon a detailed longitudinal survey of households living on agricultural plots in the northern three provinces of the Ecuadorian Amazon, the principal region of colonization by migrants in Ecuador since the 1970s. Following the discovery of petroleum in 1967 near what has subsequently come to be the provincial capital and largest Amazonian city of Lago Agrio, oil companies built roads to lay pipelines to extract and pump oil across the Andes for export. As a result, for the past 30 years over half of both Ecuador's export earnings and government revenues have come from petroleum extracted from this region. But the roads also facilitated massive spontaneous in-migration of families from origin areas in the Ecuadorian Sierra, characterized by minifundia and rural poverty. This paper is about those migrants and their effects on the Amazonian landscape. We discuss the data collection methodology and summarize key results on settler characteristics and changes in population, land use, land ownership, technology, labor allocation, and living conditions, as well as the relationships between changes in population and changes in land use over time. The population in the study region has been growing rapidly due to both natural population growth (high fertility) and in-migration. This has led to a dramatic process of subdivision and fragmentation of plots in the 1990's, which contrasts with the consolidation of plots that has occurred in most of the mature frontier areas of the Brazilian Amazon. This fragmentation has led to important changes in land tenure and land use, deforestation, cattle raising, labor allocation, and settler welfare.
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Yang, Victoria. "Land Tenure Rights in India: an analysis of the failure of amendments to the Hindu Succession Act." SURG Journal 5, no. 1 (2011): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i1.1329.
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The right to a minimum standard of living as a basic human right is recognized internationally. As Hernando DeSoto argues in his book, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, a clear, legal definition of property rights is essential in an owner’s realization of return to their capital [1]. This would enable an individual in a developing country to raise their standard of living, thus contributing to the recognition of the right to property as a basic human right [2]. The implementation of property rights has become a priority for governments, NGOs, and international development agencies in many countries. While the right to property legally applies to both sexes, it is not extended to women in practice. Amendments to section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act in 2005 legitimized land ownership and inheritance for Indian women [4]. However, the 2006 Agricultural Census indicates that only 10.7% of Indian landowners are women [5]. The failure of implementation of legal changes regarding property rights and women can be attributed to cultural and religious opinions of women, traditional land tenure systems established before British colonial rule, and government bias within legislation. The Indian government must consider preexisting cultural norms and de facto property rights in the employment of new legislations, as they may impose costs on women. In order for changes in legislation to be effective, they must be inclusive of all women of different religious backgrounds, and simultaneous changes across government sectors must be enacted.
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Nkuba, Michael, Raban Chanda, Gagoitseope Mmopelwa, Edward Kato, Margaret Najjingo Mangheni, and David Lesolle. "The effect of climate information in pastoralists’ adaptation to climate change." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 4 (2019): 442–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2018-0073.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of using indigenous forecasts (IFs) and scientific forecasts (SFs) on pastoralists’ adaptation methods in Rwenzori region, Western Uganda. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a household survey from 270 pastoralists and focus group discussions. The multivariate probit model was used in the analysis. Findings The results revealed that pastoralists using of IF only more likely to be non-farm enterprises and livestock sales as adaptation strategies. Pastoralists using both SF and IF were more likely to practise livestock migration. Research limitations/implications Other factors found to be important included land ownership, land tenure, gender, education level, non-farm and productive assets, climate-related risks and agricultural extension access. Practical implications Increasing the number of weather stations in pastoral areas would increase the predictive accuracy of scientific climate information, which results in better adaptive capacity of pastoralists. Active participation of pastoral households in national meteorological dissemination processes should be explored. Social implications A two-prong approach that supports both mobile and sedentary pastoralism should be adopted in rangeland development policies. Originality/value This study has shown the relevance of IFs in climate change adaptation methods of pastoralists. It has also shown that IFs compliment SFs in climate change adaptation in pastoralism.