Academic literature on the topic 'Land reform - Brazil - 1990 and 2000'

O presente artigo pretende fazer uma síntese sobre o tema da propriedade da terra na obra e pensamento de José de Souza Martins e, a partir daí, refletir sobre como terra e poder perpassam, entrelaçados, a sociedade brasileira. Evidente que sua bibliografia, por demais extensa, abarca outras questões atreladas ao tema escolhido e que permearão este texto no seu desenrolar, sobretudo no que diz respeito à constituição dos sujeitos históricos por um lado, e às noções distintas de direitos com as quais operam, por outro. A estrutura do presente trabalho percorrerá alguns dos títulos e artigos do autor, tais como “A Imigração e a crise no Brasil Agrário” (1973), “Capitalismo e Tradicionalismo” (1975), “O Cativeiro da Terra” (1979), “Expropriação e Violência” (1980), “A Militarização da Questão agrária” (1984), “O Poder do Atraso” (1994), “Fronteiras. A degradação do Outro nos confins do Humano” (1997), “Reforma Agrária: o impossível diálogo” (2000). Numa perspectiva diacrônica que se propõe seguir nesta exposição sobre a bibliografia do autor, percebe-se movimentos de incorporação e de abandono de algumas ideias e ou terminologias, assim como posicionamentos políticos e pessoais (estes últimos não serão objeto desta reflexão). Já por meio de uma análise sincronizada de processos, relações e instituições sociais, pode-se apreender os marcos teóricos e metodológicos do autor. Ao tratar da propriedade da terra enquanto processos, relações e instituições sociais estaremos identificando as singularidades históricas do caso brasileiro de desenvolvimento capitalista e da formação de uma classe dominante no campo
 Abstract
 The present article intends to make a synthesis on the subject of land ownership in the work and thought of José de Souza Martins and, from there, reflect on how land and power permeate, intertwined, Brazilian society. It is evident that his bibliography, which is too extensive, covers other issues related to the theme chosen and will permeate this text in its development, especially with regard to the constitution of historical subjects on the one hand, and the different notions of rights with which they operate, for another. The structure of this paper will cover some of the author's titles and articles, such as "Immigration and the Crisis in Brazil Agrarian" (1973), "Capitalism and Traditionalism" (1975), "The Captivity of the Earth" Expropriation and Violence "(1980)," The Militarization of the Agrarian Question "(1984)," The Power of Delay "(1994)," Frontiers. The degradation of the Other in the confines of the Human "(1997)," Agrarian Reform: the impossible dialogue "(2000). In a diachronic perspective that is proposed to follow in this exposition about the author's bibliography, one notices movements of incorporation and abandonment of some ideas and / or terminologies, as well as political and personal positions (the latter will not be object of this reflection). Already through a synchronized analysis of processes, relations and social institutions, one can apprehend the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the author. In dealing with land ownership as processes, relations and social institutions we will be identifying the historical singularities of the Brazilian case of capitalist development and the formation of a dominant class in the field.

In recent decades, soybean has become one of the most important agricultural food crops worldwide. Brazil has been expanding its share in this market, especially since the 2000s when the soybean became its largest export in volume and occupied most of the farming land in the country. That occurred not only due gains in productivity but also through the expansion of mechanized farming into “new land” of the Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon biomes incentivized by countless public policies. The mid-north portion of the state of Mato Grosso greatly contributed to soybean reaching such position, particularly after the 1990s, when the crop experienced a boom in its expansion. As reported in several studies, the crop is predominantly developed in large agricultural enterprises. However, the areas where expansion is ongoing feature various agents – small farmers, squatters, workers, and agrarian reform settlers – who move to these “new lands” and take part in the process of social-ecological transformation motivated by personal and family expectations of achieving better living conditions and who, therefore, actively contribute to the “movement for land.”

Zimbabwe became a colony of the British Empire on 13 September 1890, and attained independence in 1980. During the colonial period of 1890 to 1980 land was expropriated primarily from the indigenous Ndebele and the Shona tribal groups through the institutionalisation of legislation that brought about the segregation of Africans and paved the way for settlement and farming by whites. Between 1980 and 1990 there was little progress in terms of resettlement programmes because of financial constraints and the terms and conditions of the Lancaster House Agreement regarding the willing seller willing buyer principle. There were serious economic challenges in the decade 1990 to 2000, but the period post 2000 witnessed brisk land repossessions which were spearheaded by war veterans and politicians. At the heart of the “land invasions,” as they were popularly termed, lay historical injustices. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the centrality of the oral tradition or oral history as legal basis for the land repossessions that took place. Neither legal recourse nor visiting archives and other information centres for the purposes of authentication were a priority. The Lancaster Constitution was viewed as an obstacle when dealing with land. The National Archives of Zimbabwe is placed in context within the situation discussed.

from 1986 to 2010. In this region is situated the most important and largest extension of reminiscent of Mata Atlântica Biome reminiscent. This biome has been one the most exploited Brazilian biome since 1500, when Brazilian colonization begun. To achieve this goal, we use the GIS “SPRING” and images from Landsat 5 Satellite, TM sensor from 1986, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, distributed by the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research - INPE. The non-supervised-classification was applied to images in order to produce land use and land cover maps. After that, we intersect each classification for each date with the precedent date, so we can analyze the paths of each land use change, focusing forestry expansion in native’s Mata Atlântica areas. The results show that eucalyptus plantations in the region have expanded mostly over fragments of Mata Atlântica. About 99.389 hectares of Mata Atlântica were transformed into forestry in 25 years, an average rate of 4000 ha per year. Clear-cut was largest between 1990 and 1995, when 22810 hectares of rain forest were cut, and between 1995 and 2000, when 21430 hectares were cut.

from 1986 to 2010. In this region is situated the most important and largest extension of reminiscent of Mata Atlântica Biome reminiscent. This biome has been one the most exploited Brazilian biome since 1500, when Brazilian colonization begun. To achieve this goal, we use the GIS “SPRING” and images from Landsat 5 Satellite, TM sensor from 1986, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, distributed by the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research - INPE. The non-supervised-classification was applied to images in order to produce land use and land cover maps. After that, we intersect each classification for each date with the precedent date, so we can analyze the paths of each land use change, focusing forestry expansion in native’s Mata Atlântica areas. The results show that eucalyptus plantations in the region have expanded mostly over fragments of Mata Atlântica. About 99.389 hectares of Mata Atlântica were transformed into forestry in 25 years, an average rate of 4000 ha per year. Clear-cut was largest between 1990 and 1995, when 22810 hectares of rain forest were cut, and between 1995 and 2000, when 21430 hectares were cut.

Land use and cover change (LUCC) is one of the most significant parts of global environmental changes, which reflects the interaction between human society and natural resources. In China, the urbanization process is experiencing a rapid sprawl since the reform and open program in 1978, and there has been a serious change in situation in the human–land relationship. In this paper, taking Jiangsu province located in the eastern coastal developed region as an example, the historic evolution process of the land use situation from 1990 to 2010 was explored. Landsat images from three periods were analyzed, using the land use transition matrix model, the land use dynamic degree model, and the land use degree model to evaluate the LUCC of Jiangsu during two research periods from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2010. Additionally, logistic regression models and some quantitative analysis were applied to identify the major potential driving factors behind the LUCC during the research period based on different dimensions. The results showed the following: (1) the most obvious change was the continuous increase of built-up area and the decrease of arable land, which reflected the deterioration of the ecological environment and the accelerate of the urbanization trend. (2) The land use change dynamic degree from 2000 to 2010 was much greater than that from 1990 to 2000. (3) Socio-economic elements and human activities were the major driving forces of LUCC in Jiangsu province. Amongst these forces, the driving factors of the population change, GDP, per capita household income, and per capita housing area have an obvious effect on the arable land loss and the built-up area expansion.

Abstract: The paper aims to trace the flows of global education policies in Higher Education policies in two Latin American countries - Brazil and Argentina – during the decades of 1990 and 2000, from Stephen Ball’s theoretical and methodological framework. Two major events were used for analysis - the World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990), and the World Education Forum (Dakar 2000), which are references in the transfer movement and transnational mobility of education policies led by international agencies such as the World Bank and The United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), among others. These events and resulting documents inaugurated the discursive and epistemic connectivity of global policy networks and the export/import of reform speeches (Ball, 2014), in an environment conducive to the flow of ideas, people and values. As a result, concepts, set priorities and ratified agendas of transnational actions were disseminated, in which the Latin American countries had significant participation and established consensus on Education Reform. Within Higher Education in countries like Brazil and Argentina, a strong expression of the concepts and recommendations of the documents signed at these events was observed during this period. Thus, this paper highlights the recommendations incorporated in some policies of these countries and the interpretation of movements in the context of national policies, taking into account the historical context and political networks established in each country.

LAND ACQUISITION AMENDMENT ACT, 2000 (ZIMBABWE)Since Zimbabwe became independent in 1980 the issue of land reform and, in particular, the issue of land acquisition and redistribution has seldom been off the political agenda. For the first ten years of independence there were constitutional constraints on the acquisition of land for resettlement purposes, but the National Land Policy of 1990 set out plans for an accelerated programme of resettlement. In order to achieve its ambitious targets the government of Zimbabwe saw the need to strengthen its powers of compulsory acquisition both by amending section 16 of the Constitution (which provided strong protection against the compulsory acquisition of property) and by enacting the Land Acquisition Act to provide a statutory basis for the new policy. These reforms were extremely controversial both inside and outside the country and a clause excluding the right to fair compensation for expropriated land was dropped partly in response to international pressure.

Ecosystem services provide important support for the sustainable development of humans; these services are provided by various ecosystems, but they have been severely influenced by anthropogenic activities globally in the past several decades. To respond to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, this study investigated the changes in ecosystem structure and estimated the associated ecosystem services value (ESV) since China’s reform and opening-up policy in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), one of the most developed and populous areas of China. Our results showed that dramatic changes in ecosystem structure occurred in the GBA, characterized by unpresented construction land sprawl (an average of 148 km2/yr) and extensive farmland loss (an average of 111 km2/yr). The change size and rate of ecosystems from 2000 to 2010 was the biggest and fastest, followed by that from 1990 to 2000. The ESV of the study area showed an overall decreasing trend, declining from 464 billion yuan to 346 billion yuan. The ESV supported by forest ecosystems and water body ecosystems made dominant contributions to the total ESV, ranging from 92% to 95%. Strong spatial heterogeneity of the ESV of the GBA might be noted throughout the study period, with lower values in the central region and higher values in the surrounding region. To realize sustainable development in the GBA; this study strongly suggests that local governments, and the public, scientifically use various ecosystems and their services, focusing on vigorously protecting ecosystems with high and important ESVs, such as water body, wetland, forest, and farmland ecosystems.

Submitted by Sérgio Peixoto (seapeixoto@uol.com.br) on 2017-07-04T17:05:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SERGIO_PEIXOTO.pdf: 1883783 bytes, checksum: 661b0383d29c8374ff495463c111142a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-11T12:07:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SERGIO_PEIXOTO.pdf: 1883783 bytes, checksum: 661b0383d29c8374ff495463c111142a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T12:07:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_SERGIO_PEIXOTO.pdf: 1883783 bytes, checksum: 661b0383d29c8374ff495463c111142a (MD5)<br>O objetivo do presente trabalho é a realização de uma leitura das tentativas de execução de uma reforma agrária no Brasil, nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, marcadas, respectivamente, pela hostilidade e pela expectativa favorável à sua concretização. O problema central da pesquisa realizada refere-se à criação de obstáculos e bloqueios sistemáticos à realização da reforma, dentro e fora do Estado, pelos latifundiários e grandes empresários rurais, com a finalidade de impedir qualquer forma de se limitar o seu monopólio sobre a terra, bem como de se estabelecer o acesso democrático a ela. A principal hipótese que orientou sua elaboração centrou-se na indagação das razões que poderiam explicar a permanência de um desenvolvimento agrário pela via prussiana, justamente quando, na década de 2000, se apresentavam condições políticas mais favoráveis à implantação de uma reforma agrária no país. Discutiu-se as razões da reforma não ter sido promovida pelos governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT, na década de 2000, desde que sempre a incluiu em seu projeto histórico de mudanças. Aventou-se que as lutas dos camponeses e trabalhadores rurais não tiveram, no período analisado, a força suficiente para pressionar pela execução da reforma. Historicamente, suas lutas foram contidas tanto por meio de manobras políticas protelatórias quanto pela repressão aos movimentos sindicais e sociais no campo, o que resultou no desenvolvimento do capitalismo na agricultura brasileira pela via prussiana, efetivada por meio da modernização tecnológica das atividades produtivas, mantendo, senão agravando, os padrões de exploração existentes. O estudo foi desenvolvido através de uma pesquisa documental, referenciada pela consulta a trabalhos acadêmicos e documentos oficiais sobre os temas abordados. Do mesmo modo, recorreu-se a fontes jornalísticas impressas e a trabalhos disponíveis na internet. Procurou-se dotar de uma fundamentação empírica adequada os aspectos mais relevantes do objeto do presente estudo, quais sejam o da prática de bloqueios sistemáticos à realização da reforma agrária, sua substituição pela implementação de uma política de formação de assentamentos rurais e a renúncia à oportunidade histórica mais favorável à sua concretização.<br>The aim of this work is to make a lecture of attempts to implement an agrarian reform in Brazil in the 1990s and 2000, marked respectively by the hostility and the expectation of its implementation. The central problem of this research refers to the creation of obstacles and systematic blockades to the realization of the reform, inside and outside the State, by landowners and great rural entrepreneurs, in order to prevent any form of limiting their monopoly on land, as well as to establish democratic access to it. The main hypothesis that guided its elaboration was centered in the investigation of the reasons that could explain the permanence of an agrarian development by the prussian way, just when, in the decade of 2000, political conditions were presented more favorable to the implantation of an agrarian reform in the country. It was discussed the reasons for the reform not having been promoted by the governments of the Partido dos Trabalhadores - PT, in the decade of 2000, since it was always included in its historical project of changes. It was argued that the struggles of peasants and rural workers in the period under review did not have sufficient strength to press for the implementation of the reform. Historically, their struggles were restrained both by means of political stunts and by the repression of trade union and social movements in the countryside, which resulted in the development of capitalism in Brazilian agriculture by the Prussian way, effected through the technological modernization of productive activities, keeping, if not aggravating, existing patterns of exploitation. The study was developed through a documentary research, referenced by the consultation to academic papers and official documents on the topics addressed. Likewise, it was used journalistic sources and works available on the internet. It was sought to provide an adequate empirical basis for the most relevant aspects of the object of the present study, namely the practice of systematic blocking of land reform, its replacement by the implementation of a policy of formation of rural settlements and the renunciation of the historical opportunity more favorable to its implementation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Alberto Di Sabbato.pdf: 611648 bytes, checksum: ebc92e057e25c935a2a536a2adb7d782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-10<br>The thesis has for objective to study the instruments of intervention in the land market used by the Brazilian government in the period 1997-2002, and that were the concession of credit for the purchase of land and the taxation of agricultural land (the ITR). The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of these instruments as mechanisms of increasing the access to the land by the rural landless workers as well as by the small farmers endowed with insufficient land. The central question underlying the analysis presented is to what extent such instruments were sufficient to serve effectively as substitutes of the traditional process of agrarian reform, centered on land redistribution. This analysis is based on a bibliographic survey covering the theories of the agricultural land markets and also of the agricultural land taxation, in both cases focusing on the Brazilian case. However, the thesis extends itself also to the experiences of some Latin American countries in what matters the experiences with the new agrarian reform policy tools adopted in Brazil in the period under analysis. The empirical analysis presented in the thesis used extensively the following data sources: 1) the Cadastro de Im?veis Rurais of INCRA, accompanied by the respective Estat?sticas Cadastrais , both of them relative to 1998; 2) the 1995-96 Agricultural Census of IBGE, and, in particular, the special tabulations of this Census generated for the Project of Technical Cooperation INCRA/FAO; 3) consolidated listing of the "C?dula da Terra" Program (PCT) and report on the families benefited by the PCT and Land Bank, both of them provided by the Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), including, respectively, the periods 1997-2002 , 2000-2004 and 1999-2004; 4) report with tables showing the areas declared of social interest for the purpose of land reform, and report on the farms that were expropriated for the purpose of agrarian reform, both of them provided by INCRA, covering, respectively, the periods 1964-1985 and 1979-2002. The arguments developed in the thesis are based, also, on data on agricultural land prices collected by Getulio Vargas Foundation (covering the period 1982-1998); Statistics on Land Taxes of INCRA, for the periods 1975- 1978 and 1982-1989; Statistics relative to the ITR profile, relative to 1997, furnished by the Secretaria da Receita Federal (SRF); and Statistics on the revenues administered by the SRF, for the period 1990-2001. The study concludes that, contrary to what has been propagated by its defenders, the new agrarian reform instruments, implemented by the country in the period under analysis, were not capable of generating an effective increase in the access to the land by the small producer in Brazil. In addition, the analysis of relevant aspects of the institutional reality of the rural land markets in Brazil indicates that these instruments, at least in the form that they were conceived, would not be capable of promoting a significant change in our agrarian structure.<br>O trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os instrumentos de interven??o no mercado de terras rurais utilizados no Brasil no per?odo 1997-2002, que s?o o cr?dito fundi?rio e o imposto territorial rural (ITR), com vistas a analisar suas possibilidades e limita??es como mecanismos de amplia??o do acesso ? terra aos trabalhadores rurais sem terra e com terra insuficiente. A quest?o central que est? subjacente ? an?lise realizada ? em que medida tais instrumentos s?o capazes de servir efetivamente de substitutos do processo de reforma agr?ria mediante desapropria??o de terras ociosas. Para a elabora??o do trabalho foi realizado, de um lado, levantamento bibliogr?fico que permitisse dar conta da teoria relativa ao mercado de terras rurais e ? tributa??o da terra agr?cola, assim como dos aspectos hist?ricos e institucionais referentes ? interven??o no mercado de terras rurais de alguns pa?ses latinoamericanos. Al?m disso, foi igualmente considerada a literatura especializada sobre o caso brasileiro, no que diz respeito tanto ao mercado de terras rurais, quanto ao cr?dito fundi?rio e ao ITR. De outro lado, para a an?lise emp?rica pertinente ao tema em estudo, lan?ou-se m?o das seguintes informa??es estat?sticas: Cadastro de Im?veis Rurais do INCRA, e respectivas Estat?sticas Cadastrais, ambos de 1998; Censo Agropecu?rio do IBGE, de 1995-1996, e, em particular, informa??es das tabula??es especiais deste Censo produzidas no ?mbito do Projeto de Coopera??o T?cnica INCRA/FAO; Listagem consolidada do Programa C?dula da Terra (PCT), Relat?rio de fam?lias beneficiadas pelo PCT e Relat?rio de fam?lias beneficiadas pelo Banco da Terra, do Minist?rio do Desenvolvimento Agr?rio (MDA), abrangendo, respectivamente, os per?odos 1997-2002, 2000-2004 e 1999-2004; Relat?rio com quadros demonstrativos das ?reas declaradas de interesse social para fins de desapropria??o e Relat?rio anal?tico da desapropria??o de im?veis rurais, ambos do INCRA, abrangendo, respectivamente, os per?odos 1964-1985 e 1979-2002; Estat?sticas de pre?os de terras agr?colas da Funda??o Get?lio Vargas (FGV), relativas aos anos de 1982 a 1998; Estat?sticas Tribut?rias do INCRA, nos per?odos 1975-1978 e 1982-1989; Estat?sticas relativas ao Perfil do ITR, de 1997, da Secretaria da Receita Federal (SRF); e Estat?sticas de arrecada??o da receita administrada pela SRF, no per?odo 1990-2001. O estudo conclui que, ao contr?rio do que tem sido propagado pelos seus defensores, os instrumentos adotados no pa?s, no per?odo considerado, n?o foram capazes de garantir de forma significativa a referida amplia??o do acesso ? terra. Ademais, a an?lise de aspectos relevantes da realidade institucional do mercado de terras rurais brasileiro indica que dificilmente estes instrumentos, tal como foram implementados, seriam capazes de promover modifica??o importante em nossa estrutura fundi?ria.