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Journal articles on the topic 'Land reform – Case studies'
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1
Keels, Eric, and T. David Mason. "Seeds of peace? Land reform and civil war recurrence following negotiated settlements." Cooperation and Conflict 54, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717750201.
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Land reform has been depicted by some as an effective element of counterinsurgency strategy in nations experiencing peasant-based civil conflict. While some studies have argued that land reform reduces civilian support for insurgency, other research has demonstrated that these reforms are often undermined by brutal state repression. The study of land reform has also been driven largely by qualitative case study research, which has limited what we know about the cross-national efficacy of these reforms. This study contributes to the current literature by looking at the efficacy of land reform as part of the post-civil war peace process. Specifically, we examine whether land reform provisions included in comprehensive peace agreements reduce the risk of renewed civil war. Measuring the risk of civil war recurrence in all comprehensive peace agreements from 1989–2012, we find that the inclusion of land reform provisions in the post-war peace process substantially reduces the risk of renewed fighting.
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Hoey, Lesli. "“No Monuments, No Heroes”." Journal of Planning Education and Research 36, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x15627683.
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The promises of land reform have always been as seductive as they are elusive. Bolivia’s experience is no different, but one forgotten case may still offer lessons today: a land distribution project initiated in San Julian in 1972. Through archival research and interviews, I argue that several understudied elements of the San Julian project—its spatial design, settler orientation program and implementation process—offer lessons about the role planners can play in structuring more successful land reform. Revisiting the lessons of past exemplars like San Julian is critical given renewed land reform efforts that appear to be replicating past failures.
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Mccusker, Brent, and Alistair Fraser. "Land Reform in the Era of Neoliberalism: Case Studies From the Global South." Geographical Review 98, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00302.x.
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Wu, F. "Polycentric Urban Development and Land-Use Change in a Transitional Economy: The Case of Guangzhou." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 6 (June 1998): 1077–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a301077.
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Since economic reform in 1979 China has witnessed dramatic changes. In particular, the adoption of the new land leasing system in 1987 has led to the transformation of the urban internal structure of this country. Perhaps because of the lack of data, empirical studies lag far behind the rapid urban development and land-use changes currently taking place in China. In this paper the author attempts to examine empirically land-use changes in a fast growing city—Guangzhou—by analyzing data obtained from aerial photographs. The author suggests that some new characteristics have emerged in the distribution of land-use change since the introduction of land reform. Polycentric urban development, a phenomenon that has been attracting wide research attention in Western contexts, has also appeared in the transitional economy. The author demonstrates that besides population density, housing and land value, and firm location, land-use change can be used as a prompt and reliable indicator of polycentric urban development. A range of policy implications are briefly outlined.
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MURRAY, C. "SOUTH AFRICAN LAND REFORM: CASE-STUDIES IN 'DEMAND' AND 'PARTICIPATION' IN THE FREE STATE." African Affairs 96, no. 383 (April 1, 1997): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007825.
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Kim, Annette M. "Talking Back: The Role of Narrative in Vietnam’s Recent Land Compensation Changes." Urban Studies 48, no. 3 (February 2011): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010390234.
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As in other rapidly growing economies, Vietnam’s urban land development has been a source of social conflict as those who are relocated contest the distribution of economic gains. More recently, the relocated have increased their bargaining power and receive better compensation packages. The paper analyses this situation to discuss further developing our understanding of how property rights institutions change. The case study shows the efficacy of social narratives to renegotiate the terms of the social contract supporting property rights even in a society with limited means for public participation in governmental reform. Secondly, it illuminates that modern property rights are entwined with public finance and so property rights reforms are tied to the organisational structure of government and fiscal relations.
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Ikhsan, Khairul, and Adji Suradji Muhammad. "Reformasi Agraria Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla dalam Konsep dan Realita Kepemimpinan yang Fasilitatif (Facilitative Leadership)." KEMUDI : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v4i1.1297.
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The focus of the discussion in this paper will examine leadership theoretically and case studies are seen as an important element in bringing stakeholders to direct them to carry out collaborative processes or what we call Facilitative Leadership. But this concept of leadership is not a traditional leadership concept that has been known. Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla's leadership contains the agenda of the Agrarian Reform which starts from the regions and villages. In the Nine Priority Agenda, also known as Nawacita, it was stated that agrarian reform in the form of direct pledging guarantees legal certainty in land ownership rights, resolving land disputes and opposing the criminalization of the resumption of community land rights. It is interesting to study how the correlation of the National Agrarian Reform Program by the Government of President Joko Widodo is if we relate it to the concept of facilitative leadership.
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Adji Suradji Muhammad, Khairul Ikhsan,. "Reformasi Agraria Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla dalam Konsep dan Realita Kepemimpinan yang Fasilitatif (Facilitative Leadership)." Dialektika Publik : Jurnal Administrasi Negara Universitas Putera Batam 4, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/dialektikapublik.v4i1.1364.
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The The focus of the discussion in this paper will examine leadership theoretically and case studies are seen as an important element in bringing stakeholders to direct them to carry out collaborative processes or what we call Facilitative Leadership. But this concept of leadership is not a traditional leadership concept that has been known. Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla's leadership contains the agenda of the Agrarian Reform which starts from the regions and villages. In the Nine Priority Agenda, also known as Nawacita, it was stated that agrarian reform in the form of direct pledging guarantees legal certainty in land ownership rights, resolving land disputes and opposing the criminalization of the resumption of community land rights. It is interesting to study how the correlation of the National Agrarian Reform Program by the Government of President Joko Widodo is if we relate it to the concept of facilitative leadership.
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Pandya, Viral U., and John Tippett. "Land Tax, Justice, and the Unaffordability of Housing: Australian Experience." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 10 (September 2, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n10p86.
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Taxation and tax ‘reform’ particularly, appears to be a perennial topic, in the major economies of the western world at least. Recently, in Australia there was the “Henry Review” of 2010 – a major review of Australia’s tax system including substantial recommendations for tax reform; and observation shows that both sides of politics in Australia spent most of 2016 and part of 2015 talking about tax ‘reform’. A key aspect of the Henry Review (2010) is the strong recommendation for a land tax.Advocacy for land tax has a long and powerful history. Prominent economists lauding the land tax include David Ricardo, Adam Smith, Henry George, Milton Friedman, and Mason Gaffney. The Henry George land tax has been recommended for a very long time, the latest mainstream recommendation for its implementation coming via the above-mentioned Henry Review of Taxation in Australia (2010).The purpose of this paper is to address the question: is there something special about the natural resource, land, that makes it the subject of so many recommendations for a tax? That is to say, is there anything special about the tax base in the case of a land tax?This paper argues that the land tax is not just another tax – for the reason that the nature of the base of the tax – land – is special. Further, because a land tax would lower the price of land, implementation of a land tax would help solve the housing crisis (the unaffordability of housing). The research findings are different from previous studies because previous studies all focus on the efficiency aspect of taxes, not on any special nature of the tax base.
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Panday, Uma Shankar, Raja Ram Chhatkuli, Janak Raj Joshi, Jagat Deuja, Danilo Antonio, and Stig Enemark. "Securing Land Rights for All through Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration Approach: The Case of Nepal." Land 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070744.
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After the political change in Nepal of 1951, leapfrog land policy improvements have been recorded, however, the land reform initiatives have been short of full success. Despite a land administration system based on cadaster and land registries in place, 25% of the arable land with an estimated 10 million spatial units on the ground are informally occupied and are off-register. Recently, a strong political will has emerged to ensure land rights for all. Providing tenure security to all these occupants using the conventional surveying and land administration approach demands a large amount of skilled human resources, a long timeframe and a huge budget. To assess the suitability of the fit-for-purpose land administration (FFPLA) approach for nationwide mapping and registration of informality in the Nepalese context, the identification, verification and recordation (IVR) of the people-to-land relationship was conducted through two pilot studies using a participatory approach covering around 1500 and 3400 parcels, respectively, in an urban and a rural setting. The pilot studies were based on the FFPLA National Strategy and utilized satellite imageries and smartphones for identification and verification of land boundaries. Data collection to verification tasks were completed within seven months in the urban settlements and for an average cost of 7.5 USD per parcel; within the rural setting, the pilot study was also completed within 7 months and for an average cost of just over 3 USD per parcel. The studies also informed the discussions on building the legislative and institutional frameworks, which are now in place. With locally trained ‘grassroots surveyors’, the studies have provided a promising alternative to the conventional surveying technologies by providing a fast, inexpensive and acceptable solution. The tested approach may fulfill the commitment to resolve the countrywide mapping of informality. The use of consistent data model and mapping standards are recommended.
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Antwi, Michael, and Clarietta Chagwiza. "Factors influencing savings among land reform beneficiaries in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2018-0309.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of land redistribution for agricultural development project beneficiaries on savings in the North West Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach A binary logistic regression model was employed to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of project beneficiaries on their savings. Findings The results show that the average number of trainings attended by the beneficiaries, the proportion of youth per project and the average net farm income of the project positively and significantly influence the level of savings by the beneficiaries. About 62 percent of the beneficiaries did not have savings; thus, only 38 percent of beneficiaries had savings. Of the 38 percent who had savings, the majority (77 percent) had an annual net farm income of less than R1,000. Only 2 percent of the projects had an annual net farm income of more than R10,000. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study are valuable to policymakers dealing with the issue of land reform and could shed some light on how land redistribution can achieve its intended purposes. These findings should be granted serious consideration when formulating policies aimed at improving savings within collective groups. Practical implications The findings of this study have revealed the importance of training and participation of youth in influencing savings. As well, the findings imply that an organization or household with a health income have a higher propensity of saving. Social implications The research findings point out to the importance of saving. With savings, a household is in a better position to deal with situations that arises in case of emergency. Originality/value This paper is among the few studies to analyze the determinants of savings at a group or project level. Most studies are done at household or individual level.
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Nolte, Kerstin, and Susanne Johanna Väth. "Interplay of land governance and large-scale agricultural investment: evidence from Ghana and Kenya." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000688.
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AbstractThis comparative analysis examines how large-scale agricultural land acquisitions are implemented in Ghana and Kenya, using embedded case studies of two specific investment projects. We find that insufficiencies in these countries' land governance systems are partly caused by discrepancies betweende jureand de facto procedures and that powerful actors tend to operate in the legal grey areas. These actors determine the implementation of projects to a large extent. Displacement and compensation are highly emotive issues that exacerbate tensions around the investment. We also find that large-scale land acquisitions have a feedback effect on the land governance system, which suggests that large-scale land acquisitions can be drivers of institutional change. We suggest there may be a window of opportunity here to reform these land governance systems.
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Hierman, Brent, and Navruz Nekbakhtshoev. "Whose land is it? Land reform, minorities, and the titular “nation” in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (March 2014): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.857298.
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Each of the post-Soviet Central Asian states inherited both inefficient collectivized agricultural systems and an understanding of the nation rooted in categories defined by Soviet nationality policy. Despite the importance placed on territorial homelands in many contemporary understandings of nationalism, the divergent formal responses to these dual Soviet legacies have generally been studied in isolation from one another. However, there are conceptual reasons to expect more overlap in these responses than generally assumed; in this paper, we engage in a focused comparison of three post-Soviet Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) in order to investigate how nationalizing policies and discourse, land distribution, and ethnic tensions interact with each other over time. We reveal that the nationalizing discourses of the three states – despite promoting the titular groups vis-à-vis other groups – have had limited influence on the actual processes of land distribution. Furthermore, the Kyrgyzstani case challenges the assumption that the effect flows unidirectionally from nationalizing policies and discourse to land reform implementation; in this case, there is evidence that the disruption caused by farm reorganization generated grievances which werethenarticulated by some nationalistic political elites.
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Tingle, Elizabeth. "Rural Seigneurs and the Counter Reformation: Parishes, Patrons, and Religious Reform in France, 1550–1700." Church History 87, no. 1 (March 2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640718000033.
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This article examines the role of lay seigneurs in religious change in the French countryside in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, during the Catholic Reformation and a period of socioeconomic change in land ownership and exploitation. The focus here is on middling and lesser lords—the rough equivalent of the English gentry, who held land in a single province or evenpaysand had a frequent presence in their parishes—rather than the great nobles who operated at a national level. Brittany is used as a case study, for it was a province rich in rural lords and because relatively good source material survives. It is argued that seigneurs were important patrons of religious innovation in the countryside, particularly in the parish church. They were rarely innovators themselves, but they lent support and resources to the introduction and maintenance of new devotional practices. Lords worked closely with clergy, sharing their aspirations and ideas. Four areas were particularly prominent in eliciting their support: appointment of clergy, support of missionaries, new devotional practices, and funding of building projects and liturgies in parish churches. These combined family strategies of enhancing social status and individual means to salvation which were indivisible in the world of the lay rural nobility. It was from a traditional understanding of lordship that patronage of religious reform stemmed.
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Нежевело, В. В. "Procedural Guaranteeing of Tenants Rights in Case of Land Use for Farming." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 86, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.3.03.
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The article is primarily aimed at the settlement of practical problematic aspects of realizing the procedural protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships.
In order to protect the procedural rights of individuals during the settlement of land disputes, the author has analyzed legal scientific studies on the realization of the rights of land tenants, who, as ordinary citizens of Ukraine, concluded land rental agreements necessary for them to create and maintain farms. The author has studied the state of scientific doctrine and legal guarantees in the sphere of ensuring the protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold relationships, including procedural one. The main problems and shortcomings of the current legislation on procedural guaranteeing of the rights of tenants of land plots used for farming have been outlined.
It has been emphasized that disputes on the termination of land rental agreements and sometimes the simultaneous collection of rent arrears initiated by the authorities in relation to individuals – the tenants as parties to the agreement have the special status within land disputes, whereas legal entities – farm enterprises actually use the land plots. These disputes are relevant and widespread in the practical field, but at the same time they are hardly protected by the doctrine and are imperfectly protected by the norms of the current legislation, which originates to significant violations of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships. Thus, starting from 2018, within the framework of the judicial reform and the creation of a new Supreme Court of Ukraine, a prudent legal position began to emerge regarding the need to appeal in these situations to commercial courts within the economic jurisdiction and to file claims against farm enterprises, which as legal entities are the defendant in the case, being the actual user.
Taking into account the above, the author has studied the scientific environment within the aspect of solving the issue of procedural guaranteeing of the rights of the tenants of land plots that are actually used by farm enterprises for conducting this activity. The author has also made an attempt to study the current legislation, focusing on the problematic aspects and gaps that need to be addressed by improving legal regulation.
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Syahyuti, NFN. "Fenomena Global Akuisisi Lahan (Land Grabbing) dan Dampaknya bagi Kesejahteraan Petani Lokal." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 36, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v36n1.2018.1-12.
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<p>Massive land grabbing is a global phenomenon that takes place widely by involving cross-country and continental actors. However, this approach to agricultural development with this pattern is less in line with agrarian reform, because it produces inequality, conflict, and marginalization of small farmers. Various studies report the massive land grabbing especially in African countries, Latin America and also Asia. Until now, the phenomenon of land grabbing that has such serious impacts is not openly discussed by academics, and is often covered as an inter-state investment dynamic. This paper is a scientific review derived from various studies and reports, which are constructed into land grabbing character, its causal factors, the resulting impacts, and the urgency of solutions to suppress its spread. The results of the study show that in Indonesia this is also the case, and has begun to show the impacts that are less in line with the vision and mission of national agricultural development, especially the threat to the achievement of food security and farmers' welfare. In the future, the phenomenon of land grabbing should be used as an open agenda and find solutions by integrating with agrarian reform planning.</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Akuisisi lahan secara besar-besaran merupakan sebuah fenomena global yang berlangsung secara luas dengan melibatkan aktor lintas negara dan benua. Namun demikian, pendekatan pembangunan pertanian dengan pola ini kurang sejalan dengan reforma agraria, karena menghasilkan ketimpangan, konflik, serta peminggiran petani kecil. Beragam studi melaporkan masifnya akuisisi lahan terutama di negara-negara Afrika, Amerika Latin dan juga Asia. Sampai saat ini, fenomena akuisisi lahan yang memiliki dampak serius tersebut tidak dibicarakan secara terbuka oleh kalangan akademisi, dan seringkali ditutupi sebagai sebuah dinamika investasi antar negara belaka. Tulisan ini merupakan sebuah review ilmiah yang berasal dari berbagai hasil studi dan laporan, yang dikontruksi menjadi karakteristik akuisisi lahan, faktor penyebabnya, dampak yang dihasilkan, serta urgensi solusi untuk menekan penyebarannya. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa di Indonesia hal ini juga berlangsung, dan telah mulai memperlihatkan berbagai dampak yang kurang sejalan dengan visi dan misi pembangunan pertanian nasional, terutama ancamannya terhadap pencapaian ketahanan pangan dan kesejahteraan petani. Ke depan, semestinya fenomena akuisisi lahan harus dijadikan sebagai agenda terbuka dan dicarikan solusinya dengan mengintegrasikan dengan perencanaan reforma agraria.</p>
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Hidvégi, Mária. "Land, People, and the Unused Economic Potential of Hungary." History of Political Economy 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 571–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8993414.
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This article offers a case study about the importance of Staatenkunde (descriptive statistics) for Cameralism and the development of economic thought in Hungary, a country that has been rarely included into political economic studies about Cameralism. It aims at showing how the Hungarian statistical works and debates integrate and feed back into the broader European discourse of Cameralism and the role of “useful knowledge” in making the modern (industrial) economies. It points out the role of statistics in the assessment of the real production value and productivity of agriculture in the Kingdom of Hungary 1773–1848, at that time part of the Habsburg Monarchy. It displays the role of statistical knowledge production in the assessment of the position of Hungary in the monarchy and its importance for the national reform movement.
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Malik, Babur Hayat, Cai Shuqin, Abdul Ghaffar Mastoi, and Ahmed Hussein Alsherbiny Ahmed Ghais. "Citizen's Adoption Of Mobile Land Record Information Systems (mLRMIS): A Case of Pakistan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p393.
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By implementing a prolonged social cognitive theory (SCT) this article investigates factors including outcome expectation, affect, anxiety, self-efficacy, social influence, trust, facilitating conditions, e-satisfaction, information quality and e-service quality impacting citizen’s intention to adopt a mobile based e-government system called mobile Land Record Information Systems (mLRMIS) with respect to Pakistan. The prolonged social cognitive theory (SCT) was actually affirmed by analyzing gathered data periodically accumulated over time from 10 different cities in Pakistan. Verifiable results of the proposed model represented mutual significance of relationships of 12 hypothesized relations between 10 different types of constructs. Only a few studies have previously used SCT model to investigate the adoption of an e-government system globally while in case of Pakistan it is the first ever study using SCT model to figure out the adoption of an e-government system. Outcome significance and digital policy substance exhibited in this article can assist e-government planners and practitioners to reform up quality and effectivity of mLRMIS system. This research also contributes to elevate relevant awareness and utilization of mLRMIS system.
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Zantsi, Siphe, Louw Petrus Pienaar, and Jan C. Greyling. "A typology of emerging farmers in three rural provinces of South Africa: what are the implications for the land redistribution policy?" International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 724–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0728.
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PurposeUnderstanding diversity amongst potential beneficiaries of land redistribution is of critical importance for both design and planning of successful land reform interventions. This study seeks to add to the existing literature on farming types, with specific emphasis on understanding diversity within a sub-group of commercially oriented or emerging smallholders.Design/methodology/approachUsing a multivariate statistical analysis – principal component and cluster analyses applied to a sample of 442 commercially-oriented smallholders – five distinct clusters of emerging farmers are identified, using variables related to farmers' characteristics, income and expenditure and farm production indicators and willingness to participate in land redistribution. The five clusters are discussed in light of a predefined selection criteria that is based on the current policies and scholarly thinking.FindingsThe results suggest that there are distinct differences in farming types, and each identified cluster of farmers requires tailored support for the effective implementation of land reform. The identified homogenous sub-groups of smallholders, allows us to understand which farmers could be a better target for a successful land redistribution policy.Originality/valueMost of the existing typology studies in South Africa tend to focus on general smallholders and in the Eastern Cape province; this study extends the literature by focussing on specific prime beneficiaries of land reform in three provinces. This study uses a more detailed dataset than the Statistics general and agricultural household surveys.
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Karmacharya, Sunaina. "Land Readjustment in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Science and Engineering 8 (November 12, 2020): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v8i0.32863.
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Urban expansion of Kathmandu Valley is taking place at the fast rate challenging urban managers and planners of the city. In-migration has resulted in the unplanned urban growth of the city with the shortage of serviced land for urban development in Kathmandu. So Land Readjustment (LR) technique has been used as urban land development tool by the government. There are twenty two LR projects completed, and some of the projects are ongoing in the valley. The overview of the Land Readjustment technique of Kathmandu Valley has been done to explore the required measures needed to reform the existing legal and Institutional Framework and procedure of LR. Among the implemented LR projects, Nayabazar Land pooling has been selected for the case study as almost all the plots have been developed. Now, it is a dense residential neighborhood. The instruments used for research are literature study, in-depth interviews with different stakeholders of LR projects and landowners. Field visit and questionnaire survey in case study area are conducted regarding the street network and open space of the area. The existing system of LR technique is studied relating it with international experience mainly the case of Germany and Japan to draw positive inferences to explore the wider scope of LR technique for the comprehensive development in urban areas.
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Jotischky, Andrew. "MONASTIC REFORM AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF CHRISTENDOM: EXPERIENCE, OBSERVATION AND INFLUENCE." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 22 (December 2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440112000060.
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ABSTRACTMonastic reform is generally understood as a textually driven process governed by a renewed interest in early monastic ideals and practices in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and focusing on the discourses of reformers about the Egyptian ‘desert fathers’ as the originators of monasticism. Historians have suggested that tropes about the desert, solitude, etc., drawn from early texts found their way into mainstream accounts of monastic change in the period c. 1080–1150. This paper challenges this model by proposing that considerations of ‘reform’ must take into account parallel movements in Greek Orthodox monasticism and interactions of practice between the two monastic environments. Three case-studies of non-textually derived parallel practices are discussed, and the importance of the Holy Land as a source of inspiration for such practices is advanced in place of Egypt.
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Chabeda-Barthe, Jemaiyo, and Tobias Haller. "Resilience of Traditional Livelihood Approaches Despite Forest Grabbing: Ogiek to the West of Mau Forest, Uasin Gishu County." Land 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040140.
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This paper is a summary of the findings of research work conducted in two case studies in the Rift Valley, Kenya. This study used the Neo-Institutional theory to interrogate how the rules and regulations (institutions involved) of the agrarian reform process in Kenya are constantly changing and helping to shape the livelihoods of social actors around Mau Forest. The first case study—Ndungulu, is a settlement scheme where the Ogiek ethnic community were resettled between 1995 and 1997 after the land clashes of 1992. The second case study is the Kamuyu cooperative farm, a post-colonial settlement scheme owned by a cooperative society that was founded in 1965 by members from the Kikuyu ethnic group. This study employed qualitative data collection methods intermittently between 2012 and 2017 for a total of two years. A total of 60 interviews were conducted for this research. Thirteen (13) of these were key informant interviews with experts on land. The qualitative interviews were complemented by participant observations and nine focus group discussions. The qualitative data from the interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed, coded and analyzed thematically. Observations documented as field notes were also analyzed to complement the study findings. In this paper, the challenges, bargaining position and power play between social actors and government institutions implicated in the agrarian reform process in Kenya has been brought to the forefront. For instance, due to the structural issues that date back to the colonial period, the Ogiek have found innovative ways to maintain their daily existence (e.g., maintaining traditional methods of apiculture in Mau Forest). However, constraints in accessing forest land has resulted in them taking desperate measures, namely; selling off land to the Kalenjin in what is called “distress land sales”. On the contrary, the neighboring Kikuyu have maintained their land ownership status despite recurrent ethnic clashes that have occurred during general election years.
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Grinberg, Nicolas, and Guido Starosta. "The Limits of Studies in Comparative Development of East Asia and Latin America: the case of land reform and agrarian policies." Third World Quarterly 30, no. 4 (June 2009): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590902867243.
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Sava, Andriy, Borys Sydoruk, and Roman Voloshyn. "Management of rural territories land resources in decentralization conditions." Economic discourse, no. 3 (September 2019): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-3-3.
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Introduction. Under decentralization, there is a gradual transfer of powers and resources to local governments. In this case, one of the most urgent problem for rural areas, is the organization of rational land management from the position of financial support improving through the disposing of lands, and using available lands for community needs. Methods. General and special methods – monographic and abstract-logical, methods of generalization, comparison and analysis have been applied for data processing. Results. During the decentralization reform, it was found that 488 rural united territorial communities were formed, covering almost half the area of all UTCs created. In addition, nearly 800 village councils joint to the city-based UTCs. The ways of the redistribution of powers on the UTC land resources management are established at the expense of acquiring their own powers, obtaining delegated ones, as well as acquiring the rights of other institutions. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of managing land resources of rural communities at the local level. It has been determined that the applicable law restrict communal land use of UTC. At the same time, the importance of agricultural land outside the settlement transfer to the disposal of communities is emphasized. The importance of the land payment in the structure of local budget revenues is analyzed in detail, the key problems and contradictions that accompany the process of land management powers reallocation are identified. Suggestions are made to improve the rural communities land resources management through their inventory, accounting and monitoring, revision of rental rates for communal property, strengthening control over compliance with the terms of land use agreements, use of free lands in the interests of communities. Discussion. Further studies in this area are going to be aimed at developing a comprehensive mechanism for ensuring effective management of land resources in rural areas after the completion of decentralization. Keywords: land resources, rural territories, decentralization, united territorial communities, local governments.
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Byamugisha, Frank F. K. "Experiences and Development Impacts of Securing Land Rights at Scale in Developing Countries: Case Studies of China and Vietnam." Land 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020176.
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This paper reviews experiences and development impacts of a selected number of developing countries in Asia and Africa that have used emerging land registration approaches to rapidly secure land rights at scale. Rapid and scalable registration is essential to eliminate a major backlog of the world’s unregistered land, which stands at about 70 percent. The objective of the review, based on secondary data, is to draw lessons that can help accelerate land registration across many countries. While the focus is on China and Vietnam, the findings are buttressed by those from previous reviews in Ethiopia and Rwanda. The registration approaches used in these four countries were found to be cost-reducing, fast, inclusive and scalable enough to secure land rights for all within one generation. They also had significant positive impacts on land tenure security and investment. In addition, they indirectly along with other economic reforms contributed to rapid economic growth and a reduction in extreme poverty. The experience from these Asian and African countries offers important lessons including the need for strong political commitment and to develop flexible legal and spatial frameworks that fit the purpose of land registration, instead of the rigid technical standards set by land professionals.
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Wittman, Hannah. "AGRARIAN REFORM AND THE PRODUCTION OF LOCALITY: RESETTLEMENT AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL." REVISTA NERA, no. 7 (May 29, 2012): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.47946/rnera.v0i7.1457.
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This paper investigates processes of place-making and community formation following agrarian reform resettlement in Brazil. Based on case studies conducted between 2002 and 2004 in several settlements organized by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, I argue that resettlement through agrarian reform in Brazil is a process of intentional community-building through resettlement and emplacement. Ethnographic data from one settlement, Antonio Conselheiro, shows that land recipients passed through a series of physical movements [displacement, occupation, encampment, settlement] that shape the production of locality, or what I refer to here as emplacement. I discuss key social processes that contribute to emplacement: the transition from individual to imagined community, from imagined community to collectivity, and from collectivity to place-based community.
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Kurniawati, Festi, Sri Kistiyah, and Ahmad Nashih Luthfi. "Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Keberhasilan Pelaksanaan Redistribusi Tanah Bekas Kawasan Hutan." Tunas Agraria 2, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jta.v2i3.47.
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Abstract: Land redistribution in South Kalimantan Province in 2018 was carried out in 11 districts with a commitment level of 51.42%. Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency is the only district in South Kalimantan Province that has achieved 100% realization of activities. The land came from former forest areas. This research was conducted to identify and explain the factors influenced the successful of land redistribution implementation in Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency. To answer these questions, the researcher developed the framework from theoretical key models for the success of land redistribution by Joyo Winoto and Russell King. The analysis was conducted with qualitative descriptive approach. Research data obtained from the interview and study of related documents. Research data were obtained from interviews and related study studies. The results showed that, the successful implementation of land redistribution is influenced by factors: the political will to form the landreform consideration committee; the ruling elite has no political interest in Landform Land Object; and the involvement of the regional government, HKTI, and banks in access reform activities.Keywords: agrarian reform, redistribution of landreform object from former forest areas, successful land redistribution implementation.Intisari: Redistribusi tanah di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan pada tahun 2018 dilaksanaan di 11 kabupaten dengan tingkat realisasi sebesar 51,42%. Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan merupakan satu-satunya kabupaten di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan yang berhasil mencapai realisasi kegiatan sebesar 100%. Tanah tersebut berasal dari tanah bekas Kawasan Hutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan pelaksanaan redistribusi tanah di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Selatan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penulis mengembangkan model teori kunci keberhasilan redistribusi tanah dari Joyo Winoto dan Russel King. Analisis penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh dari wawancara dan studi dokumen terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan pelaksanaan redistribusi tanah dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor diantaranya adalah adanya political will untuk membentuk Panitia Pertimbangan Landreform; elite penguasa tidak memiliki politic interest terhadap Tanah Obyek Landreform; dan keterlibatan pemerintah daerah, HKTI, dan pihak perbankan dalam kegiatan access reform.Kata kunci: reforma agraria, redistribusi tanah bekas kawasan hutan, keberhasilan redistribusi tanah.
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Mariuzzo, Andrea. "Land reform in the 1950s in Italy and the United States: the thinking of Mario Einaudi." Modern Italy 18, no. 4 (November 2013): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2013.842801.
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The article discusses the thinking of Mario Einaudi in relation to the ambitious measures with which the Italian government sought to move towards land reform in the immediate post–war period. Einaudi, an intellectual and academic, was by birth Italian but moved to the United States during the Fascist period. Like his father Luigi, the noted economist, he was convinced of the need to stimulate the free market in land in order to increase productivity and modernise cultivation methods; in his writings he repeatedly sought to develop a plan of action that would facilitate collaboration between Rome and Washington in this field, identifying the Tennessee Valley Authority approach as especially suited to the Italian case. However, while his ideas achieved a good public airing, they had a limited impact: on the political front, Cold War priorities pushed Italian and US Marshall Plan experts more towards the redistribution of landownership than towards stimulating the productivity of agricultural businesses, in the attempt to rapidly build a consensus behind the government; and on the cultural front, at the end of the 1950s the issue of backwardness in the rural South started to be interpreted in terms of cultural and social anthropology, an approach which did not directly relate to the development of political programmes.
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Chen, Zhun, Yuefei Zhuo, Guan Li, and Zhongguo Xu. "What Drives Different Governance Modes and Marketization Performance for Collective Commercial Construction Land in Rural China?" Land 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030319.
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The collective commercial construction land (CCCL) reform in China has attracted considerable attention worldwide, but studies on the influencing factors and performance of governance modes for CCCL marketization are still in their infancy. First, by deconstructing CCCL, this study developed a conceptual framework from the perspective of transaction cost economics. Based on a series of surveys, interviews, and closed questionnaires in two pilot areas, this study determined the influencing factors for governance mode choice for CCCL marketization through comparative case studies and compared the performance of the government-led and self-organized modes. This study concluded that asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency were the main influencing factors for transaction costs, which could influence the choice of governance mode for CCCL marketization. Moreover, the characteristics of the two aforementioned governance modes, transaction costs, and specific revenue distribution resulted in different marketization performances.
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Elfversson, Emma, and Kristine Höglund. "Home of last resort: Urban land conflict and the Nubians in Kibera, Kenya." Urban Studies 55, no. 8 (April 4, 2017): 1749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017698416.
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Amid expansive and often informal urban growth, conflict over land has become a severe source of instability in many cities. In slum areas, policies intended to alleviate tensions, including upgrading programmes, the legal regulation of informal tenure arrangements, and the reform of local governance structures, have had the unintended consequence of also spurring violence and conflict. This paper analyses the conflict over a proposed ‘ethnic homeland’ for the Nubian community in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya, in order to advance knowledge on the strategies communities adopt to promote their interests and how such strategies impact on urban conflict management. Theoretically, we apply the perspective of ‘institutional bricolage’, which captures how actors make use of existing formal and informal structures in pragmatic ways to meet their conflict management needs. While previous research focuses primarily on how bricolage can facilitate cooperation, the case analysis uncovers how, over time, the land issue has become closely intertwined with claims of identity and citizenship and a political discourse drawn along ethnic lines. In turn, such processes may contribute to the intractability of conflict, causing significant challenges for urban planning.
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Naase, Karin Marita. ""The dream of making a living from the land": Amazon settler women as change agents." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 4, no. 2 (August 2009): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1981-81222009000200003.
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The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of women in the so called caminhada (march) to a land reform project in the State of Pará, Brazil. When a woman decides to join the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) (Landless Workers' Movement) she may enter into conflict with her social environment. In the light of the changes happening due to her militancy, I want to elucidate the reasons for her involvement, examine female contributions during the settlement process and the changes this process may cause in their lives. The analysis is based upon a fieldwork conducted in a land reform hamlet near the city of Castanhal in northeastern Pará. Three case studies of female militancy are examined. Some of the outcomes of this analysis are that the role of women in this process is prominent because they are its most important support; they are assuming pioneer functions, organizing domestic and public tasks in the settlement and play the role of articulators between the different households. Due to their militancy poor urban and rural women are able to step out of their invisibility, often suffered in Brazilian society, and make an important contribution to the construction of a new life.
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Bhattacharyya, Sudipta, and Nikhil Kumar Mandal. "Transition in the Rural Credit Structure of West Bengal: The Case of Murshidabad District." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 210–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976020968319.
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This article examines the interlinkages between rural credit and other agrarian structures. The research is based on primary field survey data which is classified on the basis of labor-exploitation criteria and acreage grouping. The research shows that pre-capitalist relations substantially withered away primarily due to state intervention for land and agrarian reform under the Left Front Government. It also found the operation of market mechanisms (instead of personalized relations) in the determination of informal rates of interest and an inverse association with collateral value. This is reflected in the declining value of the weighted average interest rate (WARI) with ascending class status. Furthermore, it found that the WARI without collateral is lower than the WARI with collateral, the latter being confined only to lean seasons and emergency. An incidence of high interest rate is related to low marketable collateral and vice versa.
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De Wet, Chris. "The Application of International Resettlement Policy in African Villagization Projects." Human Organization 71, no. 4 (November 28, 2012): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.71.4.0787k13246877275.
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It is now widely agreed that anything less than consciously planned and implemented development for resettled people will leave them worse off. Compensation is not up to the task of restorative, let alone just, resettlement. But what happens when, as in the case of smaller scale, but widely occurring, projects involving resettlement, the "development" projects do not give rise to significant new resources, thereby effectively making resettlement with development impossible? Smaller scale villagization type projects with an agricultural/land reform/political reorganization agenda are widespread in Africa. They have been/are imposed in recurring fashion on rural areas by succeeding governments, typically involving short-range resettlement, limited capital investment and assistance, and loss of local autonomy in relation to land use. The paper provides case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe. It will be shown how these ongoing interventions and responses have directed the developmental, social, and resettlement dynamic in the resulting settlements—as well as raising crucial implications for whether, and how, we are best to apply international resettlement policy in such situations.
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Chand, B. J. K. "LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN NEPAL: REPERCUSSIONS OF LAND USE POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GAPS IN REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-17-2019.
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Abstract. In lieu of advancement in human civilization from nomadic age to quest for welfare capitalism in recent days, land resources have been one of the most sought after assets for subsequent socio-economic development. The concept of land, once only geo-political has evolved to be interdisciplinary with developmental and managerial aspects in regional and urban planning worldwide making the facets of land management more complex than ever. In the context of modern Nepal, governance in systematic land management appeared during mid-1960 only with establishment of Ministry of Land Reform (MoLR). This paper aims to provide constructive criticism upon institutional fragmentation, and fragile policy and implementation gaps in land use administration which have been bewildering the concepts of regional and urban planning in Nepal. The recitation of this work is primarily based on selected literature review of relevant research on land use planning along with two representative case studies in national context and in international scenario as well. Despite rigorous efforts, the issues of competence in land administration, migration and syndicate in urban real estate remain as the major problems in land management in Nepal. Also, the new state restructuring of federal Nepal has already upraised the challenges in land resources planning for local governments who but seem muddled up in constructing rural economy and strategic urban plan for regional development. Nevertheless, these concerns in regional and urban planning can be addressed through practice of sustainable land management with thoughtful consideration of ambiguities in land use policy and implementation.
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Bao, Haijun, Alain Yee-Loong Chong, Hongdi Wang, Liyuan Wang, and Yikun Huang. "QUANTITATIVE DECISION MAKING IN LAND BANKING: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR CHINA'S REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 16, no. 4 (December 19, 2012): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2012.735272.
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The real estate industry is one of the fast growing industries in many developing countries such as China and India. The Chinese real estate industry has gone through many reforms from offering housing as part of its social welfare system, to the current capitalist model based on demand and supply. Due to these reforms and the shortage of lands for development in China's urban cities, many Chinese property firms have resorted to land banking in order to secure land property for future developments. However, in China, land speculation is considered illegal, while failure to purchase the suitable land for future developments will hinder the real estate developers’ future business and growth. The purpose of this paper is to develop a decision making model for property developments in their land banking decisions and strategies. The paper employed mathematical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to examine our decision model, and further validated our results by conducting the simulation by using China Vanke Co. Ltd as a case study. This study is one of the first few studies that develop a decision model for land banking in China. It also helps real estate enterprises to make rational and dynamic decision in the current dynamic property market.
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TINDLEY, ANNIE. "‘The Sword of Avenging Justice’: Politics in Sutherland after the Third Reform Act." Rural History 19, no. 2 (October 2008): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793308002483.
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AbstractThere has been much historical debate over the role of aristocratic landed families in local and national politics throughout the nineteenth century, and the impact of the First, Second and Third Reform Acts on that role. Additionally, the period from 1881 in the Scottish Highlands was one of acute political and ideological crisis, as the debate over the reform of the Land Laws took a violent turn, and Highland landowners were forced to address the demands of their small tenants. This article addresses these debates, taking as its case-study the ducal house of Sutherland. The Leveson-Gower family owned almost the whole county of Sutherland and until 1884 dominated political life in the region. This article examines the gradual breakdown of that political power, in line with a more general decline in financial and territorial influence, both in terms of the personal role of the Fourth and Fifth Dukes of Sutherland, and the broader impact of the estate management on the mechanics and expectations of politics in the county.
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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?" Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.
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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.
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Kakhki, Saeid Rezvani, and Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi. "Investigating the Transit Oriented Development in New Urbanism, Case Study: Subway Stations Development in Mashhad." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 1 (November 4, 2016): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n1p159.
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New urbanism aims to reform the constructed cities as it seeks to create new and complete cities. The main idea of transit oriented development (TOD) is manly based on the public railroad transportation as the quickest and most effective tool in competition with automobiles (car) in order to cause an effective change in the transportation style and decrease the dependence on cars and horizontal growth of the city. In the current study, the experiences of the development corridors are analyzed after investigating the transit oriented development using applied descriptive method and the planning, capitalization and implementation methods are examined based on the corridor development theory. Types of land use suitable for development including residential, commercial, educational, leisure time and so are evaluated in terms of establishment and location. Next, the feasibility of implementation of this method in new spaces created by subway lines in the Mashhad city is studied. Investigation of one of the urban train lines shows that a station named Koohestan Park (mountain-park) located in the Vakil Abad Boulevard has appropriate potentials and advantages for corridor development and urban investments and can contain diverse land uses for orientation toward sustainable objectives. Finally, land use and market activity in the area around this station are investigated using the SWOT model and the necessity of investment and creation of corridor development unit is evaluated.
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Adam, James Natia, Timothy Adams, and Jean-David Gerber. "The Politics of Decentralization: Competition in Land Administration and Management in Ghana." Land 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090948.
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Decentralization policy forms part of a broader global ideology and effort of the international donor community in favor of subsidiarity and local participation, and represents a paradigm shift from top-down command-and-control systems. Since 2003, the formalization of property rights through titling became an integral component of decentralized land administration efforts in Ghana. The creation of new forms of local government structures and the related changes in the distribution of responsibilities between different levels of government have an impact on natural resource management, the allocation of rights, and the unequal distribution of powers. This paper aims to understand how decentralization reforms modify the balance of power between public administration, customary authorities, and resource end-users in Ghana. Decentralization’s impact is analyzed based on two case studies. Relying on purposive and snowball sampling techniques, and mixed methods, we conducted 8 key informant interviews with local government bureaucrats in land administration, 16 semi-structured interviews with allodial landholders, 20 biographic interviews and 8 focus group discussions with small-scale farmers. The interviews analyzed the institutions and the roles of actors in land administration. Our case studies show that decentralization has the tendency to increase local competition in land administration where there are no clear distribution of power and obligation to local actors. Local competition and elitism in land administration impact the ability of small-scale farmers to regularize or formalize land rights. Thus, the paper concludes that local competition and the elitism within the land administration domain in Ghana could be the main obstacles towards decentralization reforms.
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Berrisford, Stephen, Liza Rose Cirolia, and Ian Palmer. "Land-based financing in sub-Saharan African cities." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817753525.
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Decentralization reforms and rapid urbanization place increasing pressure on African urban authorities. In response, land-based finance has been gaining popularity within development discourses as a method of increasing local autonomy and financing local government infrastructure provision. This paper discusses the conceptual basis for land-based finance, the instruments that form part of this approach, and the actual application in several African cities. Drawing on three case studies (Addis Ababa, Harare and Nairobi) and a high-level scan of 29 developments in various African cities, we show how land-based finance is being implemented in practice and discuss the potential for wider uptake. We conclude that African city governments are using land-based financing, albeit in inconsistent ways. We argue that urban authorities should consider the more extensive and progressive use of land-based financing instruments, despite the constraints imposed by both technical and political conditions. A progressive agenda for local government finance in African cities should take land-based finance seriously, as well as the local practices and institutional arrangements through which it operates.
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Obi, Ajuruchukwu, and Balogun Taofeek Ayodeji. "Determinants of Economic Farm-Size–Efficiency Relationship in Smallholder Maize Farms in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040098.
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The economic farm-size–efficiency relationship for maize remains unclear. A question that has yet to be answered conclusively is whether farm size affects productivity. The debate on land-appropriation-without-compensation ultimately revolves around the optimal land size and conditions under which farmers can benefit from a more rational utilization of available land. As important as the farm-size–efficiency debate is, it has not received much attention since the launch of the land reform programme. Again, the farm sizes examined in the previous studies reflected large-scale commercial agriculture and were mainly in relation to wheat production rather than the dietary staple of maize. This paper applied parametric efficiency measures under alternative distributional assumptions to data generated from 267 maize-farming households, to understand the economic farm-size–efficiency relationships and their determinants. It emerged that, while farm size is a key determinant of economic efficiency in maize production, its effect on technical efficiency is still contested. Findings suggest that farmer support should be prioritized, and the government’s efforts to make farmers more productive should emphasize gender equity and optimal use of land.
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Rolnik, Raquel. "Impacto da aplicação de novos instrumentos urbanísticos em cidades do estado de São Paulo." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, no. 2 (March 31, 2000): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2000n2p73.
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Este trabalho refere-se aos resultados da pesquisa Impacto da aplicação de novos instrumentos urbanísticos em cidades do Estado de São Paulo. Coloca-se a pergunta: passados dez anos da promulgação da Constituição — que inclui em seu texto uma série de novos instrumentos urbanísticos comprometidos com a idéia de ampliação do acesso à terra e moradia por parte do setor popular —, o que ocorreu nos municípios brasileiros com mais de 20.000 habitantes em relação a Planos Diretores e instrumentos urbanísticos previstos por lei? Qual é o perfil e a forma de elaboração desses planos? Os novos instrumentos, se adotados, possibilitam novas formas de administrar os conflitos urbanos? A pesquisa levanta a situação da legislação nos municípios, por meio de um questionário. Elabora o conceito de exclusão territorial, significando que parcela da população vive em condições de precariedade no que diz respeito à infra-estrutura urbana e às condições de habitabilidade do local de moradia. Em um segundo momento, realizaram-se estudos de caso em três municípios — Guarujá, Diadema e Jaboticabal —, aprofundando-se o estudo das relações entre os diferentes modelos econômicos e os processos de regulação urbanística.Palavras-chave: planejamento urbano; regulação urbanística; reforma urbana; urbanismo. Abstract: This paper refers to the results of the research project Effects of the Implementation of New Land Use Controls in the Cities of São Paulo State. It raises the following question: ten years after the introduction of the new Constitution — whose text includes new urban land use controls aimed at increasing land and housing for the poor — what has happened in cities of over 20.000 inhabitants concerning Master Plans and land use regulation procedures? What is the form and quality of the process which has led to these plans? Do the new controls, where in use, allow new ways of managing urban conflicts? The research looks into the current legislation situation in these cities through a series of questions. The concept of territorial exclusion is defined, meaning how much of the local population lives in precarious conditions regarding urban infra-structure and housing conditions. In the second part, three case studies were conducted — in the cities of Guarujá, Diadema and Jaboticabal — studying more thoroughly the relations between different local economic models, land regulation processes and territorial exclusion. Keywords: urban planning; urban planning regulations; urban reform; urbanism.
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Plant, Roel, Spike Boydell, Jason Prior, Joanne Chong, and Aleta Lederwasch. "From liability to opportunity: An institutional approach towards value-based land remediation." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774x16646772.
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The remediation of contaminated sites impacts on stakeholders in potentially beneficial ways, yet stakeholder dialogue has historically been focussed on costs, risk, liability, stigma, and other negatives. Shedding light on stakeholders’ remediation values can help reform remediation policy towards more positive outcomes of site clean-up. We adopt institutional theory to elicit plural motivations and cognitive assumptions as embedded in stakeholders’ expressions of remediation values, objectives, and outcomes. We explore in four case studies with varying size, complexity, cultural diversity, and geographical location (three in Australia, one in Fiji) how remediation values operate within remediation decisions. Our findings suggest that more than economic costs, liability, and risks are at play in decision-making on contaminated land. Our research confirmed that different socio-ethical, environmental and sustainability values are evaluated differently by different types of actors (site owners, regulators, auditors, residents, local government, consultants). We found that remediation values often shift in the course of a remediation decision-making process, suggesting learning and improved understanding. Remediation policy that better facilitates and aligns stakeholders’ articulations of initial and emergent outcomes sought from site clean-up is likely to enhance both economic and social value outcomes of remediation. Further research is needed on how remediation policy could better incorporate remediation value dynamics in stakeholder consultation and engagement.
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Kamaruddin, Nurliana. "An East Asian Approach to Rural Development: A Comparative of the Saemaul Undong and FELDA Programs." International Studies Review 19, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01901004.
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The study of East Asia has generally focused on its national development experience with emphasis given to industrial urban-based growth. However, the region has also been credited for impressive rural growth due to the Northeast Asian land reform and overall investment for a Green Revolution by states. Less emphasis has been given to a comparative exploration of different rural development programs that existed. Studies on rural development programs within the region have been diverse with case-specific perspectives, rather than in accordance with a unified conceptualization of what it means to have successful rural development. This article attempts to address that gap by evaluating two cases, the South Korean Saemaul Undong and the Malaysian Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA). It applies three different development perspectives; the neoliberal approach, the developmental state approach, and the humancentered approach, to determine the degree to which these programs can be considered successful. An East Asian conceptualization of successful rural development is identified based on an emphasis on government capacity, grassroots participation, a shared mentality for national development and a prioritization on building human capital.
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Dhiaulhaq, Ahmad, Kanchana Wiset, Rawee Thaworn, Seth Kane, and David Gritten. "Forest, water and people: The roles and limits of mediation in transforming watershed conflict in Northern Thailand." Forest and Society 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2049.
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This study focuses on watershed management in Northern Thailand, where conflict over forest, land and water-use is a prevailing problem. A characteristic of watershed conflicts is that they are often multifaceted and involve multiple stakeholders with different interests and values, consequently requiring conflict management approaches that are sustainable in their outcomes, including addressing the underlying causes of the conflicts. Drawing from a case study in Mae Tia Mae Tae watershed in Northern Thailand, this study explores how mediation by external third party can contribute to the transformation of conflicts in the watershed and how the broader institutional contexts in which the conflict is embedded shapes the mediation outcomes. The study suggests that co-creation of mutual understanding and recognition of each party’s socio-cultural differences, including land-use practices, are critical in building trust and in how conflict transformation processes moved forward. Moreover, the ability of the mediator in facilitating the establishment of a deliberative institution (i.e. a watershed network committee) and agreed rules on forest utilization were also critical in maintaining long-term collaboration in the watershed and potentially preventing other conflicts arising in the future. Some issues, however, may threaten the continuity of the cooperation and sustainability of peace in the watershed, including the lack of structural reform that formally recognizes local people’s rights, insecure land tenure, and the absence of legal recognition for the watershed network committee as a legitimate mechanism for watershed decision making. The paper discusses these findings by comparing it with those from our previous studies in other locations (Cambodia, Indonesia and Western Thailand) to strengthen the insights from Northern Thailand. Finally, the research puts forward some recommendations for reforms and to strengthen the use of effective mediation, to achieve transformative outcomes, in conflicts of this nature. iation, to achieve transformative outcomes, in conflicts of this nature.
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Savirani, Amalinda, and Edward Aspinall. "Adversarial Linkages: The Urban Poor and Electoral Politics in Jakarta." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 36, no. 3 (December 2017): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600301.
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This article examines how social movements based in poor communities make electoral alliances with politicians in contemporary Indonesia. Drawing on case studies of the urban poor in two elections in Jakarta, we point to a pattern of adversarial linkages by which movements present candidates with demands – in this case about housing and livelihood security – which are then distilled in formal ‘political contracts’. Unlike institutionalised relationships between parties and social constituencies in many democracies, these linkages are ad hoc, pragmatic and characterised by mistrust. In Jakarta, they involved disaggregation rather than aggregation of interests, with movement actors in the second election in 2017 seeking concrete gains relating to land and livelihoods in particular neighbourhoods, rather than a broad programme of urban reform, as had been their goal in 2012. We suggest that such adversarial linkages are a feature of contemporary Indonesian politics. They allow marginal groups to make contingent political gains but are compatible with prevailing clientelistic patterns, which limit their potential to promote systemic change.
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Hann, Chris. "Peasants in an Era of Freedom: Property and Market Economy in Southern Xinjiang." Inner Asia 1, no. 2 (1999): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481799793648022.
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AbstractWhile external commentators, and the Chinese state authorities, refer to the period which began around 1980 as the ‘reform period’ and apply concepts such as ‘socialist commodity economy’, Uyghur peasants in the vicinity of Qäzqär in the extreme west of China refer to the era in which they live as an age of ‘freedom’. This paper focuses on the bundle of rights over land and other changing property rights. Karl Polanyi’s concept of a ‘Great Transformation’ based on the spread of the ‘free market’ has been influential in economic anthropology and is regularly invoked in studies of current institutional change in the former Soviet bloc countries. In the Chinese case, the sphere of ‘the market’ has been steadily expanding within a country that remains officially socialist and in which the dominant role of collectively owned property is ostensibly unchallenged. This poses a puzzle for those who believe that a successful market economy requires a structure of incentives based on private ownership. This puzzle is largely hypothetical for contemporary peasants in southern Xinjiang, who remain preoccupied with subsistence and survival strategies. There is resentment at continued state interference in the bundle of rights over land; outside agriculture, commoditisation and private ownership are more completely established, though some entrepreneurs are already pushing against state imposed limits. Property rights, construed more broadly in terms of entitlements and capacities, are of concern to all. Adoption of this broad perspective on property gives insight into the radical changes brought by the reform era, not only in production but also in other domains.
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Carlisle, Liz. "Critical agrarianism." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 2 (January 11, 2013): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000427.
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AbstractThis paper develops the concept of ‘critical agrarianism’ to describe and advance the pursuit of land-based work as a means of realizing social justice and environmental sustainability. Encouraging new agrarianism to more carefully scrutinize its agenda, critical agrarianism celebrates the promise of a close working relationship with the natural world while insisting that a return to the land—per se—is insufficient. In the practice of linking people and land, past and present, critical agrarianism continually questions and reshapes the very category of agrarian, toward a more equitable and enduring prosperity. I revisit both canonical agrarian writing and its critics, pulling out ‘back-pocket tools’ that can keep critical agrarians on track in building our alternative futures. I then offer several case studies of critical agrarianism in practice, encouraging a move beyond idealized models of agrarian ties, toward an empirical account of who has actually been doing the work to put food on the table. Noting the historical gap between working the landscape and having a property or citizenship right, I call for an agrarianism in which practices—not land title—are the basis of material and social community. Furthermore, I suggest that agrarianism must extend its web outward rather than inward, forging connections to the work of land tenure reform, education, community development, immigrant advocacy and trade policy. To be a critical agrarian is not to preserve fixed social-natural ties, but rather to practice a powerfully open and dialogical engagement with the world and one another.
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Phung Dang, Thi Kim. "Forestry Policy and Legitimacy: The Case of Forest Devolution in Vietnam." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 6 (August 21, 2020): 848–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620935424.
Full textAbstract:
Although forest devolution has become a key strategy of forestry reforms to mobilise local resources for sustainable forest management, there is growing concern about the legitimacy of this strategy. There have been escalating disputes between forestry agencies and local people as to who receives the rights to forests. Examining the policy of forest land allocation in Vietnam helps us to understand this legitimacy issue. Research findings from three case studies show trade-offs between the two policies’ goals, environmental protection and livelihood improvement, due to locals’ low awareness of the intrinsic values of forests and their lack of knowledge regarding the policy.
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McWilliam, Andrew. "Marginal Governance in the Time of Pemekaran: Case Studies from Sulawesi and West Papua." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 2 (2011): 150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x565869.
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AbstractOne of the outcomes of the radical decentralisation policies accompanying political reform and democratisation in Indonesia is a sustained administrative programme known by the term pemekaran, or a ‘blossoming’ of new administrative and budgetary units that extend to the farthest corners of the nation. This paper explores aspects and impacts of the pemekaran process as it unfolds in two remote corners of Indonesia, namely the sub-district of Routa in Konawe Regency of Southeast Sulawesi and the newly-established district of Bintuni in the swamp lands of Bintuni Gulf, West Papua. In both regions the strategic possibilities that accompany pemekaran have fostered a vibrant local politic based around appeals to established patterns of landed authority. But the logic of pemekaran can lead to fragmentation and confusion over jurisdictional authority. Critics argue that the process dilutes capacity and political authority. Supporters acknowledge the limits but applaud the extension of development funding into areas which otherwise would remain isolated and impoverished. The paper explores some of the dimensions of this debate and the role of pemekaran in shaping local experience on the margins of the state.