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Journal articles on the topic 'Land reform, Economic aspects - Zimbabwe'
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1
Naldi, Gino J. "Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Some Legal Aspects." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 4 (December 1993): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012258.
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The Government of Zimbabwe has only recently begun to implement the commitment of the liberation movements to give land to poor ‘communal’ farmers, especially those dispossessed by the whiteminority régime after Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence in 1965. It needs to be recalled that by virtue of the Land Tenure Act of 1969 almost half of the country's agricultural land was allocated to Europeans, who had ‘greater access to the regions considered suited to intensive crop and livestock production’, and that ‘On average, each of the nearly 7,000 European farms was roughly 100 times the size of any of the 700,000 or so holdings in the Tribal Trust Lands’. The fact that much of this land was under-utilised only served to increase African resentment.
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Mararike, Munoda. "Zimbabwe Economic Sanctions and Post-Colonial Hangover: A Critique of Zimbabwe Democracy Economic Recovery Act (ZDERA) – 2001 a2018." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i1.3895.
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Scholarship on imperialism in Zimbabwe has not been documented in terms of establishing its roots. What has evaded contemporary researchers and academics on post-land reform programme economic sanctions of 2001 is that their roots lie in colonial domination and imperialism. The Scramble for Africa of 1884 is an adjunct of the Berlin Colonial Conference of 1884-1885 which marked long dark days of imperialism in Africa. It was about colonial domination, exploitation of mineral and extraction of natural resources. Western Europe became principal beneficiaries of newly ‘discovered’ wealth – pillaging and looting to their countries through exploitation, false pretenses, deception and outright theft. The insidious process was complemented by subjective constructs of political, social, religious and cultural domination of indigenous populations or ‘natives’ as imperialism defined unbalanced framework of economic relationships. Pronunciations like subjugation, suppression, cultural genocide, expropriation and repression have been touted by historians to highlight the depth and intensity of coloniality. The economic sanctions are part of a strategic neo-colonial era in which former colonial powers continue clutching to vein glories of the past. Yet that past is the present. Zimbabwe is being punished for reclaiming land through land reform programmes of 2001 which helped to empower Zimbabweans. In this research we look at the Janus face of Western decoloniality efforts- with specific reference to how Zimbabwe has fought ferocious battles for reclamation and restitution of its land. We also examine instruments of repression including statutes like the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) and the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 as amended in 2018 (ZDERA). In our analytical narratives, we illustrate how the such instruments are designed to maintain imperialist status quo through specified punitive measures under ZDERA.
3
Musendekwa, Menard, Munyaradzi Tinarwo, Rumbidzayi Chakauya, and Ereck Chakauya. "Beyond Land Redistribution: A Case for Stewardship in Land Reform." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 9, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024920968315.
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The right to own and derive value out of the land, (cf. ownership) is a human right enshrined in the constitution of most democratic countries. Land reform is arguably the most emotional, socio-economic, and political subject of the colonial and post-colonial era of the African continent. It is a subject that has remained sacred and a taboo creating a fertile ground for protracted political, social, economic, and religious conflicts. Many African indigenous communities are genuinely struggling to address inequality and deprivation. Despite the overwhelming economic demand to address the land question, only a handful of African countries have been bold enough to tackle the issue head-on, sometimes with dire consequences. In the current article, we use the Zimbabwe land reform programme as a case and through a biblical lens show cause for land not just as a commodity where belonging is the ultimate deciding factor but rather emphasise ownership by stewardship. This perspective is compatible with modern systems of governance, ubuntu in the African traditional culture, and encourage efficiency of production to achieve food security despite the polarised discourse of land reform in most countries.
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Mushore, Washington. "THE REPORTAGE OF LAND AND OWNERSHIP IN SELECTED PRIVATE MEDIA IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1238.
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The aim of this article is to scrutinise how the concepts of land and land ownership were discussed in the private media in Zimbabwe during the Zimbabwe land reform exercise – dubbed ‘the third Chimurenga’ that took place in the period 2000–2008. Using textual analysis, the articles argues that ownership of land, according to the so called ‘private or independent’ newspapers in Zimbabwe was supposed to be accorded to the farmer or person, regardless of the racial bias, who was more productive on the land and who was contributing more to the economic well-being of the nation (Zimbabwe). Accordingly, the private newspapers in Zimbabwe regarded land as belonging to, or as the rightful property of the white commercial farmers/settlers because they perceived them to be more productive on the land than the native people of Zimbabwe who were ultimately seen and labelled as invaders on the so-called white commercial farms. In order to substantiate the above claims and arguments, a number of The Daily News stories of the period were purposively sampled and are used as examples.
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Coldham, Simon. "The Land Acquisition Act, 1992 of Zimbabwe." Journal of African Law 37, no. 1 (1993): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011141.
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The gazetting of the Land Acquisition Bill on 24 January, 1992 unleashed what has been described as the fiercest debate ever known in the history of Zimbabwe. However, the issue of land reform had been back on the political agenda ever since the expiry of the Lancaster House Constitution on 18 April, 1990, and pressures from a variety of quarters, both internal and external, had been brought to bear on the government during the intervening period. In particular, its adoption in 1990 of a document declaring National Land Policy had generated intense controversy. In accordance with the principles set out in that document the government has sought to facilitate the acquisition of land for resettlement purposes, first by amending section 16 of the Lancaster House Constitution and subsequently by enacting the Land Acquisition Act. In formulating its policy the government has recognized both the need to redress inequalities in land distribution and the need to take into account current national and international socio-economic realities. The result is a compromise.
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Chipenda, Clement, and Tom Tom. "The generational questions after land reform in Zimbabwe: a social reproduction perspective." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 11, no. 3 (December 25, 2019): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-02-2019-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a contemporary perspective on post land reform Zimbabwe with special focus on the youth. It uses the social reproduction conceptual framework to show that two decades after land reform, there are generational questions which are now arising in the new resettlement areas which need deeper, empirical and more nuanced analysis to comprehend. In a context where some countries in Southern Africa are grappling with the best ways of dealing with their land questions, it shows that from a youth perspective, the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) has important lessons. Design/methodology/approach The study was largely qualitative and grounded in an interpretive research paradigm. It employed various data gathering instruments and solicited for responses from 151 young people as well as 11 key informants. The study used the social reproduction perspective as a conceptual and evaluative tool to ascertain the outcomes of the FTLRP from a social reproduction perspective with special focus on young people. Findings The study showed that there are some young people in the resettlement areas who blame the land reform programme for the challenging socio-economic situation which they are facing. It also shows that for the youth, the FTLRP has had multi-dimensional impact; while some are complaining, others have managed to use their agency to access natural resources and land, which has seen them “accumulating from below”. For some young people, land reform has positively transformed their lives, while others feel that it has limited their opportunities. Originality/value The paper provides new and contemporary insights on post land reform Zimbabwe. This is an area which is increasingly gaining traction in scholarship on the FTLRP. In addition, the paper provides a unique perspective of looking at the issue of the youth from a social reproduction perspective; this is a unique academic contribution. Lastly, the paper is useful insofar as it transcends the debates on the FTLRP to proffer a unique analysis on the social reproduction dimensions of the FTLRP.
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Liakhovych, Galyna, Olha Pavlykivska, Lesia Marushchak, Oleksandra Kilyar, and Svitlana Shpylyk. "The organizational-economic aspects of land relations provision by administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(2).2019.37.
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The stable development of Ukraine as the agricultural state actualizes a complex of economic, organizational and legal issues, which are concerned with an implementation of the land relationship. The maximum usage of rental tools is the most effective among the existing budget filling mechanisms. The aim of the article is to conduct a research of land relationship by mechanisms of improving the agricultural lands rent management. The object of a study is the interaction of state institutions at different levels of land lease management. The basis of the study is a cognitive method in the patterns of development of the land relationship. Therefore, in the article, the alternative version of the organizational and economic mechanism for the implementation of land relations was proposed with the aim to improve the existing practice that will facilitate the additional financing of local self-government authorities. At the state regulation level, it is proposed to create an informational electronic database, which should display cadastral numbers and location of land plots, as well as information about land plot owners. Measures of control should be fulfilled by such state authorities as State Geo Cadastre and Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. In order to follow a principle of openness, it has been proved that this database should be public. As a result, methodological and organizational tools are based on the algorithm of lease relationship management as the main source of budget filling for local self-government authorities and main tasks for implementation of administrative-territorial reform that were declared by the government.
8
Charles Mazhazhate, Tapiwa C Mujakachi, and Shakerod Munuhwa. "Towards Pragmatic Economic Policies: Economic Transformation and Industrialization for Revival of Zimbabwe in the New Dispensation Era." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 10, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.14.
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Whilst literature has many monetary and economic policies that were enacted before and after the dawn of the New Dispensation in Zimbabwe the country still faces a downward trend in terms of economic recovery. This study reviews the various policies put in place by the government and their impact on socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. A review of Zimbabwe’s economic history shows that the country dropped from being one of the best economies in Sub-Saharan Africa and now ailing and characterised by hyperinflation, agricultural challenges, corruption, very high tax regime, huge domestic and foreign debts, increase in consumer prices and being a chief net importer of most goods or services. The study was underpinned by a case study survey from Singapore’s revival with both qualitative and quantitative instruments used. The study found out that even though the land reform had an impact on economic performance, corruption, party-power politics and absence of an economic institute eroded any necessary contribution to economic transformation and industrialization in Zimbabwe. The study also revealed that the bilateral and multi-lateral agreements that were enacted in the dawn of the new dispensation have not yielded the desired economic revival transformations. The study recommended establishment of an economic institute to direct policy as well as removal of unethical practices in both public and private sectors so as to ensure financial and economic discipline.
9
Muchefa, Livingstone, and Calvin Phiri. "Orality versus Written Legislation: Oral History as used in Zimbabwe`s Post-2000 Land Reform Programme." Oral History Journal of South Africa 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/336.
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Zimbabwe became a colony of the British Empire on 13 September 1890, and attained independence in 1980. During the colonial period of 1890 to 1980 land was expropriated primarily from the indigenous Ndebele and the Shona tribal groups through the institutionalisation of legislation that brought about the segregation of Africans and paved the way for settlement and farming by whites. Between 1980 and 1990 there was little progress in terms of resettlement programmes because of financial constraints and the terms and conditions of the Lancaster House Agreement regarding the willing seller willing buyer principle. There were serious economic challenges in the decade 1990 to 2000, but the period post 2000 witnessed brisk land repossessions which were spearheaded by war veterans and politicians. At the heart of the “land invasions,†as they were popularly termed, lay historical injustices. This paper seeks to provide an insight into the centrality of the oral tradition or oral history as legal basis for the land repossessions that took place. Neither legal recourse nor visiting archives and other information centres for the purposes of authentication were a priority. The Lancaster Constitution was viewed as an obstacle when dealing with land. The National Archives of Zimbabwe is placed in context within the situation discussed.
10
Tang, Hong, Changpin Ji, and Yan Zhao. "Study on the path of Integration use of Land Resource elements under the background of Rural Revitalization." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123601040.
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At present, with the rapid development of urban-rural integration, the problems of land fragmentation in rural areas, such as low land use rate, poor economic benefits, many production conflicts and disputes, land distribution difficulties and other negative effects, continue to appear, and the rural economic development is very severe. Based on this, this paper mainly studies the path of land resource integration, studies the reform of land system in various aspects, such as land circulation system, homestead reform, land acquisition system and other specific systems, and studies the specific path of land resource integration, so as to promote the land utilization rate, promote the rapid development of population industry and its development The increase of farmers' income.
11
Lindsey, P. A., S. S. Romañach, C. J. Tambling, K. Chartier, and R. Groom. "Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe." Oryx 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000153.
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AbstractUnder conditions of political instability and economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities, wildlife populations have been eradicated over large areas. In several areas still being managed as game ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of wildlife populations (including threatened species such as the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Savé Valley Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded, 84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught, 2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1. Illegal hunters’ earnings account for 0.31–0.52% of the financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several management and land-use planning steps required to maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks. Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and human settlement. Means are required to create stake-holdings for communities in wildlife and disincentives for illegal hunting.
12
Choto, Isaac. "THE PROPAGANDA MODEL AND THE MEDIATION OF THE LAND QUESTION IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1240.
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This article critiques the mediation of the Zimbabwean land reform programme in the period 2000–2010 by both the state-controlled and the privately-owned press. Its thrust is to establish the framing patterns that emerge and relate these to Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. The bold claim by Herman and Chomsky that the media, particularly in the West, pander to the whims of the powerful political and pro-capital elites is explored. Using a qualitative case study approach, data for this study were collected from four Zimbabwean Weeklies, namely The Sunday News and The Sunday Mail, which are stateowned, and The Independent and The Standard, which are privately-owned. News stories on the land reform programme drawn from these weeklies over the 10 year focus period are analysed with the view to ascertaining the tenability of the Propaganda Model. Using the tenets of the Propaganda Model and critical discourse analysis, the study exposes the polemical representations of the land issue by the press. The emerging polemics are attributed to the overbearing influence of ideology, ownership, corporate pro-capital interests and biased source selection. However, the tripartite alliance which the propaganda model claims as existing among government, capitalists and media owners comes unstuck in the Zimbabwean media-scape. There is evidently a fractious relationship between state media and private media in Zimbabwe. The political and economic contestation of power in the nation manifests in the press. It is quite clear from the findings of this study that there is still need for a model that comprehensively attempts to capture the role of the press and its place in Africa.
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Chitando, Ezra. "‘In the Beginning was the Land’: The Appropriation of Religious Themes in Political Discourses in Zimbabwe." Africa 75, no. 2 (May 2005): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.2.220.
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AbstractAs the political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe worsened between 2000 and 2003, the state embarked on an intense propaganda campaign. Facing an increasingly popular opposition, the state adopted a two-pronged strategy of marketing its programmes while subjecting the opposition to violence and negative publicity. Using various media, the propagandists sought to portray the ruling party (ZANU-PF) as a sacred movement fulfilling prophetic oracles that the black majority would reclaim the lost land. State functionaries systematically appropriated religious ideas, with concepts from Christianity and African traditional religions being used to buttress political statements. The controversial land reform programme was couched in religious terms and notions like sovereignty attained mythical proportions. This article examines the appropriation of religious themes in political propaganda in Zimbabwe. It analyses the communication environment in the country and how it facilitated the interface between religious and political discourses.
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Mijatovic, Bosko. "Economic and financial aspects of Serbia's regionalization." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 112-113 (2002): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0213069m.
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The paper has two parts: in the first one, economic aspect of regionalization is considered, in the second a financial one. Regionalization, like every type of decentralization, represents a serious reform of a state and brings upon several expected as well as unexpected although significant effects on political, social, and economic life. Its goal is an improvement of political, social, and economic functions of a state, not their deterioration. Unfortunately, experience of other countries does not support overwhelming optimism. Most frequently, regionalization is done due to political considerations; economic considerations are of secondary importance or even neglected. Such a dominance of political reasoning neglects fundamental principles and arguments of the economic science, standards of rational approach to decentralization, and even economic efficiency and equality between citizens. Because of that, the emphasis in this paper is on economic and financial aspects of regionalization in Serbia. In the first part the author explores economic aspects of regionalization; four state functions (regulation, stabilization, redistribution, and allocation) in decentralized setting; relations between regionalization, deregulation, and privatization; vertical distribution of functions (exclusive functions by the state, exclusive functions by regions, shared functions). After that he explores advantages of the selected model of creating regions and distribution of authorities in Serbia, particularly economic authorities of regions (1. land planning, urban land use, housing; 2. development and maintenance of infrastructure of regional importance and coordination of public utilities in municipalities; 3. agriculture; 4. tourism; 5. forestry 6. hunting and fishing; 7. vocational training and employment; 8. ecology; 9. public works). Separate section is devoted to social protection (financial transfers and institutions). In the second part of the paper (Financing the Regions) the author first examines certain issues in principle (fiscal revenues, vertical and horizontal balance, debts and moral hazard) and then considers topics of financing regions in Serbia, such as revenues subsidies, and debts.
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Gwekwerere, Tavengwa, Davie E. Mutasa, and Kudakwashe Chitofiri. "Settlers, Rhodesians, and Supremacists: White Authors and the Fast Track Land Reform Program in Post-2000 Zimbabwe." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717739400.
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Texts written by some white Zimbabweans in the post-2000 dispensation are largely shaped by their authors’ endeavor to contest the loss of lands they held prior to the onset of the Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP). Written as memoirs, these texts are bound by the tendency to fall back on colonial settler values, Rhodesian identities, and Hegelian supremacist ideas in their narration of aspects of a conflict in which tropes such as truth, justice, patriotism, and belonging were not only evoked but also reframed. This article explores manifestations of this tendency in Eric Harrison’s Jambanja (2006) and Jim Barker’s Paradise Plundered: The Story of a Zimbabwean Farm (2007). The discussion unfolds against the backdrop of the realization that much of the literary-critical scholarship on land reform in post-2000 Zimbabwe focuses on texts written by black Zimbabweans and does not attend to the panoply of ways in which some white-authored texts yearn for colonial structures of power and privilege. This article evinces that the reincarnation of colonial settler values, Rhodesian identities, and Hegelian supremacist ideas undermines the discourse of white entitlement more than it promotes it. Values and identities of the colonial yesteryear on which this discourse is premised are not only anachronistic in the 21st century; they also obey the self-other binary at the heart of the patriotic history pedestal that was instrumental in the Zimbabwean regime’s post-2000 populist deployment of the land grievance to reconstruct itself as the only and indispensable champion of African interests in Zimbabwe.
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Wardhana, Yudhistira Setya. "Pelaksanaan Program Redistribusi Tanah Di Kawasan Tanah Adat Provinsi Papua." Kosmik Hukum 20, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/kosmikhukum.v20i1.8625.
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Agrarian reform or Agrarian Reform as an issue, is complex and multidimensional which is a major program of the Indonesian state in realizing the welfare of the Indonesian people, especially in terms of increasing access of poor peasants to land tenure in Indonesia, but implementing agararial reform is not an easy thing, with many obstacles, both from the legal, land administration, social, political, cultural and security aspects. Agrarian Reform (Agrarian Reform) or land reform is one of the effective tools or ways to achieve successful development, because access to land is fundamental for socio-economic development, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability, apart from being a factor of production, land is also a factor of wealth, prestige and strength or power. In this perspective, land redistribution not only results in an increase in economic assets owned by poor farmers, but also an increase in political power and social participation, thus, the implementation of agrarian reform is not only aimed at reducing poverty and unemployment, but also in order to eliminate inequality, especially in political and social fields. The Land Redistribution Program in Papua Province itself, as the author sees its implementation, does not pay attention to regulations higher than Presidential Decree Number 86 of 2018.This is also reinforced by Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution which states that the state recognizes and respects customary law community units. along with their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition, Article 3 of the UUPA does contain the term "ulayat rights and rights similar to that". Keywords: Inconsistency, Ulayat Land, Land Redistribution
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Kraśniewska, Olga. "A country held captive by its past: The case of Zimbabwe." Ekonomia 24, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9.
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A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.
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Derman, Bill, and Anne Ferguson. "Value of Water: Political Ecology and Water Reform in Southern Africa." Human Organization 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.62.3.4um4hl7m2mtjagc0.
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Our study draws attention to the multiple ways water is “valued” in international, national, and local discourses and how these different dialogues are used by actors to position themselves and their interests in Zimbabwe’s water reform process. It raises questions concerning the liberatory nature of Zimbabwe’s supposed populist political agenda in land and water reform. Water reform in Zimbabwe serves as a means of demonstrating the grounded, decentered, and engaged approach of political ecology. Focusing only on one pervasive discourse, such as neoliberal economic policy or the growing scarcity of water, and studying its effects on people and the environment, misses much of the complexity embodied in the reform. Our emphasis draws attention to the role of multiple actors, history, ambiguities, and contestations. We have found that the old systems for managing water are no longer functioning while the new systems are not in place. This means that the years of careful planning and implementation of water reform are now in jeopardy due to unforeseen events and processes.
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Majd, Mohammad Gholi. "SMALL LANDOWNERS AND LAND DISTRIBUTION IN IRAN, 1962–71." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021073.
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During the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. government and international agencies such as the World Bank and FAO strongly advocated and pushed for land reform (distribution) in countries under U.S. influence. Examples of American-sponsored land reforms included the land-distribution programs in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Iran, the Philippines, and El Salvador. Land reform in practice consisted of giving the ownership of land to the cultivating tenants and sharecroppers. By giving land to the tenants, it was believed that a communist revolution or takeover could be avoided. The modern theoretical basis for land reform can be found in the writings of such Marxist scholars as Alain de Janvry, the non-Marxist writers Albert Berry and William Cline, and the World Bank economists Hans Binswanger and Miranda Elgins.1 Marxist writers had stressed the political aspects of “anti-feudal” reforms. Such reforms were said to promote political stability as well as strengthen capitalism. How the abrogation of private-property rights was supposed to “strengthen” capitalism was not really explained. Non-Marxist writers concentrated on increased efficiency and increased output that was expected from land redistribution. Berry and Cline showed that in labor-surplus underdeveloped dual economies with a bi-modal farm structure (where large commercial and small subsistence farms existed side by side), a land reform that redistributed land from large farms to small farms increased agricultural production and rural welfare, and brought about economic growth and development. In addition, land reform was seen to result in greater social equity (taking land from wealthy landowners and giving it to poor farmers). It was an article of faith among the proponents of land reform that “the hated class of absentee landlords” did not fulfill any useful socio-economic function, at least none that could not be performed equally well by some government agency. They also believed that sharecropping and tenancy did not fulfill any useful social and economic functions. It was implicitly assumed in the theoretical writings that the rights of a small number of individuals were to be sacrificed for the benefit of the many. In none of the theoretical literature was the possibility of expropriating a large number of individuals advocated or even considered.
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Smovzhenko, Tamara, Oryslava Korkuna, Ivan Korkuna, and Ulyana Khromyak. "The impact of land reform on the development of united territorial communities." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 1(141) (2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-1-4.
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Nowadays, according to decentralization and current legislation (Land Code of Ukraine, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Self-Governance»), the public lands have been transferred to the CTCs since 1 February 2018. In 2018/2019, 788 CTCs received communal ownership of 1.68 ha of public lands. According to the Draft Law «On Amendments to Several Legal Documents of Ukraine on Agricultural Lands Turnover», the consolidated territorial communities become the legal entities and can acquire property rights to agricultural land plots. Therefore, transferring the lands to be used by the newly created CTCs is currently an urgent issue that requires extended scientific and practical research. The paper aims to research the role of land reform in Ukraine and its impact on increase of CTCs’ budget revenues. The stages of land reform and the development of the land reform in Ukraine as well as its implementation strategy are outlined. The disparities of the integrated satellite map and the data of the Land Cadaster of Ukraine in terms of unregistered lands are defined. The amount of a CTC budget’s increased revenues due to the reform is estimated. Statistical data on small, medium, and large farmers and their interest in the land reform are analyzed. The terms of selling the land to foreign investors and conditions of participation in land auctions are examined. The mechanisms of land purchase, selling, and lease in line with the land reform are suggested. Generalizing the presented aspects of the land reform in Ukraine and their impact on economic activity of the newly created CTCs, it can be argued that the process is quite positive and necessary for both communities and businesses in order to get additional budget revenues for CTCs. The land reform improves the living standards of Ukrainian people through the disclosure of the country’s agricultural capacity.
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Magliveras, Konstantinos D., and Gino J. Naldi. "When Politics Prevail Over the Rule of Law: The Demise of the sadc Tribunal." International Human Rights Law Review 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 124–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-01001001.
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Abstract The article questions whether the Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community (sadc) ought to have entertained human rights cases given that the sadc Treaty does not endow it with such jurisdiction. It then analyses its demise in 2010, which was prompted by several rulings against Zimbabwe, whose policy of expropriating land without compensation was held to violate human rights. The pertinent aspects of these cases are reviewed, and the significance of Zimbabwe’s land reform programme is explained. The article elucidates why sadc leaders were prepared to suspend the Tribunal’s operation. This was a combination of alarm that it could evolve into a quasi-regional human rights court but also solidarity with the then President Mugabe, a hero of Africa’s liberation struggle. Finally, the pronouncements of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the High Court of Tanzania on the lawfulness of the sadc Tribunal’s suspension are considered.
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VYZDRYK, Vitalii, and Oleksandra MELNYK. "AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF THE WEST UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-211-221.
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The article covers the preconditions and features of the agrarian reform in Western Ukraine. The land question is characterized since it demanded quick actions of the government in the legislative field because of the war with Poland. In the article, the regulatory framework is investigated, which regulated the powers of the authority and administration in the agricultural sphere. Legislative resolution of the land issue for farmers would help to rebuild the destroyed farms, which would be extremely important for the future state. The purpose of the study is to justify the preconditions for land reform, its significance for the Galician peasantry, and the adoption of a legislative framework. The agrarian reform was in charge of the State Secretariat of Land Affairs, and its responsibilities included the preparation and control of land tenure reform. He was subordinated to the district referendums at the state county commissariats, who gradually grew into the land division. The methodological basis for scientific research is the principles of scientific cognition, historicism, and objectivity; both general scientific and special methods of cognition were used to study the main methodological principles and aspects of this theme. It is shown the content of the agrarian reform and its ethnopolitical direction, highlighted the role of the land management system in the economic development of the village, considered the policy of the leading Ukrainian parties concerning the agrarian question. Keywords West Ukrainian People’s Republic, agrarian reform, Ukrainian National Council, agricultural legislation.
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Tsybulska, S., N. Hradovych, and R. Paraniak. "Scientific and practical aspects of land use optimization in the agrosphere." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 93 (September 30, 2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9316.
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The article presents modern literature data on the need to improve the development of agricultural lands, taking into account the current state of agriculture. Paying attention to this issue requires special attention, as it has acquired not only theoretical but also practical significance. Intensification of negative tendencies of anthropogenic influence on edaphotope lead to a number of ecological crises of global character. We analyzed the state of land use of Lviv region and reflected the main problems of land use optimization. The dynamics of changes that took place in the structure of the land fund by types of lands is shown. An extremely important component of sustainable development of society is the quality of life provided by the continuous development of environmental innovations. The destruction of the structure of the edaphotope of the region causes the emergence and development of environmental crises and catastrophes. Preservation of high potential and quality functioning of edaphos requires changes to the constant effective maintenance of balance, which should be based on the principles of sustainable harmonious development and rationalization of land resources. In terms of regions of aridity coefficients according to research, it can be argued that natural and climatic conditions have a direct impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. Such results require a review of technologies, their modernization and the development of recommendations for their adaptation. Resource-saving land use of new territorial entities in the post-reform period includes two factors – economic and environmental. For proper organization and optimization of land holdings, it is advisable to create agro-landscapes with a clearly planned structure, which should take into account the ratio of functional-territorial orientation, economic assessment and environmental safety. This means that the main and main goal of harmonious targeted use should take into account a number of indicators of the land use system, which requires special attention to agroecosystems in the interdependent close development of environmental and economic aspects. No less important is the environmental factor of land use, as further ignoring it can create economic collapse. In this regard, the most important requirement of the time is the development, improvement and widespread implementation of resource- and energy-saving, environmentally friendly farming systems. Ecological tolerance of certain territories of land resources should be laid down in the process of designing land management developments, paying special attention to the properties of landscape ecosystems, taking into account adjacent land plots. In particular, in order to preserve the balance of agricultural landscapes, it is necessary to implement a set of preventive measures.
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Bvirindi, Tawanda Ray, and Nigel Mxolisi Landa. "Exploring Policy Issues on the Trafficking of Women in Southern Africa with Reference to Zimbabwe." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/2662.
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Following the socio-economic and political problems that ensued after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe, instances of human trafficking previously unseen on a large scale have sparked a newfound interest among policy makers and researchers. This article examines the flawed system provided by the Zimbabwean Trafficking in Persons Act No. 4 of 2014 for the protection of victims of human trafficking. It argues that the “Palermo Protocol”—the international instrument against all trafficking in persons is well-equipped to assume greater responsibility in ensuring the protection of victims. Although the Palermo Protocol is a universal protocol; which should be contextualised to suit various scenarios in which trafficking occurs across the globe, it may still be reasonably interpreted as providing the core principles which are vital to the protection of vulnerable populations from trafficking. Over the long haul, a new Zimbabwean Act, re-aligned with the Palermo Protocol, yet flexible, anti-trafficking partnerships between the government, Non-governmental Organisations and Civil Society remain the most viable solutions to addressing this predicament.
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Moldavan, L. V. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF REGULATING AGRICULTURAL LAND MARKET." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 38 (2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2019.38.5.
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Based on the analysis of land reforms that have taken place in world practice over the past century, the author proves that the market turnover of agricultural land is formed under the influence of two determined factors. On the one hand, it is the specific features of agricultural land, which is an indispensable strategic resource for food producers, is limited in space, irreproducible and cannot be a product in its classical meaning. On the other hand, land is the basis of agricultural production. However, agriculture performs not only an economic function, but also a social (national food independence, rural employment, population of rural settlements, and arrangement of rural areas) and environmental functions (protecting soils from pollution and degradation, supporting local agrolandscapes, etc.). In this context, the need for specific approaches to the market distribution of agricultural land is justified. Author analyzes foreign practice of the legislative regulation of agricultural land turnover with due regard to their economic and socio-ecological orientation. Also revealed are the consequences of the incompleteness of land reform in Ukraine, which are caused by the lack of definition of the requirements for land users, restrictions on land use, access to agricultural land for foreign companies, land market management and other aspects of land relations, and ways are proposed to address them.
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Chambati, Walter. "Changing Forms of Wage Labour in Zimbabwe’s New Agrarian Structure." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 6, no. 1 (April 2017): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976017721346.
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This essay examines the changing nature of farm wage labour in the context of the extensive redistributive land reform since 2000. Using field research from two districts in Zimbabwe with contrasting agro-ecology and socio-economic patterns, it shows that agrarian wage labour is not the preserve of large-scale capitalist farms (LSCFs), which it is usually associated with. The new agrarian structure dominated by the peasantry not only employs an expanded base of unpaid family labourers, but also employs ‘informal’ wage labour whose character and conditions of employment are qualitatively different from the full and part-time labour of the past. Yet, there is continuation of the super-exploitation of agrarian wage labourers that is reflected by the payment of poor wages and differing degrees of the institution of the residential labour tenancy in both the old and new farm compounds. Landlessness and/or land shortage continues to be a key characteristic of farm wage labourers as in the past suggesting the persistence of the labour reserve dynamic.
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Paata Koguashvili, Paata Koguashvili, and Gocha Tsopurashvili Gocha Tsopurashvili. "Regional Aspects of Land Management Policy and Self-governance Opportunities." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/20210179.
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One of the most important foundations of sustainable economic development is a prudent land management policy, which in turn is complex and addresses the nature of socio-demographic problems. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront the importance of self-sufficient agricultural development and food security has become one of the modern challenges, with land as the spatial basis of the economy. The new legislative norms and rules enacted in the country from 2020 require active actions by both the central government and local self-governments. UN studies and recommendations emphasize the importance of complex, multisectoral cooperation and separate the responsibilities of all three levels (center, region, self-government), where elements of duplication must be eliminated and actions taken in full coordination. The axis of the main strategic vision is the central government, its cooperation and activation of the regional factor in terms of assigning coordinating, concentrating functions is extremely interesting, which is unconditionally expressed in terms of efficiency and flexibility of the case. Action in time and space is much more effective than the process of self-regulation. In determining the main directions of the land policy, it is important to outline hierarchically and functionally correctly the responsibilities and obligations of the law enforcers. Morover, the paper outlines the principles of cooperation and coordination, but at the same time emphasizes the importance of fulfilling the exclusive, statutory functions of self-government in terms of targeted and effective use of agricultural land in the country. Determining the market value of land, introducing differentiated taxes and creating a qualitative classification in modern conditions is one of the important challenges. To address these issues, an action software model is presented on the example of Bolnisi Municipality, based on sustainable development, economic Principles of optimization and rationalism, therefore accurately and objectively reflects the real situation. It is noteworthy that the mechanisms for determining the market value of land are created by a system and not an expert opinion brought to the air, the incorrect examples of which have accumulated quite a lot in the country. The approaches and action model proposed in the paper require the introduction of scientific thought and modern innovative systems in terms of quality assessment on the one hand, and on the other hand in terms of objective differentiated tax, because the precise definition of the real picture is the basis for a well-organized systemic-structural reform, which the field unconditionally needs even today. Keywords: Land management policy, market price, local government, agriculture, land balance, soil, optimization.
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Lapyrenok, Roman. "The Political and Economic Origins of the Roman Revolution." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 22, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2021.22(2).222-245.
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The paper considers some economic and legal aspects of the struggle for the public land in Late Republican Rome. This period is one of the most controversial in ancient history; it brought many significant changes to the socio-economic and political life of Rome and contributed much to its transformation from Republic to Principate. Nevertheless, there is no special paper examining the competition between the Romans and Italians for the ager publicus populi Romani which started with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in modern historiography. The first episode ended after the enactment in 111 B.C. of the lex agraria, when a large amount of public land was brought into private hands by its Roman possessors. A further part of the ager publicus populi Romani was still public and remained in hands of the socii. The logic of historical process, the economic changes of the second century B.C. which led Rome from Republic to Principate, demanded the formation of a new class of landowners. The latter would be the basis of the political system of the Roman Empire instead of the nobilitas; its political power would be based on private ownership of land. This was impossible without the full privatization of public land, and it is logical that the struggle for the ager publicus populi Romani was not ended in 111 B.C. Only after privatization of that land, which was possessed by the allies, the agrarian question in Rome could be fully resolved. The latter problem is of crucial importance for the further history of Rome, because it not only caused the Social War but also radically changed both the social structure and the political balance within Roman society during the last decades of the Republic.
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ZHITIN, Ruslan Magometovich. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE LARGE LANDLORD ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT OF TAMBOV GOVERNORATE IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 175 (2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-175-149-156.
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The social and economic features of the large estates development in the Tambov Governorate in the late 19th are examined. The class composition of the latifundists, the social and economic development features of their estates are considered. The source for the work are materials describing the major Tambov estates, “Digest of Statistical Data on the Tambov Governorate”. On the basis of the socio-economic development of the estates, the data system “Large Estates of the Tambov Governorate in the Late 19th Century” is compiled, which allows to generalize information on 489 latifundia of the Tambov Governorate. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of studying the most successful forms of social and economical pre-revolutionary modernization of the post-reform agricultural sector. In the post-reform period it was the entrepreneurial activity of latifundia that was the source of new forms of rationalism and enterprise, social and industrial innovations. The study of sources makes it possible to generalize the territorial features of the concentration of latifundia in the region, to elucidate the reasons for the economic stability of the latifundia in the region, to determine the specific features of the industrial structure of the economic complexes of the Tambov estates, and to consider the most common methods of land use. The study of the industrial modernization of the latifundia is supplemented by a study of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the composition of local wage workers. The qualifications and shortcomings of the professions that were formed in privately owned farms were determined. Synthesis of material for a nu mber of farms shows that the economic success of large owners was largely due to the widely practiced use of a qualified administration and the involvement of agricultural hiring.
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S.Hirashima, Mr. "Growth-Poverty Linkage and Income-Asset Relation in Regional Disparity: Evidence from Pakistan and India (The Allama Iqbal Memorial Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 4I (December 1, 2009): 357–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4ipp.357-386.
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of incorporating asset holding and its distribution into the study of growth-equity relationship in the context of regional disparity. We have tried to discuss this issue by taking the Inclusive Growth Strategy (IGS) introduced by the Union Government of India in 2006. Although it is too early to assess the impact of IGC at this stage, the followings are some of the important findings of our analysis. First, the performance of the post-reform period is characterised by the higher economic growth and declining poverty ratio on one hand, and the increasing disparity in terms of consumption, income and asset holding on the other. Second, the magnitude of poverty and disparity is much more evident in asset holding, notably land, as compared with consumption and income, among economically and socially disadvantageous segments of rural communities. Third, if the inherent social inequality were overcome in the growth process, access to asset, notably land, has to be facilitated either by political process or through market transaction. In either case, the prospective is not yet bright. The paper strongly advocates, among others, the necessity of incorporating incomeasset relationship and structural aspects in discussing poverty and disparity issues in development. Keywords: Growth-Poverty Linkage, Income-Asset Relationship, Inherent Social Inequality, Inclusive Growth Strategy, Land Market, Capital Gain, Land Reform, Rent-land Price Ratio, Ginicoefficient.
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Yang, Zhiheng, Chenxi Li, and Yongheng Fang. "Driving Factors of the Industrial Land Transfer Price Based on a Geographically Weighted Regression Model: Evidence from a Rural Land System Reform Pilot in China." Land 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010007.
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More and more studies on land transfer prices have been carried out over time. However, the influencing factors of the industrial land transfer price from the perspective of spatial attributes have rarely been explored. Selecting 25 towns as the basic research unit, based on industrial land transfer data, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the price distribution of industrial land in Dingzhou City, a rural land system reform pilot in China, by using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Eight evaluation factors were selected from five aspects: economy, population, topography, landform, and resource endowment. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the GWR model revealed the spatial differentiation characteristics of the industrial land transfer price in depth. (2) Factors that have a negative correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the proportion of cultivated land area and distance to the city. Factors that have a positive correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the population growth rate, economic growth rate, population density, and number of hospitals per unit area. (3) The results of GWR model analysis showed that the impact of different factors on the various towns of different models had significant spatial differentiation characteristics. This paper will provide a reference for the sustainable use of industrial land in developing countries.
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Scoones, Ian, Blasio Mavedzenge, and Felix Murimbarimba. "Medium-scale commercial farms in Africa: the experience of the ‘native purchase areas’ in Zimbabwe." Africa 88, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 597–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000244.
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AbstractAcross Africa there has been a growth in medium-sized farms, including in Zimbabwe following the land reform of 2000. What are the prospects of such farms driving new forms of agricultural commercialization? In this article we seek to learn lessons from the past by examining the experience of ‘native purchase areas’, which were established from the 1930s in Zimbabwe. Through a detailed historical study of Mushagashe small-scale commercial farming area in Masvingo Province, the article explores the changing fortunes of farms over time. Historical information is complemented by a survey of twenty-six randomly selected farms, examining patterns of production, asset ownership and accumulation. In-depth interviews explore life histories and changes in social arrangements that have influenced agrarian change. Four broad farm types are identified, including those that are commercialized, projectized, villagized, and held or abandoned. These categories are not static, however, and the article emphasizes non-linear patterns of change. Following Sara Berry, we show how pathways of commercialization are diverse and unpredictable, influenced by interlocking conjunctures of social dynamics, generational changes and political-economic conditions. Commercialization outcomes are dependent on the intersection of relational dynamics and more structural, political economy factors. Bursts of commercialization on these farms are contingent on access to employment by farm owners, labour (hired, squatters and offspring) and, perhaps above all, money to invest. The much-hyped policy vision of a new medium-scale commercial farm sector emerging in Africa therefore must be qualified, and divergent outcomes recognized.
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Gazzani, Flavio. "Transition to social-ecological sustainability using the environmental fiscal reform." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2020-0656.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the introduction of three specific fiscal flexible mechanisms such as VAT surcharges/discounts, surcharges on import/manufacture of risk substances and maturity land tax to implement a new environmental fiscal reform that aims to reduce pollutions and emissions and avoid a regressive impact on low-income households using a feedback system.Design/methodology/approachThe idea behind this article is to explore alternative environmental taxation system that aims to foster the transition to social-ecological sustainability without affect negatively poor and low-income households. It looks at the potential of environmental fiscal reform in terms of environmental benefits and present in the first section, evidence of some economic regressive impact caused by environmental fiscal reform in European Union from previous empirical studies. The article then introduces of a feedback mechanism to create a repayment system, such as rebate or cash transfer to compensate the regressive effect of the levy being added to the consumer price affecting low-income households in a very short period and push consumers to buy alternative eco-friendly products and services and to stimulate the market to offer them.FindingsLowering VAT rate for green products and services has the potential to increase demand for sustainable products and services and stimulate green jobs. Surcharges on import and manufacture of risk substances play a significant role to discourage the import of hazardous and pollutant substances by putting price on them and push the industrial sector towards a medium and long-term transition. Lowering taxes rates for buildings in inner cities encourage improvements and renovations, while raising tax on peri-urban areas discourage land speculation in areas with higher grade of biodiversity. This fiscal mechanism indirectly will reduce private and public transport emissions caused by urban sprawling and travel costs, reduce public infrastructure costs for connecting suburban area to the inner city and reduce the loss of urban-edge farmland area that are vital for smart urban growth.Originality/valueThe previous studies on the economic impact of the on environmental fiscal reform analysis, have focused on environmental aspects, economic growth and employment, but little on the regressive impact in short and medium terms on least wealthy sections of society. The proposed feedback mechanism aims to reduce distortion and inequalities caused by surcharges on existing taxation to low-income using monetary repayment measures, especially for products and services with elastic demand and no substitutes.
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Melnychuk, Melnychuk, and Oleksandr Sulimenko. "Economic and Cultural Life of the Czech Migrants of Volhynian Province in the Late 19th – early 20th centuries." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.04.
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The article explores the main aspects of Czech economic activity in the territory of Volhyn. Particular attention is paid to the formation of agriculture, the acquisition of land by the colonists, their agriculture and industry. The article highlights the peculiarities of Czech people cultural life in the region at the end of XIX – beginning of XX century. It is noted that the most favorable conditions for Czech emigration were created in the Volhynian province, where after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and the unsuccessful Polish uprising in 1863, the Czechs were able to buy land at relatively cheap prices. The article shows the tsarist government’s policy towards the settlers, which he endorsed and supported in order to weaken the influence of the Polish nobility and raise the economic level of the province. It is noted that the Czech settlers were interested in local Polish landlords, who were devastated for various reasons and were considered to be real buyers of their land. The article chronologically indicates their regions of residence in the Volyn province counties. The study shows the difficulties faced by migrants in their first years of residence on new territory and ways to overcome them. It is noted that the tsarist administration saw in the Czechs the bearers of Western European progress, because they were distinguished by a high level of agro-culture. The article examines the tsarist government’s study of the quantitative and qualitative state of life of the Czechs in the province, and points to the authorities’ conclusion that the settlers were wealthy compared to Ukrainian peasants. For the first time on the basis of archival documents, the study analyzed the number of Czechs and the amount of land they purchased for private ownership in each township and in general in the Volhynian province counties. It was concluded that the largest number of Czechs lived in Dubna County, where on average there were 1,45 des. of land per person, and in general in the province there were 1,6 des. of land per person. It is noted that during the Stolypin agrarian reform, the Czechs began to migrate from the agrarian-populated Volhynian province to other regions of the empire. The article analyzes the peculiarities of Czechs’ economic activity during the reform period, the creation of exemplary farms and cutting farms. Based on individual field studies, the value of Czech living in the region is shown.
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Boer, Henry. "Governing Ecosystem Carbon." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 4 (November 2013): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00201.
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Governing carbon stored in natural and human-managed ecosystems is an emerging area in global climate politics. Many developed and developing countries are devising and implementing a range of reform programs that aim to reduce emissions and increase sequestration in the land use, land use change and forestry, and agricultural sectors. In developing countries, mitigation programs and projects on the ground have accelerated under the global program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). The article applies a governmentality framework to analyze these policies and programs as forms of administrative, economic, and deliberative rationalities and associated technologies. What emerges in the analysis is that governing is conducted through common technologies including policy instruments and rules, stakeholder engagement processes, and the application of the same technical monitoring and carbon accounting methodologies. In the case of REDD+, there has been strong emphasis on the introduction of market and incentive approaches, but the major reforms have focused on government regulatory programs and building technical and administrative capacity. Importantly, this is allowing national and sub-national governments to extend their authority across all aspects of the reform agenda, which poses significant challenges for reducing forest loss in developing countries.
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Akolzina, Marina. "County towns merchants’ agricultural enterprise of Tambov Governorate in the 19th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 182 (2019): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-182-232-242.
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We center on the issue of studying merchant land ownership and land use in Tambov Governorate in the 19th century. The relevance of this study is due to the need to fill the source and historiographical gap in the study of the Russian version of social and economic business ac-tivities in the agricultural sector in the pre-reform period. The results are promising for solving the problems facing the agriculture of our region at the present stage. Currently, one of the priorities of social and economic development of the Tambov Region is to increase the competitiveness of the domestic agro-industrial complex, the qualitative development of rural areas. The scientific novel-ty is associated with the consideration of merchant farms through the analysis of innovative forms formation of rationalism and entrepreneurship in agriculture at the micro level. Consideration of the merchant activities conditions allows to fully disclose previously unknown aspects of social modernization, to characterize the specifics of the entrepreneurial functions implementation in the agricultural sector, to assess the dynamics of new forms of economy development in our region in the pre-reform period. The activities of entrepreneurs in the agricultural business, their role in the process of agricultural society modernization in Russia is still undisclosed in concrete historical manifestations. Issues of the private-owned merchant farms development in Tambov Governorate has not yet been the subject of serious scientific analysis.
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Kryukova, I., and A. Chebanenko. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRAIN PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE: MODERN ECONOMIC AND ACCOUNTING ASPECTS." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.13.
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The modern state of the development of grain production in Ukraine is analyzed in the article. Grain production is the basic sector of the agrarian and national economy of Ukraine, which largely determines the size and structure of the export potential and the place of Ukraine in the world agricultural market.It is determined that the share of grain in the export structure of the Ukrainian economy today is about 15%. In the ranking of countries participating in the global grain market, Ukraine takes 7th place. Some indicators of grain production and sales at the national and regional levels are analyzed here. Еру grain production in Ukraine is characterized by a clear tendency to increase in 2017 amounted to about 62 million tons with the potential of national grain production - about 80 million tons. The production of about 79% of all grain products in the country is concentrated in agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms of management. The average yield in public sector enterprises is about 46c / ha, which is 20-23% higher than the level of households.Odessa region does not play a significant role in the structure of national grain production - its part is no more than 7%. The leading grain production areas in Ukraine are: Poltava, Vinnitsa, Dnipr and Kharkov regions. Among the main trends and problematic aspects of the development of domestic grain production, the following were identified: 1) incomplete land reform, 2) problems of functioning of the transparent grain market infrastructure, 3) slow response of agricultural producers to price challenges of the grain market, 4) trends in increasing concentration of agricultural production capital, 5) weak strategic component of agromanagement of most producers, 6) the presence of significant contradictions in national and world practice of accounting and analytical processes in grain production. The general features of state financial support for grain producers in Ukraine have been reviewed. The main problematic aspects of accounting for the costs of biological transformation of assets in grain production are investigated. The main ones are: inconsistency of methods and standards of accounting for biological assets in national and foreign practice.
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Volkov, Maksim. "Financial and economical activity of Orthodox monasteries of Tambov Eparchy in the 18th–19th centuries." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-121-130.
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The relevance of our study is due to the recent trends of comprehensive consideration of issues related to the financial, economic and economic activities of Orthodox monasteries. In the conditions of the revival of monastic life in modern Russia these aspects of monastic work are of particular interest to researchers and allow us to draw some historical parallels, as well as to comprehend many related issues in this direction. The study was tasked with presenting a genera-lized summary analysis of the economic status of Orthodox male monasteries of the eparchy dur-ing the synodal period, as well as reviewing the main articles of income and expenditure of mone-tary amounts. The facts collected and systematized in this study are intended to reveal the specifics and peculiarities of ownership of the male monasteries with their lands. Land tenure and various economic objects were a powerful economic help in the conditions of the established division of monasteries into regular and non-standard types after the 1764 reform. As a result, from the second half of the 18th century, most of the cloisters were forced to seek new non-state sources of income. In the process of the gradual accumulation of the land fund over the next century, the role of economic possessions, which, as a rule, were leased and provided a solid and stable extrabudgetary income, both in regular and non-standard monasteries, increased.
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Korotun, Volodymyr, Tetiana Kaneva, Anton Drepin, Liudmyla Levaieva, and Svitlana Kucherenko. "The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p215.
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In this research, we evaluated the impact of fiscal decentralization on GDP per capita growth. Using the unbalanced panel data, the authors assessed the interconnections between fiscal decentralization – considering its expenditure and revenue aspects as well as tax autonomy – and economic growth for Central and Eastern European countries from 1995 to 2018. In the examined states, the expenditure decentralization exceeded the revenue one. We found out that revenue decentralization and tax autonomy adversely affected economic growth. But expenditure decentralization associated with a positive GDP growth rate. In this paper, we also explored the peculiarities of fiscal decentralization reform. Structural transformations radically reduced the size of the public sector in Central and Eastern Europe, which had a positive effect on the economy. The vital components of local budgets tax revenues are personal income tax and the property taxes. The most effective mechanism for the property tax base’s determination arises from the value of the real estate or land.
Keywords: fiscal policy, fiscal decentralization, tax autonomy, property taxes, economic growth
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Rugwiji, Temba T. "REREADING TEXTS OF MUSIC AND DANCE IN THE HEBREW BIBLE: THE SPIRITUALITY OF MUSIC AND DANCE IN ZIMBABWE." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 72–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2527.
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The Hebrew Bible depicts that music and dance formed part of worship and reverence of Yahweh in which various musical instruments were played during ancient biblical times. In the modern post-biblical world, music and dance characterise every context of human existence either in moments of love, joy, celebration, victory, sorrow or reverence. In Zimbabwe, music — which is usually accompanied by dance — serves various purposes such as solidarity towards or remonstration against the land reform, despondency against corruption, celebration, giving hope to the sick, worship as in the church or appeasing the dead by those who are culturally-entrenched. Two fundamental questions need to be answered in this article: 1) What was the significance of music and dance in ancient Israel? 2) What is the significance of music and dance in Zimbabwe? In response to the above questions, this essay engages into dialogue the following three contestations. First, texts of music, musical instruments and dance in the Hebrew Bible are discussed in view of their spiritual significance in ancient Israel. Second, this study analyses music and dance from a faith perspective because it appears for the majority of Gospel musicians the biblical text plays a critical role in composing their songs. Third, this article examines music and dance in view of the spirituality which derives from various genres by Zimbabwean musicians in general. In its entirety, this article attempts to show that the Zimbabwean society draws some spirituality from music and dance when devastated by political, cultural or socio-economic crises.
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Riabtsova, А. H. "DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE." Economics and Law, no. 2 (September 9, 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.02.090.
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The formation and development of legal regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is analyzed. It is established that certain aspects of the legal regulation of the use of some natural resources can be found in Ruska Pravda, which was carried out mainly for tax purposes. The development of legislation on the use of natural resources in the Middle Ages and during the stay of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire is analyzed. It is established that the use of natural resources on Ukrainian lands during their stay in the Polish-Lithuanian principality was regulated mainly by customary law. Agrarian reform was carried out as a result of the adoption of the act “Ustav na Voloky” (1557). In addition, in 1567 the Forest Charter was adopted, which was one of the first acts in Europe in the field of forest protection and use. It is substantiated that until the twentieth century there was a rather fragmentary regulation of the protection and preservation of natural resources, mainly with a view to protecting the ownership of certain natural objects, especially land. The regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity in the Soviet period and after the declaration of independence is studied. Among the first acts adopted after the revolution was the “Decree on Land” of November 8, 1917, according to which the land became state property. However, only since the 60 of the last century special laws have been adopted aimed at legal protection of nature. Normative-legal acts of independent Ukraine from the standpoint of regulating the use of natural resources in eco- no mic activity are systematized into three groups: normative acts regulating economic activity in general and certain aspects of natural resources protection; regulations that mainly regulate the protection of natural resources in general and estab lish certain principles of their use in economic activities; regulations governing the protection and use of certain types of natural resources, including in economic activities. In addition, the periodization of the historical development of legislative regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is suggested.
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Kropyvko, Mykhailo. "Positives and negatives of the agrarian system of Ukraine." Ekonomika APK 309, no. 7 (July 28, 2020): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202007006.
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The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of the analysis of organizational and economic transformations in the process of carrying out the agrarian reform and to draw the attention of scientists, government officials, and society to the urgency of solving the problem of improving the agrarian system of Ukraine. Research methods. During the research, the following methods were used: abstract-logical (to determine the essence of the agrarian system, the generalization of the organizational and economic transformations processes during the agrarian reform, the formation of conclusions); economic and statistical (to analyze the results of improving the agrarian structure) comparative analysis (to determine the positives and negatives of organizational and economic transformations in agriculture of the world countries and in Ukraine). Research results. During the process of agricultural transformation analyzing in 2000-2018, it was revealed that by 2010, instead of the state collective agrarian system in Ukraine, a private-lease agrarian system has been formed, the characteristic features of which are private ownership of land, property, and results of activities, lease land relations and the multiformity of organizational and legal forms of market management. As a result, the production and export of agricultural products increased significantly. However, in the future, a latifundist structure began to form in the agriculture of Ukraine due to the concentration of farmland for the use of vertically integrated agricultural holding groups, in general, it has a positive effect on the development of agricultural production. However, such a system carries the threat of landlessness of peasants and the spread of semi-feudal forms of agricultural land lease. It does not contribute to the rural communities' development and improves the living standards of rural residents, for most of whom agricultural and related activities are the main source of their own income and revenues to local budgets. Scientific novelty. The essence and definition of the concept "agrarian system" are substantiated. For the first time, it was concluded that as a result of agrarian organizational and economic transformations in Ukraine a private-lease agrarian system was formed, its positive aspects and threats were systematized. Scientific provisions and recommendations for the continuation of agrarian reform for the formation of an agrarian system aimed at the integrated (balanced) development of agriculture, rural communities, and territories have been further developed. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used by scientists, government officials, and practitioners to solve the problem of national importance - improving the agricultural system of Ukraine. Tabl.: 4. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 16.
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Chand, B. J. K. "LAND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN NEPAL: REPERCUSSIONS OF LAND USE POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GAPS IN REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-17-2019.
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Abstract. In lieu of advancement in human civilization from nomadic age to quest for welfare capitalism in recent days, land resources have been one of the most sought after assets for subsequent socio-economic development. The concept of land, once only geo-political has evolved to be interdisciplinary with developmental and managerial aspects in regional and urban planning worldwide making the facets of land management more complex than ever. In the context of modern Nepal, governance in systematic land management appeared during mid-1960 only with establishment of Ministry of Land Reform (MoLR). This paper aims to provide constructive criticism upon institutional fragmentation, and fragile policy and implementation gaps in land use administration which have been bewildering the concepts of regional and urban planning in Nepal. The recitation of this work is primarily based on selected literature review of relevant research on land use planning along with two representative case studies in national context and in international scenario as well. Despite rigorous efforts, the issues of competence in land administration, migration and syndicate in urban real estate remain as the major problems in land management in Nepal. Also, the new state restructuring of federal Nepal has already upraised the challenges in land resources planning for local governments who but seem muddled up in constructing rural economy and strategic urban plan for regional development. Nevertheless, these concerns in regional and urban planning can be addressed through practice of sustainable land management with thoughtful consideration of ambiguities in land use policy and implementation.
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Kharmaev, Yu V. "Criminal Punishment in the Form of Exile as a Tool for Resolving Russia's Geopolitical Problems on its Eastern Outskirts (Historical and Legal Aspects)." Lex Russica, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.149.4.179-187.
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The Russian state has historically used the reference not only as an implementation of criminal punishment against convicts, but also to solve colonization, economic, cultural and social problems on the Eastern borders of the country. The vast and undeveloped territory in the East of the country; natural minerals, raw materials for the emerging Russian industry; the presence of the land route of the TRANS-Siberian direction, all this at first looked very attractive. However, at the end of the second half of the 19th century the authorities were forced to reform the Siberian exile, and in the future to completely abandon it, recognizing it is extremely inefficient and costly for the state. Modern geopolitical interests of Russia face similar problems typical for the State in earlier historical periods. As for the exile or some other punishment associated with the voluntary or forced displacement of a large number of people from one region to another (more often from the Central regions to the outskirts of the country), will be resolved gradually, depending primarily on the socio-economic capabilities of the state.
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Popova, O. L. "Spatial injustice in the formation of land use territories in united communities." Ukrainian society 75, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.04.081.
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The author revealed the injustices in the territories formation of the united territorial communities (UTC) under the local self-government reform, which are manifested in different, uneven volumes of their land use and the resource basis in general for local socio-economic development. The methodological approach used by the authorities in determining the capacity of united communities in their formation (in terms of compliance with the criteria – the area and the population density), led to the fact that in rural areas with low population density they had to form large UTCs to reach specific parameters by population. The hypothesis that territorially large UTCs are capable is ambiguous: on the one hand, land tenure and land use is a resource for socio-economic development of communities, on the other – in a large area the cost of providing essential services to the population in remote villages increases together with the administrative and other costs. Paper proves that large-scale rural UTCs should become objects of the state support as the “rural areas in unfavourable conditions” under the State Strategy for Regional Development for 2021–2027. The author justifies injustices in the centralization of powers on disposal of land resources. The land decentralization as a transfer of relevant powers to UTC local governments will be finally completed, according to the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On some measures to accelerate reforms in the field of land relations” № 449 from 15.10.2020, which will contribute to orderliness in this area and filling local budgets. It is also advisable within the UTCs to give internal communities the right to dispose of their economic territory’s land resources in these communities’ interests. The paper shows discriminatory aspects of administrative reformatting of 120 voluntarily formed and functioning UTCs, according to the Government’s long-term plans for 2020: by recognizing them as insufficiently capable, they should join other communities or unite into larger UTCs.
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PATYTSKA, Khrystyna. "LAND TAX IN THE SYSTEM OF PROPERTY TAXATION: SPECIFICS ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE AND EU COUNTRIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(57) (2018): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.04.086.
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Introduction. Problems of local budgeting in Ukraine, lack of financial resources of local authorities and instability of their revenue have been quite topical and still unsolved. Like most countries that emerged from the former Soviet Union, Ukraine has faced very substantial difficulties in maintaining economic growth while at the same time organizing an effective local government and fiscal structure and administration. An important aspect of this task has been to establish clearly defined property rights, including those in land, in order to facilitate market activities while also providing an appropriate fiscal base for local government. Purposes. The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of local authorities’ financial resources, local taxes and dues being their main source including land tax, to the process of formation of land taxation as well as to the definition of its role in the system of functioning of local authorities and state on the whole. The paper contains a comprehensive analysis of land taxation system, and shows its role and place in the state’s economic system. Proceeding from the analysis of the existing practice of land tax levying the author proves the necessity to reform land taxation, improve the mechanisms of levying land tax to insure full and timely income of land tax to local budgets. Results. Nature and structure of land taxation mechanism were proved and approaches concerning it construction in Ukraine were developed. Based on the realized analysis principal trends of collecting land tax in Ukraine were clarified, main factors which have the effect on forming of land taxation mechanism in our state were determined, problem aspects in land taxation which require improvement were emphasized. The mechanism of land tax application in foreign countries was investigated, main directions of land taxation processes optimization in Ukraine were proposed. It is proposed the improving the procedure for administering land tax in terms of conducting normative monetary valuation of land. Conclusions. It was proposed to improve the land tax in the area of its administration and the establishment of tax rates. The author has suggestions and proposals regarding legislation improvement in the sphere of legal regulation of land valuation in Ukraine.
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ZHITIN, Ruslan Magometovich. "MODELS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION ESTATES IN THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 176 (2018): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-146-153.
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We examine the peculiarities of the economic activity of landlords in the late 19th and early 20th century. The origins of conservative approaches to the development of private estates are analyzed, the reasons that led some nobles to proceed to successful management are revealed. The urgency of work is determined by the importance of studying the most optimal forms of socio-economic modernization of the post-reform agricultural sector. An analysis of the published sources shows that the majority of owners turned to traditional methods of economic activity. A promising area was the transfer of land in rent. Evaluating the advantages of city life, they completely broke ties with rural life and moved to the cities. Only a small, economically active stratum of landowners, under new conditions, could create self-sufficient capitalist farms. They modernized the estates that belonged to them, introduced into the practice of administration progressive management methods, rationally using available economic resources. Analyzing the sources of rationalization of exemplary estates, we turned to the memoirs of A.A. Fet, A.N. Engelhardt, S.F. Sharapov. The success of modernization of estates, in their opinion, was associated with attention to specific aspects of the farms economy, the introduction of new production technologies, administrative activities rationalization.
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Нежевело, В. В. "Procedural Guaranteeing of Tenants Rights in Case of Land Use for Farming." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 86, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.3.03.
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The article is primarily aimed at the settlement of practical problematic aspects of realizing the procedural protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships.
In order to protect the procedural rights of individuals during the settlement of land disputes, the author has analyzed legal scientific studies on the realization of the rights of land tenants, who, as ordinary citizens of Ukraine, concluded land rental agreements necessary for them to create and maintain farms. The author has studied the state of scientific doctrine and legal guarantees in the sphere of ensuring the protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold relationships, including procedural one. The main problems and shortcomings of the current legislation on procedural guaranteeing of the rights of tenants of land plots used for farming have been outlined.
It has been emphasized that disputes on the termination of land rental agreements and sometimes the simultaneous collection of rent arrears initiated by the authorities in relation to individuals – the tenants as parties to the agreement have the special status within land disputes, whereas legal entities – farm enterprises actually use the land plots. These disputes are relevant and widespread in the practical field, but at the same time they are hardly protected by the doctrine and are imperfectly protected by the norms of the current legislation, which originates to significant violations of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships. Thus, starting from 2018, within the framework of the judicial reform and the creation of a new Supreme Court of Ukraine, a prudent legal position began to emerge regarding the need to appeal in these situations to commercial courts within the economic jurisdiction and to file claims against farm enterprises, which as legal entities are the defendant in the case, being the actual user.
Taking into account the above, the author has studied the scientific environment within the aspect of solving the issue of procedural guaranteeing of the rights of the tenants of land plots that are actually used by farm enterprises for conducting this activity. The author has also made an attempt to study the current legislation, focusing on the problematic aspects and gaps that need to be addressed by improving legal regulation.
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Thamrin, Husni. "PENDEKATAN SOSIO-ECO-RELIGIO-CULTURE DALAM MENANGGULANGI KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.102-108.
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This paper aims: 1. To analyze the factors that cause forest and land fires that often occur throughout the year 2. To analyze the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio-Eco-Religio-Culture approach 3. To provide solutions to the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture approach. The method used is Qualitative Research using Grounded Theory. The results showed: 1. The causes of forest fires also occurred due to several factors, including the existence of investors and communities who cleared land for oil palm, rubber and other plantations by burning forests, extreme weather, peat areas, weak governance from the government, ignorance of local wisdom, indecisive law enforcement agencies. 2. The most severe impact felt by many parties as a result of these fires is smoke haze pollution that disturbs various aspects of life. The disruption of human activities due to forest fires can also affect productivity and income. 3. In making development policies to prevent forest fires, the anthropocentric perspective that exploits many ecological, economic, social, religious and cultural values must be changed to the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture perspective. It is necessary to reform law enforcement in the management of deep forest fires and create a legal umbrella for preventing and overcoming forest and land outbreaks. It is necessary to socialize the values of the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture to policy makers, students from an early age to higher education for forest fire prevention. It is necessary to implement a socio-eco-religio-culture approach in making policies to control forest and land fires.
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Orlik, Mikhail. "Development of bank lending in Dnieper Ukraine in the second half of the XIX - at the beginning of XX century." University Economic Bulletin, no. 42 (June 19, 2019): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-42-217-223.
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The subject of the study is the formation process of the banking system of the Russian Empire in the post-reform period, and its then-theoretical basis. The purpose of the work consists in studying the problem of bank lending in the Dnieper Ukraine and conducting an analysis of the scholarly opinion of economists on bank lending in the second half of the XIX-early XX century. The methodological basis of the article for solving the problems set in the article is applied general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization) and special methods of scientific research (diachronic (periodization), comparative, retrospective, historical-typological and economic analysis). Results of work. The views of economists of the XIX century on actual problems of lending has been studied and analyzed in the article, attention was paid to their recommendations for improving the credit system. The main economic, historical and social conditions of the development of mortgage lending and its role in the credit system of the Russian Empire have been investigated. The main problem aspects of that time mortgage are determined and analyzed. The field of application of results. Theoretical conclusions and research results can be used in teaching economics and economic thought courses, as well as other economic disciplines in the training of specialists in economics and banking at universities. Conclusions. The study of the post-reform banking system of the Russian Empire allows us to conclude that reform was a forced step by the government in the process of resuscitation of the banking system. The Ministry of Finance, taking into account the previous unsuccessful experience in creating banks, has stimulated the consolidation of potential consumers of loan products of Zemstvo banks under the terms of mutual responsibility. Nevertheless, despite the progressiveness of such new approaches to lending, the existence of vestiges of pre-reform approaches continued, this was reflected in preferential lending to the nobility. The personality of the representative of the Kyiv School of Economics, Mykola Bunge has a significant place among scientists and practitioners involved in reforming the banking system of the Russian Empire. In addition, the non-state banks of the Dnieper Ukraine, in particular, Kherson Zemsky Bank and Kharkiv Land Bank have become the examples for the formation of similar banking institutions throughout the empire. The study also allows us to conclude that reform has been a significant success due to the technocratic approach in government appointments and the involvement of academics in administration of the State, which is especially relevant for modern Ukraine.