Journal articles: 'Land reform – Zimbabwe – Case studies'

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Tarisayi, Kudzayi Savious. "A school in distress: The manifestations of poverty at a selected satellite school in the Masvingo district, Zimbabwe." Journal of Geography Education in Africa 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46622/jogea.v2i1.2526.

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Although there is a plethora of studies on poverty in schools, poverty in satellite schools in Zimbabwe remains a neglected phenomenon. Satellite schools are newly established temporary schools which are attached to a registered school. This paper derives from a study that focused on the social capital influences of communal farmers and land reform beneficiaries on satellite schools in the Masvingo district, Zimbabwe after the year 2000. The study drew on the capability approach by Sen (2000) and the poverty pyramid by Baulch (2011). The study was qualitative and it was positioned in the interpretive paradigm. The paper reports on one case study of communal farmers in the Masvingo district. Four semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion with a purposive sample of ten participants were carried out in the Sambo community. Qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyse the findings and draw conclusions. The manifestations of poverty at Sambo satellite school were infrastructure challenges; physical resources allocation; a natural resource challenge; and learners’ participation in extra-curricular activities with other schools. Due to a multiplicity of manifestations of poverty, Sambo satellite school was clearly in distress. It is recommended that the Zimbabwean government provide additional funding to support satellite schools that are located in poor, environmentally challenging contexts.

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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?" Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.

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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.

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De Wet, Chris. "The Application of International Resettlement Policy in African Villagization Projects." Human Organization 71, no. 4 (November 28, 2012): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.71.4.0787k13246877275.

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It is now widely agreed that anything less than consciously planned and implemented development for resettled people will leave them worse off. Compensation is not up to the task of restorative, let alone just, resettlement. But what happens when, as in the case of smaller scale, but widely occurring, projects involving resettlement, the "development" projects do not give rise to significant new resources, thereby effectively making resettlement with development impossible? Smaller scale villagization type projects with an agricultural/land reform/political reorganization agenda are widespread in Africa. They have been/are imposed in recurring fashion on rural areas by succeeding governments, typically involving short-range resettlement, limited capital investment and assistance, and loss of local autonomy in relation to land use. The paper provides case studies from South Africa and Zimbabwe. It will be shown how these ongoing interventions and responses have directed the developmental, social, and resettlement dynamic in the resulting settlements—as well as raising crucial implications for whether, and how, we are best to apply international resettlement policy in such situations.

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Ossome, Lyn, and Sirisha C. Naidu. "Does Land Still Matter? Gender and Land Reforms in Zimbabwe." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 344–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211029176.

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The Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe effected changes in the racial, class, and gender structure of land ownership. However, while changes in the racial and class structure have been well explored in existing literature, their articulation to gender in the agrarian structure is not yet well understood. This is because the literature has mainly accounted for gender in relation to the formal redistribution of land to women through titling, and not as a structural element of agrarian reform that locates women within the labor and capital nexus of land ownership. This article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of the gendered agrarian component of FTLRP by locating gender within the political economy of the agrarian reform and by evaluating gender in relation to the capitalist accumulation structure which the land reform sought to alter.

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Southall, Roger. "Too Soon to Tell? Land Reform in Zimbabwe." Africa Spectrum 46, no. 3 (December 2011): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971104600306.

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Moyo, Sam. "Changing agrarian relations after redistributive land reform in Zimbabwe." Journal of Peasant Studies 38, no. 5 (December 2011): 939–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.634971.

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Musendekwa, Menard, Munyaradzi Tinarwo, Rumbidzayi Chakauya, and Ereck Chakauya. "Beyond Land Redistribution: A Case for Stewardship in Land Reform." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 9, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024920968315.

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The right to own and derive value out of the land, (cf. ownership) is a human right enshrined in the constitution of most democratic countries. Land reform is arguably the most emotional, socio-economic, and political subject of the colonial and post-colonial era of the African continent. It is a subject that has remained sacred and a taboo creating a fertile ground for protracted political, social, economic, and religious conflicts. Many African indigenous communities are genuinely struggling to address inequality and deprivation. Despite the overwhelming economic demand to address the land question, only a handful of African countries have been bold enough to tackle the issue head-on, sometimes with dire consequences. In the current article, we use the Zimbabwe land reform programme as a case and through a biblical lens show cause for land not just as a commodity where belonging is the ultimate deciding factor but rather emphasise ownership by stewardship. This perspective is compatible with modern systems of governance, ubuntu in the African traditional culture, and encourage efficiency of production to achieve food security despite the polarised discourse of land reform in most countries.

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Spierenburg, Marja. "Spirits and Land Reforms: Conflicts About Land in Dande, Northern Zimbabwe." Journal of Religion in Africa 35, no. 2 (2005): 197–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066054024703.

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AbstractDespite its present support for the invasion of (mainly white-owned) commercial farms and emphasis on 'fast-track resettlement', most interventions by the post-Independence government of Zimbabwe in agriculture aimed to confine African farmers to the Communal Areas. In Dande, northern Zimbabwe, a land reform programme was introduced in 1987 that sought to 'rationalise' local land use practices and render them more efficient. Such reforms were deemed necessary to reduce the pressure on commercial farms. This article describes how the reforms caused Mhondoro mediums in Dande to challenge the authority of the state over land, thereby referring to the role they and their spirits played in the struggle for Independence. Pressure on the mediums to revoke their criticism resulted in a complex process in which adherents challenged the reputation of mediums who were not steadfast in their resistance to the reforms.

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FITZMAURICE, SUSAN. "Ideology, race and place in historical constructions of belonging: the case of Zimbabwe." English Language and Linguistics 19, no. 2 (July 2015): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000106.

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This article explores the ways in which constructions of identities of place are embedded in the ideology of race and social orientation in Zimbabwe. Using newspaper reports, memoirs, speeches, advertisements, fiction, interviews and ephemera produced around key discursive thresholds, it examines the production of multiple meanings of key terms within competing discourses to generate co-existing parallel lexicons. Crucially, labels like ‘settler’, ‘African’ and ‘Zimbabwean’, labels that are inextricably linked to access to and association with the land in colonial and postcolonial Zimbabwe, shift their reference and connotations for different speakers in different settings and periods. For example, the term ‘settler’, used to refer to white colonists of British origin who occupied vast agricultural lands in colonial Zimbabwe, is appropriated in post-independent Zimbabwe to designate blacks settled on the land in the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. The analysis of semantic pragmatic change in relation to key discursive thresholds yields a complex story of changing identities conditioned by different experiences of a raced national biography.

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Langton, DUBE MAKUWERERE. "Autocracy, Institutional Constraints and Land Expropriation: A Conceptual Analysis of Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i2.17040.

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Using the Zimbabwean case, this article explores the assertion that autocracies are better placed than democracies in land redistribution because of lower institutional constraints and concentration of power which makes policy implementation easier. This is rightly so, because such political systems have the notoriety of neutralizing or eliminating the veto gauntlet which is normally strengthened by institutional autonomy. Extant literature on land reform continues to grapple with overarching questions as to why countries redistribute land, relating to the type of conditions that incubate the need for reform and the political purpose that redistribution serve in this world. Equally important, is the need to interrogate the real beneficiaries of land reform. The study notes that in the post-Cold War globalized era of ‘fractured sovereignty’, redistribution from above remains attractive despite its protracted nature. However, against a post-colonial settler land discourse that memorializes race, privilege, dispossession, and restitution, the article evinces that land redistribution is tainted by elitism, clientelism, and partisanship which eventually distort its structural transformative power.

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Yan, Hairong, and Yiyuan Chen. "Land reform in Zimbabwe, class dynamics and delayed Bandung: an interview with Sam Moyo." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 17, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2016.1139032.

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Chimhowu, Admos, and Philip Woodhouse. "Forbidden But Not Suppressed: a ‘Vernacular’ Land Market in Svosve Communal Lands, Zimbabwe." Africa 80, no. 1 (February 2010): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009001247.

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This article examines the status of land tenure in Zimbabwe following the ‘Fast Track’ land reforms of 2000–3. It finds that post-reform land tenure remains strongly dualist, with land sales and rental prohibited on the land (about two thirds of the total) classified as ‘A1’ resettlement or ‘communal areas’, while tradeable leases apply to much of the remainder, classified as ‘commercial land’. The article draws on fieldwork in Svosve Communal Area and on previous studies on land transactions in Zimbabwe to argue that land sales and rental transactions are an enduring feature of land use in Zimbabwe's ‘communal areas’. Moreover, the article argues that, despite government prohibition, there is evidence that such transactions are being fuelled by increasing demand for land arising from the collapse in the non-farm economy in Zimbabwe. The article argues that while the logic of informal (or ‘vernacular’) land sales and rental is widely recognized by land users in communal and resettlement areas, government prohibition, in favour of asserting land allocation rights of customary authorities, is driven by considerations of political control of the rural vote.

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Njaya, Tavonga. "An Econometric Model of the Determinants of Married Women?s Land Rights in A1 Resettlement Areas in Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.21.32.51.

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The study investigated the major determinants of married women’s land rights under the fast track land reform programme, 2000-2002 in A1 resettlement areas in Zimbabwe using econometric analysis on national baseline survey. Case data collected in Goromonzi District through in-depth interviews, direct observations and documentary reviews were used to complement results from the econometric model. Although the focus was on women beneficiaries of the fast track land reform programme, the study adopted a gender approach to study both men and women. The study revealed that extra-household factors such as the method used to make beneficiaries aware about the fast track land reform programme, the size of arable area cultivated and provincial differentials of male and female beneficiaries determined the probability of women’s land holding. This meant that social assets were a strong determinant of women’s land rights and hence the socio-political environment should not be ignored when analysing the distribution of land under the fast track land reform programme. The study recommended that individual level asset ownership data should be collected in order to evaluate and understand how benefits of development programmes are shared between men and women and that allocation of land under the land reform programme should focus on individuals within households. Methods should be devised to inform women about their land rights and the avenues through which these rights can be enforced. A study of each province would be required to unravel the underlying factors for the differential land distribution patterns by sex in provinces.

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Bhatasara, Sandra, and Kirk Helliker. "The Party-State in the Land Occupations of Zimbabwe: The Case of Shamva District." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 1 (July 6, 2016): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616658316.

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There has been significant debate about the land occupations which occurred from the year 2000 in Zimbabwe, with a key controversy concerning the role of the state and ruling party (or party-state) in the occupations. This controversy, deriving from two grand narratives about the occupations, remains unresolved. A burgeoning literature exists on the Zimbabwean state’s fast-track land reform programme, which arose in the context of the occupations, but this literature is concerned mainly with post-occupation developments on fast-track farms. This article seeks to contribute to resolving the controversy surrounding the party-state and the land occupations by examining the occupations in the Shamva District of Mashonaland Central Province. The fieldwork for our Shamva study focused exclusively on the land occupations (and not on the fast-track farms) and was undertaken in May 2015. We conclude from our Shamva study that involvement by the party-state did not take on an institutionalised form but was of a personalised character entailing interventions by specific party and state actors.

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Shonhe, Toendepi, Ian Scoones, and Felix Murimbarimba. "Medium-scale commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe: the experience of A2 resettlement farms." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 4 (December 2020): 601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000385.

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ABSTRACTThe emergence of medium-scale farms is having important consequences for agricultural commercialisation across Africa. This article examines the role of medium-scale A2 farms allocated following Zimbabwe's land reform after 2000. While the existing literature focuses on changing farm size distributions, this article investigates processes of social differentiation across medium-scale farms, based on qualitative-quantitative studies in two contrasting sites (Mvurwi and Masvingo-Gutu). Diverse processes of accumulation are identified across commercial, aspiring and struggling farmers, and linked to contrasting patterns of agricultural production and sale, asset ownership, employment and finance. The ability to mobilise finance, influenced by the state of the macro-economy, as well as forms of political patronage, is identified as a crucial driver. Contrary to assertions that A2 farms are largely occupied by ‘cronies’ and that they are unproductive and under-utilised, a more differentiated picture emerges, with important implications for policy and the wider politics of Zimbabwe's countryside following land reform.

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Vhutuza, Ephraim, and Urther Rwafa. "CONTESTATION OF HEGEMONIES THROUGH PROPAGANDA THEATRE IN POST 2000 ZIMBABWE: THE CASE OF MAD¬ZOKA ZIMBABWE AND THE COUP." Imbizo 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/2845.

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This paper discusses the state-) citizen contestations in Zimbabwe and examines the role of theatre in legitimising and/or resisting state hegemonies in the context of the post 2000 Zimbabwean cultural struggle. Using the theory of hegemony, the paper argues that, after ) the repossession of land by the majority of the black population in 2000 and the constitutional referendum held in February 2000, whose “No” vote challenged the hegemonic discourses and patriotic history of the ruling ZANU PF party, what followed was a largely polarised society split between the pro-hegemonic civic society such as ZNLWA on one hand, and an equally vociferous anti-hegemonic civic society that supported the ruling cultural formations (Raftopoulos and Mlambo 2009; Ravengai 2008). The pro-hegemonic(agree) civic society sought to stabilise and legitimise state authority and its discourses on sovereignty, land reform and the removal of sanctions, while counter-state hegemonic actors such as ZimRights agitated for the respect of human rights, constitutionalism and democracy. Individual theatre practitioners took a cue from these opposing civic society bodies and critically dialogued among themselves, thereby creating some form of binaries characterised by those who also sought to stabilise and maintain the prevailing status quo on one hand, and those that resisted and questioned the legitimacy of the prevailing hegemonies on other hand. In this paper, the polarised state of the theatre is represented by two opposing agitational propaganda performances, Madzoka Zimbabwe and The Coup.

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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "Youth, agriculture and land reform in Zimbabwe: Experiences from a communal area and resettlement scheme in semi-arid Matabeleland, Zimbabwe." African Studies 77, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2018.1466516.

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18

Kraśniewska, Olga. "A country held captive by its past: The case of Zimbabwe." Ekonomia 24, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9.

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A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.

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Choto, Isaac. "THE PROPAGANDA MODEL AND THE MEDIATION OF THE LAND QUESTION IN ZIMBABWE." Latin American Report 30, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-6060/1240.

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This article critiques the mediation of the Zimbabwean land reform programme in the period 2000–2010 by both the state-controlled and the privately-owned press. Its thrust is to establish the framing patterns that emerge and relate these to Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model. The bold claim by Herman and Chomsky that the media, particularly in the West, pander to the whims of the powerful political and pro-capital elites is explored. Using a qualitative case study approach, data for this study were collected from four Zimbabwean Weeklies, namely The Sunday News and The Sunday Mail, which are stateowned, and The Independent and The Standard, which are privately-owned. News stories on the land reform programme drawn from these weeklies over the 10 year focus period are analysed with the view to ascertaining the tenability of the Propaganda Model. Using the tenets of the Propaganda Model and critical discourse analysis, the study exposes the polemical representations of the land issue by the press. The emerging polemics are attributed to the overbearing influence of ideology, ownership, corporate pro-capital interests and biased source selection. However, the tripartite alliance which the propaganda model claims as existing among government, capitalists and media owners comes unstuck in the Zimbabwean media-scape. There is evidently a fractious relationship between state media and private media in Zimbabwe. The political and economic contestation of power in the nation manifests in the press. It is quite clear from the findings of this study that there is still need for a model that comprehensively attempts to capture the role of the press and its place in Africa.

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Gwekwerere, Tavengwa, Davie E. Mutasa, and Kudakwashe Chitofiri. "Settlers, Rhodesians, and Supremacists: White Authors and the Fast Track Land Reform Program in Post-2000 Zimbabwe." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717739400.

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Texts written by some white Zimbabweans in the post-2000 dispensation are largely shaped by their authors’ endeavor to contest the loss of lands they held prior to the onset of the Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP). Written as memoirs, these texts are bound by the tendency to fall back on colonial settler values, Rhodesian identities, and Hegelian supremacist ideas in their narration of aspects of a conflict in which tropes such as truth, justice, patriotism, and belonging were not only evoked but also reframed. This article explores manifestations of this tendency in Eric Harrison’s Jambanja (2006) and Jim Barker’s Paradise Plundered: The Story of a Zimbabwean Farm (2007). The discussion unfolds against the backdrop of the realization that much of the literary-critical scholarship on land reform in post-2000 Zimbabwe focuses on texts written by black Zimbabweans and does not attend to the panoply of ways in which some white-authored texts yearn for colonial structures of power and privilege. This article evinces that the reincarnation of colonial settler values, Rhodesian identities, and Hegelian supremacist ideas undermines the discourse of white entitlement more than it promotes it. Values and identities of the colonial yesteryear on which this discourse is premised are not only anachronistic in the 21st century; they also obey the self-other binary at the heart of the patriotic history pedestal that was instrumental in the Zimbabwean regime’s post-2000 populist deployment of the land grievance to reconstruct itself as the only and indispensable champion of African interests in Zimbabwe.

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Mccusker, Brent, and Alistair Fraser. "Land Reform in the Era of Neoliberalism: Case Studies From the Global South." Geographical Review 98, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): iii—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00302.x.

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Mazwi, Freedom, Rangarirai G. Muchetu, and George T. Mudimu. "Revisiting the Trimodal Agrarian Structure as a Social Differentiation Analysis Framework in Zimbabwe: A Study." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 318–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976020973837.

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The study of social differentiation in the countryside is often dominated by the deployment of classical analytical frameworks. This article quantitatively explores social differentiation at the sub-national level (Chiredzi and Zvimba districts in Zimbabwe), through the use of the trimodal agrarian structure (TMAS) framework. It addresses the question of whether variables outlined in TMAS (land sizes, labor, and credit) stimulate social differentiation patterns across various settlement models, which emerged after Zimbabwe’s land reform program. If so, what groups or clusters emerge and what are the differentials at the local level? Through statistical factor and cluster analysis, this article reveals that the TMAS variables do explain social differentiation even at the sub-national level. Land sizes, access to capital, and ownership of cattle are key factors in explaining this differentiation. Beyond the variables presented by the TMAS, we argue that agroecological zones and crop type are also instrumental in shaping social differentiation. From the evidence presented, it is difficult to visualize inter-cluster mobility because of various reasons, which include state-based tenure.

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Fox, R. C., E. Chigumira, and K. M. Rowntree. "On the Fast Track to Land Degradation? A case study of the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe." Geography 92, no. 3 (November 1, 2007): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2007.12094201.

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MURRAY, C. "SOUTH AFRICAN LAND REFORM: CASE-STUDIES IN 'DEMAND' AND 'PARTICIPATION' IN THE FREE STATE." African Affairs 96, no. 383 (April 1, 1997): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007825.

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Hoey, Lesli. "“No Monuments, No Heroes”." Journal of Planning Education and Research 36, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x15627683.

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The promises of land reform have always been as seductive as they are elusive. Bolivia’s experience is no different, but one forgotten case may still offer lessons today: a land distribution project initiated in San Julian in 1972. Through archival research and interviews, I argue that several understudied elements of the San Julian project—its spatial design, settler orientation program and implementation process—offer lessons about the role planners can play in structuring more successful land reform. Revisiting the lessons of past exemplars like San Julian is critical given renewed land reform efforts that appear to be replicating past failures.

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Wu, F. "Polycentric Urban Development and Land-Use Change in a Transitional Economy: The Case of Guangzhou." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 6 (June 1998): 1077–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a301077.

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Since economic reform in 1979 China has witnessed dramatic changes. In particular, the adoption of the new land leasing system in 1987 has led to the transformation of the urban internal structure of this country. Perhaps because of the lack of data, empirical studies lag far behind the rapid urban development and land-use changes currently taking place in China. In this paper the author attempts to examine empirically land-use changes in a fast growing city—Guangzhou—by analyzing data obtained from aerial photographs. The author suggests that some new characteristics have emerged in the distribution of land-use change since the introduction of land reform. Polycentric urban development, a phenomenon that has been attracting wide research attention in Western contexts, has also appeared in the transitional economy. The author demonstrates that besides population density, housing and land value, and firm location, land-use change can be used as a prompt and reliable indicator of polycentric urban development. A range of policy implications are briefly outlined.

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Keels, Eric, and T. David Mason. "Seeds of peace? Land reform and civil war recurrence following negotiated settlements." Cooperation and Conflict 54, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717750201.

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Land reform has been depicted by some as an effective element of counterinsurgency strategy in nations experiencing peasant-based civil conflict. While some studies have argued that land reform reduces civilian support for insurgency, other research has demonstrated that these reforms are often undermined by brutal state repression. The study of land reform has also been driven largely by qualitative case study research, which has limited what we know about the cross-national efficacy of these reforms. This study contributes to the current literature by looking at the efficacy of land reform as part of the post-civil war peace process. Specifically, we examine whether land reform provisions included in comprehensive peace agreements reduce the risk of renewed civil war. Measuring the risk of civil war recurrence in all comprehensive peace agreements from 1989–2012, we find that the inclusion of land reform provisions in the post-war peace process substantially reduces the risk of renewed fighting.

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Chipenda, Clement. "The youth after land reform in Zimbabwe: exploring the redistributive and social protection outcomes from a transformative social policy perspective." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 54, no. 3 (September 11, 2019): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2019.1648308.

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Tarisayi, Kudzayi Savious, and Sadhana Manik. "Social networks among land reform beneficiaries and their use in supporting satellite schools in Zimbabwe: a case study of a satellite school." Education as Change 21, no. 3 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1947-9417/2017/2091.

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Fontein, Joost. "Shared Legacies of the War: Spirit Mediums and War Veterans in Southern Zimbabwe." Journal of Religion in Africa 36, no. 2 (2006): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006606777070687.

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AbstractThis paper explores the nature of ongoing relationships between war veterans and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe, as well as the continuing salience of a shared chimurenga legacy of co-operation by these two groups, and how it has been put to use, and acted out by both in the context of Zimbabwe's recent fast track land reform project. In emphasising this continuity, the paper also considers whether a corresponding disparity between the ideology of the ruling political elite and the practices, experiences and performances of guerrillas, spirit mediums and others acting on the ground, which materialised during the liberation struggle, has re-emerged, despite or alongside the recent collaboration of some war veterans with the ruling party's rhetoric of 'patriotic history'. Engaging with Lambek's work on moral subjectivity and Mbembe's 'logic of conviviality' of postcolonial states and their subjects, it argues that war veterans and spirit mediums sometimes share a 'moral conviviality' which appears during bira possession ceremonies, in the shared demands for the return and reburial of the war dead from foreign countries, or for 'national' ceremonies held at Great Zimbabwe and elsewhere to thank the ancestors, as well as in the similar way in which spirit mediums and war veterans subject their agency to that of the ancestors in their narrative performances. It concludes by suggesting that although many war veterans have undeniably been closely complicit in the violent 'authoritarian nationalism' of the state, in this shared war legacy of spirit mediums and war veterans lies the opportunity for radical alternative imaginations of the state.

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Charles Mazhazhate, Tapiwa C Mujakachi, and Shakerod Munuhwa. "Towards Pragmatic Economic Policies: Economic Transformation and Industrialization for Revival of Zimbabwe in the New Dispensation Era." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 10, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.10.5.14.

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Whilst literature has many monetary and economic policies that were enacted before and after the dawn of the New Dispensation in Zimbabwe the country still faces a downward trend in terms of economic recovery. This study reviews the various policies put in place by the government and their impact on socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. A review of Zimbabwe’s economic history shows that the country dropped from being one of the best economies in Sub-Saharan Africa and now ailing and characterised by hyperinflation, agricultural challenges, corruption, very high tax regime, huge domestic and foreign debts, increase in consumer prices and being a chief net importer of most goods or services. The study was underpinned by a case study survey from Singapore’s revival with both qualitative and quantitative instruments used. The study found out that even though the land reform had an impact on economic performance, corruption, party-power politics and absence of an economic institute eroded any necessary contribution to economic transformation and industrialization in Zimbabwe. The study also revealed that the bilateral and multi-lateral agreements that were enacted in the dawn of the new dispensation have not yielded the desired economic revival transformations. The study recommended establishment of an economic institute to direct policy as well as removal of unethical practices in both public and private sectors so as to ensure financial and economic discipline.

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Panday, Uma Shankar, Raja Ram Chhatkuli, Janak Raj Joshi, Jagat Deuja, Danilo Antonio, and Stig Enemark. "Securing Land Rights for All through Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration Approach: The Case of Nepal." Land 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070744.

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After the political change in Nepal of 1951, leapfrog land policy improvements have been recorded, however, the land reform initiatives have been short of full success. Despite a land administration system based on cadaster and land registries in place, 25% of the arable land with an estimated 10 million spatial units on the ground are informally occupied and are off-register. Recently, a strong political will has emerged to ensure land rights for all. Providing tenure security to all these occupants using the conventional surveying and land administration approach demands a large amount of skilled human resources, a long timeframe and a huge budget. To assess the suitability of the fit-for-purpose land administration (FFPLA) approach for nationwide mapping and registration of informality in the Nepalese context, the identification, verification and recordation (IVR) of the people-to-land relationship was conducted through two pilot studies using a participatory approach covering around 1500 and 3400 parcels, respectively, in an urban and a rural setting. The pilot studies were based on the FFPLA National Strategy and utilized satellite imageries and smartphones for identification and verification of land boundaries. Data collection to verification tasks were completed within seven months in the urban settlements and for an average cost of 7.5 USD per parcel; within the rural setting, the pilot study was also completed within 7 months and for an average cost of just over 3 USD per parcel. The studies also informed the discussions on building the legislative and institutional frameworks, which are now in place. With locally trained ‘grassroots surveyors’, the studies have provided a promising alternative to the conventional surveying technologies by providing a fast, inexpensive and acceptable solution. The tested approach may fulfill the commitment to resolve the countrywide mapping of informality. The use of consistent data model and mapping standards are recommended.

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Antwi, Michael, and Clarietta Chagwiza. "Factors influencing savings among land reform beneficiaries in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2018-0309.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of land redistribution for agricultural development project beneficiaries on savings in the North West Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach A binary logistic regression model was employed to determine the effects of socio-economic factors of project beneficiaries on their savings. Findings The results show that the average number of trainings attended by the beneficiaries, the proportion of youth per project and the average net farm income of the project positively and significantly influence the level of savings by the beneficiaries. About 62 percent of the beneficiaries did not have savings; thus, only 38 percent of beneficiaries had savings. Of the 38 percent who had savings, the majority (77 percent) had an annual net farm income of less than R1,000. Only 2 percent of the projects had an annual net farm income of more than R10,000. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study are valuable to policymakers dealing with the issue of land reform and could shed some light on how land redistribution can achieve its intended purposes. These findings should be granted serious consideration when formulating policies aimed at improving savings within collective groups. Practical implications The findings of this study have revealed the importance of training and participation of youth in influencing savings. As well, the findings imply that an organization or household with a health income have a higher propensity of saving. Social implications The research findings point out to the importance of saving. With savings, a household is in a better position to deal with situations that arises in case of emergency. Originality/value This paper is among the few studies to analyze the determinants of savings at a group or project level. Most studies are done at household or individual level.

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Ikhsan, Khairul, and Adji Suradji Muhammad. "Reformasi Agraria Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla dalam Konsep dan Realita Kepemimpinan yang Fasilitatif (Facilitative Leadership)." KEMUDI : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v4i1.1297.

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The focus of the discussion in this paper will examine leadership theoretically and case studies are seen as an important element in bringing stakeholders to direct them to carry out collaborative processes or what we call Facilitative Leadership. But this concept of leadership is not a traditional leadership concept that has been known. Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla's leadership contains the agenda of the Agrarian Reform which starts from the regions and villages. In the Nine Priority Agenda, also known as Nawacita, it was stated that agrarian reform in the form of direct pledging guarantees legal certainty in land ownership rights, resolving land disputes and opposing the criminalization of the resumption of community land rights. It is interesting to study how the correlation of the National Agrarian Reform Program by the Government of President Joko Widodo is if we relate it to the concept of facilitative leadership.

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Adji Suradji Muhammad, Khairul Ikhsan,. "Reformasi Agraria Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla dalam Konsep dan Realita Kepemimpinan yang Fasilitatif (Facilitative Leadership)." Dialektika Publik : Jurnal Administrasi Negara Universitas Putera Batam 4, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/dialektikapublik.v4i1.1364.

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The The focus of the discussion in this paper will examine leadership theoretically and case studies are seen as an important element in bringing stakeholders to direct them to carry out collaborative processes or what we call Facilitative Leadership. But this concept of leadership is not a traditional leadership concept that has been known. Jokowi-Jusuf Kalla's leadership contains the agenda of the Agrarian Reform which starts from the regions and villages. In the Nine Priority Agenda, also known as Nawacita, it was stated that agrarian reform in the form of direct pledging guarantees legal certainty in land ownership rights, resolving land disputes and opposing the criminalization of the resumption of community land rights. It is interesting to study how the correlation of the National Agrarian Reform Program by the Government of President Joko Widodo is if we relate it to the concept of facilitative leadership.

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Pandya, Viral U., and John Tippett. "Land Tax, Justice, and the Unaffordability of Housing: Australian Experience." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 10 (September 2, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n10p86.

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Taxation and tax ‘reform’ particularly, appears to be a perennial topic, in the major economies of the western world at least. Recently, in Australia there was the “Henry Review” of 2010 – a major review of Australia’s tax system including substantial recommendations for tax reform; and observation shows that both sides of politics in Australia spent most of 2016 and part of 2015 talking about tax ‘reform’. A key aspect of the Henry Review (2010) is the strong recommendation for a land tax.Advocacy for land tax has a long and powerful history. Prominent economists lauding the land tax include David Ricardo, Adam Smith, Henry George, Milton Friedman, and Mason Gaffney. The Henry George land tax has been recommended for a very long time, the latest mainstream recommendation for its implementation coming via the above-mentioned Henry Review of Taxation in Australia (2010).The purpose of this paper is to address the question: is there something special about the natural resource, land, that makes it the subject of so many recommendations for a tax? That is to say, is there anything special about the tax base in the case of a land tax?This paper argues that the land tax is not just another tax – for the reason that the nature of the base of the tax – land – is special. Further, because a land tax would lower the price of land, implementation of a land tax would help solve the housing crisis (the unaffordability of housing). The research findings are different from previous studies because previous studies all focus on the efficiency aspect of taxes, not on any special nature of the tax base.

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Tingle, Elizabeth. "Rural Seigneurs and the Counter Reformation: Parishes, Patrons, and Religious Reform in France, 1550–1700." Church History 87, no. 1 (March 2018): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640718000033.

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This article examines the role of lay seigneurs in religious change in the French countryside in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, during the Catholic Reformation and a period of socioeconomic change in land ownership and exploitation. The focus here is on middling and lesser lords—the rough equivalent of the English gentry, who held land in a single province or evenpaysand had a frequent presence in their parishes—rather than the great nobles who operated at a national level. Brittany is used as a case study, for it was a province rich in rural lords and because relatively good source material survives. It is argued that seigneurs were important patrons of religious innovation in the countryside, particularly in the parish church. They were rarely innovators themselves, but they lent support and resources to the introduction and maintenance of new devotional practices. Lords worked closely with clergy, sharing their aspirations and ideas. Four areas were particularly prominent in eliciting their support: appointment of clergy, support of missionaries, new devotional practices, and funding of building projects and liturgies in parish churches. These combined family strategies of enhancing social status and individual means to salvation which were indivisible in the world of the lay rural nobility. It was from a traditional understanding of lordship that patronage of religious reform stemmed.

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Lørup, Jens Kristian, Jens Christian Refsgaard, and Dominic Mazvimavi. "Assessing the effect of land use change on catchment runoff by combined use of statistical tests and hydrological modelling: Case studies from Zimbabwe." Journal of Hydrology 205, no. 3-4 (March 1998): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00311-9.

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Nolte, Kerstin, and Susanne Johanna Väth. "Interplay of land governance and large-scale agricultural investment: evidence from Ghana and Kenya." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000688.

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AbstractThis comparative analysis examines how large-scale agricultural land acquisitions are implemented in Ghana and Kenya, using embedded case studies of two specific investment projects. We find that insufficiencies in these countries' land governance systems are partly caused by discrepancies betweende jureand de facto procedures and that powerful actors tend to operate in the legal grey areas. These actors determine the implementation of projects to a large extent. Displacement and compensation are highly emotive issues that exacerbate tensions around the investment. We also find that large-scale land acquisitions have a feedback effect on the land governance system, which suggests that large-scale land acquisitions can be drivers of institutional change. We suggest there may be a window of opportunity here to reform these land governance systems.

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Chisango, Future Fortune T., and Angela Maposa. "Effects of Human-Wildlife Conflict on Agricultural Productivity, Post Fast Track Land Reform Program in Zimbabwe: A Case of Gwayi Conservancy and Resettlement Areas Bordering Hwange National Park." Greener Journal of Ecology and Ecosolution 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2016): 001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjee.2016.1.011916014.

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Kim, Annette M. "Talking Back: The Role of Narrative in Vietnam’s Recent Land Compensation Changes." Urban Studies 48, no. 3 (February 2011): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010390234.

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As in other rapidly growing economies, Vietnam’s urban land development has been a source of social conflict as those who are relocated contest the distribution of economic gains. More recently, the relocated have increased their bargaining power and receive better compensation packages. The paper analyses this situation to discuss further developing our understanding of how property rights institutions change. The case study shows the efficacy of social narratives to renegotiate the terms of the social contract supporting property rights even in a society with limited means for public participation in governmental reform. Secondly, it illuminates that modern property rights are entwined with public finance and so property rights reforms are tied to the organisational structure of government and fiscal relations.

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Malik, Babur Hayat, Cai Shuqin, Abdul Ghaffar Mastoi, and Ahmed Hussein Alsherbiny Ahmed Ghais. "Citizen's Adoption Of Mobile Land Record Information Systems (mLRMIS): A Case of Pakistan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 5 (February 28, 2016): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p393.

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By implementing a prolonged social cognitive theory (SCT) this article investigates factors including outcome expectation, affect, anxiety, self-efficacy, social influence, trust, facilitating conditions, e-satisfaction, information quality and e-service quality impacting citizen’s intention to adopt a mobile based e-government system called mobile Land Record Information Systems (mLRMIS) with respect to Pakistan. The prolonged social cognitive theory (SCT) was actually affirmed by analyzing gathered data periodically accumulated over time from 10 different cities in Pakistan. Verifiable results of the proposed model represented mutual significance of relationships of 12 hypothesized relations between 10 different types of constructs. Only a few studies have previously used SCT model to investigate the adoption of an e-government system globally while in case of Pakistan it is the first ever study using SCT model to figure out the adoption of an e-government system. Outcome significance and digital policy substance exhibited in this article can assist e-government planners and practitioners to reform up quality and effectivity of mLRMIS system. This research also contributes to elevate relevant awareness and utilization of mLRMIS system.

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Grinberg, Nicolas, and Guido Starosta. "The Limits of Studies in Comparative Development of East Asia and Latin America: the case of land reform and agrarian policies." Third World Quarterly 30, no. 4 (June 2009): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590902867243.

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Hidvégi, Mária. "Land, People, and the Unused Economic Potential of Hungary." History of Political Economy 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 571–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8993414.

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This article offers a case study about the importance of Staatenkunde (descriptive statistics) for Cameralism and the development of economic thought in Hungary, a country that has been rarely included into political economic studies about Cameralism. It aims at showing how the Hungarian statistical works and debates integrate and feed back into the broader European discourse of Cameralism and the role of “useful knowledge” in making the modern (industrial) economies. It points out the role of statistics in the assessment of the real production value and productivity of agriculture in the Kingdom of Hungary 1773–1848, at that time part of the Habsburg Monarchy. It displays the role of statistical knowledge production in the assessment of the position of Hungary in the monarchy and its importance for the national reform movement.

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Mariuzzo, Andrea. "Land reform in the 1950s in Italy and the United States: the thinking of Mario Einaudi." Modern Italy 18, no. 4 (November 2013): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2013.842801.

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The article discusses the thinking of Mario Einaudi in relation to the ambitious measures with which the Italian government sought to move towards land reform in the immediate post–war period. Einaudi, an intellectual and academic, was by birth Italian but moved to the United States during the Fascist period. Like his father Luigi, the noted economist, he was convinced of the need to stimulate the free market in land in order to increase productivity and modernise cultivation methods; in his writings he repeatedly sought to develop a plan of action that would facilitate collaboration between Rome and Washington in this field, identifying the Tennessee Valley Authority approach as especially suited to the Italian case. However, while his ideas achieved a good public airing, they had a limited impact: on the political front, Cold War priorities pushed Italian and US Marshall Plan experts more towards the redistribution of landownership than towards stimulating the productivity of agricultural businesses, in the attempt to rapidly build a consensus behind the government; and on the cultural front, at the end of the 1950s the issue of backwardness in the rural South started to be interpreted in terms of cultural and social anthropology, an approach which did not directly relate to the development of political programmes.

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Нежевело, В. В. "Procedural Guaranteeing of Tenants Rights in Case of Land Use for Farming." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 86, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.3.03.

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The article is primarily aimed at the settlement of practical problematic aspects of realizing the procedural protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships. In order to protect the procedural rights of individuals during the settlement of land disputes, the author has analyzed legal scientific studies on the realization of the rights of land tenants, who, as ordinary citizens of Ukraine, concluded land rental agreements necessary for them to create and maintain farms. The author has studied the state of scientific doctrine and legal guarantees in the sphere of ensuring the protection of the rights of the participants of leasehold relationships, including procedural one. The main problems and shortcomings of the current legislation on procedural guaranteeing of the rights of tenants of land plots used for farming have been outlined. It has been emphasized that disputes on the termination of land rental agreements and sometimes the simultaneous collection of rent arrears initiated by the authorities in relation to individuals – the tenants as parties to the agreement have the special status within land disputes, whereas legal entities – farm enterprises actually use the land plots. These disputes are relevant and widespread in the practical field, but at the same time they are hardly protected by the doctrine and are imperfectly protected by the norms of the current legislation, which originates to significant violations of the rights of the participants of leasehold land legal relationships. Thus, starting from 2018, within the framework of the judicial reform and the creation of a new Supreme Court of Ukraine, a prudent legal position began to emerge regarding the need to appeal in these situations to commercial courts within the economic jurisdiction and to file claims against farm enterprises, which as legal entities are the defendant in the case, being the actual user. Taking into account the above, the author has studied the scientific environment within the aspect of solving the issue of procedural guaranteeing of the rights of the tenants of land plots that are actually used by farm enterprises for conducting this activity. The author has also made an attempt to study the current legislation, focusing on the problematic aspects and gaps that need to be addressed by improving legal regulation.

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Jotischky, Andrew. "MONASTIC REFORM AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF CHRISTENDOM: EXPERIENCE, OBSERVATION AND INFLUENCE." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 22 (December 2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440112000060.

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ABSTRACTMonastic reform is generally understood as a textually driven process governed by a renewed interest in early monastic ideals and practices in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and focusing on the discourses of reformers about the Egyptian ‘desert fathers’ as the originators of monasticism. Historians have suggested that tropes about the desert, solitude, etc., drawn from early texts found their way into mainstream accounts of monastic change in the period c. 1080–1150. This paper challenges this model by proposing that considerations of ‘reform’ must take into account parallel movements in Greek Orthodox monasticism and interactions of practice between the two monastic environments. Three case-studies of non-textually derived parallel practices are discussed, and the importance of the Holy Land as a source of inspiration for such practices is advanced in place of Egypt.

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Chabeda-Barthe, Jemaiyo, and Tobias Haller. "Resilience of Traditional Livelihood Approaches Despite Forest Grabbing: Ogiek to the West of Mau Forest, Uasin Gishu County." Land 7, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7040140.

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This paper is a summary of the findings of research work conducted in two case studies in the Rift Valley, Kenya. This study used the Neo-Institutional theory to interrogate how the rules and regulations (institutions involved) of the agrarian reform process in Kenya are constantly changing and helping to shape the livelihoods of social actors around Mau Forest. The first case study—Ndungulu, is a settlement scheme where the Ogiek ethnic community were resettled between 1995 and 1997 after the land clashes of 1992. The second case study is the Kamuyu cooperative farm, a post-colonial settlement scheme owned by a cooperative society that was founded in 1965 by members from the Kikuyu ethnic group. This study employed qualitative data collection methods intermittently between 2012 and 2017 for a total of two years. A total of 60 interviews were conducted for this research. Thirteen (13) of these were key informant interviews with experts on land. The qualitative interviews were complemented by participant observations and nine focus group discussions. The qualitative data from the interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed, coded and analyzed thematically. Observations documented as field notes were also analyzed to complement the study findings. In this paper, the challenges, bargaining position and power play between social actors and government institutions implicated in the agrarian reform process in Kenya has been brought to the forefront. For instance, due to the structural issues that date back to the colonial period, the Ogiek have found innovative ways to maintain their daily existence (e.g., maintaining traditional methods of apiculture in Mau Forest). However, constraints in accessing forest land has resulted in them taking desperate measures, namely; selling off land to the Kalenjin in what is called “distress land sales”. On the contrary, the neighboring Kikuyu have maintained their land ownership status despite recurrent ethnic clashes that have occurred during general election years.

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Elfversson, Emma, and Kristine Höglund. "Home of last resort: Urban land conflict and the Nubians in Kibera, Kenya." Urban Studies 55, no. 8 (April 4, 2017): 1749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017698416.

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Amid expansive and often informal urban growth, conflict over land has become a severe source of instability in many cities. In slum areas, policies intended to alleviate tensions, including upgrading programmes, the legal regulation of informal tenure arrangements, and the reform of local governance structures, have had the unintended consequence of also spurring violence and conflict. This paper analyses the conflict over a proposed ‘ethnic homeland’ for the Nubian community in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya, in order to advance knowledge on the strategies communities adopt to promote their interests and how such strategies impact on urban conflict management. Theoretically, we apply the perspective of ‘institutional bricolage’, which captures how actors make use of existing formal and informal structures in pragmatic ways to meet their conflict management needs. While previous research focuses primarily on how bricolage can facilitate cooperation, the case analysis uncovers how, over time, the land issue has become closely intertwined with claims of identity and citizenship and a political discourse drawn along ethnic lines. In turn, such processes may contribute to the intractability of conflict, causing significant challenges for urban planning.

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Chen, Zhun, Yuefei Zhuo, Guan Li, and Zhongguo Xu. "What Drives Different Governance Modes and Marketization Performance for Collective Commercial Construction Land in Rural China?" Land 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030319.

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The collective commercial construction land (CCCL) reform in China has attracted considerable attention worldwide, but studies on the influencing factors and performance of governance modes for CCCL marketization are still in their infancy. First, by deconstructing CCCL, this study developed a conceptual framework from the perspective of transaction cost economics. Based on a series of surveys, interviews, and closed questionnaires in two pilot areas, this study determined the influencing factors for governance mode choice for CCCL marketization through comparative case studies and compared the performance of the government-led and self-organized modes. This study concluded that asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency were the main influencing factors for transaction costs, which could influence the choice of governance mode for CCCL marketization. Moreover, the characteristics of the two aforementioned governance modes, transaction costs, and specific revenue distribution resulted in different marketization performances.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Land reform – Zimbabwe – Case studies'

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