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Journal articles on the topic 'Land settlement Agricultural geography'
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1
Haruna, M., M. K. Ibrahim, and U. M. Shaibu. "Assessment of Land Use and Vegetative Cover in Kano Metropolis (from 1975-2015) Employing GIS and Remote Sensing Technology." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27, no. 2 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v27i2.1.
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This study applied GIS and remote sensing technology to assess agricultural land use and vegetative cover in Kano Metropolis. It specifically examined the intensity of land use for agricultural and non agricultural purpose from 1975 – 2015. Images (1975, 1995 and 2015), landsat MSS/TM, landsat 8, scene of path 188 and 052 were downloaded for the study. Bonds for these imported scenes were processed using ENVI 5.0 version. The result indicated five classified features-settlement, farmland, water body, vegetation and bare land. The finding revealed an increase in settlement, vegetation and bare land between 1995 and 2015, however, farmland decreased in 2015. Indicatively, higher percentage of land use for non agricultural purposes was observed in recent time. Conclusively, there is need to accord surveying the rightful place and priority in agricultural planning and development if Nigeria is to be self food sufficient.
 Keywords: Geographic Information System, Agriculture, Remote sensing, Land use, Land cover
2
Yang, Yuanyuan, and Shuwen Zhang. "Historical Arable Land Change in an Eco-Fragile Area: A Case Study in Zhenlai County, Northeastern China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 3940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113940.
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Long-term land changes are cumulatively a major driver of global environmental change. Historical land-cover/use change is important for assessing present landscape conditions and researching ecological environment issues, especially in eco-fragile areas. Arable land is one of the land types influenced by human agricultural activity, reflecting human effects on land-use and land-cover change. This paper selected Zhenlai County, which is part of the farming–pastoral zone of northern China, as the research region. As agricultural land transformation goes with the establishment of settlements, in this research, the historical progress of land transformation in agricultural areas was analyzed from the perspective of settlement evolution, and the historical reconstruction of arable land was established using settlement as the proxy between their inner relationships, which could be reflected by the farming radius. The results show the following. (1) There was little land transformation from nonagricultural areas into agricultural areas until the Qing government lifted the ban on cultivation and mass migration accelerated the process, which was most significant during 1907–1912; (2) The overall trend of land transformation in this region is from northeast to southwest; (3) Taking the topographic maps as references, the spatial distribution of the reconstructed arable land accounts for 47.79% of the maps. When this proxy-based reconstruction method is applied to other regions, its limitations should be noticed. It is important to explore the research of farming radius calculations based on regional characteristics. To achieve land-system sustainability, long-term historical land change trajectories and characteristics should be applied to future policy making.
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Amado, Miguel, Francesca Poggi, Adriana Martins, Nuno Vieira, and Antonio Amado. "Transforming Cape Vert Informal Settlements." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (2018): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072571.
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The lack of land ownership databases in developing countries has influenced inhabitants of these countries to occupy public lands. This situation has resulted in areas of informal housing, commerce, and agriculture, ultimately creating new informal settlements, which are becoming a serious problem in developing countries. These informal settlements contain inhabitants settled on public land without any infrastructure and against the landowner’s wishes. This process results in uncontrolled land occupation that promotes new informal areas without any proper urban utilities, positioned in risky areas, where the minimum requirements for healthy living are not being met. In some cases, this incentivizes an informal economy. Building a cadastral map in informal settlement areas is fundamental to supporting the future transformation of illegal areas, and in regulating the occupation of new subdivisions and new expansion areas. In this paper, we present a methodology developed to support the management of informal settlement areas. The method we used has the potential for replication so that it can be adapted to multiple types of informal settlements, as can the model used to register the land tenure. The model was developed using a series of qualitative and quantitative data that determine the identification and classification of buildings, along with a physical and functional description. A Geographic Information System, an initial survey of existing land titles of possession, and public proposals to develop new expansion areas were used to develop the model. A case study is presented where the land management model was implemented in Chã da Caldeiras in Ilha do Fogo, which is an informal settlement in Cape Verde. The proposal created using the results was accepted by the population and local authorities.
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Tunc, Erdihan, Awet Tekeste Tsegai, and Sevil Çelik. "Analysis of Spatial-Temporal Changes of Agricultural Land Use During the Last Three Decades in the Araban District of Turkey Using Remote Sensing." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 1 (2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2021.15.1.111.
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Agricultural land use and land cover dynamics were investigated in the Araban district of Turkey during the periods 1984–2019 by the use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landsat‑TM and Landsat‑TIRS / OLI satellite imageries were used to determine land use and land cover changes. Using unsupervised classification method of ERDAS 8.3 software, three main agricultural activities were identified namely irrigated farming, dry farming, and horticultural / garden farming. The analysis has revealed that during the last three decades dry farming has decreased significantly by 14.69% (3802.14 ha) whereas horticultural/garden crops and irrigated farming lands have increased by 11.32% (667.19 ha) and 2.51% (2929.41 ha) respectively. Araban has been under intensive agricultural use due to its fertile soil and preference for horticultural crops such as pistachio, grapes and olives that provide more profit over dry farming crops such as wheat and barley has changed land use. Decrease in dry farming in a semi‑arid climate where Araban is located, has a potential ecological consequence, including a rapid drop of groundwater level, drying of wetlands and the disappearance of the biodiversity, thus, a necessary measures should be taken to implement an environmentally friendly, sustainable agriculture and settlement plan.
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Chen, Dechao, Acef Elhadj, Hualian Xu, Xinliang Xu, and Zhi Qiao. "A Study on the Relationship between Land Use Change and Water Quality of the Mitidja Watershed in Algeria Based on GIS and RS." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093510.
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Many catchments in northern Algeria, including the coastal Mitidja Basin in the north central part of the country have been negatively affected by the deterioration of water quality in recent years. This study aims to discover the relationship between land use change and its impact on water quality in the coastal Mitidja river basin. Based on the data of land use and water quality in 2000, 2010 and 2017, the relationship between land use change and surface water quality index in the Mitidja Watershed was discussed through GIS and statistical analysis. The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the Mitidja river basin have obvious spatial heterogeneity. The water quality of upstream was better than that of downstream. There was a significant spatial relationship between the eight water quality indicators and three land use types, including urban residential land, agricultural land and vegetation. In most cases, settlements and agricultural land are the dominant factors leading to river pollution, and higher vegetation coverage helps to improve water quality. The regression model revealed that percentage of urban settlement area was a predictor for NH4-N, BOD5, COD, SS, PO4-P, DO and pH, while vegetation was a predictor for NO3-N. The analysis also showed that during this period, urban settlement areas increased sharply, which has a significant impact on water quality variables. Agricultural land only had a significant positive correlation with PO4-P. The results provide an effective way to evaluate river water quality, control water pollution and land use management by landscape pattern.
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Fedick, Scott L. "Ancient Maya Agricultural Terracing in the Upper Belize River Area." Ancient Mesoamerica 5, no. 1 (1994): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001073.
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AbstractRecent archaeological surveys in the upper Belize River area have documented high overall settlement densities, albeit with an uneven distribution. Analyses have defined clear relationships between the distribution of land resources of varying agricultural capability and the density of ancient residential sites. However, these investigations did not provide direct physical evidence for cultivation techniques, particularly for the intensive methods that were probably employed in areas of prime land resources and high settlement density. The discovery in 1991 of terracing in direct association with a residential site prompted further investigations into the distribution of terrace systems throughout the area. The development of a computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitated the prediction of terrace distributions on the basis of slope, soil type, and the parent material from which soils form. Initial field testing of the terrace-distribution model in 1992 resulted in the identification of 13 terrace systems, all situated on low slopes in soils developed on consolidated limestone. A variety of terrace systems were identified, including small, intricate patterns of “box terraces,” contour terraces, and cross-channel terraces. Locational data on these systems were used to modify the terrace-distribution model in anticipation of further field investigations. The results allow new insights into the structure of ancient Maya land use and settlement in the area, while illustrating a method that can be used to quantify landscape characteristics, thereby facilitating comparisons between local areas within a regional context.
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Fedick, Scott L. "Land Evaluation and Ancient Maya Land Use in the Upper Belize River Area, Belize, Central America." Latin American Antiquity 6, no. 1 (1995): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971598.
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In this study I examine local-scale associations between land resources and the density distribution of Maya residential sites for the prehistoric population maxima of the Late Classic period (ca. A. D. 600-900). Methods involve agricultural land evaluation following USDA guidelines, under assumptions of hand-cultivation technology. I give specific attention to the issue of concordance between the geographic scale of household agricultural production and the scale at which agricultural land evaluation is conducted. The focus is the upper Belize River area of Belize, Central America, where intensive archaeological survey and local-scale land-resource mapping provide the data necessary for a detailed analysis of ancient land-use patterns. The analysis reveals a strong and consistent relationship between prehistoric Maya settlement density and the agricultural productive capability of local soil types. For each land type, I discuss the amount of land available for each residential locus and probable cultivation methods used. I argue that the ability to identify clearly and quantitatively the association (or lack of association) between household settlement pattern and agricultural land capability is a necessary component of regional studies that seek to test models of Maya political economy and social change.
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LAWSON, JOSEPH. "Unsettled Lands: Labour and land cultivation in western China during the War of Resistance (1937–1945)." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 5 (2015): 1442–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x14000274.
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AbstractBefore the 1937 Japanese invasion of China, almost all Chinese leaders and intellectuals believed that the large-scale agricultural settlement of China's western peripheries would rapidly deliver extensive economic and social benefits. At the onset of the war, many officials from the western provinces pressed the central government to fund programmes to allow millions of refugees from Japanese-occupied territory to settle on and cultivate ‘wasteland’ (huang) on the peripheries of their jurisdictions. Influenced more by pre-War ideology than the demands of the War, central and provincial governments established ‘land settlement and cultivation zones’ (kenzhiqu) in these provinces. However, these ventures were much less well supported than their proponents had hoped. This was not only because the War strained government finances—funding forkenzhiquwas always limited relative to support for agricultural cooperatives—but also partly becausekenzhiquattempts to recruit settlers clashed with the acute labour shortage in core zones of unoccupied China, which led to the abandonment of already cultivated land there, and partly because of the mistrust between central and regional governments. Nonetheless, wartime advocacy for more land cultivation in the Northwest did have important repercussions, leading to a renewed interest in penal colonies.
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Hanušin, Ján. "Impact of dispersed settlement on the structure and diversity of rural landscape (Case study of village Hrušov, Slovak Republic)." Geographia Polonica 94, no. 1 (2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0192.
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The impact of a dispersed settlement on the changes of the land cover (LC) and landscape diversity (LDI) in the years 1950, 1986 and 2016 was analyzed on four spatially different levels: on the level of the whole cadastral area, 60 circular areas – hinterlands of hamlets, 15 circular areas in agricultural land outside hamlets and areas outside circular areas. The primary hypothesis that the landscape with a dispersed settlement is internally differentiated in terms of LC and LDI changes and that a dispersed settlement itself is an important driving force of these changes has been confirmed.
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Khavanskaya, Natalya, Vladimir Alyaev, and Diana Semenova. "Cartographic Methods of the Research of the Rural Settlement System in Volgograd Region." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 4 (May 2020): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2019.4.7.
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The article presents the methodology of cartographic support of economic and geographical research of rural territories in Volgograd region. The methodological basis of the article is the theoretical foundations of classical economic geography and applied directions of geoinformation mapping. The authors consider the stages of the study, including: identification of mapped indicators; formation of an information base; compilation of thematic maps for each indicator; compilation of an integrated assessment card for a set of indicators. The following are proposed as the main mapped indicators: the number of rural population in 2010, % by 1969; density of the rural population in 2010, people / km2; grouping of rural settlements by population, people; grouping of rural settlements by extrapolation tendency; conditions of the temporary transport accessibility of Volgograd; conditions of the temporary transport accessibility of the district center; natural fertility of agricultural lands in bonitet points. When constructing thematic maps, methods for classifying numerical fields are used, based on the calculation of the standard deviation: for maps of population dynamics, population density, and soil quality of agricultural land. Isoline mapping is used in the construction of maps of temporary transport accessibility, where the main methods of mapping are isochrones. To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the favorable resource potential of rural areas, the method of applying thematic maps is used, i.e. overlay operations. The methodology proposed by the authors as a whole allows the formation of an information database that includes information on the dynamics of the rural population in Volgograd region for individual villages, individual rural settlements, the density of the rural population in rural settlements, the conditions of transport accessibility of rural settlements, and the natural fertility of agricultural land in rural settlements, on the differences in resource potential in rural settlements.
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Nickayin, Samaneh Sadat, Luca Salvati, Rosa Coluzzi, et al. "What Happens in the City When Long-Term Urban Expansion and (Un)Sustainable Fringe Development Occur: The Case Study of Rome." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040231.
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This study investigates long-term landscape transformations (1949–2016) in urban Rome, Central Italy, through a spatial distribution of seven metrics (core, islet, perforation, edge, loop, bridge, branch) derived from a Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) analyzed separately for seven land-use classes (built-up areas, arable land, crop mosaic, vineyards, olive groves, forests, pastures). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been finally adopted to characterize landscape structure at 1949 and 2016. Results of the MSPA demonstrate how both natural and agricultural land-uses have decreased following urban expansion. Moreover, the percent ‘core’ area of each class declined substantially, although with different intensity. These results clearly indicate ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ after long-term landscape transformations: urban settlements and forests belong to the former category, the remaining land-use classes (mostly agricultural) belong to the latter category. Descriptive statistics and multivariate exploratory techniques finally documented the intrinsic complexity characteristic of actual landscapes. The findings of this study also demonstrate how settlements have expanded chaotically over the study area, reflecting a progressive ‘fractalization’ and inhomogeneity of fringe landscapes, with negative implications for metropolitan sustainability at large. These transformations were unable to leverage processes of settlement and economic re-agglomeration around sub-centers typical of polycentric development in the most advanced socioeconomic contexts.
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Lemonnier, Eva, and Boris Vannière. "AGRARIAN FEATURES, FARMSTEADS, AND HOMESTEADS IN THE RÍO BEC NUCLEAR ZONE, MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 24, no. 2 (2013): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536113000242.
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AbstractWith its overall settlement pattern more dispersed than those of other contemporary Maya sites, and many associated land use features still preserved, the spatial layout of the Río Bec nuclear zone (159 ha) leads us to give priority to the hypothesis of a production economy based on infield agriculture. Through a multidisciplinary and multiscalar research strategy, including several geoarchaeological methods developed on three different spatial scales, it is possible to forward a model of territorial occupation and land use for the Río Bec apogee period (a.d.700–850). Geographical and archaeological data, along with chronological and spatial analyses, allow us to reconstruct a built field system made up of distinct agricultural production units. From a socioeconomic perspective, the model suggests that agricultural production was managed at the household scale and that each unit or farmstead was distinct and autonomous from its neighbors.
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Malashevskyi, Mykola, Ivan Kovalchuk, and Olena Malashevska. "Land Reallotment over the Course of the Development of a Rural Settlement in Ukraine." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 3 (2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2021.15.3.115.
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The study is dedicated to land reallotment in the course of land use alteration in Ukraine. The case of the development of an individual residential block in an agricultural area is considered. The issue of the alteration of the spatial characteristics of land plots and changes in their designated use have been highlighted. The objective of the article is the substantiation of land reallotment at the level of an individual residential block on agricultural land which is privately owned by a number of landowners. The preconditions for the development of land reallotment in a rural‑type settlement in the suburban area of a big city have been substantiated. Alternative approaches to land reallotment have been suggested. A comparative analysis of the suggested approaches and their practical approbation have been carried out. The change of land plot spatial characteristics in the course of reallotment by means of various reallotment scenarios has been analysed. Land plot value after reallotment in each scenario has been specified. The practicability of each approach depending on the initial conditions has been substantiated. The research can be used in the course of rural settlement development planning, the coordination of measures on land use type alteration with landowners and land users, with private landowners or the implementation of local community initiatives.
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Guirkinger, Catherine, and Gani Aldashev. "Clans and Ploughs: Traditional Institutions and Production Decisions of Kazakhs under Russian Colonial Settlement." Journal of Economic History 76, no. 1 (2016): 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050716000462.
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This article investigates how, with increasing land pressure during Russian settlement in Kazakh steppes in the late nineteenth century, clan institutions affected the transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled agriculture. Using a novel dataset constructed from Russian colonial expedition materials matched with clan genealogies, we find that, controlling for geographic factors, clan identity strongly influenced the duration of transhumance period, the organization of production, and the acquisition of new agricultural tools. Information transmission within clans, external economies of scale in nomadic pastoralism, and clan-specific values and norms underlie the results.
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Widiawaty, Millary Agung, Arif Ismail, Moh Dede, and N. Nurhanifah. "Modeling Land Use and Land Cover Dynamic Using Geographic Information System and Markov-CA." Geosfera Indonesia 5, no. 2 (2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v5i2.17596.
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The need for built-up area increases along with a rise in population growth in many regions. This phenomenon leads to a tremendous change in agricultural land and decrease in the environmental carrying capacity. Therefore, this study aims to determine Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) dynamics and the drivers used for its modeling in 2030. This is a quantitative study, which uses the dynamic models of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Markov-CA. Data were obtained from the CNES-Airbus satellite imageries in 2009, 2014, and 2019 by using Google Earth at East Cirebon. The drivers include road density, distance to CBD, total population, distance to settlements, land slope and distance to rivers. The interaction between drivers and LULC change was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results showed that the rise of built-up area reached 36.4 percent and causes the loss of 0.78 km2 of agricultural land from 2009 to 2019. The LULC simulation in 2030 shows an increase in the built-up area by 82.85 percent with probabilities above 0.6. Meanwhile the significant drivers for changes include road density and distance to settlements. In conclusion, efforts to reduce LULC change in agricultural land into built-up area is by re-strengthening spatial planning-based environmental awareness for the community.
 Keywords: Built-up area; GIS; LULC; Markov-CA; Spatial modeling
 
 Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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März, Olaf. "An urban–rural continuum? A spatial comparison in mid-eighteenth-century northern Germany." Urban History 47, no. 3 (2020): 421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392682000022x.
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AbstractThe spatial growth of German cities in the years of upheaval in the nineteenth century has been, and remains, the subject of intense historical research. However, the origins of the socio-economic processes underlying these transformations actually predate the epochal transition into the modern era. This article deals critically with the popular conception of a ‘town–country dichotomy’ by comparing, on an empirical basis, urban, semi-urban and rural settlements in a sub-region of the north-west of Germany in the mid-eighteenth century. With the aid of a Geographical Information System (GIS), the cartographic and serial material of the ‘Brunswick Land Survey’ is evaluated in terms of its relevance to a socio-topographic comparison of the spatial micro-structures of the three respective settlement segments. The comparison focuses on the general morphology of the settlement segments, the conditions accompanying the growth of the settlements and the spatial structures of the agricultural activities pursued. In addition, it identifies the factors which led to the erosion of differences between town and country.
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Seager, Richard, Nathan Lis, Jamie Feldman, et al. "Whither the 100th Meridian? The Once and Future Physical and Human Geography of America’s Arid–Humid Divide. Part I: The Story So Far." Earth Interactions 22, no. 5 (2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-17-0011.1.
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Abstract John Wesley Powell, in the nineteenth century, introduced the notion that the 100th meridian divides the North American continent into arid western regions and humid eastern regions. This concept remains firmly fixed in the national imagination. It is reexamined in terms of climate, hydrology, vegetation, land use, settlement, and the agricultural economy. It is shown there is a stark east–west gradient in aridity roughly at the 100th meridian that is well expressed in hydroclimate, soil moisture, and “potential vegetation.” The gradient arises from atmospheric circulations and moisture transports. In winter, the arid regions west of the 100th meridian are shielded from Pacific storm-related precipitation and are too far west to benefit from Atlantic storms. In summer, the southerly flow on the western flank of the North Atlantic subtropical high has a westerly component over the western plains, bringing air from the interior southwest, but it also brings air from the Gulf of Mexico over the eastern plains, generating a west–east moisture transport and precipitation gradient. The aridity gradient is realized in soil moisture and a west-to-east transition from shortgrass to tallgrass prairie. The gradient is sharp in terms of greater fractional coverage of developed land east of the 100th meridian than to the west. Farms are fewer but larger west of the meridian, reflective of lower land productivity. Wheat and corn cultivation preferentially occur west and east of the 100th meridian, respectively. The 100th meridian is a very real arid–humid divide in the physical climate and landscape, and this has exerted a powerful influence on human settlement and agricultural development.
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Ilyushina, T. V., and A. L. Stepanchenko. "The history of creating Pamir Highway and its meaning for arranging artificial irrigation of Central Asia (late XIX – early XX centuries)." Geodesy and Cartography 974, no. 8 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-974-8-55-64.
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Appearing the Pamir Highway made the lands of Central Asia accessible for scientific expeditions. Arid and empty territories could not have been used in agriculture and industry without irrigation, and development of the region depended on this. At the end of the XIX century. Many scientists studied the geographic features and problems of artificial irrigation in the arid territories of Central Asia. In scientific works, they considered the opportunities of improving the land, arranging new systems of artificial irrigation, building dams and hydroelectric power stations. By the middle of the XIX century, the reclamation of agricultural lands was for the first time included in the list of the most important directions of state activities, the first state reclamation law in Russia was adopted. The railway and the communication routes connected with it enabled the development of agriculture and industry in the Turkestan Territory. The region acquired a connection with shopping centers and provinces of Russia, the expansion of markets for products, the growth of cities, the settlement and development of the regions of Central Asia began, and roads were laid there in the late XIX – early XX centuries.
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Adelman, Jeremy. "Agricultural Credit in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1890–1914." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (1990): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0001511x.
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In 1879, for the first time, Argentina exported more wheat than it imported. A generation later the Republic figured among the top five exporters of wheat in the world and wheat had become its premier earner of foreign exchange. The expansion was by any account remarkable.1With the expulsion of the Indians from thePampa Húmedain the late 1870s, hundreds of thousands of hectares of arable and highly fertile land were suddenly made available to agriculturalists. Railways, built largely with British capital, provided the means to ship new agricultural produce out of the region to the newly constructed ports. Immigrants flocked from Europe to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the vacant land, either as new property owners, as tenants or as wage-earners. The surge in the supply of land, labour and capital initiated a period of growth in Argentina, a growth which was shared by other regions of recent settlement which responded to similar opportunities.2
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Clemente Quijada, Luis Vicente. "Políticas sin participación social: Poblamiento rural y abandono de asentamientos en la Sierra de Gata, 1450-1750." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 83 (March 8, 2021): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.083e01c.
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This article analyzes the structure of the settlement in the land of Santibáñez el Alto between 1450 and 1750 in order to address the problem of rural depopulation. References and testimonies from fiscal and procedural sources and the travel costs analysis, shows that the peasant community developed a settlement structure which complemented the network of settlements and optimized the time of work of the peasantry since 1450, for being closer to the exploitation areas. This system begins its decline in the second half of the 16th century, when policies implemented from the Crown (sale of towns) and those developed from the local oligarchy (limitations on access to goods and services) had a negative impact its inhabitants. Finally, it is stated that the evolution of the settlements has been closely linked to the possibilities of community participation in its management and identity-making.
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Awan, Muhammad Yusuf, Faiqa Khilat, and Farah Jamil. "Role of Geography in Formation of Character of Civilizations Case Studies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley." Journal of Art Architecture and Built Environment 2, no. 2 (2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jaabe.22.02.
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When human race began its activities on Earth, it faced severe challenges of survival. The pursuit of basic necessities like food and shelter advanced them from hunting, to cultivation and food processing. The initiation of agriculture brought qualitative changes in the average human life, following the establishment of permanent settlements, cultures and civilizations. At the beginning of the age of tilling, settlers preferred locations which offered unrestrained water, fertile land and comfortable climate. Every location had its own geographical characteristics, which played a fundamental role in formation of the character and architecture of civilizations. The major early contemporary civilizations include the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indus Valley. The natural barren boundaries across the River Nile in Egypt enabled Pharaohs to form a strict slave system. The area accommodating two ancient rivers; Tigris and Euphrates, resulted in a settlement now known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The five rivers of Punjab and Ganges River provided people of the Indus Valley with a large piece of very fertile land. They cultivated land from Himalayan peaks in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south, expanding their civilization and architecture vastly. This paper studies these three civilizations, with reference to their geography, highlighting its effects on the development pattern and architecture. The research will give the apparent picture of how the geography effects the overall growth of civilizations, and also the similarities and dissimilarities from one location to the other.
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Mosleh, Mostafa Kamal Kamel, and Khaled Mohmmad Amin Hazaymeh. "Geospatial Analysis of Agriculture Land Loss in Qena City, Upper Egypt." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 4 (2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021100103.
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Although urbanization presents opportunities for new urban developments, it may have serious problems on environment and land use/cover patterns. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of built‑up delineation index set (BDIS) for mapping agricultural land loss in Upper Egypt. Three Landsat images were obtained for the years 1986, 2000, and 2016 and utilized as inputs to calculate the BDIS variables. Then a supervised classification technique (i.e., support vector machine) was used to classify the images. The findings showed that urban areas have witnessed a dramatic expansion at a growing rate of 44.1% during the 30 years. As a result, the loss of the agricultural land was found to be approximately 64.83 ha, which represents -4%, during the same period because of the urban expansion and the illegal construction of settlements. These findings would support the local decision makers in urban and agriculture land management authorities to develop sustainable development plans that control the spatiotemporal urban expansion and agricultural land loss.
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Damtea, Wubeshet, Dongyeob Kim, and Sangjun Im. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Cover Changes in the Chemoga Basin, Ethiopia, Using Landsat and Google Earth Images." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (2020): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093607.
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Land cover change is a major environmental concern in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. This study detected land cover transitions over the past 30 years in the Chemoga basin (total area = 118,359 ha). Land cover maps were generated via the supervised classification of Landsat images with the help of the Google Earth (GE) images. A total of 218 unchanged land features sampled from GE images were used as the training datasets. Classification accuracy was evaluated by comparing classified images with 165 field observations during the 2017 field visit. The overall accuracy was 85.4% and the kappa statistic was 0.81, implying that the land classification was satisfactory. Agricultural land is the dominant land cover in the study basin, and increased in extent by 2,337 ha from 1987 to 2017. The second and third most dominant land cover types, grassland and woodland, decreased by 1.9% and 3.6%, respectively, over the past 30 years. The increase in agricultural lands was mostly due to the conversion of grasslands and woodlands, although some agricultural lands changed to Eucalyptus plantations and human settlements. The results revealed that the expansion of built-up space and agricultural lands was the major driver of fragmentation of the landscape, and degradation of natural resources in the Chemoga basin, Ethiopia.
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JALETA, OLANI GANFURE, and HABTE JEBESSA DEBELLA. "The impact of large scale agriculture on forest and wildlife in Diga Woreda, Western Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Agriculture 1, no. 02 (2017): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g010207.
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Jaleta OG, Jebessa H. 2018. The impact of large scale agriculture on forest and wildlife in Diga Woreda, Western Ethiopia. Asian J Agric 1: 100-113. Large-scale agriculture uses agricultural machinery to mechanize the practices of agriculture. It is one of the leading causes of the loss of forest and wildlife in many countries including our country, Ethiopia. Information on forest cover change that occurred from 1986 to 2006 in Diga Woreda/district (Woyessa Dimtu, Bekiltu Gudina, and Melka Beti Jirma Kebeles) was compared with the present time using Geographic Information System (GIS). The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of large-scale agriculture on forest cover change by using the satellite image of the study area and other data collecting methods such as household's interview, KI, FGD and observation (survey) to detect its effect on wildlife. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative data as well as primary and secondary data sources to collect necessary information. The information providers were purposively selected from sample ‘kebeles' based on their age and experiences, that is, to get a detail and accurate information elders and experts who have lived in the area for many years and who know more how and when the Hanger-Didessa state farm had established were selected. The state farm covered a large area, that is, about four districts such as Sasiga, Diga, Arjo and Guto Gida. For this study, Diga was selected because of its socio-economic characteristics, deforested (degraded) area, local loss of larger mammals and forest cover changes observed in the district. The descriptive research method was used to assess community's knowledge, perception, skill, and feeling about the impact of Local Study Area (LSA) on forest and wildlife in the area. Land cover change analysis for 1986 to 2006 showed that the land cover of the study area is classified as grazing, wood, agricultural, settlement and degraded lands. The result of the analysis showed that agriculture, settlement and degraded lands increased from 19.68% to 32.72%, 12.12% to 26.85% and 2.76% to 4.72% respectively in an expense of a decrease in the grass (grazing) and woodlands. Therefore, LSA is the primary cause for the loss of forest and wildlife in the study area.
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Hoque, Muhammad Ziaul, Shenghui Cui, Imranul Islam, Lilai Xu, and Jianxiong Tang. "Future Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Changes on Ecosystem Services in the Lower Meghna River Estuary, Bangladesh." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (2020): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052112.
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Assessing the effects of different land use scenarios on subsequent changes in ecosystem service has great implications for sustainable land management. Here, we designed four land use/land cover (LULC) scenarios, such as business-as-usual development (BAUD), economic development priority (EDP), ecological protection priority (EPP), and afforestation development priority (ADP), through a Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) model, and their effects on ecosystem service values (ESVs) were predicted, using historical LULC maps and ESV coefficients of the Lower Meghna River Estuary, Bangladesh. Findings revealed that agricultural and mangrove forest lands experienced the greatest decreases, while rural and urban settlement land had the greatest increases, leading to a total ESV decrease of US$105.34 million during 1988-2018. The scenario analysis indicated that ESV in 2038 would also decrease by US$41.37 million and US$16.38 million under the BAUD and EDP scenarios, respectively, while ESV will increase by US$60.61 million and US$130.95 million under the EPP and ADP scenarios, respectively. However, all the future land use scenarios will lead to 1.65%, 10.21%, 7.58%, and 6.75% gaps in total food requirements, respectively. Hence, from the perspective of maximizing ESVs and minimizing the trade-offs in food gaps, the ADP scenario could be the optimal land management policy for the studied landscape.
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Simon, Bence. "Rural Society, Agriculture and Settlement Territory in the Roman, Medieval and Modern Period Pilis Landscape." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 7 (2020): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2019.205.
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This study presents how the scientific results of economic geography can be useful in explaining and deepening our understanding of the settlement pattern, village territory or land-use regarding the Roman, Medieval and Modern period Pilis landscape. Through ordinary comparison and GIS-based investigations the relationship of the studied periods is at the paper’s focus. In the last part, the study introduces a method with which the origins of the present-day administrative boundaries can be explored in a new way.
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Newton, M. B., and Robert G. Healy. "Competition for Land in the American South: Agriculture, Human Settlement, and the Environment." Geographical Review 77, no. 2 (1987): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/214993.
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Ho, Samuel P. S., and George C. S. Lin. "Non-Agricultural Land Use in Post-Reform China." China Quarterly 179 (September 2004): 758–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000578.
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Since the early 1980s the conversion of land to non-agricultural use has been arguably the most widespread and intense in China's history. The recent increase in non-agricultural land use has been caused largely by the rapid expansion of urban settlements and the construction of roads and stand-alone industrial sites. Among the factors contributing to these changes, rural–urban migration, urbanization and accelerating development are among the most important. Analysis of land use data from three coastal provinces suggests that variations in the share of land occupied for non-agricultural use among county-level administrative units can be explained largely by differences in population density, urbanization and level of development. While the conversion of land to non-agricultural use is bound to continue in the coming decade, recent institutional changes make it likely that future changes, particularly the encroachment on cultivated land, will be more restricted and better controlled.
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Delville, Philippe Lavigne, and Anne-Claire Moalic. "Territorialities, spatial inequalities and the formalization of land rights in Central Benin." Africa 89, no. 2 (2019): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000111.
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AbstractThe formalization of ‘informal’ customary land rights is at the core of current rural land policies in Africa. The dubious impacts of such policies on agricultural production, and the recomposition of land rights and governance they cause, have been studied widely. But their territorial dimensions are hardly acknowledged. Studying the implementation of a rural land rights formalization project in central Benin, this article highlights the links between territorialization and plot-level land rights formalization. It first unpacks the notion of the village and presents a conceptual framework for analysing the superimposition of and contradiction between customary and administrative territories. Using two case studies, it then examines the conflicts that arise during formalization operations and their outcomes in terms of the mapping of land rights and political and administrative change. This article shows how the political organization of the territory and the socio-spatial inequalities resulting from the history of settlement shape the results of plot-level land rights registration (which explains why large parts of village territories have not been registered), and, in turn, how these registration operations lead to new territorialization processes and increase the heterogeneity of land tenure rights within the territory.
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Mishra, S., W. A. Lee, A. Hooijer, et al. "Microbial and metabolic profiling reveal strong influence of water table and land-use patterns on classification of degraded tropical peatlands." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 14009–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14009-2013.
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Abstract. Tropical peatlands from Southeast Asia are undergoing extensive drainage, deforestation and degradation for agriculture and human settlement purposes. This is resulting in biomass loss and subsidence of peat from its oxidation. Molecular profiling approaches were used to understand the relative influences of different land-use patterns, hydrological and physiochemical parameters on the state of degraded tropical peatlands. As microbial communities play a critical role in biogeochemical cascades in the functioning of peatlands, we used microbial and metabolic profiles as surrogates of community structure and functions, respectively. Profiles were generated from 230 bacterial 16S rDNA fragments and 145 metabolic markers of 46 samples from ten sites, including those from above and below water table in a contiguous area of 48 km2 covering five land-use types. These were degraded forest, degraded land, oil palm plantation, mixed crop plantation and settlements. Bacterial profiles were most influenced by variations in water table and land-use patterns, followed by age of drainage and peat thickness in that order. Bacterial profiling revealed differences in sites, based on the duration and frequency of water table fluctuations and on oxygen availability. Bacterial and metabolic profiles of degraded forest and mixed crop plantations were most diverse compared to other land-use types. Metabolic profiling, being closely associated with biogeochemical functions could distinguish communities not only based on land-use types but also their geographic locations, thus providing a finer resolution than bacterial profiles. Agricultural inputs, such as nitrates were highly associated with bacterial community structure of oil palm plantations, whereas phosphates and dissolved organic carbon influenced those from mixed crop plantations and settlements. Our results provide a basis for adopting molecular marker-based approaches to classify peatlands and determine relative importance of factors that influence peat functioning. Our findings will be useful in peatland management by providing a basis to focus early efforts on hydrological interventions and improving sustainability of oil palm plantations by adopting mixed cropping practices to increase microbial diversity in the long term.
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Sevinç, Aydoğdu, Cançelik, and Sevinç. "Farmers' Attitudes toward Public Support Policy for Sustainable Agriculture in GAP-Şanlıurfa, Turkey." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (2019): 6617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236617.
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Despite agricultural support in Turkey, agricultural production areas, production quantities, and the number of farmers have gradually decreased. In this research, we aimed to determine farmers’ attitudes toward public agricultural support policy for sustainability in GAP, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, and the factors affecting their attitudes. This research is the first of its type for GAP, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. The data were obtained in 2017 from face-to-face interviews with farmers who were selected using the simple random sampling method. Categorical regression, based on the optimal scaling model, was used in the analysis. The results indicate that although 80% of the farmers believe that support has improved agricultural sustainability, 76.2% find public support policy inadequate. The average land area of those who were in favor of the policy was 18.3 hectares, whereas that of those who stated that support does not provide a significant contribution was 7.17 hectares. The age of the farmer, total cultivated area, settlement area, education level, property type, crop pattern, irrigated agriculture, and income were factors affecting farmers’ attitudes. The support policy should be reviewed for small-scale farmers and farmers who engage in dry farming. The results could be helpful to support policy and decision-makers during sustainable agriculture policy planning.
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Djamaluddin, Magfirah, Andi Ramlan, and Muh Jayadi. "MONITORING PERUBAHAN AREAL PERSAWAHAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa)." Jurnal Ecosolum 8, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v8i1.6892.
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The area of agricultural land, especially paddy fields, is related to the level of rice production. Conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture will have an impact on the availability of rice supply. This study aims to identify changes in paddy field land use in 2005 - 2016 using high-resolution satellite imagery and calculate the need for rice per capita in Pallangga District. This research utilizes the application of geographic information systems in monitoring changes in paddy field use. The method used in the classification of land use is digitizing on screen. The conversion of paddy fields to non-paddy fields was obtained from the results of overlapping maps of Pallangga District land use maps in 2005 and 2016 and presented in the form of cross tabulations. The accuracy test results obtained the overall accuracy value of 98.04%, and the kappa accuracy value of 0.98. This study shows that paddy field area has decreased by 305.25 ha. The change consisted of 17.68 ha into a water body, turned into a garden of 132.86 ha and became a settlement of 154.71 ha. The conversion of paddy fields in Pallangga District in 2005-2016 affected rice production. The results of the analysis of the needs of rice per capita per year show that in 2017 Pallangga District is surplus in the supply of rice to its population. However, based on population projection, the decrease in land area and rice production in Pallangga Subdistrict in 2020 was unable to meet the rice needs of its population of 1,027 tons
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Ken, Sereyrotha, Nophea Sasaki, Tomoe Entani, Hwan Ok Ma, Phalla Thuch, and Takuji W. Tsusaka. "Assessment of the Local Perceptions on the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Agents of Drivers, and Appropriate Activities in Cambodia." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 9987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239987.
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Understanding the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and the agents of such drivers is important for introducing appropriate policy interventions. Here, we identified drivers and agents of drivers through the analysis of local perceptions using questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and field observations. The Likert scale technique was employed for designing the questionnaire with scores ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). We found nine direct drivers of forest deforestation and forest degradation, namely illegal logging (4.53 ± 0.60, ± is for standard deviation), commercial wood production (4.20 ± 0.71), land clearing for commercial agriculture (4.19 ± 1.15), charcoal production (3.60 ± 1.12), land clearing for subsistence agriculture (3.54 ± 0.75), new settlement and land migration (3.43 ± 0.81), natural disasters (3.31 ± 0.96), human-induced forest fires (3.25 ± 0.96), and fuelwood for domestic consumption (3.21 ± 0.77). We also found four main indirect drivers, namely lack of law enforcement, demand for timber, land tenure right, and population growth. Our analysis indicates that wood furniture makers, medium and large-scale agricultural investors, charcoal makers, land migrants, firewood collectors, and subsistent farmers were the agents of these drivers. Through focus group discussions, 12 activities were agreed upon and could be introduced to reduce these drivers. In addition to enforcing the laws, creating income-generating opportunities for locals along with the provision of environmental education could ensure long-term reduction of these drivers. The REDD+ project could be an option for creating local income opportunities, while reducing deforestation and forest degradation.
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Speth, Gianne, Leonardo Ernandes da Silva Peres, Luiza Wollmann, Quétilan Rodrigues Domingues, and Bárbara Maria Giaccom Ribeiro. "Conflitos do uso de solo em áreas de preservação permanente em Candelária (RS)." Ciência e Natura 42 (February 7, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40485.
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The urbanization process of Brazilian cities has generated several environmental problems, including occupations and irregular uses in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA). Land use in marginal strips, coupled with vegetation removal, causes environmental degradation, causing instability of ecosystems. For this reason, the present study aims to identify and analyze land use and land occupation conflicts in PPA localized in the urban perimeter of the municipality of Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The methodology uses geographic and statistical data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and spactial bases provided by the municipal government. Data systematization and maps elaboration were performed in Geographic Information System (GIS) platform. Candelária presents streams that cut the urban mesh and flow into the Pardo River, thus, there are PPAs of considerable size within the urban area. Research shows that there are improper uses in PPA, such as buildings, irregular settlements and agricultural crops. Finally, the results indicate there is significant area under protection in the city being impacted by human action, aggravating the reduction of native forest.
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Sadowski, Arkadiusz. "SPATIAL AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF DIFFERENT FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AROUND THE WORLD." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 51, no. 1 (2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2019.01109.
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This paper addresses the spatial differentiation of food consumption patterns. The objective is to identify the economic and natural determinants of consumption levels and of differences in foodstuffs consumed around the world in the 2000s. The study was based on data delivered by FAOSTAT and the World Bank. An analysis was performed of global correlation trends between economic factors (GDP per capita), natural and geographic factors (agricultural land per capita, and the food availability status. Also, cluster analysis was used to group the countries around the world by percentage share of plant, animal and aquaculture products in the dietary energy consumption (kcal/capita/day), and by agricultural land per capita. Based on the analyses, the economic factor was found to significantly prevail as a determinant of food security for different nations. The size of the dietary energy consumption and the share of animal products in it depend primarily on the domestic product per capita. Also noticed was the relatively low importance of natural conditions, expressed in this paper as agricultural land per capita. Based on previous research, the suitability of land for agricultural purposes was found to be historically important for human settlement around the world, though currently it is not the key determinant of food security. Also, the importance of aquaculture in addressing the global population’s food needs was found to be marginal though spatially differentiated.
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Harbi, Jun, Yukun Cao, Noril Milantara, Gamin, Ade Brian Mustafa, and Nathan James Roberts. "Understanding People−Forest Relationships: A Key Requirement for Appropriate Forest Governance in South Sumatra, Indonesia." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137029.
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Indonesian forestry challenges in attributional land-use conflicts of overlapping villages and state forests have affected community livelihoods and forest sustainability for decades. This empirical research uncovers the socio-economic attributes of villages in order to gain a better understanding of people−forest relationships in order to guide improved forest management and governance for long-term sustainability. Data were obtained from 69 villages located in the forest management unit of Lakitan Bukit Cogong in South Sumatra Province. Spatially-explicit quantitative measurements and qualitative approaches were employed to explore the interrelationships between human footprint, village development, and conflict resolution strategies over two decades. The results confirmed that utilization of forest areas as part of the village territory (such as for building settlements, public/social infrastructure facilities, plantations and agricultural fields) has long been administered without permits, destabilizing forest functions. Moreover, aspects such as human population size, proximity of villages to the national road and sub-district capital, and the transmigration settlement units have an impact on the Human Footprint Index and Village Development Index. Furthermore, our analyses identified three distinctive forms of conflict based on village type: (1) villages which are administratively included in the forest area; (2) villages for transmigration settlement; and (3) villages adjacent to company management concession areas. In these villages, the clarity of land/forest boundaries and property rights are predominant conflict issues. Several recommendations are proposed to support sustainable forest development; namely, controlling human activities in the forest, improving village management governance, and resolving associated conflicts.
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Mishra, S., W. A. Lee, A. Hooijer, et al. "Microbial and metabolic profiling reveal strong influence of water table and land-use patterns on classification of degraded tropical peatlands." Biogeosciences 11, no. 7 (2014): 1727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1727-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Tropical peatlands from southeast Asia are undergoing extensive drainage, deforestation and degradation for agriculture and human settlement purposes. This is resulting in biomass loss and subsidence of peat from its oxidation. Molecular profiling approaches were used to understand the relative influences of different land-use patterns, hydrological and physicochemical parameters on the state of degraded tropical peatlands. As microbial communities play a critical role in biogeochemical cascades in the functioning of peatlands, we used microbial and metabolic profiles as surrogates of community structure and functions, respectively. Profiles were generated from 230 bacterial 16 S rDNA fragments and 145 metabolic markers of 46 samples from 10 sites, including those from above and below water table in a contiguous area of 48 km2 covering five land-use types. These were degraded forest, degraded land, oil palm plantation, mixed crop plantation and settlements. Bacterial profiles were most influenced by variations in water table and land-use patterns, followed by age of drainage and peat thickness in that order. Bacterial profiling revealed differences in sites, based on the duration and frequency of water table fluctuations and on oxygen availability. Mixed crop plantations had the most diverse bacterial and metabolic profiles. Metabolic profiling, being closely associated with biogeochemical functions, could distinguish communities not only based on land-use types but also their geographic locations, thus providing a finer resolution than bacterial profiles. Agricultural inputs, such as nitrates, were highly associated with bacterial community structure of oil palm plantations, whereas phosphates and dissolved organic carbon influenced those from mixed crop plantations and settlements. Our results provide a basis for adopting molecular marker-based approaches to classify peatlands and determine relative importance of factors that influence peat functioning. Our findings will be useful in peatland management by providing a basis to focus early efforts on hydrological interventions and improving sustainability of oil palm plantations by adopting mixed cropping practices to increase microbial diversity in the long term.
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Beatty, William S., James C. Beasley, and Olin E. Rhodes. "Habitat selection by a generalist mesopredator near its historical range boundary." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 1 (2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0225.
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The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) has expanded its geographic range northward since European settlement, which has been attributed to its ability to exploit anthropogenic resources. To examine the utility of anthropogenic resources to this species, we monitored 61 opossums from 2009 to 2010 with very high frequency (VHF) telemetry in a fragmented agricultural ecosystem in northern Indiana, USA, at the periphery of the opossum’s historical distribution. We examined the influence of anthropogenic (agricultural areas, developed land, roads), disturbed (corridor, forest edge, grassland, water), and native (forest, shrub land) habitats on habitat selection at the second- and third-order scales across three seasons. At the second-order scale, areas proximate to agricultural fields and developed land were selected in the breeding and postbreeding seasons, respectively. Areas proximate to roads were selected at both spatial scales during all seasons except winter at the third-order scale. Areas near forest with high forest-edge density were selected throughout the year at both spatial scales, but confidence intervals for forest during the postbreeding season marginally overlapped zero (third-order scale). Although anthropogenic habitats provide novel resources for opossums, forest and forest edge remain essential components to populations near their historical distributional limit in agricultural ecosystems.
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Biche-ool, T. N. "TERRITORIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TuVA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 31, no. 1 (2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2021-31-1-46-56.
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The assessment of territorial differentiation of anthropogenic transformation of the Republic of Tuva based on methods of geoinformation technologies, historical geography and methods of A. G. Isachenko using data from the Federal register of land categories and types of land, statistical data of the Federal state statistics service, reports of the Ministry of fuel and energy, the Ministry of economy of the Republic of Tuva, was carried out. A total of 17 districts and 2 urban districts were studied. The results of the study reflect the spatial characteristics of the impact of the population and its economic activities on the territory of the Republic of Tuva. Studies have shown that the state of modern landscapes of the Republic of Tuva is characterized mainly by low anthropogenic transformation, against which there are pockets of territories with high anthropogenic transformation - 2 urban districts, which is a consequence of the predominance of mountain terrain; difficult transport accessibility of the Republic; low population density and its extremely uneven settlement; high proportion of land occupied by forests (up to 60 %); inaccessibility of most mineral deposits. Currently, the transformation of the landscapes of the Republic of Tuva, including in high-altitude areas, is affected by the predominance of agricultural land, which occupies up to 32 % of the total area.
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Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir. "CIRCASSIAN REFUGEES AND THE MAKING OF AMMAN, 1878–1914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 4 (2017): 605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000617.
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AbstractIn the final decades of Ottoman rule, several waves of refugees from the Russian Empire's North Caucasus region immigrated to Transjordan, where they founded Amman and other agricultural villages. This article examines the economy of Amman in its formative years as a Circassian refugee settlement. By exploring connections between North Caucasian refugees, Syrian and Palestinian merchants, and Transjordanian urban and nomadic communities, this study posits refugees as drivers of economic expansion in the late Ottoman period. I argue that the settlement of North Caucasian refugees and their active participation in the real estate market in and around Amman contributed to the entrenchment of the post-1858 property regime in Ottoman Transjordan. Through a study of an upper-class Circassian household and its legal battles, this article also illustrates the rise of refugee elites who benefited from the commodification of land and the construction of state-sponsored infrastructure in the late Ottoman Levant.
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Li, Guan, Zhongguo Xu, Cifang Wu, et al. "Inside or Outside? The Impact Factors of Zoning–Land Use Mismatch." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010265.
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A land-use plan is a core policy tool to curb excessive non-agriculturalization of agricultural land. The effect of plan implementation can affect sustainable land use and regional development. Empirical studies have shown that land development commonly and frequently fails to conform to land-use plans. However, neither qualitative nor quantitative studies are conducted to comprehensively explore the reasons for zoning–land use mismatch. To help bridge this gap, this study explored to what extent a plan has been implemented and what factors have affected zoning–land use mismatch. A new deviation discriminant framework of planning implementation was presented. Moreover, the logistics model was applied to discuss which factors substantially affect the zoning–land use mismatch. The plan implementation results were divided into the conformed, exceeded and unused areas. The general land-use plan failed in its spatial control over rural settlements and other built-up lands, with both more than 90% of the newly added construction land beyond zoning. In addition, the newly added construction land of rural settlements, other built-up lands, and transportation lands all exceeded the quota control. Furthermore, the physical factors of distance from the river, the elevation, the slope and the level, and the social-economic factors of the gross domestic product, the fiscal revenue, the fixed assets investments, and the rank of town have prominent effects on zoning–land use mismatch. Enhancing the flexibility of the land-use plan and strengthening the relationship between planning quotas and spatial zoning in the future are necessary to promote the effect of plan implementation.
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Bessah, Enoch, Abdullahi Bala, Sampson Kweku Agodzo, Appollonia Aimiosino Okhimamhe, Emmanuel Amoah Boakye, and Saratu Usman Ibrahim. "The impact of crop farmers’ decisions on future land use, land cover changes in Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 1 (2019): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-05-2017-0114.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the rate and land category contributing to the changes in seven land-uses in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana and the effect of the decisions of land users on future landscapes. Design/methodology/approach LANDSAT images were classified to generate land use/cover maps to detect changes that had occurred between 1986 and 2014. In total, 120 farmers were also interviewed to determine their perceptions on land use changes. Interval, category and transition levels of changes were determined. Savanna woodland, settlement and forest were mostly converted to farmland in both intervals (1986-2001 and 2001-2014). Findings Results showed that rock outcrop, plantation, cropland and savanna woodland increased at an annual rate of 13.86, 1.57, 0.82 and 0.33 per cent, respectively, whilst forest, settlement and water body decreased at 4.90, 1.84 and 1.17 per cent annual rate of change, respectively. Approximately, 74 per cent of farmers will not change land use in the future, while 84.2 per cent plan to increase farm sizes. Research limitations/implications The study shows that more land cover will be targeted for conversion as farmers expand their farmlands. There is the need for strict implementation of appropriate land use/cover policies to sustain food production in the region in this era of changing climate and population increase. Originality/value This research assessed the land use changes in the Kintampo North Municipality and its impacts on agriculture and carbon stocks release via land use changes. It identified how the decisions of the local farmers on land management will affect future landscape.
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Darsana, Putu. "Pola Hubungan Sosial Di Daerah Transmigrasi Desa Kapidi, Kecamatan Mappedeceng, Kabupaten Luwu Utara (Studi Aspek Geografi Sosial)." LaGeografia 17, no. 2 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/lga.v17i2.8210.
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The research aims to determine the social geography factors that support and hinder the associative relationship patterns, and patterns of social relationships that exist between community groups transmigration with local community groups. Population is 625 KK. Sampling using purposive sampling of 80 samples selected. Collecting data using observations, questionnaires and documentation. Qualitative data analysis.Results of the study are social geography factor determining patterns of social relationships. Seen from the public are not concerned about wide disparities ownership and land productivity with a percentage of 81.25 percent. Based on the distribution of settlements society rarely interact with the percentage of 67.50 percent. The use of local languages is 57.50 percent of the people do not matter. Factors religious differences, people do not visit each other when religious holidays with the percentage of 76.25 percent. Factors difference in the number of residents, community transmigration reluctant to interact with local communities. Differences in culture, inter-ethnic society visited each totaled 65 percent. Factor public infrastructure, has been fair with a percentage of 76.25 percent.The conclusion is the pattern of the relationship between local communities and society transmigration is associative relationship patterns. Social geography factor that supports associative relationship is a broad pattern of ownership of agricultural land, the level of productivity of the land, culture, public infrastructure and local languages. Social geography factors that inhibit the associative relationship is the distribution pattern of settlements, religious differences, and population.
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Pazúrová, Zuzana, Rogier Pouwels, Jana Ružičková, et al. "Effects of Landscape Changes on Species Viability: A Case Study from Northern Slovakia." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103602.
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Urbanization, increasing road networks, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment are widespread land change processes found in most European landscapes. As land changes affect animal species and their populations, there is a need to evaluate the effects of future developments on the viability of protected species. In this paper, we model population size and viability of selected indicator species for a selected area in Slovakia. Our results indicate that selected species are viable in the current landscape composition. However, the expected spread of settlement and the increase of road density in this area would likely lead to decline and loss of viability of species. Similarly, continuous land abandonment followed with spontaneous reforestation would likely trigger a decline of grassland species. In contrast, developing a biocorridor and restoration of existing green elements as modeled in our conservation scenario would strongly improve the viability of all species and avoid the impact of the expected developments. Our results underline the actions that prevent further loss of biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes and, thus, have particular importance for landscape planning and decision-making processes.
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Sisodia, Pushpendra Singh, Vivekananda Tiwari, and Anil Kumar Dahiya. "Urban Sprawl Monitoring using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques of the City Jaipur, India." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 7, no. 3 (2016): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2016070104.
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The rapid increase in population of India forced people to migrate from rural areas and small towns to metropolitan cities for better employment, education, and, good lifestyle. Major cities of India were industrialized and required more work force in metropolitan cities, leading to uncoordinated and unplanned growth, often termed as urban sprawl. Urban sprawl destroyed the natural resources such as open green space, agricultural land, open water bodies and ground water. In this paper, an attempt has been made to monitor urban sprawl using Shannon's Entropy model, Remote Sensing, and GIS for city Jaipur, India. The changed entropy value during the years 1972–2013 proves more dispersed growth in the city. The built-up area of Jaipur has increased from 40 km2 in 1972 to 400 km2 in 2013. Land use percentage of urban settlement is doubled as compared to the urban population of Jaipur during 1972–2013. This study shows remarkable urban sprawl in fringe areas of Jaipur city in the last 41 years.
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Smith, Monica L. "Linear Statecraft along the Nile: Landscapes and the Political Phenomenology of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian History 13, no. 1-2 (2021): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340058.
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Abstract States in archaeological and historical parlance generally are large and dynamic entities with continually fluctuating borders and boundaries across large land masses. States also are characterized by multiple nodes of settlement and multiple regions of resource availability within those large land masses, including agricultural fields, animal pastures, raw materials, and labor power. The northeastern African continent however provides a rather different spatial configuration for states’ prerequisites of agricultural intensification and social integration: the ancient Egyptian state—and all subsequent political entities called “Egypt”—have been framed by the valley of the Nile as a long and narrow corridor of human viability. Using “flow” as a phenomenological concept in which experiences are heightened by restraint conditions, this article examines the characteristics of political and social cohesion given geographic limitations on communication, migration and territorial expansion. The constraints of a viable landmass surrounded by uninhabitable desert parallel the conditions experienced by island states, enabling the productive application of island and archipelagic models to the analysis of the ancient Egyptian state.
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Koranteng, Addo, Isaac Adu-Poku, and Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki. "Landuse and land cover dynamics in the Volta River Basin surrounding APSD forest plantation, Ghana." Folia Forestalia Polonica 61, no. 1 (2019): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2019-0008.
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Abstract Forest plantation is reckoned to accounts for 7% of total global forest cover and has the potential to provide 75% of the global industrial round wood supply. The study analyzed forest resource use trend, mapped out areas of high biodiversity conservation, and made recommendations to promote and sustain large-scale plantation development against the background of anthropogenic pressure on vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity management. The methodology adopted for the study involved the application of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, field survey and community interactions. Major findings of the assessment include substantial land use/land cover conversion from one category to another within the past 20 years as a result of agricultural expansion, urbanisation, charcoal production and wood fuel harvesting; dense woodland and riverine forest experienced decline for the 20-year period whilst agriculture open woodland/grassland and settlement were appreciated; floral diversity was high in the dense woodlands with low regeneration potential because of persistent annual wild fires; significant socio-economic and environmental impacts resulting in the conversion of woodlands and removal of riverine vegetation leading to drying out of streams; charcoal production and shifting cultivation leading to decrease in soil productivity and poor crop yields that promotes poverty amongst the inhabitants.
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Anuradha, J. M. P. N., Miho Fujimura, Tsukasa Inaoka, and Norio Sakai. "The Role of Agricultural Land Use Pattern Dynamics on Elephant Habitat Depletion and Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (2019): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102818.
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The drastic depletion of elephant habitats in the dry zone of Sri Lanka has led to intense human-elephant conflict (HEC) in a region that is home to one of the celebrated agrarian settlements in Asia. Known as the tank villages, these settlements have a long history of human coexistence with elephants and other wild animals. However, the escalating incidence of human-elephant fatalities and crop losses to farmers indicates that the mode of interaction between the tank village inhabitants and the elephants has transformed from coexistence to conflict. Both population and agricultural land use pattern dynamics have contributed to agricultural expansion and loss of elephant habitat in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. However, our knowledge of how the agricultural land use pattern dynamics has contributed to the drastic depletion of elephant range in the dry zone is limited. This research attempted to gain insight into the role of agricultural land use dynamics on elephant habitat depletion and HEC in Sri Lanka through the study of Kuttikulama, a dry zone tank village. The data were collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and a cross sectional survey. The study revealed that agricultural land use patterns in traditional dry zone villages have changed in major ways over the last few decades. Such changes included the transition from a shifting-cultivation mode of farming to a fixed sequential mode of farming, the expansion of the per capita cropping area, and the disappearance of communality in agricultural land use patterns. The changes were found to have significantly contributed to a shift in human–elephant interactions from relatively harmonious ones to contentious ones. The study reveals the potential of traditional and alternative cropping and land use systems to minimize human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka.
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García-Montero, Luis G., Cristina Pascual, Alfonso Sanchez-Paus Díaz, et al. "Land Use Sustainability Monitoring: “Trees Outside Forests” in Temperate FAO-Ecozones (Oceanic, Continental, and Mediterranean) in Europe (2000–2015)." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810175.
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The global distribution of forest trees is essential for monitoring land-use sustainability. For this reason, FAO developed the Global Forest Survey (GFS), a systematic regional level survey with a homogeneous sampling design. Preliminary results revealed an interest in analyzing “Trees Outside Forests” (TOFs). We analyzed more than 11,150 sample GFS plots in temperate FAO-ecozones in Europe through a photo-interpretation approach using FAO’s Collect Earth platform. Our results showed that forest land was the most predominant use of land (41%) in temperate FAO-ecozones in Europe in 2015. Forest IPCC land use followed a moderate upward trend from 2000 to 2015 (0.2%). Trees Outside Forests in temperate FAO-ecozones in Europe accounted for 22% of the inventoried area. Trees Outside Forests represent 30% and 48% of cropland and grassland IPCC land uses, respectively, as well as 75% in settlement uses. Comparing our results with previous studies on the Mediterranean, temperate FAO-ecozone TOFs showed a downward trend in Europe and an upward trend in the Mediterranean area, despite its smaller surface area. The greening of the Common Agricultural Policy may increase the extension of TOFs, although our results may indicate that this effect is not yet evident in the field.
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Treu, Maria Cristina. "La questione delle aree agricole e gli strumenti di piano territoriale e urbanistico." TERRITORIO, no. 49 (July 2009): 47–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2009-049007.
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- Cities today expand regardless of economic development and growth in the labour market. We are in the presence of a phenomenon of urban inflation in which even the consumption of land remains at high quantitative levels, accentuated by the marginalisation of many portions of areas induced by the dispersion of settlements and infrastructure networks. On the other hand agriculture is also undergoing a process of the concentration of production on flat areas of land with more infrastructures, while in contrast to this, less accessible tracts of land enclosed between dwellings and adjacent to urbanised areas are abandoned and underused. In this context the incessant erosion of urban countryside raises the more general question of the quality of living and of the environmental and landscape functions which agricultural areas perform in addition to and not as a substitute for their production functions. And this makes it clear that to protect and improve them are not objectives attributable to urban planning and sector instruments alone.