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1
Fedick, Scott L. "Land Evaluation and Ancient Maya Land Use in the Upper Belize River Area, Belize, Central America." Latin American Antiquity 6, no. 1 (March 1995): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971598.
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In this study I examine local-scale associations between land resources and the density distribution of Maya residential sites for the prehistoric population maxima of the Late Classic period (ca. A. D. 600-900). Methods involve agricultural land evaluation following USDA guidelines, under assumptions of hand-cultivation technology. I give specific attention to the issue of concordance between the geographic scale of household agricultural production and the scale at which agricultural land evaluation is conducted. The focus is the upper Belize River area of Belize, Central America, where intensive archaeological survey and local-scale land-resource mapping provide the data necessary for a detailed analysis of ancient land-use patterns. The analysis reveals a strong and consistent relationship between prehistoric Maya settlement density and the agricultural productive capability of local soil types. For each land type, I discuss the amount of land available for each residential locus and probable cultivation methods used. I argue that the ability to identify clearly and quantitatively the association (or lack of association) between household settlement pattern and agricultural land capability is a necessary component of regional studies that seek to test models of Maya political economy and social change.
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Ford, Anabel, and Scott Fedick. "Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns in the Upper Belize River Area: Initial Results of the Belize River Archaeological Settlement Survey." Journal of Field Archaeology 19, no. 1 (1992): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530367.
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Ford, Anabel, and Scott Fedick. "Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns in the Upper Belize River Area: Initial Results of the Belize River Archaeological Settlement Survey." Journal of Field Archaeology 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346992791549012.
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LeCount, Lisa J., Chester P. Walker, John H. Blitz, and Ted C. Nelson. "Land Tenure Systems at the Ancient Maya Site of Actuncan, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.16.
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A common property regime was established at the founding of the Maya site of Actuncan, Belize, in the Terminal Preclassic period (175 BC–AD 300), which governed access to land until the Terminal Classic period (AD 780–1000). This interpretation is based on urban settlement patterns documented through household excavation and remote-sensing programs. Excavations of all visible patio-focused groups in the urban core provided data to reconstruct residential histories, and a 60,621 m2 gradiometer survey resulted in a magnetic gradient map that was used to document buried constructions. Twenty ground-truth testpits correlated types of magnetic signatures to buried patio-focused groups and smaller constructions, including walled plots in agricultural field systems that were later exposed more fully through large-scale excavations. Combined, these methods provided data to reconstruct four correlates of land tenure systems: (1) the spatial proximity of residential units to land and resources, (2) diachronic changes in community settlement patterns, (3) land subdivision and improvements, and (4) public goods. Spatial analyses documented that houselots did not cluster through time, but instead became gradually improved, lending evidence to suggest the transgenerational inheritance of property rights in the Late and Terminal Classic periods.
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Vogelsang, Ralf, and Karl Peter Wendt. "Reconstructing prehistoric settlement models and land use patterns on Mt. Damota/SW Ethiopia." Quaternary International 485 (August 2018): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.061.
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Leighton, Robert. "Later prehistoric settlement patterns in Sicily: old paradigms and new surveys." European Journal of Archaeology 8, no. 3 (2005): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957105076066.
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Whilst Sicily is the largest and perhaps most geographically diverse island in the Mediterranean, archaeological survey has been slow to develop there and has had little impact on general accounts of Sicilian prehistory. Discussions of prehistoric settlement distribution in the island have to contend with uneven data obtained by different means and limited evidence for past land-use and environmental change. Nevertheless, survey data point to contrasting settlement patterns between the fourth and first millennia BC (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages), which can usefully be compared with information from conventional (non-survey) distribution maps. Surveys have the potential to promote new accounts of Sicilian prehistory in which traditional historicist paradigms are at least complemented by those which place a stronger emphasis on relationships or dynamics within the specific island context.
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Fedick, Scott L. "Ancient Maya Agricultural Terracing in the Upper Belize River Area." Ancient Mesoamerica 5, no. 1 (1994): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001073.
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AbstractRecent archaeological surveys in the upper Belize River area have documented high overall settlement densities, albeit with an uneven distribution. Analyses have defined clear relationships between the distribution of land resources of varying agricultural capability and the density of ancient residential sites. However, these investigations did not provide direct physical evidence for cultivation techniques, particularly for the intensive methods that were probably employed in areas of prime land resources and high settlement density. The discovery in 1991 of terracing in direct association with a residential site prompted further investigations into the distribution of terrace systems throughout the area. The development of a computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitated the prediction of terrace distributions on the basis of slope, soil type, and the parent material from which soils form. Initial field testing of the terrace-distribution model in 1992 resulted in the identification of 13 terrace systems, all situated on low slopes in soils developed on consolidated limestone. A variety of terrace systems were identified, including small, intricate patterns of “box terraces,” contour terraces, and cross-channel terraces. Locational data on these systems were used to modify the terrace-distribution model in anticipation of further field investigations. The results allow new insights into the structure of ancient Maya land use and settlement in the area, while illustrating a method that can be used to quantify landscape characteristics, thereby facilitating comparisons between local areas within a regional context.
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Sadr, Karim. "Settlement Patterns and Land Use in the Late Prehistoric Southern Atbai, East Central Sudan." Journal of Field Archaeology 15, no. 4 (1988): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530043.
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Sadr, Karim. "Settlement Patterns and Land Use in the Late Prehistoric Southern Atbai, East Central Sudan." Journal of Field Archaeology 15, no. 4 (January 1988): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1988.15.4.381.
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Chapman, John, and Robert Shiel. "Social Change and Land Use in Prehistoric Dalmatia." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59 (1993): 61–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003753.
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The Neothermal Dalmatia Project is an Anglo-Yugoslav collaborative project whose aims are to define and explain changes in physical environment, settlement pattern and social structure in north Dalmatia over the last 12 millennia. The Project's fieldwork included archaeological field survey, analytical survey, trial excavation of Neolithic, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman sites, soil and land use mapping, ethnographic survey of modern villages and hamlets and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions (pollen, sediments, sea-level change, etc.). Within the long-term constraints of a limestone-dominated study region, the short-term events and medium-term agrarian and demographic cycles of the Dalmatian social groups have been studied in an inter-disciplinary manner. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the environmental and archaeological data within the frameworks of four explanatory models: the Land Use Capability (LUC) Model, the Cyclic Intensification–Deintensification (CID) Model, the Communal Ownership of Property (COP) Model and the Arenas of Social Power (ASP) Model. In the LUC model, reconstructions of past land use capabilities are used to derive postdictions of the most likely settlement patterns for successive periods (Neolithic–Roman); a high degree of postdictive success is met. In the CID model, Bintliff's model of cyclic variations in agricultural intensification and private land-holding is refined and tested against survey and excavation data. In the COP model, Fleming's model of communal land ownership is tested against similar data, with contrasting results. Finally, the ASP model is used to explain the expanded range of arenas of social power which develops from a place-based worldview in the early farming period. The conjoint use of these four explanatory models, which operate at different scales of duration, provides a broader basis for understanding changes in the prehistory of north Dalmatia in the Neothermal period than had previously been constructed.
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Field, Julie S. "Land tenure, competition and ecology in Fijian prehistory." Antiquity 79, no. 305 (September 2005): 586–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114528.
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How do prehistoric settlement patterns relate to competition for resources? The distribution of fortified and open sites provides one indication, but using an example from Fiji, the author shows that land holding recorded in historic times may also provide a fossil of earlier competition. Comparing the land parcels and the fortified sites with the ecological zones showed that it was the richer – but less reliable – lower parts of the Sigatoka valley that were most fought over, leaving a patchwork of small defended claims, while the upper areas supported larger, co-operative land units.
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Killion, Thomas W. "Cultivation Intensity and Residential Site Structure: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Peasant Agriculture in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 1, no. 3 (September 1990): 191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972161.
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Agricultural and residential space were integrated in prehistoric lowland Mesoamerica for productive and domestic activities to produce distinctive patterns of settlement and land use visible in the archaeological record. Ethnoarchaeological studies provide information on the behavioral component of site formation in such contexts. Contemporary residential refuse treatment and the use of infield agricultural land are examined here from a sample of farming households in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas of southern Veracruz, Mexico. A model of site structure (the House-Lot model) relates the maintenance of refuse-free (clear area) and refuse-laden (intermediate area) spaces within the house lot to household farming activities outside of the residential lot. Variation in the intensity of cultivation on infield plots is shown to correlate with variability in the size of areas within house lots. This research suggests that the distribution of prehistoric residential debris might be used to diagnose factors of ancient agriculture and settlement in contexts commonly encountered during archaeological excavation and survey.
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Clay, Patrick, Clive R. Jones, Elaine L. Jones, Gary Haley, Elizabeth Healey, Alex Gibson, Ann Stirland, Anthony J. Gouldwell, and Angela Monckton. "Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Pit Circles and their Environs at Oakham, Rutland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 64 (January 1998): 293–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002255.
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Fieldwork east of Oakham, Rutland has located evidence of prehistoric settlement, land use patterns, and ceremonial monuments. Part of this included the excavation of a cropmark site which has revealed an unusual sequence of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age pit circles and a burial area. This is complemented by a fieldwalking survey of the surrounding areas, allowing consideration of the relationship of juxtaposed flint scatters and the excavated ceremonial area.
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Ebert, Claire E., Julie A. Hoggarth, and Jaime J. Awe. "Integrating Quantitative Lidar Analysis and Settlement Survey in the Belize River Valley." Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, no. 3 (August 2016): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.3.284.
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AbstractAccurate and high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data have become increasingly important for the discovery and visualization of complete archaeological settlement systems in the Maya Lowlands. We present the results of systematic quantitative analysis of lidar data and ground verification for the major centers of Cahal Pech, Baking Pot, and Lower Dover in the Belize Valley. The Belize Valley is characterized by high density populations living in growing modern towns and villages, and by large-scale agricultural production. This urban environment presents a challenge to reconnaissance efforts since modern construction and agricultural activities have destroyed ancient ruins and created new vegetation patterns. Lidar data was analyzed within a GIS using the Topographic Position Index (TPI) to identify the location of possible archaeological remains. Small-scale, site-level TPI analysis helped identify more detailed archaeological features including small house mounds, terraces, and ditches. Results indicate that lidar data recorded for areas with dense vegetation (e.g., low brush and secondary regrowth) may be less reliable for identification of archaeological remains. The quantitative and qualitative differences between spatial analyses and pedestrian survey results among land cover types indicate that traditional settlement pattern study methods, including pedestrian survey, remain vital to ground-truthing all types of spatial data.
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WOOD, JAMIE R., JOSEP A. ALCOVER, TIM M. BLACKBURN, PERE BOVER, RICHARD P. DUNCAN, JULIAN P. HUME, JULIEN LOUYS, HANNEKE J. M. MEIJER, JUAN C. RANDO, and JANET M. WILMSHURST. "Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291700039x.
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SUMMARYExtinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change.
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Nelson, Margaret C., and Michelle Hegmon. "Abandonment Is Not as It Seems: An Approach to the Relationship between Site and Regional Abandonment." American Antiquity 66, no. 2 (April 2001): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694606.
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Abandonments of residential sites by prehistoric farmers are most often explained as failures or responses to poor social or environmental conditions. These perspectives ignore the role of residential mobility among farmers as a regionally sustainable approach to land use. To understand the various reasons for abandonment of residential sites, movement patterns at both site and regional scales must be empirically linked. In this study of the eastern Mimbres area of southwestern New Mexico, we examine the relationship between site and regional occupation patterns. Rather than assume that site abandonment implies regional depopulation and that site abandonments are responses to stress or crisis, we use multiple lines of evidence to document the occupational histories of sites in an effort to evaluate whether the abandonment of villages correlates with regional abandonment. Architectural, ceramic, and chronometric data provide evidence for occupational continuity and growth of small residential sites during the twelfth century in the eastern Mimbres area in the context of the depopulation of large villages. This regional reorganization in settlement suggests a strategy for maintaining regional occupational continuity.
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Gerritsen, Fokke. "To build and to abandon." Archaeological Dialogues 6, no. 2 (December 1999): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001410.
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AbstractThis article argues that the notion of cultural biography presents a key to understanding the social and cultural practices that created archaeological records of domestic architecture, as it brings the close and dynamic relationships between a house and its inhabitants to the fore. To do so it presents a case study of the construction, habitation and abandonment cycles of late prehistoric farmsteads in the southern Netherlands. After discussing typical biographies of farmhouses and the way these are affected by a transformation from a ‘wandering’ to a stable settlement pattern, the perspective is broadened through a comparison with burial practices. These witness a roughly contemporaneous shift from monumental and communal to short-lived and dispersed cemeteries. Finally, it is suggested that we view these contrasting patterns in terms of a transformation of the perception of farmsteads as places in the landscape and land tenure practices.
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Trachsel, Mathias, Andria Dawson, Christopher J. Paciorek, John W. Williams, Jason S. McLachlan, Charles V. Cogbill, David R. Foster, et al. "Comparison of settlement-era vegetation reconstructions for STEPPS and REVEALS pollen–vegetation models in the northeastern United States." Quaternary Research 95 (April 7, 2020): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.81.
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AbstractReconstructions of prehistoric vegetation composition help establish natural baselines, variability, and trajectories of forest dynamics before and during the emergence of intensive anthropogenic land use. Pollen–vegetation models (PVMs) enable such reconstructions from fossil pollen assemblages using process-based representations of taxon-specific pollen production and dispersal. However, several PVMs and variants now exist, and the sensitivity of vegetation inferences to PVM selection, variant, and calibration domain is poorly understood. Here, we compare the reconstructions, parameter estimates, and structure of a Bayesian hierarchical PVM, STEPPS, both to observations and to REVEALS, a widely used PVM, for the pre–Euro-American settlement-era vegetation in the northeastern United States (NEUS). We also compare NEUS-based STEPPS parameter estimates to those for the upper midwestern United States (UMW). Both PVMs predict the observed macroscale patterns of vegetation composition in the NEUS; however, reconstructions of minor taxa are less accurate and predictions for some taxa differ between PVMs. These differences can be attributed to intermodel differences in structure and parameter estimates. Estimates of pollen productivity from STEPPS broadly agree with estimates produced for use in REVEALS, while comparison between pollen dispersal parameter estimates shows no significant relationship. STEPPS parameter estimates are similar between the UMW and NEUS, suggesting that STEPPS parameter estimates are transferable between floristically similar regions and scales.
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Staley, David P. "Shadow of Doubt or Doubtful Shadows: Small-Scale Low-Density Lithic Scatters and Agrifacts." North American Archaeologist 27, no. 2 (April 2006): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m228-g714-1603-1kp6.
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The fundamental identification of flaked stone as artifact is critical to all that follows in archaeology. The identification of sites, interpretations of prehistoric behaviors, adaptations, land use patterns, settlement and subsistence studies, etc. can be distilled to the initial determination of an artifact as being “real” or the result of natural or accidental phenomena such as plow damage. In cultural resource management, artifact identification drives immediate field decisions to modify research strategies and ultimately forms the argumentative basis for research potentials and determinations of significance. Chert flakes and shatter discovered during a NYSDOT sponsored project conducted by New York State Museum-Cultural Resource Survey Program were subjected to a battery of lithic attribute analyses in an attempt to identify artifacts in an agricultural area blanketed by natural chert. With the exception of exotic material types, no single attribute can certainly identify human involvement. A cumulative score of multiple attributes affords greater levels of confidence for cultural vs. natural determinations for larger assemblages. In settings with the “background noise” of natural chert in cultivated soils, cultural genesis determinations of single pieces and very small sparse assemblages must be recognized as hunches or faith-based decisions yet worthy of measured continued investigation.
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Dark, Petra. "Hadrian’s Wall in Context: A Multi-Proxy Palaeoenvironmental Perspective from Lakes." Late Antique Archaeology 11, no. 1 (October 3, 2015): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340056.
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AbstractThe Hadrian’s Wall area has more pollen sequences spanning Late Antiquity than any other part of the British Isles, but most are from peat bogs, posing problems of distinguishing between changes in the local wetland vegetation and events in the wider landscape. Here, an alternative perspective is offered by multi-proxy analyses of sediments from two lakes—Crag Lough and Grindon Lough—adjacent to the central sector of Hadrian’s Wall and the Stanegate, respectively. These demonstrate that at least the central sector of the Hadrianic frontier was constructed in a landscape already shaped by two millennia of woodland clearance, burning, farming and soil erosion. Roman military presence led to changes in agricultural and settlement patterns, but the overall impact, from an environmental perspective, was minor compared to that of prehistoric peoples. Roman withdrawal led to a relaxation in land use intensity, resulting in woodland regeneration on areas least favourable to agriculture, probably encouraged by climatic deterioration. The landscape, overall, remained predominantly open and agricultural, however, resembling that of the Late Iron Age. A multi-proxy multi-site approach offers the greatest prospect of understanding environmental and landscape changes connected with Roman military presence and withdrawal, and the varied spatial and temporal scales on which they occurred.
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Nurani, Indah Asikin. "Hunian Berulang Dolina Kidang, Blora Kala Holosen." Naditira Widya 10, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v10i2.116.
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HUNIAN BERULANG DI DOLINA KIDANG, BLORA KALA HOLOSEN DWELLING RECURRING IN DOLINA KIDANG, BLORAHOLOCENE PERIOD Indah Asikin NuraniBalai Arkeologi Daerah Istimewaan Yogyakarta, Jalan Gedong Kuning No 174, Kotagede, YogyakartaEmail: anikardani@gmail.com Abstrak Dolina Kidang adalah suatu lobang besar yang di dalamnya terdapat sebuah gua dan sebuah ceruk. Dolina ini merupakan tempat hunian manusia prasejarah kala Holosen yang sangat intensif dihuni. Bukti-bukti arkeologis memberikan gambaran bagaimana pola hunian yang berlangsung di dalam dolina ini. Temuan hasil ekskavasi meliputi artefak, ekofak, fitur, dan rangka manusia. Kajian geoarkeologis menunjukkan adanya proses pengendapan sedimentasi dan material budaya yang signifikan. Kajian antropologi ragawi memberikan kontribusi tentang sistem kubur yang dianut manusia penghuni Dolina Kidang. Pengembangan teknologi dalam mempertahankan hidup juga memberikan informasi tersendiri dalam pola hidup manusia penghuni Dolina Kidang. Tulisan ini akan memberikan gambaran menyeluruh pola hunian beserta jejak okupasi yang berlangsung di dolina ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis, dengan penalaran induktif. Hasil penelitian memberikan informasi tentang pola pemanfaatan lahan gua secara berulang yaitu ditemukan gua berupa konglomerat alas. Kata kunci: Dolina Kidang, stratigrafi, kubur, teknologi, hunian. Abstract. Dolina Kidang is a big hole in which there is a cave and a niche. This Dolina a prehistoric human settlements Holocene period very intensive inhabited. Archaeological evidence gives an overview of how settlement patterns that took place in this dolina. Findings from excavations among others artifacts, ecofacts, features, and skeleton. Geo-archaeological studies showed the deposition process of sedimentation and culturally of significant material. Contributing studies paleoanthropology has information about the system of burial in Dolina Kidang. Studies of technology in maintaining the life had new information in sustaining life in Dolina Kidang. This paper will provide a thorough overview of the occupancy patterns along with traces of occupation that took place in this dolina. The method used is descriptive analytical, with inductive reasoning. The results of study provide information on land use patterns recurring cave that is found in the form of conglomerates pedestal as gab occupation. Keywords: Dolina Kidang, stratigraphy, burial, technology, occupancy.
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Srinivas, Akash. "Absence does not mean absence: modern-day land use and the visibility of the archaeological record (the Kibbanahalli Palaeolithic Complex, southern India)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, April 12, 2021, SP515–2020–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp515-2020-76.
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AbstractKibbanahalli is an important Lower Palaeolithic site-complex in southern Karnataka, a state in the southern region of Peninsular India. This region is crucial as it is somewhat centrally located between areas to the north, east and south, where decades of systematic Palaeolithic research has led to the establishment of firm cultural stratigraphy(ies) and even, in some cases, of chronology(ies). However, in stark contrast to these regions, southern Karnataka is often ignored in prehistoric research. Over 90 years of (intermittent) investigations at this site-complex have laid the foundations of our understanding of the Palaeolithic occupation of this region. It is of utmost importance to continue Palaeolithic research in this area as it is one of the fastest-growing industrializing and urbanizing zones of the world, with large population centres such as Bangalore (Bengaluru), Mysore (Mysuru) and others located here. Documenting the rich Palaeolithic heritage in this region before its eventual surrender to the forces of ‘development’ is thus a priority. Further, it is also necessary, if possible, to qualify and quantify the impact of these developmental processes on the visibility and preservation of the archaeological record, in general, and the Palaeolithic record, in particular, which might serve as a model for future research in similar regions. These recent investigations have led to the identification of many new Palaeolithic localities, and a secure identification of the technological attribution of their lithic assemblages. The presence of a uniform stratigraphic association of the archaeological horizon and similarities in their lithic collections has led to the reclassification of the many localities at Kibbanahalli and its vicinity into a site-complex. This paper reports on a series of field observations and remotely sensed data collected to understand the distribution pattern of the various Palaeolithic localities of this site-complex. Results of this study highlight the critical role played by modern-day land-use patterns on the observed distribution of the archaeological record, as well as its visibility. This observation challenges previous interpretations regarding the settlement patterns and strategies suggested for the Palaeolithic occupation of this region. Further, this study draws attention to the need and necessity to understand the role of various site formation processes, especially modern-day land-use activities, on the observed and observable patterns in the archaeological record, as well as the visibility, or lack thereof, of the archaeological record.