Academic literature on the topic 'Land surface morphology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Land surface morphology":
1
Dietrich, William E., Cathy J. Wilson, David R. Montgomery, James McKean, and Romy Bauer. "Erosion thresholds and land surface morphology." Geology 20, no. 8 (1992): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0675:etalsm>2.3.co;2.
2
Wang, Jiong, Qingming Zhan, and Yinghui Xiao. "IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND THROUGH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-2-69-2016.
Abstract:
Current characterization of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) at city scale insufficiently supports efficient mitigations and adaptations of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) at local scale. This research intends to delineate the LST variation at local scale where mitigations and adaptations are more feasible. At the local scale, the research helps to identify the local SUHI (LSUHI) at different levels. The concept complies with the planning and design conventions that urban problems are treated with respect to hierarchies or priorities. Technically, the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite image products are used. The continuous and smooth latent LST is first recovered from the raw images. The Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to the latent LST to extract morphological indicators. The local scale variation of the LST is quantified by the indicators such that the LSUHI can be identified morphologically. The results are promising. It can potentially be extended to investigate the temporal dynamics of the LST and LSUHI. This research serves to the application of remote sensing, pattern analysis, urban microclimate study, and urban planning at least at 2 levels: (1) it extends the understanding of the SUHI to the local scale, and (2) the characterization at local scale facilitates problem identification and support mitigations and adaptations more efficiently.
3
Wang, Jiong, Qingming Zhan, and Yinghui Xiao. "IDENTIFYING THE LOCAL SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND THROUGH THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-2-69-2016.
Abstract:
Current characterization of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) at city scale insufficiently supports efficient mitigations and adaptations of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) at local scale. This research intends to delineate the LST variation at local scale where mitigations and adaptations are more feasible. At the local scale, the research helps to identify the local SUHI (LSUHI) at different levels. The concept complies with the planning and design conventions that urban problems are treated with respect to hierarchies or priorities. Technically, the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite image products are used. The continuous and smooth latent LST is first recovered from the raw images. The Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to the latent LST to extract morphological indicators. The local scale variation of the LST is quantified by the indicators such that the LSUHI can be identified morphologically. The results are promising. It can potentially be extended to investigate the temporal dynamics of the LST and LSUHI. This research serves to the application of remote sensing, pattern analysis, urban microclimate study, and urban planning at least at 2 levels: (1) it extends the understanding of the SUHI to the local scale, and (2) the characterization at local scale facilitates problem identification and support mitigations and adaptations more efficiently.
4
Juhadi, Juhadi, Elok Surya Pratiwi, Edy Trihatmoko, Aprillia Findayani, Junun Sartohadi, and Nur Hamid. "THE STUDY OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE ON GEOPEDOGENETIC PROCESS AT THE LOWER SLOPE OF MT. UNGARAN, INDONESIA." Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v23i3.2142.
Abstract:
Volcanic rocks mining activity will undoubtedly remove vegetation cover and cause the physical environment changes. Revegetation effort as part of land rehabilitation program then often found many obstacles because it was mostly conducted without adequate knowledge of detailed morphology and soil characteristics at the post-mining area. This study investigates the geopedogenetic changes, including land surface morphology, recent geomorphic processes, and soil properties caused by andesite rocks exploitation at the northern flank of Mt. Ungaran, Central Java Province of Indonesia. A digital terrain model was firstly generated from small format aerial photography acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to identify the surface morphology changes due to the mining. Soil observation on field and laboratory test were conducted from samples at the affected and unaffected mining areas in order to analyse the changes on pysiochemical properties. This research exhibits that the mining activities have altered a single convex hill into a complex land surface morphology consisting of sloping zone, basins and flat area. Human disturbance on pedogenetic process at the mining area are in the form of parent material alteration that make them return to the early stage of soil development and top soil reduction that modify its genetic horizons. In addition, the changes on surface morphology and the absence of vegetation cover right after the mining ends also triggered new geomorphic processes in the form of incision and deposition on slopes and basin respectively. The finer deposit layers then become a new parent material at the basin zone. Soil laboratory data demonstrate that the affected soils tend to have a high level of base saturation, but lower C-organic and N-total levels, which result in a less favourable environment for supporting vegetation growth. A precise surface morphology design, extra soil surface protection and organic matter enhancement could be wise recommendations for land managers to control soil incision and support vegetation growth at the andesite post-mining area.
5
Xu, X., and Q. Tang. "LIDAR AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPROACHES FOR MONITORING LAND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY IN EPHEMERAL GULLY SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1065-2019.
Abstract:
Abstract. LIDAR and photogrammetry techniques were used to quantify the land surface morphology dynamics of ephemeral gully system based on the field investigation. LIDAR monitoring results showed that ephemeral gully occurred in the same location on the slope surface after every rainy season in the ephemeral gully system, then lateral topsoil was tilled and brought into the ephemeral gully channel, inducing 2 cm decrease around channel before rainy season of next year, which make it a cycle of erosion-tillage-erosion. During this process, imbricated landform was formed in ephemeral gully system. The photogrammetry monitoring results showed that most drop-sills distances in ephemeral gully channel were in 10 to 25 cm, while slope gradients were among 15° to 40°. The drop-sills distance and slope gradient showed negative exponent relationship. The results of this study showed that LIDAR technology can quickly acquire the topographic characteristics of the whole ephemeral gully system, while photogrammetry method could quickly acquire detailed morphology in ephemeral gully channel.
6
Gao, Sihang, Qingming Zhan, Chen Yang, and Huimin Liu. "The Diversified Impacts of Urban Morphology on Land Surface Temperature among Urban Functional Zones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249578.
Abstract:
Local warming induced by rapid urbanization has been threatening residents’ health, raising significant concerns among urban planners. Local climate zone (LCZ), a widely accepted approach to reclassify the urban area, which is helpful to propose planning strategies for mitigating local warming, has been well documented in recent years. Based on the LCZ framework, many scholars have carried out diversified extensions in urban zoning research in recent years, in which urban functional zone (UFZ) is a typical perspective because it directly takes into account the impacts of human activities. UFZs, widely used in urban planning and management, were chosen as the basic unit of this study to explore the spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between landscape composition, urban morphology, urban functions, and land surface temperature (LST). Global regression including ordinary least square regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) were used to model the landscape-LST correlations to screen indicators to participate in following spatial regression. The spatial regression including semi-parametric geographically weighted regression (SGWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) were applied to investigate the spatial heterogeneity in landscape-LST among different types of UFZ and within each UFZ. Urban two-dimensional (2D) morphology indicators including building density (BD); three-dimensional (3D) morphology indicators including building height (BH), building volume density (BVD), and sky view factor (SVF); and other indicators including albedo and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and impervious surface fraction (ISF) were used as potential landscape drivers for LST. The results show significant spatial heterogeneity in the Landscape-LST relationship across UFZs, but the spatial heterogeneity is not obvious within specific UFZs. The significant impact of urban morphology on LST was observed in six types of UFZs representing urban built up areas including Residential (R), Urban village (UV), Administration and Public Services (APS), Commercial and Business Facilities (CBF), Industrial and Manufacturing (IM), and Logistics and Warehouse (LW). Specifically, a significant correlation between urban 3D morphology indicators and LST in CBF was discovered. Based on the results, we propose different planning strategies to settle the local warming problems for each UFZ. In general, this research reveals UFZs to be an appropriate operational scale for analyzing LST on an urban scale.
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Aryal, Anil, Bijay Man Shakya, Manisha Maharjan, Rocky Talchabhadel, and Bhesh Raj Thapa. "Evaluation of the Land Surface Temperature using Satellite Images in Kathmandu Valley." Nepal Journal of Civil Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njce.v1i1.43368.
Abstract:
Urbanization leads the conversion of green area to built-up area which eventually leads to increase in surface temperature and creates the urban heat islands. Kathmandu Valley (KV), one of the growing mega cities in South Asia in-terms of population density and urbanization, requires the monitoring of urban morphology for the proper assessment. Use of satellite images makes the work more easier. The present study focuses on the evaluation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a preliminary work of monitoring urban and periurban areas of Kathmandu Valley. We used Landsat-8 satellite images as an input to evaluate LST over different administrative units for the study period 2013-2019. The results of research showed that Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur administrative units have higher average LST (ranging from 22.1 to 36.9°C in the month of March and June respectively) comparing to other administrative units. The average LST was found to be higher in the month of June. The temporal results of LST portrays 2015 as the hottest year during the study period. Also, spatial and temporal evaluation of LST in KV suggests to increase the more green space in the urban areas to minimize surface temperature. Finally, the authors of current research recommends using the concept of remote sensing (satellite image analysis) as an alternative tool for monitoring urban morphology.
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Putra, Erwin Hardika. "Landslide Hazard Area Identification Using Smorph-Slope Morphology Method in Manado City." Jurnal Wasian 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v1i1.849.
Abstract:
Landsliding is one of the natural process that shape the earth’s surface to achieve slope stability and it will be hazard if they threat human life. This study was conducted to identify potential landslide hazard in Manado region using SMORPH method with digital elevation model (DEM) data. ASTER GDEM data provide more detail landslide information than SRTM data because of the higher spatial resolution. Result shows that 716 ha approximately of land have high landslide vulnerability and 1,176 ha approximately of land have medium landslide vulnerability.
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Goel, Vikram, Kenichi Matsuoka, Cesar Deschamps Berger, Ian Lee, Jørgen Dall, and René Forsberg. "Characteristics of ice rises and ice rumples in Dronning Maud Land and Enderby Land, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 260 (October 1, 2020): 1064–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.77.
Abstract:
AbstractIce rises and rumples, locally grounded features adjacent to ice shelves, are relatively small yet play significant roles in Antarctic ice dynamics. Their roles generally depend upon their location within the ice shelf and the stage of the ice-sheet retreat or advance. Large, long-stable ice rises can be excellent sites for deep ice coring and paleoclimate study of the Antarctic coast and the Southern Ocean, while small ice rises tend to respond more promptly and can be used to reveal recent changes in regional mass balance. The coasts of Dronning Maud Land (DML) and Enderby Land in East Antarctica are abundant with these features. Here we review existing knowledge, presenting an up-to-date status of research in these regions with focus on ice rises and rumples. We use regional datasets (satellite imagery, surface mass balance and ice thickness) to analyze the extent and surface morphology of ice shelves and characteristic timescales of ice rises. We find that large parts of DML have been changing over the past several millennia. Based on our findings, we highlight ice rises suitable for drilling ice cores for paleoclimate studies as well as ice rises suitable for deciphering ice dynamics and evolution in the region.
10
Yin, Shusheng, Jiatong Liu, and Zenglin Han. "Relationship between urban morphology and land surface temperature—A case study of Nanjing City." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0260205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260205.
Abstract:
This study investigated the relationship between urban form and land surface temperature (LST) using the Multi-access Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model. A case study on Nanjing City was conducted using building data, point-of-interest (POI) data, land use data, remote sensing data, and elevation data. The results show that the MGWR model can reveal the influence of altitude, urban green space, road, building height (BH), building density (BD) and POI on LST, with a superior fitting effect over the geographically weighted regression model. LST in Nanjing exhibits a significant spatial differentiation, and the distribution of LST hotspots is spatially consistent with the level of urban construction. In terms of the two-dimensional landscape pattern, LST decreases with altitude and increases with POI. In terms of the three-dimensional structure, building height has a positive correlation with LST. POI, urban roads, and urban buildings positively affect LST, while urban green space and altitude negatively affect LST. The results of this study were verified against existing findings. The LST of areas with high-rise and super high-rise buildings is lower than that of areas with mid-rise building, which can be attributed to the large number of shadow areas formed by high-rise and super high-rise buildings. A similar phenomenon was also observed between areas with medium- and high-density buildings. These findings provide a reference for urban architecture planning and can help to develop urban heat island adaptation strategies based on local conditions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Land surface morphology":
1
Solaimani, Karim. "Estimating changes in morphology and sediment supply using remote sensing and field techniques in the Lar Dam Basin, Iran." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321067.
2
Laffan, Shawn. "Inferring the Spatial Distribution of Regolith Properties Using Surface Measurable Features." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47656.
Abstract:
The aim of this research is to determine to what extent properties of the regolith may be inferred using only features easily measured from the surface. To address this research question, a set of regolith properties from Weipa, Queensland, Australia, are analysed. The set contains five variables, oxides of Aluminium, Iron, Silica and Titanium, as well as Depth to Ironstone. This last represents the depth of the layer from which the oxides are sampled.¶ The research question is addressed in two ways. First, locations where the properties are related to modern surface hydrology are assessed using spatially explicit analyses. This is done by comparing the results of spatial association statistics using geometric and watershed-based spatial samples. Second, correlations are sought for between the regolith properties and geomorphometric indices of land surface morphology and Landsat Thematic Mapper spectral response. This is done using spatially implicit Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and spatially explicit Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The results indicate that the degree to which regolith properties are related to surface measurable features is limited and spatially variable.¶ ... ¶ The implications of these results are significant for anyone intending to generate spatial datasets of regolith properties. If there is a low spatial density of sample data, then the effects of landscape evolution can reduce the utility of any analysis results. Instead, spatially dense, direct measurements of subsurface regolith properties are needed. While these may not be a direct measurement of the property of interest, they may provide useful additional information by which these may be inferred.
3
Santos, R. G. "Clima Urbano e Ordenamento do Território na Metrópole de São Paulo." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/45618.
Abstract:
O acelerado processo de urbanização ocorrido no século XX em São Paulo, transformou a capital da província cafeeira do Brasil na atual maior metrópole do continente americano. Este intenso processo de transformação e a ausência de ordenamento do território com vistas às questões ambientais, fizeram de São Paulo um espaço de intensos contrastes, que resultam atualmente em seus diversos problemas ambientais, dentre eles a questão da Ilha de Calor Urbano, a poluição do ar e os riscos climáticos. Esta tese teve como objetivo contribuir com o ordenamento do território na Metrópole de São Paulo a partir do estudo da morfologia urbana e a relação com a temperatura das superfícies (TSUP) e a ventilação natural. A forma urbana (estruturas, tecidos e coberturas) quando planejada em conjunto com as componentes da climatologia urbana pode traduzir-se numa importante ferramenta de gestão do meio urbano e colaborar na redução da ICUSUP, com reflexos na saúde e qualidade de vida, na eficiência energética e no desenvolvimento sustentável. Os métodos, técnicas e procedimentos aplicados envolveram o tratamento de diferentes tipos de dados, software e técnicas para execução de cada análise. Em SIG, os resultados foram extraídos para uma grelha composta por células que possibilitaram reunir diferentes informações em uma mesma unidade de análise. Esta ferramenta permite o monitoramento e atualização dos valores das propriedades morfoclimáticas e a construção de uma base de dados para futuras análises multidisciplinares. Os resultados da TSUP, ventilação natural e da análise morfoclimática foram discutidos por valores globais e em seguida discutidos de acordo com a delimitação por macroáreas do Plano Diretor Estratégico de São Paulo. A cidade apresenta um núcleo central com elevada TSUP e baixa capacidade de ventilação natural e os maiores índices para todas propriedades morfoclimáticas. Em regiões próximas a Avenida Paulista, o efeito topográfico e o perfil de adensamento vertical modificam o padrão das TSUP e a ventilação natural, com reflexos nas áreas envolventes, principalmente nos distritos que compõem o antigo centro da cidade. O atual macrozoneamento generaliza importantes contrastes morfoclimáticos, os quais mesmo ao nível da subdivisão por distritos não seria suficiente, devido a diversidade de combinações morfológicas de espaços urbanos. Um último momento destinou-se a estabelecer uma proposta de ordenamento morfoclimático do território e delimitação das áreas prioritárias em futuras intervenções urbanísticas, áreas de monitoramento e requalificação e áreas de manutenção dos atuais índices morfoclimáticos, relacionados diretamente com o impacte da densidade da forma urbana no clima e as possibilidades de corredores de ventilação para dispersão de poluentes e dissipação de calor. Espera-se que os resultados possam ser utilizados como instrumentos de apoio na formulação de políticas públicas, como por exemplo, na revisão do atual Plano Diretor Municipal (PDE, 2014) e que os modelos apresentados possam vir a integrar futuras análises em outras cidades brasileiras e metrópoles tão complexas como São Paulo.The accelerated urbanization process that occurred in the twentieth century in Sao Paulo, transformed the capital of the coffee province of Brazil into the actual largest metropolis of the American continent. This intense transformation process and the lack of spatial planning for environmental issues, made Sao Paulo a space of intense contrasts, which currently result in its several environmental problems, including the questions about Urban Heat Island, air pollution and climate risks. This thesis has as objective to contribute to the spatial planning in the Sao Paulo Metropolis starting from the study of urban morphology and the relationship with surface temperature (TSUP) and the natural ventilation. The urban form (structures, fabrics and covers) when planned together with the urban climatology components can be an important tool for urban management and contribute to the reduction of ICUSUP, with reflection on the health and life quality, energetic efficiency and sustainable development. The applied methods, techniques and procedures involved the treatment of different types of data, software and techniques to perform each analysis. In GIS, the results were extract to a grid composed of cells that made it possible to gather different information in the same unit of analysis. This handy tool allows the monitoring and updating of morphoclimatic property values and the construction of a database for future multidisciplinary analyzes. The results of TSUP, natural ventilation and morphoclimatic analysis were debate by global values and then discussed according to the macro-area delimitation of Sao Paulo Strategic Director Plan. The city presents a central core with high TSUP, low natural ventilation capacity and the highest indices for all morphoclimatic properties. In nearest regions of Paulista Avenue, the topographic effect and the vertical density profile modify the TSUP pattern and natural ventilation, with reflections in the surrounding areas, especially in the districts that compose the old city center. The current macrozoning generalizing important morphoclimatic contrasts, which even at the level of subdivision by districts would not be enough, due to the diversity of morphological urban spaces combinations. A final moment was intend to establish a proposal for territory morphoclimatic planning and delimitation of priority areas in future urban interventions, monitoring and requalification areas and maintenance of current morphoclimatic indices, directly related to the impact of urban shape density on climate and the possibilities of ventilation corridors for pollutant dispersion and heat dissipation. It is expect that the results may be use as a support instrument in the formulation of public policies, such as the revision of the current Municipal Director Plan (PDE, 2014) and that the models presented may integrate future analyzes in other Brazilian cities and complex metropolises as Sao Paulo city.
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) - Governo do Brasil
Book chapters on the topic "Land surface morphology":
1
Fernini-Haffif, Assia, and Ewa Berezowska-Azzag. "Urban Morphology and Anthropogenic Heat Effect on Land Surface Temperature: Bab Ezzouar (Algiers) Case Study." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 1819–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_288.
2
Havlík, Jakub, and Vendula Dědková. "Systematický průzkum středního povodí Surchandarji (jižní Uzbekistán): Lokalita Bajtepa IV, vybrané nálezy." In Orientalia Antiqua Nova XXII, 65–88. Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.2022.11108-65-88.
Abstract:
In October 2021 a new terrain project of the Czech-Uzbekistani Archaeological Expedition was launched focusing on the settlement development and past landscape use of the middle Surkhan Darya basin (southern Uzbekistan). To investigate the hypothetical economic territory of the walled settlement of Khaytabad Tepa, a flexible methodological framework based on the approaches of intensive surface survey common in the Mediterranean and Europe was developed. This article aims to introduce the project, its goals and methodology and focuses in more detail on one particular area investigated during the pilot season – the area of Bay Tepa IV. The emphasis is laid on the identified artefact distribution and the former morphology of the site, captured on historical satellite imagery. Special emphasis is laid on a small assemblage of three terracotta figurines discovered during the surface survey. The gathered evidence points to a great potential of both the research area and the employed methods. As for Bay Tepa IV, a new dating of the site is proposed, putting its foundation to the Early Iron Age.
3
Twidale, C. R. "Granitic Terrains." In The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0019.
Abstract:
Granite underlies substantial areas of Southeast Asia. It forms the core of many of the major uplands. Yet exposures are scarce. High rainfall, consistently high temperatures, and the naturally abundant vegetation have together caused the granite to be deeply weathered. Most of the land surface is underlain by a more or less thick mantle of weathered rock or regolith. Only where the regolith has been removed by natural agencies, for example on some hill crests and steep midslopes, in river channels, and in coastal areas, is the bedrock naturally exposed, though road cuttings, quarries, and other artificial excavations provide excellent sections. Anthropogenically induced and accelerated soil erosion have also revealed bedrock morphology in places. The granitic terrains consist essentially of high ridges rising abruptly from the valley floors or adjacent plains. In detail, slopes, river channels, and rocky coasts strewn with granite blocks and boulders are characteristic of the region, and the nature of granite weathering has also influenced the character of the sediment load transported to rivers and coasts. Though the granites of Southeast Asia are well documented geologically and as sources of tin and other minerals, there are few modern accounts of their geomorphological aspects. Early travellers like Logan (1848) made astute observations relevant to the development of granitic forms, and the officers of the geological surveys of Malaya and, later, of Malaysia have, taking their lead from the first director onwards, noted salient features of the granitic terrains they mapped. These observations and interpretations, taken together with the few specifically geomorphological studies of particular features, and analyses of granitic landforms in other countries, permit the granitic terrains of Southeast Asia to be placed in context. Granitic rocks are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, particularly in the mainland states (Hutchison 1989). Those of the Malay Peninsula were emplaced at various depths: shallow epizonal, deep catazonal, but mostly mesozonal emplacement at 5–11 km depth. In plan, granites are widely distributed (Gobbett and Tjia 1973; Chinese Geosciences Research Institute 1975; UNESCO 1980). In the Malay Peninsula, granites occupy the cores of major regional anticlines, and many plutons are exposed in the breached crests of such structures.
Conference papers on the topic "Land surface morphology":
1
Rakowski, James M., Charles P. Stinner, Mark Lipschutz, and J. Preston Montague. "Metallic Alloys for Primary Surface Recuperators." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90680.
Abstract:
The efficiency of small and intermediate-size gas turbine engines can be significantly increased by the use of a primary surface recuperator, which uses waste heat from the exhaust gas to preheat the compressor discharge air before it enters the combustor. The result is lower fuel consumption to reach a particular firing temperature. The construction and operation of a primary surface recuperator present numerous challenges in the area of materials selection. Experiences with stainless steels and nickel-base alloys in construction and application in Solar Turbines’ Mercury 50 gas turbine will be presented, along with the results of extensive laboratory creep and oxidation testing and post-test evaluation. Oxidation testing in humidified air has been carried out on a variety of commercially available stainless steel and nickel-base alloy thin foils considered as materials of construction for primary surface recuperators. Two predominant degradation modes have been identified. The active mode generally depends on the exposure conditions and the alloy composition. Alloys which are rich in iron tend to suffer from accelerated oxidation, while alloys with higher chromium and nickel contents tend to exhibit oxide scale evaporation via the formation of volatile chromium-bearing species. The active mechanism is evident in the oxidation kinetics, the oxide scale morphology and composition, and in observations of compositional changes in the metal alloy substrate.
2
Li, Hongmin, and Minel J. Braun. "The Lubricant Flow Structure and Pressure Generation in a Journal Bearing With Diamond-Knurled Stator Surface." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28172.
Abstract:
Journal bearings are popularly used in turbo machinery. The load carrying capacity and the dynamic behavior, stiffness and damping, of a journal bearing are determined by lubricant and bearing parameters: clearance, and shaft diameter and rotation speed, and surface morphology of the rotor and stator surfaces. It has been found that journal bearings with roughened stator surfaces have better performance. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the flow of lubricant in the knurls, in the fluid film between the rotor and the land of the stator, and the pressure generated on the rotor surface in a knurled journal bearing. Three computational models are developed and compared. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved with a finite volume algorithm to simulate the fluid flow and the pressure generation. The total forces on the rotor surfaces are correlated to the bearing eccentricity and compared to the forces on the smooth bearing shaft of the same clearance. The effects of knurls on the bearing performance will be analyzed and guidance on further investigations on knurled journal bearing is presented.
3
Gorokhovsky, Vladimir, Chris Bowman, John Wallace, Dave VanVorous, John O’Keefe, Victor Champagne, Marc Pepi, and Widen Tabakoff. "LAFAD Hard Ceramic and Cermet Coatings for Erosion Protection of Turbomachinery Components." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59391.
Abstract:
To mitigate costly surface damage, compressor blades are coated with materials that resist corrosion and resist wear from particle impact. Large Area Filtered Arc Deposition (LAFAD) technology has demonstrated the capability of depositing relatively thick cermet coatings with microlaminated architectures forming a stack of metallic/ceramic bi-layers. These coatings have nearly defect-free morphology and an extremely smooth surface with high surface energy, which improves the aerodynamics of airfoils. Yet, the deposition process can be carried out at a speed that produces coatings sufficiently thick to provide long life protection from particle damage at a cost-effective production rate. The basic mechanical properties and erosion resistance of LAFAD microlaminated cermet coatings deposited on Ti6Al4V and 17-4PH steel substrates have been investigated as a function of coating composition and architecture.
4
Sivalingam, Senthoorselvan, Stephan Gleis, Hartmut Spliethoff, Craig Hawthorne, Alexander Charitos, and Guenter Scheffknecht. "Analysis and Comparison of Reactivity and CO2 Capture Capacity of Fresh Calcium-Based Sorbents and Samples From a Lab-Scale Dual Fluidized Bed Calcium Looping Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22192.
Abstract:
Naturally occurring limestone and samples from a lab scale dual fluidized bed (DFB) calcium looping (CaL) test facility were analysed in a thermo gravimetric analyser (TGA). The reactivity of the samples evaluated at typical carbonation conditions prevailed in the carbonator was compared with raw samples. Carbonations were carried out at 600, 650 &700°C and 5, 10 &15 vol-% CO2 atmosphere using a custom designed sample holder that provided ideal conditions for solid gas contact in a TGA. The rate of carbonation and carbonation capacity of the samples were compared with respect to the following three categories: number of calcination-carbonation cycles, carbonation temperature and CO2 concentration. Notable differences in total conversion (XCaO) and the rates of conversions were observed between the raw and DFB samples in all three cases. It is suspected the much lower activity of the DFB sample is attributed to the differences in experimental conditions: ie., partial carbonation of the DFB particles, fast heating rate in the calciner and thus a rapid calcination reaction, and particle attrition in the CFB calciner riser. These harsh conditions lead sintering and thus a loss of surface area and reactivity. Sintered DFB samples showed low (nearly 1/3 of the raw samples) but stable conversions with increasing number of cycles. The sorbent taken from the DFB facility did not decrease with respect to carbonation rate or maximum conversion over 4 cycles whereas the fresh limestone changed significantly over 4 cycles. Hydration was used as an attempt to regenerate the lost capture capacity of partially carbonated DFB sample. Hydration of the sintered DFB sample was successful in increasing the maximum capture capacity in the fast reaction regime to values almost as high as that of a fresh sample in its first carbonation cycle. Although more investigation is required to investigate the effect of hydration on the CaO particle morphology, a process modification to enhance the CO2 capture efficiency of the carbonator via particle hydration was proposed.
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Cole, M. A., and R. Walker. "High Temperature Erosion Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced by Acetylene Sprayed High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Process." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p1191.
Abstract:
Abstract Over the past 30 years, there has been considerable interest in the development of thermally sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) for aerospace and land based turbine applications. The use of TBCs enables higher operating temperatures, resulting in significant fuel efficiency savings. This paper reports on the development of dense Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings produced by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) spraying using acetylene as the fuel gas. The use of a high temperature gas erosion rig allowed the controlled evaluation of erodent size, velocity, impact angle, and temperature on coating performance. The work also covers the optimization of process parameters, including powder morphology, stand-off distance, oxygen to fuel ratio, gas pressures, and flowrates, and their effect on coating characteristics such as deposition efficiency, microhardness, and surface roughness.
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Chen, Chih-Hung, and Chun-Ya Chuang. "Urban form in special geographical conditions: a case study in Kenting National Park." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6186.
Abstract:
Urban form in special geographical conditions: a case study in Kenting National Park. Chih-Hung Chen¹, Chun-Ya Chuang¹ ¹Department of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University E-mail: chihhungchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords: Kenting National Park, special geographical conditions, Historico-Geographical approach, morphotope Conference topics and scale: City transformations Since the land surface is heterogeneous, the natural landscape as an essential element in contemporary morphological studies becomes the initial factor in the formation of a settlement. Moreover, the interaction with natural landscape, built form and the boundary matrix can illuminate ecological perspective on the form of the city. (Scheer, 2016) To understand the urban form under special geographical conditions, a case study is conducted in Kenting National Park, which is a tropical area with rich landscape such as moutains, lakes and rivers, plains, basins, and surrounded by seas. An analytical approach based on Historico-Geographical approach (Kropf, 2009; Oliveira, 2016) is applied in this paper. After identifying the scope of 42 settlements, there are three outer shape types such as compact, scattered, linear. Then, three kinds of morphotopes (Conzen, 1988) can mainly be figured out by comparing the combination between streets, buildings and plots: i) Detached, duplex houses on small plots along the access road; ii) Attached buildings on small plots along the main road; iii) Villas or hotels on large plots along the main road. Finally, the relationship between the larger plan units (Conzen, 1960) and the geographical conditions shows that the homogeneous configuration of plan units corresponds to the certain landscape. On the other hand, this article seeks to find out the impacts and changes caused by special geographical conditions in consequence of the landscape affects not only the formation of urban form but the evolution because its influence on socio-economic conditions. References Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in Town-plan Analysis (Institute of British Geographers, London). Conzen, M.R.G. (1988) ‘Morphogenesis, morphological regions, and secular human agency in the historic townscape, as exemplified by Ludlow’, in Urban Historical Geography. Recent progress in Britain and Germany, 253-272. Kropf, K. (2009) ‘Aspects of urban form’, Urban morphology 13(2), 105-20. Oliveira, V. (2016) Urban Morphology (Springer International Publishing, Switzerland), 102-111. Scheer, B. C. (2016) ‘The epistemology of urban morphology’, Urban Morphology 20, 5-17.
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Arellano Ramos, Blanca, and Josep Roca Cladera. "Identifying urban heat island: the Barcelona case." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8130.
Abstract:
There is a large consensus that cities have a special role in the process of climate change. Cities are responsible for 75% of global energy consumption and 80% of GHG emissions, both due to "lifestyle" generated in the last 150 years and changes associated with urbanization process in the era of globalization and urban sprawl. The specialized literature has devoted many efforts to analyze the contribution of urban systems to climate change, occupying the Urban Heat Island (UHI) an important place in studies on urban climate. In this sense, the use of remote sensing technology has allowed detailed mapping of (daytime) land surface temperature (LST) for urban and metropolitan systems. These studies have demonstrated the key role played by vegetation, impervious soil and land uses to explain differences in the spatial distribution of LST. However, the information provided by satellites has important limitations: especially the low resolution of the thermal band of night images. MODIS, for example, provides valuable information on the night LST; however, the spatial resolution of the thermal band is about one km², scale clearly insufficient to identify accurately the spatial structure of the UHI. In the opposite site, Landsat offers a more accepTabla spatial resolution (30 m² / pixel for the visible bands of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as 60 to 100 m² / pixel in the thermal bands), but does not provide information about night soil temperature. In addition, it is at night when the urban heat island becomes more evident. Therefore, to determine the night LST in an appropriate scale (as offered by Landsat) remains a significant challenge in studies aimed at identifying the spatial structure of the UHI.
In Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB, 3,200 km² and 4.8 million inhabitants), the (day) highest temperatures are not in the CBD but in areas that are more peripheral specialized in economic activity such as industrial parks, producing a "donut" in the spatial distribution of the LST. Bare soil also shows a (day) high surface temperature. In contrast, sprawled areas have a less pronounced LST. The spatial structure of the LST, however, changed significantly during the night: compact and sprawl areas maintain high levels of heat, facing the agricultural soil, which cools more sharply as also happens in the industrial land. UHI appears therefore overnight.
This paper aims to show the spatial patterns of Urban Heat Island in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona at medium scale (30 m² / pixel). It develops a new methodology aimed at modeling the night temperature at one km² resolution (MODIS) and then extrapolating this methodology to a most accurate scale of 30 m² / pixel (Landsat). The study allows identifying differences in (night) LST according to the distribution of land use, quantity and quality of the vegetation, intensity of urban sprawl, spatial distribution of economic activity and type of urban morphology (continuous vs. scattered urbanization).
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Peng, Yixuan, Gerhard Bruyns, and Darren Nel. "Chinese megablock urbanism." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nmmk5982.
Abstract:
In what way can the study of megablock typologies in the PRD deliver better insight in terms of process and scales of Chinese urbanization? In the Chinese context, the ‘collective’ has stood central to its urbanisms and processes of urbanization (Lu, 2006). As a state where ownership and territoriality are retained by a socialist system, the basic elements of this (urban) model have remained the creation of collective housing founded on publicly owned land. From the ‘neighbourhood-unit' (邻里单位) and ‘working-unit’ (单位大院), to ‘commodity housing’ (商品房) (Lu, 2006), these practices gradually shape Chinese cities in “Socialism with Chinese characteristics” into what can only be termed ‘megablock’ urban fabrics. Where, ‘Mega’ infrastructure in cities, or better yet, megablocks, embody the antithesis of open and transparent entities. Beyond its organization with the physical network (transportation or public service), they impact the urbanization process in terms of speed and scale. The Chinese urban population has risen from 18% in 1978 to 58.5% in 2017 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2018). Between 1991 and 2000, 83% of Shanghai’s residential compounds became enclaves, with the Guangdong Province alone witnessing the formation of 54,000 closed-off compounds, covering more than 70% of the city surface and housing more than 80% of its population (Miao, 2004). Broadly speaking, former and ongoing studies of Chinese urbanization are yet to provide a clear perspective of megablock development, both in terms of the unprecedented context and its spatial impact. This paper aims to address concerns pertaining to the megablock phenomenon: its impacts on urban morphology as well as its prevalent strategies as an urban model. The argument presented here hopes to touch upon the links between planning and the eventual morphological expression of megablock development, and possibly argue for the cultivation of an urbanization practice that needs to become systematic in its sustainable focus and outcomes
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Oliveira, M. A. S., A. Boschetti, and M. S. Vilela. "Hot Oxidation Studies for the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at Environmental Atmosphere." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51539.
Abstract:
Surfaces of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were submitted to a cleaning process using hot water and a cleaning agent aqueous solution used to clean up gas turbine compressors. Following the cleaning process, the Ti-6Al-4V surfaces were submitted to hot oxidation at temperatures of 400 and 800 °C, under environmental atmosphere, and different time t (t = 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours). After the heat treatment, potentiodynamic tests were performed on the titanium alloy surfaces exposed to a sodium chloride containing aqueous solution. The morphology of the surfaces and of the cross-section of the oxidized alloy was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the phases developed on the surfaces during the hot oxidation experiments were investigated by X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). The corrosion process on the oxidized surfaces exposed to chloride containing solutions increased with the oxidizing temperature. Contrastingly, the corrosion of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces submitted to hot oxidation at 400 °C and exposed later to the chloride containing aqueous solution increased with time while the opposite was observed for those surfaces hot corroded at 800 °C. This difference in behavior was ascribed to the difference of phases developed on the titanium alloy surfaces during the hot oxidation process at 400 and 800 °C, respectively.