Journal articles: 'Land tenure – Pakistan – Punjab'

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Akram, Nida, Muhammad Waqar Akram, Hongshu Wang, and Ayesha Mehmood. "Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural Development?" Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143925.

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The current study aims to investigate the agricultural investment differences among three kinds of land lease agreements and their effect on farmers’ decisions regarding sustainable growth in terms of soil conservation and wheat productivity, using cross-sectional data from rural households in Punjab, Pakistan. The “multivariate Tobit model” was used for the empirical analysis because it considers the possible substitution of investment choices and the tenancy status’ endogeneity. Compared to agricultural lands on lease contracts, landowners involved in agribusiness are more likely to invest in measures to improve soil and increase productivity. Moreover, the present study has also identified that the yield per hectare is much higher for landowners than sharecroppers, and thus, the Marshall’s assumption of low efficiency of tenants under sharecroppers is supported.

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Akram, Muhammad Waqar, Nida Akram, Wang Hongshu, Shahla Andleeb, Khalil ur Rehman, Umair Kashif, and Ayesha Mehmood. "Impact of Land Use Rights on the Investment and Efficiency of Organic Farming." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 7148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247148.

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This study investigated the impact of three land tenure arrangements on organic farming (OF) in terms of increment of efficiency, yield, and investment in soil-improving activities by using farm-level data gathered from three districts located at Punjab, Pakistan. A multivariate tobit model that captured the probable substitute and investment choices, as well as the endogenous nature of land tenure arrangements, has been employed in this analysis. The empirical outcomes displayed that rights of land use affected the decisions made by farmers to invest in land and to improve efficiency. In detail, owner-farmers with secure rental arrangements invested more in improving their land and productivity compared to those with unsecured lease agreements. The yield per hectare was the highest for owner cultivation farm, while sharecropper output seemed the lowest, which are in agreement with the hypothesis of Marshallian inefficiency.

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Jabbar, Awais, Qun Wu, Jianchao Peng, Ali Sher, Asma Imran, and Kunpeng Wang. "Mitigating Catastrophic Risks and Food Security Threats: Effects of Land Ownership in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 9258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249258.

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In the wake of environmental challenges, the adoption of risk management strategies is imperative to achieve sustainable agricultural production and food security among the Pakistani farmers of Punjab. For a deeper insight into farmers’ adaptive behavior towards climate change, this study explored the role of land tenancy in the adoption of risk management instruments, such as off-farm diversification, improved varieties, and crop insurance. Off-farm diversification was found to be a preferred instrument among landless tenants. The study also employed a multivariate probit model that further signified the role of land tenure in risk-related decisions. Apart from land tenancy, the results identified the prominence of risk perception, information access, and extension access in adoption decisions. This study also investigated the association between risk management approaches and food security indicators (household hunger scale, food consumption score). Analysis revealed a significant association between risk management tools and food security indicators.

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Altaf, Mir Anjum, and Obaidullah. "The Spatial Pattern of International Labour Flows from and to Pakistan: A Preliminary Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i2pp.145-164.

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Since the mid-1970s Pakistan has witnessed very high magnitudes of labour outand in-migration. Most of the earlier studies on the subject either concentrated on the aggregate macro-economic impact of this migration on the national economy or have been in the nature of case studies of specific' groups of migrants'. In these studies, the analysis of geographical distribution of the labour force has been missing. Given the fact that both out- and return-migrants may have location-specific effects which might lead to uneven economic and social development in the country and as such policies would have to respond in concrete locational terms. such an omission is critical. This paper attempts to identify the international labour flows of Pakistanis focussing on their geographical distribution. Based on a survey conducted by the Overseas Pakistanis Foundiition and the Population Census of 1981 the study suggests that less developed districts are characterised by low out-migration and high return-migration. In addition, structural characteristics (e.g .• land tenure) may be important in explaining low mobility from some underdeveloped districts. e.g., those of Sindh and lower Punjab. On the basis of the information presented. the paper suggests a nurnber of avenues for future research: (i) to relate the indices of out- and return-migration to disaggregated characteristics of the regional socio-economic structure; (ii) to compare the pattern of international out-migration with the pattern of internal out-migrant; (iii) to verify whether the process of internal relocation is of significant magnitude a trace analysis of return migrants to the less developed districts could be attempted; and (iv) to determine the socio-economic and political implications of the patterns of out- and return-migration. as the differential patterns are likely to have significant implications for future development.

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Dowall, David E., and Peter D. Ellis. "Urban Land and Housing Markets in the Punjab, Pakistan." Urban Studies 46, no. 11 (September 15, 2009): 2277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098009342599.

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Awan, Masood Sarwar, and Muhammad Amir Aslam . "Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan: Case of Punjab Province." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i2.264.

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This paper applies Alkire & Foster (2007) approach for measuring the multidimensional poverty. The data set used in the study is Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2003-04 of Punjab, Pakistan. Eight dimensions used in the study are Housing, Water, Sanitation, Electricity, Assets, Education, Expenditure, and Land. Results shows that at cut off K=2; Rajanpur, Muzaffargarh, Rahimyar Khan, Kasur, Okara and Lodhran respectively are the most multidimensionally poor districts of Punjab whereas, Gunj Buksh Town Lahore, Ravi Town Lahore, Cantt Town Lahore, Sialkot, Rawalpindi, Allama Iqbal Town Lahore, Gujranwala and Jhelum are the least deprived Towns/Districts of Punjab province. Dimension wise breakdown shows that Land deprivation, expenditure, sanitation, housing and education are respectively the major contributors among overall multidimensional poverty.

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Niazi, Tarique. "Land Tenure, Land Use, and Land Degradation: A Case for Sustainable Development in Pakistan." Journal of Environment & Development 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496503255485.

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Bhutta, Muhammad Nawaz. "Land Tenure and Management: An Analytical Appraisal." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.957-968.

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The total area of Pakistan is 796101 sq. km (310,400 sq. miles) of which 414659 sq. km (160100 sq. miles) comprises mountainous terrain, narrow valleys and foot hills. The remaining 381442 sq. km (150300 sq. miles) consists of sand, deserts and flat gradational plains, the most important feature of which is Indus River Basin Plain with an area of about 311771 sq. km (123400 sq. miles). The area of principal hydrologic units is given in Table 1.

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Muhammad Shabbir, Muhammad Shahid, Muhammad Atif, and Uzma Niaz. "Land Record Computerization brings more Trouble for Farmers in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i2.1216.

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The research in hand focused on the issue of land record computerization that brings more troubles to the farmer instead of more ease in Punjab, Pakistan. This research was conducted in three major agricultural districts of Punjab, namely Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Multan selected by using purposive sampling strategy. A sample of 450 respondents was drawn from three selected districts through a proportionate sampling technique. It was found that a major part of the respondents knew the internet/digitalization of land records. It was perceived that a significant proportion of the respondents was dissatisfied with the current land records system and faced large difficulty in contacting with department officials for getting these services. It is clear from the results that digitalization of land record service is expensive, in accessibility of relevant officials when needed, no service with unofficial payment and time-consuming. It was found that some factors behind the problems with the digitalization of land record such as lack of monitoring system, out of range, incompetent staff, lack of proper information about service, and distance. It was observed that the awareness level of people was low about the procedure of getting land records (fard, mutation, Fard Badar, etc.). Therefore, it was recommended in the research awareness campaigns should be launched at the village level by the concerned authorities and regular monitoring of the staff is expected to improve the current system.

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Bhatti, Muhammad Nawaz. "Politics of Water Resource Management in the Indus River Basin: A Study of the Partition of Punjab." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.6.

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The British Government of India divided the Muslim majority province of Punjab into Eastern and Western Punjab. But the partition line was drawn in a manner that headworks remained in India and irrigated land in Pakistan. The partition of Punjab was not scheduled in the original plan of the division of India. Why was it partitioned? To answer this question, the study in the first instance tries to explore circumstances, reasons, and conspiracies which led to the partition of Punjab which led to the division of the canal irrigation system and secondly, the impact of partition on water resource management in the Indus River Basin. Descriptive, historical, and analytical methods of research have been used to draw a conclusion. The study highlights the mindset of Indian National Congress to cripple down the newly emerging state of Pakistan that became a root cause of the partition of Punjab. The paper also highlights why India stopped water flowing into Pakistan on 1st April 1948 and the analysis also covers details about the agreement of 4th May 1948 and its consequences for Pakistan.

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Naseer, Asad. "Current Status and Key Trends in Agricultural Land Holding and Distribution in Punjab, Pakistan: Implications for Food Security." Journal of Agricultural Studies 4, no. 4 (September 11, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v4i4.9670.

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The economy of Pakistan is mainly dependent on agriculture which is mainly owned by small farm householders. The rapidly increasing population and stagnant agricultural growth coupled with other economic issues are threatening food security and livelihood of rural population in Pakistan. The main objective of the study was to appraise the change in the agrarian structure in Punjab province and to see the current status and key trends in land holing and distribution. It is done by reviewing of the overtime structural changes in land holdings using inter-census data of 1960-2010 t enabled the present analyses to depict a clear picture of the overtime changes that had come about in the agrarian structure of Punjab. The magnitude of shifts from one period to the other was calculated with the help of Lorenz ratio and Gini coefficient. The study showed disparities in ownership and distribution of land holdings in Punjab. The findings suggested a decrease in inequality in land distribution through effective land reform and distribution. This will help to increase farm income of small-scale and subsistence farming communities to cater for the threatening issues of food insecurity.

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Samie, Abdus, Xiangzheng Deng, Siqi Jia, and Dongdong Chen. "Scenario-Based Simulation on Dynamics of Land-Use-Land-Cover Change in Punjab Province, Pakistan." Sustainability 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2017): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9081285.

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Ata, Salman, Babar Shahbaz, Muhammad Arif Watto, and Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui. "Short-term Land Acquisition, Long-term Impacts: The Case of Houbara Bustard Hunting in South Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 390–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909618822072.

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Pakistan provides seasonal hunting permits to the rulers of Gulf countries for hunting of Asian Houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis macqueenii) in different parts of the country. This research deals with (transnational) seasonal land acquisition of different rangelands/deserts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. So far, no comprehensive research has been conducted in Pakistan on this issue. This research attempts to address the impact of seasonal land grabbing by the foreigners on livelihood assets of local stakeholders in South Punjab, Pakistan. Based on the idea of ‘control grabbing’, this research uses ‘sustainable livelihood framework’ as an analytical framework. Quantitative and qualitative data were acquired from three (out of a total nine) randomly selected hunting sanctuaries in the districts of Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan. The results revealed that natural assets of local population (agricultural land and rangeland) are adversely affected during the entire hunting season. Limited access to natural assets (especially livestock fodder) has long-term negative impacts on livelihood diversification of the locals as the number of livestock – one of the most important assets of respondents – is continuously decreasing in the case study area. We recommend that land enclosure should be restricted to a limited area for a limited time, and that the Government should develop an effective monitoring and evaluation system.

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Malik, Sana, Ruhizal Roosli, Fariha Tariq, and Muhammad Salman. "Land Tenure Security and Resident’s Stability in Squatter Settlements of Lahore." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i2.508.

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Squatters have now become integral part of urban centers in most developing countries like Pakistan, with Lahore experiencing growth of such informal settlements at its peak. A myriad of issues and challenges associated with economic, social, spatial, environmental and political contexts within squatters has become a great hindrance towards home improvement and better life style. Tenure security brings a sense of homeownership to socioeconomically disadvantaged households. Recently, promotion of increased security of tenure of all whether living in formal or informal settlements has been affirmed by New Urban Agenda of Habitat III. Therefore, it is need of the time to look into present tenure types of squatters being offered by the city to solve problem of housing backlog and to provide promote inclusivity ensuring healthy, affordable and sustainable environment for all inhabitants.Proposed argument has got stronger foundation due to comparative analysis of squatter having secured land tenure with squatter of unsecure tenure. In this paper we explore that tenure security is one of the key factors which leads to resident’s stability, through case study approach by investigating two squatters based on their tenure types. The data collected through questionnaire will help us to identify other key factors associated with resident stability in squatters. Study reveals that limited secured tenure options and poor governance in present urban scenario projects as major obstacles in coping with urban sprawl and squatter settlements. Findings help us to understand the phenomena of inter-connection of land tenure security and residential stability of squatters in Lahore, suffering from housing shortage and informal settlements.

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Raza Taqi, Rehman Talha, Nawaz Ahmad, Javed Muhammad Uamr, and Ullah Sami. "Diversity and abundance of insects in cotton crop land of Punjab, Pakistan." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.9.2.0209.

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Aslam, Muhammad Umair, Nasir Nadeem, Irfan Ahmed Baig, and Umer Ijaz Ahmed. "Economic Analysis of Fish Farming in Punjab, Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i3.251.

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Fish consumption is very less in Pakistan as compared to the world. The study was designed to conduct the economic analysis of the fish farming. Two districts were selected with the highest number of fish farms, i.e. Muzaffargarh and Khanewal. A total of 50 fish farms from both study areas were selected randomly for the study. Economic analysis was carried out from the collected data to estimate the profitability of fish farming. In order to make a comparison of profitability of fish farming with crop cultivation on per acre basis, data from 50 farmers from crop sector were also collected. The results revealed that fish farming was more profitable as compared to crop farming in the study area. Net income per acre was estimated at Rs. 252426 from fish farming as compared to net income per acre of Rs. 58612 from wheat-cotton, Rs. 72662 from cotton-rice and Rs. 53290 from sugarcane cultivation. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of fish farming was calculated 1:1.52 and 1: 1.74 with and without land rent respectively. It illustrates that the enterprise yields 1.52 rupees and 1.74 rupees for every rupee invested. On the basis of results, it is suggested that fish farming should be promoted, especially in the areas of saline soils to enhance food security and uplifting the socioeconomic conditions of small farmers.

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Hirashima, S. "Asset Effects in Land Price Formation in Agriculture: The Evidence from South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.963-976.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the land market behaviour in South Asia, taking the most technologically advanced Punjab (both Pakistan and India) as an example, and to consider the disparity issues in development. Land market in Punjab was given momentum when the private proprietorship of land was established in the middle of the 19th century. Land market behaviour in terms of the rentland price ratio or the profitability of investment in land cannot be explained by the conventional rent theory. Land price has never been the discounted value of rent. We try to explain the market behaviour by incorporating asset effects in addition to the technological effects in agricultural production. Since the land price data are not published after independence both in Pakistan and India, it is difficult to confirm whether or not the observed trend of declining rent-land price ratio can be observed after independence. However, judging from the scattered field survey data, we could presume that the asset effects have been positive and increasing, thereby reducing the R/P ratio much lower than the market interest rate. The study raises questions with respect to the direction of public investment, land tax policy, and the growing disparity between rent receivers and rent payers.

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Tweeten, Luther. "Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Mahmood Hasan Khan and M. Ghaffu Otaudhry (edt.). LaJld Reforms in Pakistan, A Historical Perspective. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics 1987. viii+216 pp.Price: Rs 220 (USS 35) for hardcover; Rs 140.00 (USS 20) for soft-cover." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i2pp.217-218.

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The authors describe how Pakistan has grappled with land reform, surely one of the most intractable and divisive issues facing agriculture anywhere. The land-tenure system at independence in 1947 included a high degree of land ownership concentration, absentee landlordism, insecurity of tenant tenure, and excessive rent. Land reform since 1947 focused on imposition of ceilings on landholding, distribution of land to landless tenants and small owners, and readjustments of contracts to improve the position of the tenant. These reformist measures have removed some but by no means all of the undesirable characteristics of the system. The authors list as well as present a critique of the reports of five official committees and commissions on land reform. The reports highlight the conflicts and ideologies of the reformers. The predominant ideal of the land reformers is a system of peasant proprietorship although some reformers favoured other systems such as communal farming and state ownership of land, and still others favoured cash rents over share rents. More pragmatic reformers recognized that tenancy is likely to be with Pakistan for the foreseeable future and that the batai (sharecropping) arrangement is the most workable system. According to the editors, the batai system can work to the advantage of landlord and tenant if the ceilings on landholding can be sufficiently lowered (and enforced), the security of the tenant is ensured, and the tenant has recourse to the courts for adjudication of disputes with landlords. Many policy-makers in Pakistan have come to accept that position but intervention by the State to realize the ideal has been slow. The editors conclude that" ... the end result of these land reforms is that they have not succeeded in significantly changing the status quo in rural Pakistan" (p. 29).

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Siddiqui, Saima, Mirza Wajid Ali Safi, Aqil Tariq, Naveed Ur Rehman, and Syed Waseem Haider. "GIS Based Universal Soil Erosion Estimation in District Chakwal Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.443.

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Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem faced by district Chakwal. Unpredictable short term and high intensity rainfall, improper cultivation and deforestation have accelerated the soil erosion in the district. The agricultural productivity of the study area can be enhanced by understanding, estimating and controlling the root causes of soil erosion. This study was undertaken to estimate and spatially represent the rate of average annual soil erosion in Chakwal using GIS/RS techniques. The soil erosion was estimated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model. To find out parameters of USLE, ASTER GDEM of 30 m resolution was used to estimate slope length and elevation of the study area. Landsat 8 satellite imagery of year 2019, was used to prepare land use map using supervised classification. Soil map with texture and geomorphology was used to identify soils of study area and rainfall data of last 7 years was also studied. Finally, the soil loss has been computed using raster calculator of ArcGIS 10.2 software. The average annual soil loss was predicted up to 268,619 tons/acre/year, of which maximum soil erosion was occurring near the steep slopes and river channels. It is necessary to adapt sustainable land management practices to reduce the risk of further soil erosion, by adopting rainwater harvesting and choosing right crops for suitable soil types.

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Mahmood, Zahid, Sana Iftikhar, Abdul Saboor, Atta Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Khan. "Agriculture land resources and food security nexus in Punjab, Pakistan: an empirical ascertainment." Food and Agricultural Immunology 27, no. 1 (September 29, 2015): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2015.1079593.

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Chuadhary, Abida Kausar. "Natural Resource Management and Nation Building in Pakistan: Agro-Commercialization in Tehsils of Colonial District Multan, Pakistan." Global Economics Review VI, no. I (March 30, 2021): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-i).11.

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Nation-building refers to the process of constructing or structuring a national identity using the power of the state. Natural resources and technologies associated with it and their use have been an integral part of human life, as old as civilization. The land formed the main ingredients of a natural resource. Pakistan is fortunate because its soils, topography and climate are generally suitable for farming, but its agriculture sectors face the problem of scarcity of water in regions like Multan. The development of irrigation resources was, therefore, one of the major concerns of the Governments who ruled the region. Like other Punjab districts, Multan witnessed the commercialization of agro products and the growth of market towns following the extension of irrigation and communication facilities. However, it was immensely transformed by the Sidhnai Canal Colony system. This paper also attempts to analyze the economics of conjunctive water management practices in Tehsils of Colonial Multan. This research is based on original non published official reports from Punjab Civil Secretariat Lahore and British Indian Library London. The paper is mainly based on archival documentation, settlement and assessment reports and gazetteers.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, M. Azeem Khan, and Munir Ahmad. "Adoption of Recommended Varieties: A Farmlevel Analysis of Wheat Growers in Irrigated Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i1pp.29-48.

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This study uses farm level data to analyse the determinants of adoption of recommended wheat varieties in irrigated Punjab, Pakistan. A notable proportion of wheat acreage is sown to non-recommended wheat varieties in the province. These cultivars had either lost (overtime) or did not have resistance against yellow rust. Farm size, education, and size of wheat enterprise on the farm are the important determinants of adoption of recommended wheat varieties while tractor ownership and irrigation source play a positive but insignificant role in the adoption decisions. Age and tenure proved to be less of a constraint towards adoption of the recommended wheat varieties. The likelihood of the adoption of recommended wheat varieties varied among tehsils, with the highest probabilities of adoption in Melsi and Arifwala tehsils of cotton-wheat zones I and II respectively.

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Tahir, Pervez. "Poverty, Feudalism, and Land Reform— The Continued Relevance of Iqbal." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.967-972.

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After half a century of development experience, one-third of the population of Pakistan today is condemned to struggle below the poverty line, howsoever defined. In absolute terms, this size of the population of the poor is larger than the total population of [West] Pakistan at the time of independence in 1947. The incidence of rural poverty is greater than in urban areas. Iqbal died nine years before the state of Pakistan was established in 1947 and 2 years before the adoption of the Lahore Resolution in 1940. Territorially, the present-day Pakistan is closer to Iqbal’s idea of the Muslim State presented in his famous presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League held at Allahabad in 1930: “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single State” [Brelvi (1977), p. 63]. The same, however, would be hard to say in regard to his vision of economy and society. Poverty as a problem, feudalism as the cause and land reform as a solution formed the most important part of this vision.

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Nasim, Anjum. "Agricultural Income Taxation: Estimation of the Revenue Potential in Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.321-337.

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In May 2011 a senator of the Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM), moved a private member’s constitutional amendment bill to remove the exemption provided to agricultural incomes from federal income taxation. The proposed amendment mentioned a potential revenue of Rs 200 billion from Agricultural Income Tax (AIT). This figure, however, differs widely from some other reported estimates of potential agricultural income tax.1 The issue of AIT is likely to echo again in the parliament and outside as Pakistan grapples with the issue of its low tax revenues. It is, therefore, important to carefully analyse the potential revenue from AIT to allow more informed discussion and policy decisions on tax options at the federal and provincial levels. The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan gives provincial assemblies the exclusive power to make laws pertaining to taxes on agricultural income.2 Agricultural income could be interpreted narrowly to include crop farming and rental income from land, or more broadly to include income from livestock and animal husbandry. There is no ambiguity that income from the narrower interpretation falls within the domain of provincial taxation though there may be room for debate whether the provincial jurisdiction extends to the broader definition of agricultural income or not [see Nasim (2012)]. Since 1996-97 all four provinces have instituted some form of tax on agriculture land or incomes. In its implementation this tax is largely a land tax (based on acreage) rather than a tax on agricultural income.

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Richards, J. F., James R. Hagen, and Edward S. Haynes. "Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850–1970." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007770.

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Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.

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Ilyas, Ayesha. "Productivity and Resource Use in a Maize-Grain Legume Intercropping System in Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1755.

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Intercropping is considered as an improved system of multiple cropping systems which safeguards crop stand and improves crop production. The main goal of intercropping is to produce high yield from piece of a land by judicious use of available resources which otherwise may not be exploited by a single crop. A study was executed to investigate productivity and resource use in a maize–grain legume intercropping at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2017 and 2018. Experimental treatments included maize, mungbean, mash-bean, and cowpea monocultures (sole crops), and intercropping combinations of maize + mungbean, maize + mash-bean, and maize + cowpea. Highest maize grain yield was observed in maize sole cropping (6520 and 6813 kg ha-1) and maize + mungbean intercropping (6375 and 6542 kg ha-1) during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons, respectively. Maximum seed yield in grain legumes was observed in mung and mash bean sole cropping during both years. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was maximum in maize + cowpea (1.83 and 1.87) and maize + mungbean intercropping (1.77 and 1.80) during both years, respectively. Maximum net economic return (ER) of PKR 134158 ha-1 (≈900 USD) was obtained from maize + mash bean intercropping system with highest benefit cost ratio (2.03) during 2017 while PKR 149358 ha-1 (≈1003 USD) along with benefit cost ratio (2.15) during 2018. Overall, LER and ER results indicated that maize-grain legume intercropping systems were beneficial in terms of land resource utilization and economic returns. The maize-grain legume intercropping systems are more sustainable option for small land-holding farmers in Pakistan. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Arshad, Summera, Muhammed Mobeen, Sidra Bashir, Tehmina Aziz, and Abdur Rehman. "Spatializing Groundwater Quality Parameters and Their Impacts on Land Value in Khushab City, Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss3.2019.312.

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This research was designed to examine the spatial variation in land value in response to ground water qualityin Khushab city, Punjab Pakistan. There were four Physical and five chemical parameters such as pH, ElectricConductivity (EC), Calcium (Ca), hardness, Magnesium (Mg), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration, taste, colorand odor were tested for groundwater quality appraisal in the study area. There were one hundred water samplescollected from different wells in the study area. Thereafter, the water quality parameters were processed in ArcGIS foranalyzing spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters by using interpolation and geostatistical tools. It wasfound that all the groundwater parameters were higher than the permissible limit by WHO except pH concentration. Itwas further revealed that the ground water was unsafe for drinking and domestic purpose. Variation in land price wasalso studied with special reference to ground water quality. It was concluded that the groundwater quality has asignificant effect on land value in the study area. The deteriorated groundwater quality was proved to be a potentdeterminant for decreasing land price in the study area.

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Arshad, Summera, Muhammed Mobeen, Sidra Bashir, Tehmina Aziz, and Abdur Rehman. "Spatializing Groundwater Quality Parameters and Their Impacts on Land Value in Khushab City, Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i3.312.

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This research was designed to examine the spatial variation in land value in response to ground water qualityin Khushab city, Punjab Pakistan. There were four Physical and five chemical parameters such as pH, ElectricConductivity (EC), Calcium (Ca), hardness, Magnesium (Mg), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration, taste, colorand odor were tested for groundwater quality appraisal in the study area. There were one hundred water samplescollected from different wells in the study area. Thereafter, the water quality parameters were processed in ArcGIS foranalyzing spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters by using interpolation and geostatistical tools. It wasfound that all the groundwater parameters were higher than the permissible limit by WHO except pH concentration. Itwas further revealed that the ground water was unsafe for drinking and domestic purpose. Variation in land price wasalso studied with special reference to ground water quality. It was concluded that the groundwater quality has asignificant effect on land value in the study area. The deteriorated groundwater quality was proved to be a potentdeterminant for decreasing land price in the study area.

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Jamal, Haroon, and Amir Jahan Khan. "Impact of Ownership and Concentration of Land on Schooling." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2005.v10.i2.a1.

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The study argues for land reform in Pakistan by demonstrating an inverse relationship between students’ enrollment and land concentration and landlessness for 50 districts of the Punjab and Sindh provinces. With the help of enrollment data from the Population Census, a composite measure is constructed and linked with the inequality in ownership of land and landlessness. While the effect of the development level of districts on schooling is as expected positive and substantial, both the Gini coefficient for land ownership and coefficient of landlessness are negative and statistically significant.

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Mehmood, Asif. "Postcolonial Land Governance in Pakistan: Exclusionary Practices on State-Owned Farms." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019843708.

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Current developments in Pakistan highlight the unresolved issue of proprietary rights for long-standing tenants of state-owned farms comprising thousands of acres in various districts of Punjab. The pendulum of state response to the hereditary claims of people who have lived and worked on this land for generations swings presently towards expropriation, rather than respect for rural people’s basic rights. The scenario is further complicated because the military is a significant party to these disputes. This article scrutinises the handling of these protracted disputes over land rights and identifies emerging patterns of land governance in Pakistan that will alter the future relationship of these farmers with the government. The article shows that in this specific case, the problems are not merely a continuation of traditional local feudal powers, but now relate to new postcolonial realities, especially Pakistan’s economic co-operation with China.

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Farooqi, Hira, and Kai Wegerich. "Institutionalizing inequities in land ownership and water allocations during colonial times in Punjab, Pakistan." Water History 7, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-014-0119-1.

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Rasheed, Haroon, and Nabila Naz. "Modeling the Land Suitability using GIS and AHP for Cotton Cultivation in Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 59, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.59.2.2016.96.108.

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The main goal of this research was to establish a spatial model for identification of suitable land for cotton in Punjab, Pakistan through evaluation of multidisciplinary variables by applying geographic information system (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approach. In this model, rivers were used as constraint and seven factors were temperature, soil physical and chemical properties, soil pH, aridity classes, agro-ecological zones, and river command area. On the basis of these parameters suitability maps were generated. By pair-wise comparison matrix (PWCM) of AHP, weights were extracted by means of principal Eigen vector by Saatys method, with accepted consistency ratio of 0.09. Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) employing weighted linear combination aggregates all suitability maps to generate final suitability map. It was found that more potential sites exist along with existing cotton practiced area. The result provided important information for farmers to establish linkage between policy decisions andregulatory actions and to improve agricultural land management.

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Tariq, Muhammad, Muhammad Shoaib Malik, and Ghulam Qumber. "Prospects of Federalism in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. II (June 30, 2018): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-ii).20.

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Federalism is created by a state having heterogeneous population with a desire to have provisions for adequate distribution of economic resources within a democratic form of government. The economic interaction is usually guaranteed by the constitutional arrangement of the land. The desire for the creation of a federation may be the economic interaction, interdependence on each other by the Centre and federating units. Proper distribution of powers between the Centre and Federating Units flourish when the residuary powers are vested in the federating units. The 18th Constitutional Amendment made a landmark in the history of Pakistan as it introduced a paradigm shift in the democratic set-up of the country. This shift had long been cherished by most of the mainstream political parties as it gives an opportunity to the ruling parties to complete the tenure of the government.

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Anwar, Muhammad Mushahid, Ateeq Ur Rahman, and Asad Aziz. "LAND-USE/LAND-COVER CHANGES FROM 1990 TO 2016 ON THE TERRITORY OF MANDI BAHAUDDIN CITY (PUNJAB, PAKISTAN)." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Geographical Environment and Living Systems), no. 3 (2020): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2712-7621-2020-3-60-69.

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Uzma, Iqbal, Sandra Heaney-Mustafa, and Mukaddas Afzal. "Women Empowerment and Poverty Reduction in Rural Okara, Punjab Pakistan." Proceedings 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036125.

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In Pakistan, women have limited access to credit, property, education, skill, paid job and land. There are many hindrances in women empowerment in rural such as socio-economic and cultural values, norms, patriarchal structure of society. Research was planned to analyze different determinants of empowerment of rural women for poverty reduction in agrarian communities by taking the case study of rural Okara, Pakistan. Multistage random sampling technique was used for data collection at different stages. Okara was selected through simple random sampling technique and four union councils and then eight villages were selected randomly. Twenty-five from each village were selected through convenient sampling thereby making total sample size of 200 women. Most important finding of the study that the households where women have higher decision making authority are better-off and in other words women empowerment is likely to reduce poverty and increase wellbeing. The results also revealed significantly positive relationship between women age, education, decision making authority and paid work involvement with empowerment and poverty reduction. It is also concluded that education is the most important factor in empowerment but majority (64.5%) of respondents had only up to 5 years’ education. Respondents had very limited decision making authority and control over economic resources mostly significant and important decisions and resources are controlled by the male members. Though rural women have great contribution in poverty reduction but majority of them were facing the problems of low education, wages, less control over resources, freedom of mobility and lack of decision making authority

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Anriquez, Gustavo, and Alberto Valdes. "Determinants of Farm Revenue in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i2pp.281-301.

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Will small farm viability decline with the reduction of average farm size in Pakistan? This paper addresses the determinants of rural household and farm-related income. Using the 2001 PIDE Household Survey, the approach developed captures the potential interactions between farm returns and household, farm, and factor market characteristics (schooling, family size, land tenure and operational size, access to water, credit, and capital). Econometric results show: (a) returns to additional schooling and the revenue elasticity of operated acres increase with farm size; (b) medium and large farm renters would be willing to pay more than observed rents, implying an incentive to increase farm size at the prevailing rental values; (c) owneroperated farms, landowners who also leases in, and fixed rental tenants earn higher revenues than sharecropping tenants. The difference, however, between landowner/fix-renter income and sharecropper income varies with family and farm size, as well as water use. While these results favour farm size increase, the results also show that off-farm and non-farm income sources are relatively more important for small farmers, contributing to their viability. JEL classification: D13, Q12, Q15 Keywords: Pakistan, Land Markets, Rural Factor Markets, Revenue Function

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Khan, Bakhtiar, Arif Khan, and Irfan Khan. "The Crisis of Governance in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of Benazir Bhutto Government (1988-1990)." III IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iii).02.

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Democratic governance empowers and provides citizens the opportunity to live a life of their free will. Unfortunately, Pakistans democracy is confronted with numerous challenges. Among these challenges, governance issues are worthy of attention. The paper especially focuses on PPPs first tenure under Benazir Bhutto in terms of its commitment to democratic governance. It was expected that the norms of democracy would be strengthened, and the country would never see dictatorial rule again in any manifestation. This paper examines PPPs style of governance keeping in view its fragile position in the parliament and the all-over hostile working environment in the country in 1988-90. Centreprovincial relationship; especially Punjab, has also been taken into account. The study explores Benazirs claims and struggles for strengthening democracy. Furthermore, the paper highlights those factors that made the party to fulfil its commitments and to bring the systm of good governance in Pakistan.

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Siddiqui, Rehana, Ghulam Samad, Muhammad Nasir, and Hafiz Hanzla Jalil. "The Impact of Climate Change on Major Agricultural Crops: Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.261-276.

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It is necessary for a country to make its agriculture sector efficient to enhance food security, quality of life and to promote rapid economic growth. The evidence from least developed countries (LDCs) indicates that agriculture sector accounts for a large share in their gross domestic product (GDP). Thus the development of the economy cannot be achieved without improving the agriculture sector. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12) its main natural resource is arable land and agriculture sector’s contribution to the GDP is 21 percent. The agricultural sector absorbs 45 percent of labour force and its share in exports is 18 percent. Given the role of agricultural sector in economic growth and its sensitivity to change in temperature and precipitation it is important to study the impact of climate change on major crops in Pakistan. There are two crops seasons in Pakistan namely, Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are grown normally in the months of November to April and Kharif crops are grown from May to October. These two seasons make Pakistan an agricultural economy and its performance depends on the climate during the whole year. Climate change generally affects agriculture through changes in temperature, precipitation.

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Abbas, Muhammad Wasim, Imran Ahmad, and Muhammad Farooq Akbar Leghari. "Agricultural Development under Thal Development Authority (1949-69)." Global Regional Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-ii).09.

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The Thal is a desert in the west of Punjab province of Pakistan having an area of five million-acre. It had been a barren piece of land for centuries. West Pakistan Government not only provided canal water to almost 2.1 million acres of the region but also developed the area from 1949 to 1969. The agricultural development of the Thal region carried out by the Thal Development Authority is a historical event in the history of Pakistan. This study is historical research and data has been collected through primary and secondary sources. This paper will highlight the agricultural development of the region in detail and its socio-economic effects on the masses as well.

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Ahmad, Munir. "Agricultural Productivity Growth Differential in Punjab, Pakistan: A District-level Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i1pp.1-25.

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The results of this paper show that the crop output increased at the rate of 2.6 percent per annum, dominated by the share of TFP growth. Wide variation exists among cropping systems as well as within the system both in TFP growth and output growth. The mungbean zone emerged as a leader in TFP growth with 3.6 percent per annum, followed by barani (3.2 percent), cotton (1.9 percent), mixed (1.1 percent), and rice (1.0 percent) zones. Rice, mixed, and cotton zones show a negative trend in efficiency, and the respective causes appear to be the dominant factor of land degradation sourced by the existence of nutrient-exhaustive cropping pattern, increasing problem of waterlogging and salinity, and the use of brackish underground water, plus the prevalence of curl leaf virus disease in the cotton zone during the 1990s. The other reasons could be the low literacy rate among the farmers in most of the districts of the latter two cropping systems. Besides, the majority of them are also characterised as having very low status in development ranking. The data also show that the area under rice and sugarcane, a highly water-intensive crop, had increased in most of the districts of mixed and cotton zones, during the 1990s instrumented by high instability in cotton output growth as compared to rice and sugarcane. The sources of instability include high volatility in prices, vulnerability of the crop to disease and insect attack, consistently rising production cost, incapacity of the farming communities to deal with the dynamism of technology in cotton production, and increasing waterlogging and salinity problem.

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Watto, Muhammad Arif, and Amin William Mugera. "Irrigation water demand and implications for groundwater pricing in Pakistan." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.160.

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This study employs the positive mathematical programming (PMP) approach to estimate groundwater derived demand for irrigation using a cross-sectional dataset of 200 predominantly groundwater irrigated farms from the Punjab province of Pakistan. First, we find that the PMP optimal solution uses less water than what is available (being extracted) in order to make farmers allocate all the available land to different crops. Second, when water supplies are constrained farmers allocate land to different crops based on their total returns, not on the irrigation water requirements. The study results suggest that the limiting/constraining groundwater extractions would induce farmers to reconsider their irrigation water demand. The study findings suggest an introduction of Rs. 0.04/m3 of groundwater would not decrease farm income rather it would make farmers aware of the economic value of water. We suggest that although water pricing can induce an efficient use of groundwater extractions, additional policies are also required that improve irrigation water use efficiency.

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Sohail, M., S. S. F. Ali, E. Fatima, and D. A. Nawaz. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE DYNAMICS AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN LAHORE DISTRICT, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-359-2021.

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Abstract. The rapid population growth and the urge in people to move to big cities for their settlement upshot in urban expansion. While stepping into the corridor of the 21st century, the utility of remote sensing and GIS techniques in various fields has made things understandable and thus enhances the ways of investigation for better decision making and management. The paper presents the Landsat Satellite series based Land Surface Temperature retrieval concerning land use/ land cover changes over Lahore District, Punjab, Pakistan. The Spatio-temporal analysis was performed from 1980–2020. We availed high-resolution Landsat and Sentinel-2 Satellite imagery to perform Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Supervised classification. Cloud-free satellite data was acquired from June, July, or August. Data pre-processing including atmospheric and terrain corrections were performed using ERDAS Imagine. The Red, NIR, and Thermal bands were utilized for LST estimation. ArcGIS 10.22 was used for making maps, analysis, and interpretations. The Spatio-temporal analysis of LULC and LST for the area indicates a great urbanization trend over the past forty years. People are migrating from small towns and villages to the metropolitan city of Pakistan for their livelihoods, and settlements. The built-up/urban land has expanded over the period with excessive construction that has affected the Land surface temperature. The area where human activity has increased shows higher LST’s as compared to green lands. The excessive construction has taken off the agricultural land, while the River Ravi still flows with a changing course and less water table. The COVID-19 pandemic hit in 2020 put everything on lockdown had an impact on environmental restoration due to fewer emissions and human activities. The overall classification accuracy of the images yielded substantial-high Kappa statistics of 80 %, 88%, 82%, 82.41%, and 87.76% for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and the 2020 images, respectively. The unplanned urbanization is leading the Lahore District to serious environmental issues and climate change impacts. The need of the hour is to properly plan and manage the area for the coming generations to have a healthier and sustainable place to breathe in.

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Sadaf, Sana, and Khalid Riaz. "Does Access to Modern Marketing Channels Improve Dairy Enterprises’ Efficiency? A Case Study of Punjab, Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2012.v17.i1.a4.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate how access to modern marketing channels impacts the efficiency of dairy enterprises. Using data on dairy farms in central Punjab (Sargodha), we carry out a nonparametric data envelopment analysis to measure their technical and scale efficiencies. The results show that, for the sample dairy enterprises, the mean technical efficiency under variable returns to scale was 0.89 while scale efficiency was 0.94. The results of a follow-on regression analysis support the hypothesis that the access to modern marketing channels, where payment for fresh milk is based on measured milk quality (fat content), improved efficiency. We find that efficiency is positively affected by the size of dairy operations, and negatively by the size of operational land area. Moreover, dairy enterprises with smaller herds tend to operate at a suboptimal scale, possibly due to credit and/or land constraints.

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Kurosaki, Takashi. "Milk, Fodder, and the Green Revolution: The Case of Mixed Farming in the Pakistan Punjab." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.537-548.

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This paper analyses household decisions in producing cereal crops, green fodder crops, and milk, for the case of mixed' farming in the Pakistan Punjab. In the Punjab agriculture, increased household income and increased yields of cereal crops after the Green Revolution have resulted in the growing importance of milk in household economy. Using a sensitivity analysis based on a household model of crop choices under uncertainty, this paper emphasises the constraint that fodder represents for further increases in food-grain output. Results show that the welfare cost of production risk is significant, it is higher for land-poor households, and its significant part is attributable to green fodder price risk. The welfare and supply effects of more elastic fodder demand and increased fodder yields are investigated. These innovations in fodder technology are suggested to have a higher potential to improve household welfare and to induce a robust supply response of cereal crops with respect to their prices, than a crop insurance scheme to hedge against yield risk.

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Ahmad, Tanveer, Nemat Ullah, Kashif Ishaq, S. Anum Hadi, and M. M. Fahd Qadir. "Small ruminant feeding systems in semi-arid land of Punjab, Pakistan: status and prospectus for improvement." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 2 (November 2010): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010001044.

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Islam, Muhammad, and Rabia Siddiqui. "Statistical Modeling and Significance of Inputs Studies for the Rice Crop Productivity in Pakistan." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v3i1.26.

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Lower production of rice crop and increasing population trend is a tangible question for Pakistan. The current study based cross-sectional data collected from crop reporting service Punjab. The multiple linear regression (MLR) model is applied to investigate the significant factor for rice crop yield enhancement. The inputs variable i.e. owned land, seed rate, DAP, Urea, no. of water, no. of ploughs, no. of levels, crop life periods days, other fertilizers, variety super yes or no, seed type yes or no, spray no or yes and disease attack yes or no are studied in MLR model for rice productivity. All the factors found to be statistical significant except land, level, crop life period and super variety. Adj R2 is found to be 0.422 and it is good fit for cross-sectional data.

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Ullah, TI, HN Anwer, M. Musa, and F. Sher. "Impact Of Socio-Economic Attributes On The Living Standards Of Females In Farming System Of Punjab, Pakistan." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45294.

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In the context of farming, Punjab is bestowed with fertile land. It is a land of five rivers and friendly atmosphere for agriculture as well as for livestock. Majority of its population lives in rural areas and its major source of income is based on agriculture. Women are contributing a significant share in the field of farming. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of socio-economic factors on the living conditions of those women who are involved in any farming activities. The nature of study was quantitative. 400 women were selected through multiple sampling techniques from three different geographical zones of Punjab. The tool for data collection was interview schedule. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) was used for quantitative analysis for enhancing the scope and validity of research. Bi-variate analysis was carried out for showing the relationship between variables. The study revealed positive as well as negative impacts on living conditions of women in this sector. This study shed a light on women participation as a farmer and its impact on their lives. The major suggestions were made after conducting the research that there should be proper training for women in agriculture sector. Proper health and education facilities should be provided to them and their children. Government should make policies to facilitate the women in farming system. SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 53-66 (2019)

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Gill, Zulfiqar Ahmad. "Kamal Siddiqui. Land Management in South Asia: A Comparative Study. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997. 484 pages. Hardbound. Rs 595.00." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i3pp.276-278.

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There is something refreshingly honest about Dr Kamal Siddiqui’s writings on reform and management aspects of land in South Asia, where land is considered a source of prestige and political power. He has the analytical sharpness of an economist and the disciplined coolness of a bureaucrat. The author’s objective is to help shape land management policy appropriate to the needs of South Asia. He selects for investigation the time-period from the late 1940s to the present and studies seven entities: Punjab, Sindh, Utter Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bengal, and Bangladesh, in three countries, viz., Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. However, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka have not been included. We do not know why these smaller but equally important states were omitted from the land management perspective.

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Pickering, Jeffrey, Alexandra Tyukavina, Ahmad Khan, Peter Potapov, Bernard Adusei, Matthew C. Hansen, and André Lima. "Using Multi-Resolution Satellite Data to Quantify Land Dynamics: Applications of PlanetScope Imagery for Cropland and Tree-Cover Loss Area Estimation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112191.

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The Planet constellation of satellites represents a significant advance in the availability of high cadence, high spatial resolution imagery. When coupled with a targeted sampling strategy, these advances enhance land-cover and land-use monitoring capabilities. Here we present example regional and national-scale area-estimation methods as a demonstration of the integrated and efficient use of mapping and sampling using public medium-resolution (Landsat) and commercial high resolution (PlanetScope) imagery. Our proposed method is agnostic to the geographic region and type of land cover and change, which is demonstrated by applying the method across two very different geographies and thematic classes. Wheat extent is estimated in Punjab, Pakistan, for the 2018/2019 growing season, and tree-cover loss area is estimated over Peru for 2017 and 2018. We used a time series of PlanetScope imagery to classify a sample of 5 × 5 km blocks for each region and produce area estimates of 55,947 km2 (±9.0%) of wheat in Punjab and 5398 km2 (±9.1%) of tree-cover loss in Peru. We also demonstrate the use of regression estimation utilizing population information from Landsat-based maps to reduce standard errors of the sample-based estimates. Resulting regression estimates have SEs of 3.6% and 5.1% for Pakistan and Peru, respectively. The combination of daily global coverage and high spatial resolution of Planet imagery improves our ability to monitor crop phenology and capture ephemeral tree-cover loss and degradation dynamics, while Landsat-based maps provide wall-to-wall information to target the sample and increase precision of the estimates through the use of regression estimation.

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Cheema, Ali, and Muhammad Farooq Naseer. "Historical Inequality and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: The Dynamics of Change in Rural Punjab." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, Special Edition (September 1, 2013): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a9.

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We analyze educational attainment over three generations in rural Punjab, Pakistan, to determine if the fruits of post-independence development have translated into comparable rates of educational and social opportunities for all strata in the village economy. We show that the differences in class status institutionalized at the time of colonial village settlement lead to a sustained divergence in the rate of intergenerational educational mobility, with limited mobility for nonproprietary and marginalized groups compared to proprietary groups. Inter-class differences in the rate of mobility are higher in proprietary landed estates where the colonial state had concentrated land rights and governance in the hands of landowners compared to crown estates that had a more egalitarian arrangement of land rights and governance. We find that the divergence in inter-class mobility is worrying, so much so that the current generation of marginalized households appears to have fallen a generation behind in terms of educational attainment, even though it resides in the same villages as the proprietary households.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Land tenure – Pakistan – Punjab'

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