Dissertations / Theses: 'Land use – Ethiopia – Management'

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Lemenih, Mulugeta. "Effects of land use changes on soil quality and native flora degradation and restoration in the highlands of Ethiopia : implications for sustainable land management /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s306.pdf.

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Gebremichael, Mesfin. "Federalism and Conflict Management in Ethiopia. Case Study of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5388.

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In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991. For this reason, the federal system that recognises ethnic groups' rights is the first step in transforming the structural causes of civil wars in Ethiopia. Against this background this research examines whether the federal arrangement has created an enabling environment in managing conflicts in the country. To understand this problematic, the thesis conceptualises and analyses federalism and conflict management using a qualitative research design based on in-depth interviewing and content-based thematic analysis - taking the case study of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state. The findings of the study demonstrate that different factors hinder the federal process. First, the constitutional focus on ethnic groups' rights has led, in practice, to lessened attention to citizenship and minority rights protection in the regional states. Second, the federal process encourages ethnic-based elite groups to compete in controlling regional and local state powers and resources. This has greatly contributed to the emergence of ethnic-based violent conflicts, hostile intergovernmental relationships and lack of law and order along the common borders of the regional states. Third, the centralised policy and decision making process of the ruling party has hindered genuine democratic participation of citizens and self-determination of the ethnic groups. This undermines the capacity of the regional states and makes the federal structure vulnerable to the dynamics of political change. The conflicts in Benishangul-Gumuz emanate from these causes, but lack of territorial land use rights of the indigenous people and lack of proportional political representation of the non-indigenous people are the principal manifestations. The research concludes by identifying the issues that determine the sustainability of the federal structure. Some of them include: making constitutional amendments which consider citizenship rights and minority rights protection; enhancing the democratic participation of citizens by developing the capacities of the regional states and correcting the organisational weakness of the multi-national political parties; encouraging co-operative intergovernmental relationships, and maintaining the territorial land use rights of the Benishangul-Gumuz indigenous people.

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Gessesse, Tigist Araya [Verfasser]. "Above- and belowground carbon stocks in semi-arid land-use systems under integrated watershed management in Gergera watershed, Ethiopia / Tigist Araya Gessesse." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122285841/34.

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Terefe, Hailu [Verfasser]. "Effects of integrated land management, landscape position and land-use types on soil physicochemical properties, discharge, species richness and carbon stock in Geda watershed, north Shewa, Ethiopia / Hailu Terefe." München : GRIN Verlag, 2021. http://d-nb.info/122744656X/34.

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Zewdie, Worku, and Elmar Csaplovics. "Identifying Categorical Land Use Transition and Land Degradation in Northwestern Drylands of Ethiopia." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203481.

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Land use transition in dryland ecosystems is one of the major driving forces to landscape change that directly impacts the welfare of humans. In this study, the support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm and cross tabulation matrix analysis are used to identify systematic and random processes of change. The magnitude and prevailing signals of land use transitions are assessed taking into account net change and swap change. Moreover, spatiotemporal patterns and the relationship of precipitation and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are explored to evaluate landscape degradation. The assessment showed that 44% of net change and about 54% of total change occurred during the study period, with the latter being due to swap change. The conversion of over 39% of woodland to cropland accounts for the existence of the highest loss of valuable ecosystem of the region. The spatial relationship of NDVI and precipitation also showed R2 of below 0.5 over 55% of the landscape with no significant changes in the precipitation trend, thus representing an indicative symptom of land degradation. This in-depth analysis of random and systematic landscape change is crucial for designing policy intervention to halt woodland degradation in this fragile environment.

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[Verfasser], Engdawork Assefa. "Landscape dynamics and sustainable land management in Southern Ethiopia / Engdawork Assefa." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027100139/34.

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Yesuf, Mahmud. "Risk, time and land management under market imperfections : applications to Ethiopia /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00003872/01/Mahmud_full.pdf.

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Abate, Solomon Wachs Theodore. "Land use dynamics, soil degradation and potential for sustainable use in Metu area, Illubabor region, Ethiopia /." Berne : Institute of Geography, 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Hagos, Fitsum. "Poverty, institutions, peasant behavior and conservation effort in Northern Ethiopia." [Ås, Norway] : Norges landbrukshøgskole, 2003. http://www.nlh.no/ios/Publikasjoner/avhandling/a2003-2.pdf.

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Desta, Naomi I. (Naomi Iskindir). "Land management reform in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia : implmentating a public leasehold system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65698.

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Moore, Charity Maria Troyer. "Formal Land Rights, Plot Management, and Income Diversification in Tigray Region, Ethiopia." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330537872.

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Birru, Yitaferu. "Land degradation and options for sustainable land management in the Lake Tana Basin (LTB), Amhara Region, Ethiopia /." Bern : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Redae, Mehari. "Privatisation in Ethiopia : the challenge it poses to unionisation and collective bargaining." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/70936/.

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The thesis explores the challenge Ethiopia as a developing country faces in responding to issues associated with economic liberalisation on the one hand and the protection and promotion of ‘core’ labour rights on the other. In order to closely examine the issue, privatisation and the collective aspects of labour rights have been considered for analysis. More specifically, the status of unionisation and collective bargaining in the privatised enterprises in Ethiopia has been examined through the medium of case studies. The literature on privatisation and labour examined the adverse effect of privatisation from the perspective of the job losses associated with it. The contribution of this thesis is its contention that job loss associated with privatisation, if any, is a short-term and an individualised issue. There are rather other concerns to the labour force associated with privatisation which are long-lasting, issue of collectivity and with broader implications. Privatisation programme has been put into effect since the early 1980s in a more noticeable manner in terms of pace and scope in developing countries owing to, at times, external prescription from multilateral lending and donor institutions to privatise State-owned enterprises as far and as fast as possible. Responding positively to such a donor prescription brings with it a financial and technical assistance from these institutions in addition to the perception that investment would be attracted and retained with liberalised economic policy. Ethiopia has embarked upon the actual implementation of the privatisation programme since 1995. Side by side to this, at the international level, freedom of association and collective bargaining has attained special status in the ILO jurisprudence since the adoption of the 1998 ILO Declaration. In fact, in the Ethiopian context, these labour rights have been incorporated into Ethiopian law by ratifying the relevant ILO conventions by the country in 1963. Moreover, they have been enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1995 providing them a constitutional law status. These State actions formally impose international and national obligation on Ethiopia to respect, protect and promote the rights. In terms of labour profile, the privatisation programme, as an aspect of economic liberalisation, expects a liberal and flexible labour market. However, such flexibility is criticised of directly or indirectly eroding labour standards including the rights to unionisation and collective bargaining. Thus this state of affairs places Ethiopian policy makers in a dilemma on how to address both sides of the concerns and interests. The dilemma has been reflected in the ambivalent position the country’s law making, implementation and interpretation activities manifested themselves.

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Mulelid, Tor Inge. "Testing the use and accuracy of satellite imagery for land registration in Angot Yedegera, Ethiopia." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22945.

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Aim: The aim of this thesis was to study the suitability of using satellite imagery for land registration in Ethiopia. The primary focus was to investigate whether the accuracy of the derived coordinates from a WorldView-1 satellite image met the 1m requirement for rual cadastral mapping in Ethiopia. Another aim was to examine whether different border types could affect the accuracy. A final aim was to investigate the relationship between slope and the accuracy of the derived coordinates, to examine whether there was a correlation between the two. Methods: A number of 42 Ground Control Points (GCPs) were surveyed for the orthorectification of the satellite image. Static surveying of second order points was conducted prior to the Real-Time Kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK GPS) surveying. A number of 210 parcel corners in Angot Yedegera, Ethiopia, were surveyed, using RTK GPS. These RTK GPS data served as the basis for comparison with the coordinates derived from the satellite image. Statistical analysis of the discrepancies was performed by analyzing values of central tendency and dispersion. In addition, outlier tests were conducted using boxplot and percentile values, as well as a Moran I autocorrelation test. A Pearson r correlation test was performed, between slope and the accuracy of the derived coordinates. Results: 46.4 % of the coordinate values derived from the satellite image had discrepancies below the 1m requirement. The median of the discrepancies was 1.088m. Further, the 75th percentile was 2.386m, and the maximum deviation was 10.103m. It was found that the deviations varied according to different border types, both concerning central tendency and dispersion. The median for the border types ‘fence’, ‘pasture land’ and ‘parcel’ was below the 1m requirement, whereas the other border types had medians varying from 1.777m to 2.367m. The correlation test indicated that slope was not related to the accuracy achieved (Pearson r = 0.029). Conclusion: It was found that the coordinates derived from the WorldView-1 satellite image do not meet the requirement of 1m accuracy. It was also found that different border types have a large influence on the accuracy achieved. The border types ‘fence’, ‘pasture land’ and ‘parcel’ achieved the highest accuracy, while the border types ‘path’, ‘forest’ and ‘diffuse’ achieved the lowest accuracy. Slope was not proved to affect the accuracy of the coordinates in either positive or negative extent.

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Samuel, Tefera Alemu. "Re-harmonizing the Changes in Livestock Mobility, Land Use and Sedentarization in Hamer, Southwestern Ethiopia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199428.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第19104号
地博第178号
新制||地||61(附属図書館)
32055
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻
(主査)教授重田眞義, 教授太田至, 准教授山越言, 助教佐川徹
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Zhang, Wendong. "Three Essays on Land Use, Land Management, and Land Values in the Agro-Ecosystem." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437656707.

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Wesemann, Harald. "Land-use planning in the Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area: management recommendations and land-use alternatives." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30574.

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This dissertation is the individual analysis and evaluation of the baseline information on the Liesbeeck-Black River Confluence Area (hereinafter referred to as Confluence Area) gathered by the 1993-1994 Environmental and Geographical Science (EN GEO) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) class (see Appendix A). This dissertation is submitted to the examiners for evaluation as a partial requirement for the MPhil degree in Environmental Science. The baseline report (hereinafter BLR) is titled "Environmental Baseline Study for Land-Use Decision-Making in the Liesbeeck and Black River Confluence Area" (ENGEO Master's Class, 1994). It contains a comprehensive description, as well as preliminary analysis, of all the environmental components (socioeconomic and biophysical) that could be of relevance to land-use planning in the area. The overall need for this study, which comprises the group BLR and the individual dissertations, arises out of the fact that the Confluence Area with its river systems, is part of a "green, open space corridor" that is under pressure from development in a city needing to densify and contain urban sprawl. There is thus potential conflict between development and other environmental considerations including that of open space retention for conservation and recreation purposes. The Cape Town City Council (CCC) suggested this study but is not a "client". The study on the Confluence Area is intended to be of use to the CCC to enhance their ability to make sound land-use decisions for the area in the best interests of society at large. The CCC is also involved in numerous planning studies for the proposed redevelopment of a large tract of land adjacent to the study area, called the Culemborg-Black River area (hereinafter C-BR), and this study can feed into the overall planning process. This individual dissertation provides the CCC planning process with recommendations and land-use alternatives for the Confluence Area. Since the BLR forms the basis of this dissertation, they should be read in conjunction with each other.

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Pudasaini, Madhu S., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Erosion modelling under different land use management practices." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Pudasaini_M.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/721.

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Soil erosion has been recognised as a global threat against the sustainability of natural ecosystem. The work in this thesis has been undertaken to assist in combating this threat, and addresses the soil erosion issues associated with urban construction activities. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed in this research work and the parameters associated with the model were calibrated. This model was chosen for calibration, as it has been proven to be an easy to use tool yet providing reasonable results. Large scale rainfall simulators developed at UWS were used for rainfall simulation at two sites with diverse soil types: dispersive clayey soils at Penrith and highly permeable sandy soil at Somersby (Both in New South Wales, Australia). It is concluded that RUSLE can be successfully used in single storms for erosion prediction. Calibrated values of RUSLE parameters are useful in predicting soil erosion from the construction sites in NSW. It is also identified that in rolled smooth land condition, clayey soils are more erodible than sandy soil. Specific support practices such as short grass strips, gravel bags and silt fences are identified as very effective erosion control measures in reducing soil erosion from 45% to 85%. These results will be very useful in soil erosion prediction planning and conservation management in NSW.
Master of Engineering (Hons)

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Pudasaini, Madhu Sudan. "Erosion modelling under different land use management practices." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040401.140345/index.html.

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黃梅 and Mui Christina Wong. "Agricultural land use planning and management in Guangdong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259315.

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Wong, Mui Christina. "Agricultural land use planning and management in guangdong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18153604.

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Cruz, Rex Victor Oafallas. "Land-use suitability assessment and land capability classification in Ibulao watershed, Philippines." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184989.

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A geographically-based framework for landuse suitability assessment and land capability classification in Ibulao watershed, Philippines was developed and used in this study. Landuse suitability assessment was based primarily on soil erosion, the results of which were compared with the outcome of suitability assessments based on two land classification systems in the Philippines. The Ibulao watershed was subdivided into 10-ha cells, and each cell was independently evaluated with the aid of a geographic information system called MAP. The soil erosion rates for each cell were estimated using the MUSLE. The surface runoff and peak runoff rates were simulated using an infiltration-kinematic routing model, an event-based stochastic rainfall duration model, and the CREAMS model. The land capability classification was based on erosion index representing the inherent soil erodibility of a cell computed on the basis of runoff erosivity factor, soil erodibility factor, and the slope length-gradient factor. The results of capability classification were used to identify the different alternative uses of any cell in the watershed. The framework described in this study for landuse suitability assessment and land capability classification illustrated potentials for applications to the management and allocation of land resources in the Philippines. An erosion-based landuse assessment and land capability classification appears to be a better alternative to a slope-based system as far as the following are concerned: (1) identification of landuses which would not jeopardize the long term productivity and stability of an area; (2) a more accurate and meaningful land capability description and classification; and (3) making more lands available for various alternative uses by using criteria such as soil erosion which can easily be manipulated.

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Beyene, Atakilte. "Soil conservation, land use and property rights in northern Ethiopia : understanding environmental change in smallholder farming systems /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a395-ab.html.

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Garedew, Efrem. "Land-use and land-cover dynamics and rural livelihood perspectives, in the semi-arid areas of Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia." Umeå : Dept.of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2010. http://epsilon.slu.se/201007.pdf.

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Haft, Michael. "Global and European soil carbon fluxes from land use and land management change." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU238551.

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One of the methods of mitigation against climate change is to offset CO2 emissions by using Carbon (C) sinks based on the Kyoto Protocol Articles 3.3 and 3.4 (UNFCCC 1997). One potential C sink is the terrestrial soil organic carbon (SOC) pool which can be affected by a wide variety of environmental factors across a range of time and spatial scales. Soil carbon models RothC, DNDC, Century and the IPCC method were assessed and compared to measured site data in order to determine accuracy. Simpler models such as RothC and the IPCC method were found to perform better [In the absence of abundant input data]. The uncertainty of these models was assessed and found to be +/-15% for the RothC model, +/-19% for the DNDC model and +/-26% for the Century model all with 95% confidence. Post-hoc application of mitigation factors were derived using the IPCC method to provide estimates of carbon mitigation potential. These were applied on a pan-European scale using projected land-use changes. The estimates were compared to trends simulated using an adapted regional scale version of the RothC model, which estimated that 3.1% (+/-0.5%) of the 8% Kyoto EU 15 emissions reduction target (from 1990 levels) could be achieved using these measures.

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Jiang, Yong. "Three essays on conservation-oriented community land use management /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3298370.

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Ampomah, Richard Owusu. "Sediment Harvesting, Beneficial Use and the Impact of Climate and Land-Use/Land-Cover Change on Sediment Load." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1403478256.

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Mitiku, Addisu Asefa. "Afromontane avian assemblages and land use in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia : patterns, processes and conservation implications." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79782.

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Although protected areas have been used as principal conservation tools, most of them are suffering from human-induced threats. Consequently, a good understanding of such human-driven threats on biodiversity and identifying early warning systems for habitat change in protected areas is necessary for effective conservation of natural resources. To examine the impact of human disturbance on avifaunal assemblages and to assess the potential application of birds as bioindicators of forest health monitoring in the Afromontane forest of the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, I recorded birds and habitat variables in three protected and three unprotected forests using a point transect method in 2009 and 2012. The two land use types differ in disturbance levels (higher in the unprotected areas), vegetation structure and bird assemblages. Species richness of entire bird guild, open woodland and open land habitat guilds, granivore and insectivore feeding guilds, and shrub layer and ground layer foraging substrate guilds of birds were significantly higher in the unprotected areas than the protected areas. Abundances of guilds of birds mostly followed a similar trend with species richness. However, densities of overall and forest-specialist bird guilds were higher in the protected area and vice versa for the other guilds. In general, the protected area assemblages were dominated by forest-specialist species, while those of the unprotected areas were dominated by openland and shrubland species. The implication is that disturbance had caused encroachment of non-native species (openland, open woodland and shrub land species) while negatively affecting native species (forest species, particularly tree canopy foragers). These assemblage differences are linked to changes in vegetation structure caused by disturbance. Thus, further forest degradation in the protected area should be avoided in order to maintain native/forest-specialist species. Given the differences in bird assemblages between the two land use types, there is a high likelihood that bioindicator species (i.e. indicator species - those 'characteristic' of a particular habitat - and detector species - those occurring in the different habitats considered but with moderate indication value) can be identified, therefore providing a useful tool to monitor ecosystem health of the forests. Four and nine species were identified as appropriate indicator species (i.e. species with indicator values > 60% and fulfilling biological and niche history criteria used in selection) in the protected and unprotected areas, respectively. In addition, nine species were identified as detectors of habitat change in the protected areas. These bioindicators provide a useful tool for managers of Afromontane forest in the Bale Mountains, as well as similar habitats elsewhere, for long term monitoring of ecosystem health of the forests.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
DST/NRF Centre of Excellence
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted

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Amare, Bantider. "Landscape transformation and opportunities for sustainable land management along the Eastern Escarpment of Wello (EEW), Ethiopia /." Bern : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Asaaga, Festus Atribawuni. "Land rights, tenure security and sustainable land use in rural Ghana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0ca818c1-aba7-45d5-b823-de92099ce148.

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The return to the customary or integration of customary and statutory tenure systems to continue gain currency in both contemporary policy and academic discourses on land tenure as an alternative pathway towards enhancing security of access and tenure in the sub-Saharan African context. Central to the debates are issues concerning the relevance of customary land tenure arrangements and appropriate pathways to successfully engineer the process of harmonization toward improved tenure security whilst preserving of the communitarian principles of local tenure systems. Using two case studies in rural Ghana, this study investigated the prevailing land tenure arrangements, practices and socio-political dynamics that underpin them, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that need to be addressed for the successful adaptation of customary tenure rules and institutions into the statutory system towards improved tenure security and sustainable land management. The research employed a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods including interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires to collate and analyse data from sampled respondents in Kakum and Ankasa in southern Ghana. The results of the investigation revealed that contrary to the mainstream view that customary tenure arrangements are incapable of providing tenure security in the face on ongoing transformations, the perceived tenure security of respondents was generally high in the study areas. This notwithstanding, it was observed that the emerging patterns of access and control (occasioned by increasing land scarcity and commodification) have resulted in social differentiation and inequalities in land access and distribution amongst the poor and vulnerable members of the landholding groups including women and the youth. The research also showed that aside from tenure security, other important contextual factors including access to credit, modernised agricultural inputs and targeted extension service support significantly influence households' investment decisions regarding adoption of sustainable land management practices. These findings have far-reaching implications for current land tenure interventions aimed at harmonising customary and statutory tenure structures for improved tenure security and sustainable land management. Results of the investigation were used to develop a three-phase incremental framework on formalisation of customary land rights which could serve as bespoke framework to guide the design of land tenure intervention strategies and implementation towards addressing local tenure insecurity in the specific context of the study areas and sub-Saharan Africa generally. The major conclusion of the research is that balancing the market efficiency and social equity considerations is necessary and should be pursued under the ongoing land tenure reforms for inclusive and equitable outcomes at the local level. This derives from the fact that the existing tenurial challenges are complex and context-specific, equally requiring well-balanced and nuanced solutions to effectively address them.

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Kwok, Chi-wo Simon, and 郭志和. "The Hong Kong government's policy on land use in the New Territories: a land use management and environmentalprotection perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964771.

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Surur, Anwar. "Simulated Impact of Land Use Dynamics on Hydrology during a 20-year-period of Beles Basin in Ethiopia." Thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-13257.

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Land use/cover has shown significant changes during the past three decades in Ethiopia especially in the highlands of the country. That resulted in changes in streamflows and other hydrological processes. The existing land and water resources system of the area is adversely affected due the rapid growth of population, deforestation, surface erosion and sediment transport. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of land use/cover changes in the hydrology of Beles Basin, Ethiopia. The physically based hydrologic model, SWAT, was developed for the Beles basin, Ethiopia by combining geospatial and climatic data. ArcGIS has been used to process geospatial data which includes the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which has a resolution of 90 m, land use/cover and soil maps. A simple Interpolation technique has been used to fill in the missing precipitation data. The GIS interface version of SWAT (ArcSWAT) has the capability to utilize ArcGIS to facilitate input data preparation and output data generation. Idrisi Andes in cooperation with ArcGIS 9.2 used to generate landuse/cover maps from Landsat data of three different years. Three SWAT models were set up using the three generated land use/cover maps and used to evaluate the land use/cover change and its impacts on the streamflow of study basin. The primary hydrological model was evaluated through sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and model validation for realistic prediction of the different hydrological components in the basin. Out of twenty six flow parameters sixteen parameters were found to be sensitive. But the most sensitive ten parameters were selected and used for model calibration. The model calibration was carried out using observed streamflow data from 01 January 2001 to 31 December 2002 and a validation period from 01 January 2003 to 31 December 2004. The coefficient of determinations (R2) was 0.74 and the Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (NSE) was 0.62which indicated that the model was able to predict streamflow with reasonable accuracy. However, the hydrograph of the cumulative hydrographs of the calibration and validation periods showed significant discrepancies between the observed and the simulated data of each period. The average yearly flow volume of the observed streamflow on the cumulative hydrograph of the calibration period has exceeded the simulated streamflow. On the other hand on the cumulative hydrograph of the validation period the average yearly flow volume of the simulated streamflow was higher than the observed streamflow. The simulated result of the streamflow data from different land use/cover maps revealed that the change in the land use/cover classes of the basin throughout the study periods.

QC 20100707

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Asfaw, Zebene. "Tree species diversity, topsoil conditions and arbuscular mycorrhizal association in the Sidama traditional agroforestry land use, southern Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Management and Products, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s263-ab.html.

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Qi, Honghai. "Integrated watershed management and agricultural land-use optimization under uncertainty /." Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2006. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1800276551&SrchMode=1&sid=13&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1258492716&clientId=22256.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2006.
Typescript. Vita. Major professor: Dr. Mustafa Altinakar "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-239). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.

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Shinderman, Matthew J. "Exurban land use and landowner perceptions of ecosystem management concepts." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 3.31 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131700.

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Morapeli, Matšeliso. "Land management institutions at the community level : the case of village land allocation committees in Lesotho." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29998.

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Replacement of traditional land administration institutions with modern institutions has been one of the strategies used by the Lesotho Government to solve land management problems. This thesis uses a case study approach to analyze the effectiveness of one modern institution, the Village Land Allocation Committees (VLAC), at the community level in Lesotho. Customarily, land in Lesotho was allocated by traditional chiefs who could for various purposes revoke it. The system was allegedly open to abuse and under the Land Act 1979, the authority to allocate land was shifted from traditional chiefs to the VLAC, which is partly elected and partly nominated by the government. The thinking behind this change was that VLAC would be more democratic and efficient, representing local as well as national interests. The study consists of three stages: a) review of background literature on Lesotho; b) a comparison of land tenure reforms in Tanzania, Kenya and Botswana; and c) field research carried out through questionnaires administered to VLAC members, community members and government officials responsible for land administration at the community level in Lesotho. Conclusions drawn from this study are that lack of clear policy guidelines, lack of connection between land allocation and the overall planning and lack of meaningful community participation in the land allocation process, are among the major problems in the operation of VLAC. The study's major recommendations are: a) integrating land allocation with the overall land use planning; b) recognizing the continuing influence of traditional institutions and incorporating them into VLAC activities; c) providing VLAC with clearer goals and necessary resources; and d) building a planning and evaluation component into VLAC procedures. The need for further research on the composition and election process of VLAC is identified.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

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So, Wai-kong. "The unofficial countryside : ecological management outside protected areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34739397.

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Kwok, Chi-wo Simon. "The Hong Kong government's policy on land use in the New Territories : a land use management and environmental protection perspective /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14023854.

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Yimer, Fantaw. "Soil properties in relation to topographic aspects, vegetation communities and land use in the south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept of. Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200745.pdf.

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Castro, Luis Miguel. "The use of participatory video in adaptation to environmental change : a case study in Wage Worgaja, Ethiopia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10209.

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Changes in the environment require a range of responses and adaptations at different levels. One of the levels where adaptation is needed is at the community level in developing countries. This research evaluated the effectiveness of participatory video when used to articulate and communicate messages of adaptation to environmental change.

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Bain, Douglas. "The use and management of common property in land in Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=205225.

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The development of the law in Scotland in respect of the co-ownership of property has been undermined by an early philosophical prejudice against the idea of co-ownership, coupled with the indiscriminate and imprecise use of language in the judgments of the courts, particularly in the Nineteenth Century. But nevertheless, co-ownership – an essential concept in the property law of any developed legal system - is a common, popular, and economically useful form of ownership, which may arise by accident or by design; and the law has accordingly been subject to periodic legal ‘correction' by way of judicial fiat. Such corrections may have resolved particular questions in law, but they have left other questions unanswered and have also had the effect of posing new questions. In particular, the modern orthodoxy, which posits a binary structure of co-ownership in Scotland, is questionable and unhelpful. The law in respect of co-ownership has undeniably advanced in recent years, but there have also been missed opportunities. This thesis seeks to clarify the development of the understanding and articulation of the concept of co-ownership and its role in Scotland as a contribution to a better understanding of an important aspect of property law with continuing utility in legal development.

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Burton, Sandra Lee. "Management options for a land use conflict area in Chitawan, Nepal." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26176.

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A land use management study was conducted in an area of north eastern Chitawan in central Nepal. Changes in soil properties, forest and agricultural productivity, farm management and profitability were compared among ten land use categories. The research revealed that the most intensively managed agricultural land, under annual triple crop rotations had excellent productivity with little evidence of soil deterioration (pH, organic carbon, exchangeable bases). Several soil properties (pH, base saturation, available phosphorus, compaction) under such farming systems were found to be better than those under degraded forest. The degradation of the forests, as measured by wood biomass, regeneration and soil quality was found to be widespread. A 15 to 30 percent decline in timber, fuelwood and fodder was observed between the natural and degraded forest. This removal of forest products was accompanied by changes in soil properties such as exchangeable bases, pH, compaction and exchangeable and free aluminum. Alternative land uses were evaluated using a decision making method which considered crop preferences, productivity, gross margins, resource requirements, soil quality indicators and risk factors. Data from farm interviews and from the soil study were incorporated into this micro-computer based method. The data evaluation showed that soil conserving and productive land use options were not always feasible for the small farmer because they were more risky and required more resources of irrigated land, labour and operating capital. Interesting relationships were found between soil properties, productivity, land uses and fertility inputs. The flexibility of the methodology makes this technique an attractive tool for land use decision making at the farm and village level. The mapping units used for the national Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) formed the basis for this study and the approach developed can therefore be applied to other areas in Nepal.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

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O'Donnell, Greg Martin. "Information tracking for flood impact of land use and management change." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533688.

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Knowledge of how local changes in runoff generation propagate through the stream network to create impacts downstream at the larger catchment scale is lacking. This issue needs to be urgently addressed, particularly as many organisations involved in flood risk management favour interventions that manage runoff at source. To enable research into propagation of catchment flood runoff and its impacts, a new modelling approach has been developed. The catchment is discretised into the component hillslopes/fields, which are connected to a dense dendritic stream network. Runoff generated from the landscape units is represented as packets of water, which are tracked through the stream network using a numerical solution of the non-inertial form of the Saint Venant equations. The packets carry information, including the volume, location and time of runoff generation. To recover the information, the packets travelling past particular downstream points in the network are interrogated. The recovered information can be used in many ways. For example, it is possible to create spatial maps, showing the source locations and intensities of runoff contributing to the catchment hydrograph peak, or to break down the hydrograph into contributing hydrographs, one per sub-catchment or per area undergoing change. The importance of this novel approach is that it explicitly links the local scale, at which landscape adaptation measures are implemented, and the catchment scale, where impact occurs. An application of this type is demonstrated for the Eden Catchment, UK, providing novel and informative visual representations of spatial runoff generation and propagation.

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Mashayekh, Yeganeh. "Land Use and Congestion Management Strategies to Promote Urban Environmental Sustainability." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/225.

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Reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is an important social goal to mitigate climate change. A common mitigation paradigm is to consider strategy ‘wedges’ that can be applied to different activities to achieve desired GHG reductions. In this dissertation, I consider a wide range of possible travel demand reduction and traffic congestion management strategies to reduce light-duty vehicle GHG emissions. To estimate the cost savings associated with the implementation of various travel demand and traffic congestion management strategies, performance measures such as speed, delay, and travel time were assessed for each strategy. These performance measures were then combined with emission factors – amount of pollutants per speed interval – and monetary damage values of each pollutant in terms of mortality, morbidity and environmental damages – dollar per gram of pollutant – to estimate the external environmental cost savings resulting from the implemented strategy. Fuel and time cost savings were simply measured by incorporating the value of time and fuel. Specifically, the external environmental cost of driving in the U.S. including congestion was estimated to be about $110 billion annually. Brownfield developments and LEED certified brownfield developments were assessed as land use and travel demand management strategies to reduce vehicular travel demand. Impacts of these residential developments on vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction and the resulting costs (cost of driving time, fuel, and external air pollution costs) were examined. Results show with minimal implementation cost incurred by transportation authorities (about 75-95% less than other VMT reduction measures), both brownfield residential developments and LEED certified brownfield residential developments can be beneficial travel demand strategies, assisting federal, state and local governments with their GHG emissions reduction goals. Compared with conventional developments, residential brownfield developments can reduce VMT and its consequential environmental costs by about 52 and 66 percent respectively. LEED certified residential brownfield developments can have an additional 1% to 12% VMT reduction and a 0.03% to 3.5% GHG reduction compared with conventional developments. In addition to land use and travel demand management strategies, a number of supply congestion management measures were also assessed. Traffic signal timing and coordination is an effective congestion management strategy. However, not maintaining the timings regularly to assure they respond to vehicle volumes may result in 18 percent increase in the cost of fuel consumed, 13 percent in the cost of travel time and 11 percent in the external environmental costs annually. Other supply management strategies assessed were cases of adaptive traffic control system and high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes. In comparison to one another, while adaptive traffic signal control system results in 7 to 12 percent external environmental cost saving, HOT lanes show zero external environmental cost savings. Driving patterns and speed profiles have significant impacts on the emission of the criteria air pollutants. In some cases, speed improvements resulting from the implementation of a congestion management measure may, in fact, result in the emission of additional criteria air pollutants, thus increasing the external environmental costs. Other interdependencies such as induced demand were also examined. Results show that induced demand from excess capacity resulting from an implementation of a supply congestion management strategy can be significant enough to reduce the benefits gained from the implemented measure in a short period of time. In addition to analyzing travel demand management, land use changes and congestion management, strategies including fuel and vehicle options and low carbon and renewable power are briefly discussed in this work. I conclude that no one strategy will be sufficient to meet GHG emissions reduction goals to avoid climate change. However, many of these changes have positive combinatorial effects, so the best strategy is to pursue combinations of transportation GHG reduction strategies to meet reduction goals. Agencies need to broaden their agendas to incorporate such combinations in their planning.

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Gebrehiwot, Worku Zewdie Verfasser], Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Csaplovics, Marcus [Gutachter] [Nüsser, and Michael [Gutachter] Köhl. "Climate, land use and vegetation trends : Implication of land use change and climate change on northwestern drylands of Ethiopia / Worku Zewdie Gebrehiwot ; Gutachter: Elmar Csaplovics, Marcus Nüsser, Michael Köhl ; Betreuer: Elmar Csaplovics." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1114068063/34.

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Gebrehiwot, Worku Zewdie [Verfasser], Elmar Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Csaplovics, Marcus [Gutachter] [Nüsser, and Michael [Gutachter] Köhl. "Climate, land use and vegetation trends : Implication of land use change and climate change on northwestern drylands of Ethiopia / Worku Zewdie Gebrehiwot ; Gutachter: Elmar Csaplovics, Marcus Nüsser, Michael Köhl ; Betreuer: Elmar Csaplovics." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1114068063/34.

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47

Erb, Karl Peter. "Consumptive wildlife utilization as a land-use form in Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49892.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study summarizes data for the consumptive wildlife industry in Namibia, both in terms of resource availability and current utilization and monetary value. Based on these data a spreadsheet-based cash-flow model is developed to simulate scenarios and to explore what constitutes the critical parameter. Based on this data synthesis and modelling, recommendations are made and conclusions drawn. Chapter one gives an overview of Namibia's economy, with special reference to the livestock and wildlife industry. The fact that the commercial livestock herd has been shrinking over the years is pointed out, as well as the stable output achieved through better management practices. The literature research has shown that wildlife ranching could be a viable alternative to livestock farming as practised in southern Africa, especially in the more arid areas with higher rainfall variability. Chapter two outlines the resource availability, based on the distribution and densities of the more common species. The occurrence of the rarer species is touched on. The point is made that it is very difficult to accurately count wildlife over large areas and that, as elsewhere, Namibia's wildlife at a regional scale is underestimated. Chapter three documents the consumptive use of wildlife. Trophy hunting, the most important segment in terms of national income, is discussed together with the live sale of game, live export of game, venison production and night culling. A comparison is made between the economic outputs of the wildlife industry versus that of the commercial cattle industry. Chapter four covers financial modelling and the economics of the wildlife industry in Namibia. A spread-sheet based deterministic model is developed to explore the cash-flow implications of various game ranching options, such as using different species mixes, owning land of different carrying capacities and offering different services. Chapter five addresses policy and legislative issues in relation to the wildlife industry. Topics such as property rights and exclusive utilization rights, industry representation and the forming of smart partnerships with primary resource users are covered. Broad recommendations are made to the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Chapter six is used for a concluding synthesis of the previous four chapters.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie som die konsumptiewe wildlewe industrie in Namibie op in terme van van beide beskikbaarheid, huidige verbruik en monetere waarde van hierdie hulpbron. Gebaseer op hierdie data is 'n kontantvloei model opgestel om vooruitskouings te simuleer, met betrekking op aanbevelings en gevolgtrekkings. Hoofstuk een gee 'n oorsig van die Namibiese ekonomie met spesiale verwysing na die vee- en wildboerdery. Daar word uitgewys dat die gesamentlike kommersiele veekudde oor die afgelope aantal jare kleiner geword het, terwyl die opbrengs stabiel gebly het deurdat better bestuurspraktyke toegepas is. Die literatuurstudie het gewys dat in suider-Afrika, wildlewe-boerdery 'n lewensvatbare alternatief kan wees vir veeboerdery, veral in die droër streke wat 'n hoër reenval speling toon. Gebaseer op die verspreiding en digtheid van die meer algemene wild, gee hoofstuk drie 'n oorsig van die beskikbaarheid van hierdie hulpbronne. Trofeejag, wat die belangrikste inkomstesektor is, word bespreek, sowel as die lewende verkoop, uitvoer en nagoes (skiet van diere gedurende die nag vir vleisproduksie) van wild, asook die wildvleis produksie. Met betrekking tot die ekonomiese uitsette, word 'n vergelyking gemaak tussen die wildlewe en kommersiele veeboerdery industrie. Hoofstuk vier dek die finansiele modelering en ekonomiese aspekte van die wildlewe industrie in Namibie. 'n Rekenaar "spreadsheet" -gebaseerde, deterministiese model is ontwikkel om die kontantvloei van verskeie opsies van wildlewe boerdery te verken. Voorbeelde sluit in die gebruik van verskillende spesie samestellings, die besit van grond met verskillende drakrag vermoëns, asook die aanbiedinge van verskeie dienste. Hoofstuk vyf bespreek die beleid en wetgewing met betrekking tot die wildlewe industrie. Onderwerpe soos eiendomsreg en eksklusiewe benuttingsregte, industrie verteenwoordiging en die stigting van "smart" vennootskappe met primere hulpbron verbruikers, word aangespreek. Aanbevelings word aan die Ministerie van Omgewing en Toerisme gemaak. Hoofstuk ses behels 'n sintese van die voorafgaande vier hoofstukke.

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Moat, Justin. "Plant conservation in space, time and a changing world : forecasting the fate of Coffea arabica in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52174/.

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We are facing an ever-increasing environmental crisis on our planet, with multiple threats from humankind. Industrialisation, deforestation, overpopulation and exploitation of our natural resources is driving species to extinction and changing the environment we live in. We need to plan for the future in order to adapt or mitigate these risks. Recent advances in computing and analytical techniques, plus the rise of readily available spatial data, provide us with a means to understand the complex interactions between species, environmental change and human activity. Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee) is a critically important crop species in several tropical countries. Globally its export value is over $13 billion dollars per year. Wild populations of this species are of immense importance to the global coffee sector, due to the traits associated with the standing genetic diversity, such as disease resilience, new flavour profiles, and agronomically favourable morphological variation (root length; compact habit). In its countries of origin, Ethiopia and South Sudan, the wild species provides the planting stock for a multi-million-dollar export sector. Arabica coffee is well known across the globe, as the increasingly popular beverage coffee. The ubiquitous cultural nature of coffee drinking means that coffee acts as a flagship species for demonstrating science and the benefits of conservation and sustainable use, enabling the findings of this thesis to gain traction with a wider audience, who might otherwise not engage with research and social and environmental issues. Coffea arabica is greatly influenced by climate. The wild and cultivated variants of this species are restricted to a relatively narrow climate niche, within Ethiopia and anywhere where it is cultivated. Coffee production is considerably influenced by changes in rainfall, temperature or seasonality. Ethiopia has already experienced climate change; mean temperatures from the 1960s onwards show an average increase of 0.28 °C per decade, a shortening wet season, and an increase in the number of hot days. The continuation of this rapid change in climate will influence both wild populations and production of Arabica coffee in Ethiopia. Within this thesis I forecast the fate of wild and cultivated Arabica coffee in Ethiopia, under climate change, reviewing risks and opportunities from the recent past until the end of the century. To do this I developed several novel methods, which are initially used to project the future of wild and cultivated coffee cultivation in Ethiopia. For the wild species, I have developed several new spatial techniques, particularly dealing with the issue of the “modifiable areal unit problem” within species extinction risk assessments. I have updated and refined existing techniques into one package, allowing multiple future climate scenarios/projections to be processed and assessed quickly. I present my scientific findings in the form of five submitted manuscripts (see ‘List of original articles’, on p.8). Using the findings, results and recommendations from these papers, I repurpose the outputs and impact of the science, graphically and within various media (including two more manuscripts, media and social media), for multiple audiences. Using these spatial techniques and visualisations, I show the impact climate change will have on Arabica coffee in Ethiopia, both as a crop and as a wild species within the humid forests of the country. I show that the present coffee-growing areas could be reduced by up to 60% if no interventions are made, but conversely, that there is an opportunity to increase the coffee growing area of Ethiopia four-fold if the right actions are taken. For wild Arabica coffee I show that the species is threatened with extinction due to climate change. Specifically, I show that wild Arabica coffee would be assessed as Least Concern (under little or no risk; IUCN Extinction Red List) if climate change is not factored in, as opposed to Endangered (threatened with extinction) if climate change is included in an extinction risk assessment. The work in this thesis demonstrates the power of spatial analysis, modelling, and high data quality, for plant conservation.

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Daye, Desalegn Desissa. "Fragmented forests in south-west Ethiopia : impacts of land-use change on plant species composition and priorities for future conservation." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fragmented-forests-in-southwest-ethiopia--impacts-of-landuse-change-on-plant-species-composition-and-priorities-for-future-conservation(c44a2d3f-12b7-431c-bf7e-ce835da79b13).html.

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There is major concern internationally, and specifically in the Ethiopian afromontane biodiversity hotspot, about the impact of forest habitat fragmentation on biodiversity conservation. This study assessed the effect of land-use change on land-cover pattern, forest patch spatial structure and consequent effects on plant species richness and composition in two areas of southwest Ethiopia: Illubabor and the Gamo highlands of Gamo Gofa. Land-use change analysis was conducted on three sites, I (1500-2000 m altitude) and II and III (1878-2422 m altitude), each of 47,648 ha, in Illubabor and one area of 66,765 ha in the Gamo highlands. Two Landsat images from the years 1986 and 2000 and one Spot image from 2007 covering Illubabor and two Landsat images from 1995 and 2010 covering most of the Gamo highlands study area were analysed. The change in area, number, shape and edge density of patches of each land-cover class were quantified between the years. Field sampling of woody plants was conducted in plots within 30 forest patches in Illubabor stratified between the three sites, and ten in the Gamo highlands stratified between sacred groves and non-sacred forests. Information on local knowledge, cultural association, institutions, practices and threats of the sacred groves was obtained by interviewing 24 of their traditional custodians. The landscape pattern in both Illubabor Zone and Gamo highlands has changed rapidly over 20 years. In highland areas there has been a rapid conversion of forest to farm, settlement and grazing land. At lower altitude forest cover has been retained but it has been degraded by its use for understorey coffee cultivation. The area and number of forest patches has decreased while patch shape and edge density has increased. In Illubabor forests' woody plant species richness was higher in the lower altitude site I (70.8±9.2) than in sites 11 (50.9±6.3) and III (54.3±4.9), with little difference in the shape of their species accumulation curves. Species composition also differed between site I and sites II and III; altitude and disturbance were more strongly associated with this difference than were patch size, shape and edge density. There was little difference in tree density or basal area amongst the sites. Within forest patches, tree basal area was higher in the patch interior (96.8±9.4 m2 ha-l) than in the edge zone (77.2±15.3 m2 ha-1), however total tree density did not differ significantly. The interior forest had twice the density of trees taller than 22 m and a higher density of small trees (5-14.9 cm DBH) than the edge. Tree species richness did not differ significantly between the two habitats, however including shrubs and vines total woody species richness was higher in the edge (69.3±5.9) than interior (52±3.5) forest. While the upper canopy of interior forest was dominated by species with a wide habitat distribution range, it also had a higher abundance of forest-habitat specialist species than the edge. Species with a distribution associated with forest-margins were, as expected, more abundant in the edge habitat. No association was found between tree density, basal area or height in both habitat types and any fragmentation variables (patch size, shape or edge density) or environmental variables (rainfall, altitude or cumulative disturbance). However, edge habitat basal area was negatively associated with disturbance. Shrub, vine and geophytic angiosperm herb species composition differed between forest edge and interior habitats. Species richness of vascular epiphytes was higher in interior (28.9±1.8) than edge (13.6±1.4) habitat, as was their individual density (114.5±6.5 and 42.7±3.7 respectively), which was associated with the density of large DBH trees. Epiphyte density was not associated with any fragmentation variables, rainfall or altitude, however in the edge habitat it was negatively associated with disturbance. Species composition varied between the two habitats, with forest-habitat distribution species, which tended to have herbaceous stems and leaves, being more abundant in the interior habitat. However, the same three epiphyte species were dominant in both habitats, and species with succulent stems and leaves or woody stems had similar abundance in both. Geophytic fern species richness was higher in interior (29.4±1.8) than edge (22.1±1.4) habitat, as was individual density (104±22.3 and 59.8±13.7 respectively). Species with forest-habitat distribution, those with creeping or erect rhizomes and those with tufted fronds were more abundant in the interior, while generalist distribution species and those with spaced fronds showed no difference. In the Gamo highlands, sampled woody plant species richness and diversity were higher in sacred groves than in non-sacred forests, however, the species accumulation curve showed no difference between the two categories of forest. Their species composition differed and the sacred groves had a higher proportion of species endemic to Ethiopia (12.5%) than the non-sacred forests (9.2%). Two national conservation priority species, Cordia africana and Hagenia abyssinica, were only recorded in the sacred groves, and one IUCN red list species, Prunus africana, was more abundant there. Mean basal area was significantly higher in the sacred groves (1.55±0.45 m2 ha-1) than the non-sacred forests (1.28±0.41) as was tree seedling density (1111.7±393.2 ha-1 and 476.8±87.3 ha-1 respectively) but not sapling density. In conclusion, forests in southwest Ethiopia are undergoing a high rate of fragmentation and degradation. The resulting loss of forest interior core habitat is associated with a loss of biodiversity, especially of vulnerable forest-specialist species of woody plant, vascular epiphyte and geophytic fern. Nonetheless, the remaining small forest patches do still have high biodiversity value and they should be made a high conservation priority. In the Gamo highlands these small patches are generally sacred sites with high cultural value, however they have recently come under high levels of threat which risks loss ofbiocultural diversity. Their conservation through strengthening of traditional community institutions is a high priority.

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Keba, Habtamu Teka. "The impact of changes in land-use patterns and rainfall variability on range condition and pastoral livelihoods in the Borana rangelands of southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32981.

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This study was conducted in the Borana rangelands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia with the aim of investigating land-use/cover changes, rangeland condition and indentifying major change drivers in the rangelands. Satellite image scenes, ground survey and people’s perceptions were assessed to identify changes on herbaceous and woody species composition. Ordination techniques were used for correlation of grass and woody species into environmental variables. Piospheric effects on vegetation composition around patch resources were also examined. These assessments were designed to bring out both spatial and seasonal variation in vegetation parameters. Rangeland condition was determined using the ecological index (EIM) and the weighted palatability composition (WPC) methods. Grazing capacity assessment was largely based on rain-use efficiency, range condition, density of woody plants. Woody cover in the Borana increased from 11.3% in the 1970s to 49.26% in 2000s, while, grassland cover declined from 58% to 32% during the same period. The cultivated/built up area also increased gradually over the years though the extent of increment was less compared to the woody cover changes. The calculated NDVI values for the 2000s were low relative to the 1970s. Ground survey results demonstrated that herbaceous biomass production and woody plant density varied significantly (P < 0.01) for the different sites in Borana. Nevertheless, herbaceous plant diversity and evenness did not differ significantly (P>0.05) across the different sites and around patch resource areas. This confirms the resilience of the Borana rangeland to the effects of grazing pressure and climatic variability. Overall, the density of woody plants varied from moderate to sever encroachment, which corresponds to the rangeland condition classes from very poor to fair. The results of the present study showed that the nutrient contents of herbaceous plants (CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and ash) were greatly influenced by species, stage of maturity, site and season. Herbaceous species with high crude protein content based on laboratory results were also ranked as the top important species by the pastoralists. Similarly, herbaceous forage species with a high structural fiber were considered inferior. Pastoralists’ knowledge and laboratory results on the nutritive value of key herbaceous species complemented each other. The stocking density of livestock units was higher than the grazing capacity for the Borana rangelands. Stocking density for the Borana rangeland using rain-use efficiency was 1.43 ha/TLU. There was no significant difference in the grazing capacity across the different sites in the study area under the existing management. The majority of pastoralists believed that the rangelands in Borana have been degraded, as consequence of recurrent drought (83%), population pressure (65%), poor management and inappropriate government policy (38%). The majority of the respondents (94%) also asserted that the traditional coping mechanisms of Borana pastoralists have declined. There is therefore a need for designing appropriate pastoral land-use policies that fit the ecological potential of the region to ensure sustainable ecosystem functioning. We suggest a comprehensive and adaptive range management for the implementation of appropriate land-use systems for the different livestock species. There is need to adjust stocking rates based on seasonal availability of forage. This would foster economic feasibility and ecological sustainability of the Borana pastoral production system.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2013
Plant Production and Soil Science
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Land use – Ethiopia – Management'

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