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Garba, Shaibu B. (Shaibu Bala). "Urban land policies and low income housing in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61295.
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The scarcity and inaccessibility of land in urban areas has become a major obstacle in the provision of housing to low-income groups in developing countries. This thesis studies the land policies and practices in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria, and investigates the issues and problems hindering the adequate supply of residential land to low-income groups.<br>The thesis commences with a general study of urban land policies and low-income housing in developing countries. It examines the nature of housing problems in developing countries, the role of land in the housing problems, issues addressed by land policies, and policy measures and strategies used. The general study is followed by a specific study of the land policies and practices in the study area. The policy and institutional management frameworks are identified and examined. The roles of the major institutions are explained. The last section identifies and examines the main issues and problems with the existing policies.<br>The thesis concludes that actions are necessary to address the identified issues and problems with the policies in order to avoid chaos. Suggestions for policy reform are made.
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Odunlami, T. A. "The ineffectiveness of land use policies : A case study of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382299.
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Morris, Corey M. "Land use and zoning policies case study Central Ohio /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100034835.
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MORRIS, COREY MICHAEL. "LAND USE AND ZONING POLICIES CASE STUDY: CENTRAL OHIO." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1100034835.
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Anavberokhai, Isah. "Mapping land-use in north-western Nigeria (Case study of Dutse)." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-143.
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<p>This project analyzes satellite images from 1976, 1985 and 2000 of Dutse, Jigawa state, in north-western Nigeria. The analyzed satellite images were used to determine land-use and vegetation changes that have occurred in the land-use from 1976 to 2000 will help recommend possible planning measures in order to protect the vegetation from further deterioration.</p><p>Studying land-use change in north-western Nigeria is essential for analyzing various ecological and developmental consequences over time. The north-western region of Nigeria is of great environmental and economic importance having land cover rich in agricultural production and livestock grazing. The increase of population over time has affected the land-use and hence agricultural and livestock production.</p><p>On completion of this project, the possible land use changes that have taken place in Dutse will be analyzed for future recommendation. The use of supervised classification and change detection of satellite images have produced an economic way to quantify different types of landuse and changes that has occurred over time.</p><p>The percentage difference in land-use between 1976 and 2000 was 37%, which is considered to be high land-use change within the period of study. The result in this project is being used to propose planning strategies that could help in planning sustainable land-use and diversity in Dutse.</p>
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Egbu, Anthony U. "Impact of land use planning on urban housing development in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440866.
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Freitas, Flavio L. M. "Brazilian land use policies and the development of ecosystem services." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206844.
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Concerns related to global environmental changes due to land use changes have been driving international communities towards more sustainable land use systems. Brazil is a country of global strategic importance in this matter considering that it is the nation with the largest extension of preserved tropical native vegetation, recognised for its ecosystem services and high and unique biodiversity. Expansion of forestry and agriculture is taking place rapidly in Brazil, partly over degraded pastureland, but also over native vegetation. Regulating policies to govern and limit this expansion is crucial to ensure the preservation of the ecosystems services provided by native vegetation. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the potential impacts of prevailing public and private policies in the conservation of nature in Brazil. For this end, the Land Use Policy Assessment (LUPA) model was employed to evaluate potential pathways of implementation of the land use policies. Paper 1 evaluated the effects of current private and public command and control regulations in the protection of above-ground carbon stocks, identifying the most relevant stakeholders holding carbon stocks. The findings suggest that about 10% of carbon stocks are unprotected, where other policy instruments based on the market will be mostly required. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the mechanism for offsetting the legal deficit of native vegetation among landholders, evaluating the different offsetting implementation practices and their impacts on nature protection and socio-economic development. The results indicate that the offsetting mechanism may have little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation and its ecosystem services because most of the offsetting is likely to take place where native vegetation is already protected by current legislations. However, it is viable to maximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism.<br><p>QC 20170510</p>
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Wu, Sin-leung Arthur. "The change in land policies of the HKSAR government since 1997." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23295417.
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Modum, Uche Ifeoma. "Legal reform of the Land Use Act : protection of private property rights to land in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/legal-reform-of-the-land-use-act-protection-of-private-property-rights-to-land-in-nigeria(c4445757-7efd-489b-a16e-9ed7b5e244ff).html.
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Strong private property rights to land are recognised as fundamental to the economic growth of a country's legal system. Legal reform of inadequate and inefficient property rights laws is therefore essential. My thesis aims to address the lack of legal reform of the laws governing property rights to land in Nigeria. It does this by critically examining the Land Use Act set up as the primary body of legislation governing property rights in Nigeria.The thesis seeks to offer meaningful insights by proposing an institutional analysis of the limitations to reform of existing laws governing property rights to land in Nigeria. Several approaches of new institutionalism are explored in analysing identified constraints which exist within formal and informal institutions. Explanations of the absence of legal reform are addressed through themes examining formal and informal institutional structures which limit reform. Analyses of institutional structures highlight the significant role played by institutions in the etablishment and development of property right laws in Nigeria. An in-depth look at Nigerian private property laws and legally recognised interests on land exposes fundamental limitations to private property rights protection of individuals within the Nigerian state. The thesis provides valuable insights and addresses institutional limitations through consideration of strategies which would enable and assist legal reform of Nigeria's property rights laws. The study concludes by exploring three aspects. First, it offers reform proposals and analyses the functionality of the proposed reform suggestions. Second, it highlights principles of policy-making redesign within formal institutions. Finally, it offers strategies to assist reform within informal instituional structures.In short, the thesis focuses on enabling legal reform of Nigerian property rights laws to ensure the amendment, modification or excision of bad, inefficient laws in order to offer better protection of individuals' property rights to land.
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Umar, Danladi. "The effects of land use on stream communities in highland tropical Nigeria." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9256.
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Globally, stream invertebrate communities have been shown to respond to habitat degradation as a result of land use hanges. The effects of land use changes on stream communities have been well documented in temperate regions, however, their effects in the tropics are relatively unknown, particularly where land use activities can differ markedly (e.g., tea, maize and Eucalyptus plantations). To understand how land use affects tropical highland Nigerian stream communities, I surveyed 55 second and third order streams across four land use categories, ranging from continuous tropical montane forest to intensive crops/pasture. Streams were sampled in the dry season (October to March) for physico-chemical parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, current velocity, channel morphometry and riparian characteristics) and ecological characteristics (i.e., fine particulate organic matter [FPOM], coarse particulate organic matter [CPOM], algae and benthic invertebrates). Water temperature in all streams was high (up to 25oC) while levels of dissolved oxygen were frequently low (15–79 %). Physico-chemical conditions varied across land uses with continuous forested streams being cooler, with higher dissolved oxygen, larger bed substrate and more stable channels. Similarly, benthic invertebrate communities showed a strong response with the highest taxonomic diversity in forested streams and the lowest in streams within intensive crops (e.g., cabbage crops). Several of the taxa which occurred in forested streams (e.g., the mayflies Heptageniidae and Oligoneuridae and brachyuran crabs) were rare or absent in streams with more intensive land use. In contrast, damselflies and several true bugs (e.g., Notonectidae and Corixidae) were rare in forested streams but more common in other land uses. In order to test
land use impacts on stream processes leaf litter decomposition experiments were carried out in nine streams, three in forest, three in tea plantations and three in maize fields. Leaf breakdown rates were slow compared with other reports for tropical streams, however leaves in forested streams broke down significantly faster (on a degree day basis) than in other land uses. This faster break down seemed to be driven by greater shredder densities in forested streams. Significantly lower densities of invertebrates were found in leaf bags incubated in streams draining tea plantation and maize fields than in forest streams. In the same nine streams food web components were sampled and analysed using gut content and stable isotope (N and C) analyses. Stream food webs in continuous forest were more complex than plantation and maize field streams. Stable isotope analysis indicated that primary consumers assimilated a mixture of autochthonous and allochthonous carbon resources, but the proportion varied among sites. Overall, my results suggest that in Nigerian highland tropical streams more intensive land use activities strongly affect the diversity and composition of benthic stream communities and ecosystem function, in similar ways to those reported in temperate streams.
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Loughery, Kristen. "Explaining the occurrence of public and private land preservation policies." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 86 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597632391&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Gillfillan, Abigail. "Using geographic information systems to develop and analyze land use policies /." View online, 2008. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/273/.
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Ewais, H. M. H. "Land use policies in a cityport with special reference to Alexandria." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383274.
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Ali, Mohammed. "Evaluation of environmental sustainability of forest land use policies of Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394570.
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This study focuses on the influences of past forest policies in Bangladesh on environmental sustainability in forest land use and in human attitudes towards forest. The study concludes that colonial policy was inimical to sustainability in forest resource use. The colonial legacy and its prolonged persistence in the post-colonial period left a lasting imprint on the peoples' attitude to forest resources. People came to see themselves as resource users and considered that as government owns the forest, creating forest is the government's responsibility. Afterwards, with increasing population such as imprint has turned out to be a severe threat to the sustainability of forest. The study investigated forest land use policies in Bangladesh from their origin in the British colonial period to the present, aiming to inquire into the development of peoples' attitude to forest land use. Evidence suggests that prior to the colonial era, there were forestry concerns in the administration of ancient Bengal. However, there were no recognisable forest policies in conflict with peoples' culture and tradition. Traditional hill people used to practise both lowland cultivation and semi-permanent upland cultivation for subsistence. From the British era to the present, people have remained alienated from the forest. The long alienation of people from the forest has caused loss of the peoples' trust in the Forest Department. Forestry in Bangladesh still displays colonial influences. As a result, although an international movement is pushing environmental perspectives of forest land use, Bangladesh is facing difficult challenges in changing the attitude of people and of administration which originated from the discourse of colonial policy. However, efforts through the NGOs have seen partial success in participatory forestry. However, for the long-term perspective the policy needs to be reviewed and improved, encompassing the traditional forest areas, serving the interest of the target groups, improving institutional standards, updating the law and order situation and encouraging a changed discourse among the people.
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Piquer-Rodríguez, Maria. "Effects of policies and zoning on future land use in Argentina." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17762.
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Landwirtschaftliche Expansion und Intensivierung treiben die Umwandlung natürlicher Ökosysteme weltweit. Bis heute ist unklar, inwieweit politische Maßnahmen negative Folgen für die Umwelt minimieren können. Die Kombination mit Szenarien-Analysen kann ein Rahmen zur Unterstützung von Planungsprozessen schaffen, um potentielle Auswirkungen von politischen Maßnahmen zu erforschen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die Triebkräfte der Veränderung von Argentiniens Agrarlandschaften zu verstehen, potentielle zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen zu analysieren und den Einfluss ökonomischer und naturschutzbezogener politischer Maßnahmen auf diese zu erfassen. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation wurden die Triebkräfte landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzungswandels mittels eines Nettoertrags-Modells ermittelt. Danach wurde der Einfluss von ökonomischen und naturschutzbezogenen Maßnahmen auf zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen sowie auf die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten mit Hilfe von Landnutzungs-Szenarien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass landwirtschaftliche Intensivierung von ökonomischen Maßnahmen getrieben ist, während landwirtschaftliche Expansion durch naturräumliche Eigenschaften und Zonierungsprogramme jenseits der Profitmaximierung determiniert wird. Politische Maßnahmen mögen einen geringeren Einfluss auf Landnutzungswandel haben als bisher erwartet. Die Entwicklung von Agrarland konzentriert sich auf Gebiete mit hoher Priorität für den Umweltschutz. Zonierungsprogramme wie das Argentinische Waldgesetz stellen wirkungsvolle Maßnahmen dar, um umweltschädigenden Entwicklungen vorzubeugen. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass Naturschutz nicht zwingend im Konflikt mit ökonomischer Entwicklung steht, denn mittels Landschaftsplanung kann die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten auch unter gleichbleibenden Abholzungsraten bewahrt werden. Die Dissertation zeigt den Mehrwert von a-priori Evaluierungen der potentiellen Einflüsse von Maßnahmen auf Landnutzungswandel.<br>Agricultural expansion and intensification drive the conversion of natural areas worldwide. Yet, it is not clear where and how much production would need to expand and intensify to meet future demands and how policies may help minimizing environmental trade-offs. Particularly the latter requires an understanding of the underlying forces that drive agricultural land-use changes. This offers a framework for planners and decision makers to explore potential impacts from policies, especially in very dynamic regions. Argentina, where agricultural expansion and intensification result in dramatic conversions of natural areas, is a good example of a dynamic human-environment system. The goal of this thesis was to understand the drivers of agricultural land-use change and to explore future trajectories of land-use change, and how economic and conservation policies may impact them. This thesis examines drivers of agricultural land-use changes using a net returns model of agricultural production. Then, it evaluates the effects of economic and conservation policies on future land-use changes and on the connectivity of forests by developing scenarios of future land-use change. Results highlight that agricultural intensification in Argentina is driven by economic interventions, whereas agricultural expansion primarily responds to environmental characteristics and zonation programs. Economic policies may have less power in governing land use changes than previously thought, as results suggest that there are other factors, than profit maximization, influencing land conversions. Future agricultural development would occur in priority areas for conservation in Argentina, but zonation policies, such as the Forest Law, appear to be powerful in limiting potential environmental trade-offs. Conservation planning does not necessarily need to conflict with economic development, since under similar deforestation rates; landscape planning can preserve forest connectivity in the Chaco.
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JUNIOR, JAIME MASSAGUER HIDALGO. "RELATIONS OF PUBLIC POLICIES AND THE LAND USE FOR CARSHARING SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26362@1.
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A dissertação em questão aborda o tema de carsharing, relacionando as políticas públicas para estacionamento de veículos do sistema e as teorias de ocupação e uso do solo. O estudo aborda o histórico do sistema desde a sua aparição na Europa a partir do final da década de 1940 até à presenta data, contextualizando a sua inserção junto à antropologia do consumo e às teorias do planejamento ambiental e urbano. O objetivo do estudo é relacionar as boas práticas para a operação do sistema de carsharing, levando em consideração as diferentes teorias de uso e ocupação do solo e as diferentes políticas de estacionamento adotadas em diversas cidades. O trabalho baseia-se em variados estudos a respeito do tema de carsharing e nas práticas adotadas em municipalidades no Brasil e no exterior. Os dados apresentados neste estudo foram coletados em sites de municipalidades, artigos e publicações relacionadas ao tema. Os dados coletados são apresentados por meio de exemplos e tópicos com a ótica da mobilidade urbana sustentável. As conclusões apontam para as práticas ideais e as alternativas para a inserção do sistema de carsharing a rede de transportes públicos das cidades atuais.<br>According to the IPCC report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2004, 23 percent of greenhouse gas emissions effects related to energy were originated in the transport sector. More than half of these emissions were generated by the use of light vehicle ride and motorcycles, defined as individual motorized transport. Half of the energy consumed in the transport sector is intended for individual motorized transport. However, it is carrying less than 25 percent of the world s passengers. Despite this low number, traffic accidents are responsible for one million deaths annually and ten million injured people. This number is part of a list of the ten leading causes of death recorded and reported by health agencies around the world, a rate next to malaria and HIV. A survey conducted by the Ministry of Cities in Brazil in conjunction with the National Department (National Traffic Department) in the year of 2005 shows that the costs of traffic accidents in Brazilian roads reached the number of twenty-two billion reais, a figure that represented 12 percent of the Brazilian GDP, taking into account the loss of production associated with the death of individuals or the interruption of its activities, the costs for health care and care with vehicles.
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Ali, Shettima Alhaji. "Information and small enterprise development in Borno State of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2921/.
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This thesis presents the result of research into small-scale enterprise in Borno State of Nigeria. The development of the small-enterprise sector has been a policy objective in the country over the past decade. Its main contributions are envisaged as creating employment, contributing to industrialisation, spreading industry to rural areas, and mobilisation of local resources. The growth of the sector and its contribution have, however, not been as great as desired.Lack of information and advice for potential and existing small-scale enterprises can restrict their development and growth. This aspect had not previously been studied in depth in the Nigerian environment. This created the need to study the information needs of and sources available to small firm entrepreneurs. The research was concentrated in Borno State. The method of study involved interview with small firm agencies and with small firm owner/managers.The study found that there are quite a number of programmes for assisting small firm entrepreneurs but emphasis is mainly laid in providing material and technical assistance rather than information and counselling. The existing agencies are also found to be constrained in providing effective assistance to small firm entrepreneurs by inadequate organisation. The perceived needs of small firm entrepreneurs on the other hand are mainly related to finding resources. Need for management competence is unrealised or suppressed. They tend to look for information on their perceived needs through informal personal sources and business contacts and are reluctant (due to a lack of confidence) to contact Government sponsored services for assistance.The main recommendation is for an overhaul of government aided assistance to small firms and a need to stress the development of management competence rather than emphasis on material support. In particular it is recommended that the several existing services be coordinated into an information network of assistance programmes. This will consist of consultancy units, a business information unit, a coordination centre and a credit guarantee scheme.
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Adepoju, Matthew Olumide. "Land use and land cover change detection with remote sensing and GIS at metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria (1984-2002)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30414.
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Lagos is the fastest growing mega-city in the world (UN, 2006), yet it lacks reliable, modern scientific monitoring techniques to effectively monitor and manage the unprecedented rapid land use/cover changes brought about by urbanization. The capabilities of satellite remote sensing in terms of large spatial coverage, spatial and temporal resolutions adequate for these types of studies, as well as the ability of GIS to handle spatial and non-spatial data, make in the optimal approach for this research. A post-classification approach was adopted with a maximum likelihood classifier algorithm. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (1984) and Landsat ETM (2000) were merged with SPOT-PAN (2002) to improve classification accuracies and provide more accurate maps for land use/cover change and analysis. This also made it possible to overcome the problem of spectral confusion between some urban land use classes. The land cover change map revealed that forest, low density residential and agricultural land uses are most threatened, and most land allocated for these uses has been legally or illegally converted to other land uses within and outside the metropolis. Also, the Lagos State land use map was 35% inaccurate. The research explored the underlining socio-economic and political factors which are driving the rapid land use/cover change in metropolitan Lagos, as well as the inter-relationship between population and spatial growth with the aim of using remote sensing and GIS to provide much needed intelligence to achieve sustainable urban and environmental development and planning in the study area.
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Dixit, Shweta. "Modeling Emission Footprints of Sustainable Land Use Policies at Local Jurisdictional Level." Thesis, George Mason University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10616646.
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<p> Sustainable land use practices are redefining the urban form, mobility and therefore the transportation planning processes. Regional travel demand models are not sensitive to variables associated with land use practices at neighborhood level, such as transit-oriented developments (TOD). The first objective of this research is to quantify and compare land-use specific emission footprints at the household level (grams/household) for TOD and Non-TOD areas. Household travel survey data is used to stratify households into various TOD and Non-TOD zones. A comparison of means for emission footprints between Non-TOD and TOD land uses indicated that Non-TOD emission footprints are much higher than the TOD footprints and the differences are statistically significant. On the other hand, the differences amongst pairs of TODs and pairs of Non-TODs showed no statistical significance. </p><p> As its second major objective, the research proposes a disaggregate methodology (the Methodology) that is sensitive enough to sustainable land use policies and allows planners to quantify emission impacts of the policies at sub-regional level. At the center of the Methodology is a sub-regional travel demand model with finer TAZ resolution than what is represented in the regional model for the same sub-region. Different land use scenarios, including TODs, and transit patronages are represented in the experimental implementation of the Methodology for Loudoun County, VA, which is a rapidly growing suburban county in the metropolitan Washington D.C. area. Loudoun County’s brisk growth, its emphasis on sustainable land use and transportation planning, and recent expansion of Metro rail service in to the County presented a unique opportunity to develop and experiment with TOD scenarios in the end-to-end (from planning to modeling) implementation of the Methodology. The effectiveness of the Methodology is demonstrated by the results, which show that emission reductions can be achieved by sustainable land use policy implementation at sub regional level. Furthermore, unlike the regional models, the Methodology is found to adequately model sensitivity of emissions to land use, area type and facility type as established by statistical validation using analysis of variance technique.</p><p>
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Chang, Sze-ming Lawson. "Examination of land use policies, household income and price of small residential units in Hong Kong (1985-1995)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25803621.
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Umejesi, Ikechukwu. "Land use, compensational justice and energy resource extraction in Nigeria: a socio-historical study of petroleum and coal mining communities." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/344.
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Scholarly and public analyses of state-community conflict in resource-rich communities, especially in Nigeria, often portray the compensational practices of the state and extractive enterprises as unjust and unsustainable. According to this view, at least three issues foreground the “unjustness”, namely: a) Inadequate compensation of land owners when land is expropriated or degraded in the process of natural resource exploration and production; b) inadequate periodic rents paid by extractive firms to land owners; and c) lack of, or inadequate socio-economic infrastructure in the host communities of extractive operations. Most analysts have therefore argued for a revamp of the compensation system and have presented the inadequacy of compensation as the underlying cause of conflict in Nigeria‟s mining communities (see Frynas, 2000b:208; Okoji, 2002:205). This thesis subjects the compensation discourse to a closer examination, especially against the backdrop of underdevelopment, pervasive poverty, environmental damage and continuing corporate-community conflict in Nigeria‟s resource-rich rural communities. The main argument is that, because of some of its underlying neoliberal assumptions, much of the compensation discourse is flawed – which is why the discourse obscures the true character of state-community and corporate-community conflict. This more so, because the discourse relies mainly on post-colonial (that is, post-1960) experiences and contemporary advocacy literature, ignores the interplay between history and contemporary developments in state-community relations, and treats compensation as an independent variable. Drawing on the concept of collective memory, and utilising historical, ethnographic and survey data from two of Nigeria‟s oldest petroleum and coal-mining communities, the thesis examines how the evolution of the Nigerian state and collective memory about aspects of that evolution have shaped state-community relations in the extractive sector. It situates state- iii community resource-related conflict within the wider socio-historical matrix of state and community contestations for ecological and natural resource sovereignty. The key finding of the thesis is that within the context of socio-ecological rights, compensation demands by local communities are textured. In the case of the communities selected for the study, such demands are often made outside, rather than within, local ethnographic ideas of “justness” and “fairness”. Hence, land-related grievances associated with natural resource extraction persist, regardless of whether or not local demands for compensation are “adequately” met by the state and extractive corporations. The thesis enriches and extends our understanding of natural resource conflict by privileging both the sociological and historical contexts of the conflict and raising questions about the dominance the state enjoys over local communities and indigenous ecological spaces.
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Wu, Sin-leung Arthur, and 胡善樑. "The change in land policies of the HKSAR government since 1997." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966688.
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Tekie, Tekeste Ghebray. "The remote sensing of vegetation and land use in the Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46574.
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Chima, C. I. "Monitoring and modelling of urban land use in Abuja Nigeria, using geospatial information technologies." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/286e264c-3d26-4448-8049-6f2ef3fda727/1.
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This thesis addresses three research gaps in published literature. These are, the absence of Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) methods for urban Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) analysis in Nigeria; the inability to use Nigeriasat-1 satellite data for urban LULC analysis and monitoring urban growth in Nigeria with Shannon’s Entropy Index. Using Abuja as a case study, this research investigated the nature of land use/land cover change (LULCC). Specific objectives were: design of an object based classification method to extract urban LULC; validate a method to extract LULC in developing countries from multiple sources of remotely sensed data; apply the method to extract LULC data; use the outputs to validate an Urban Growth Model (UGM); optimise an UGM to represent patterns and trends and through this iterative process identify and prioritise the driving forces of urban change; and finally use the outputs of the land use maps to determine if planning has controlled land use development. Landsat 7 ETM (2001), Nigeriasat-1 SLIM (2003) and SPOT 5 HRG (2006) sensor data were merged with land use cadastre in OBIA, to produce land use maps. Overall classification accuracies were 92%, 89% and 96% respectively. Post classification analysis of LULCC indicated 4.43% annual urban spread. Shannon’s Entropy index for the study period were 0.804 (2001), 0.898 (2003) and 0.930 (2006). Cellular Automata/Markov analysis was also used to predict urban growth trend of 0.89% per annum. For the first time OBIA has been used for LULC analysis in Nigeria. This research has established that Nigeriasat-1 data can contribute to urban studies using innovative OBIA methods. In addition, that Shannon’s Entropy Index can be used to understand the nature of urban growth in Nigeria. Finally, the drivers of LULCC in Abuja are similar to those of planned capital cities in other developing economies. Land use developments in Abuja can provide an insight into urban dynamics in a developing country’s capital region. OBIA, Shannon’s Entropy Index and UGM can aid urban administrators and provide information for sustainable urban planning and development.
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Nathananan, Montri. "Theoretical essays on trade policies, mergers and foreign direct investment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11142/.
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This thesis is a collection of theoretical essays in the area of trade policies, mergers and foreign direct investment. We employ partial equilibrium analysis to investigate various issues concerning the above topic. In the first chapter we review theoretical works that investigate the links between trade policy and merger activity. We focus our attention on Falvey (1998) which analyses the effects of tariff policy on mergers and reaches the conclusion that tariffs tend to encourage mergers involving small firms based in the restricting country but discourage mergers involving small firms based in the non-restricting country. In the second chapter we extend Falvey (1998) to include the effects of the quotas on merger profitability. The quotas tend to discourage mergers involving small firms from both restricting and non restricting countries. When a ranking of the tariff and the quota regimes can be made, mergers gains are larger under the equivalent quota regime. In the third chapter we investigate tariff and quota equivalence when firms have the option of direct investment. High tariffs induce a foreign firm to switch from trade to investing directly in the home country. Restrictive quotas, however, induce a foreign firm to engage in direct foreign investment in addition to trade. The two regimes are not always equivalent especially in terms of the level of imports. In the fourth chapter we use game theory to investigate the interaction between welfare maximising home government and a foreign firm capable of choosing the direct foreign investment option. If the foreign firm move first, it may pre-empt the home government by committing to the direct investment option if the optimal tariff is expected to be high. If the home government move first, it may need to set the tariff below the optimal level so that direct foreign investment is not induced.
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Korndoerfer, Martin Christoph. "Exploring human-environment interactions and their effects around Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5247.
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Many protected areas around the world face degradation in the face of poverty, maladapted agricultural practices and population growth in their surroundings. This research uses a multidisciplinary approach to study this complex problem in the context of a montane ecosystem. The study area comprises Ngel Nyaki and Kurmin Danko Forest Reserves on the Mambilla Plateau in Eastern Nigeria and the surrounding landscape, comprising pastoral lands, farmland, villages and homesteads.
Ongoing degradation of the Forest Reserves through their illegal use as grazing areas by the local Fulani pastoralists indicates that the exclusionary protection of the forest is not working. It may be that a participatory forestry approach to conservation would be more successful. The research presented in this thesis uses a variety of methods (interviews, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and ecological monitoring) to evaluate the current situation in the study area with the aim of determining the likelihood of such a participatory approach to conservation being successful.
Satellite images from the years 1988, 2000 and 2009 were used to quantify changes in forest cover to measure deforestation and regeneration rates. Interviews were used to understand the Fulani's pastoral management systems, land ownership status, cattle movements and living situation. Data from interviews and observations as well as from satellite imagery were combined in a GIS to approximate stocking rates and property boundaries and to identify the level of livelihood diversification the different Fulani families have undergone. As grass and water availability have been identified as the main environmental factors determining grazing and cattle movements, environmental data was collected to determine changes in the rates of grass productivity and streamflow over the course of one dry season.
The study found that the extent of natural forest is decreasing all over the study area, on privately owned properties, commonly owned properties and in the Forest Reserves. Evidence of human impacts such as charred grassland by late burning and cattle tracks were clearly visible throughout the reserves, with the exception of the core forest area, indicating ongoing intensive use and management of the reserve for cattle grazing. The stocking rates in dry and wet seasons have been found likely to exceed carrying capacities, which results in overgrazing and a reduction in vegetation cover.
The Fulani in the study area have already undergone a transition from relying purely on livestock and livestock products to relying on a mix of livestock, agriculture and silviculture. This transition shows potential for forest transition according to the 'forest transition theory', which, supported by the right policy incentives could be transformed into landscape scale conservation of endemic flora and fauna.
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Biomass productivity and water availability in wet and dry seasons were found to be highly asymmetric, which seriously restricts the number of suitable cattle management systems.
Data indicate that tall riverine vegetation may have effects on stream water availability during the dry season. The findings of this section point to the need of carefully reassessing the current management of tall riverine vegetation on the Mambilla plateau, also in view of the sustainability of the water supply for pastoral livelihoods.
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Ohlsson, Bo. "Farmers and forest land use in Lao PDR and Vietnam /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200918.pdf.
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Pang, Lai-fai Willy, and 彭禮輝. "An appraisal of the existing environmental protection policies and itsimplications on land use planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30269052.
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Smith, Theodore Rachel Folafunke. "Transformational leadership and student outcomes : evidence from Rivers State, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50904/.
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Despite the widely accepted theories on transformational leadership and its impact on student outcomes, in the West, much less is known about this model in developing countries, including Nigeria. This study explored how learners' outcomes are affected by transformational leadership in Rivers State. The research mapped the prevalent leadership styles to see whether, and to what extent, they illustrated any components of transformational leadership, using Bass’s six transformational leadership (TL) measuring instruments. This exploratory study adopted a mixed-methods approach to investigate this phenomenon, with a multiple case-study design, in five schools from the rural riverine and urban communities of Rivers State, Nigeria. Learners' attainments were examined using a documentary approach while principal and teacher perspectives were obtained via semi-structured interviews. Existing Western theories relating to transformational leadership were confirmed, contradicted, modified, and extended, in this African context. The findings revealed that transformational leadership in Rivers State shares some similarities with Western research and literature but also exhibits certain dissimilarities. The research confirms the growing recognition that leadership theories and models need to be adapted when applied to new, and developing, contexts.
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Pang, Lai-fai Willy. "An appraisal of the existing environmental protection policies and its implications on land use planning /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17313740.
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Nqaphi, David Zibekile. "Government policies aimed at combating land degradation in Alfred Nzo District." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12404.
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Land degradation is a serious problem in communal district of Alfred Nzo, Eastern Cape in South Africa. The root causes of land degradation and soil erosion differ. The causes of land degradation in Alfred Nzo district communal areas are due to soil erosion by wind, water and poor agricultural practices. Rainfall is one of the most important climatic factor that contributed a lot in land degradation in the Alfred Nzo District. Other main factors contributing to land degradation include: Socio-economic factors related to historical land policies and inappropriate land uses, Poor land use planning, Drought and rainfall variability .Land use and management and sand mining. This study tried to pay more focus on the assessment of government policies which aimed at combating land degradation in South Africa in their nature but the area of focus will be Ntabankulu Local Municipality area in the project called Ematolweni Agricultural Co-operative Project. The reason to focus in this project is because they are currently practising crop production under electrified irrigation system but the main obstacle in this project are the dongas which are seemed to be a serious threat to the project site. During rainy seasons the project site is not easily accessible, that hampers access to market. There is also direct and serious effect of land degradation which is food insecurity which is emanating from loss of biodiversity and ground cover, loss of soil productivity, loss of income, decreased yield, and decline in economic productivity and national development. Lastly it is wisely recommended that to reduce the effect of land degradation in Alfred Nzo enlarge, government should strengthen the intervention programmes and provide more support to the LandCare programme which was the concept introduced in Australian and adopted in South Africa in 2001. This programme is assisting at restoring sustainability and productivity to land and water management in both rural and urban areas. It is holistic in nature, encompassing integrated sustainable natural resource management.
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Armstrong, David Martin. "Education, training and unemployment in Northern Ireland : an empirical analysis of outcomes and policies." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108371/.
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This thesis contains four main analytical chapters. The first three examine some specific issues relating to the school-to-work transition in Northern Ireland. These are based on an econometric analysis of microeconomic survey data, containing work-history and family background information on a single cohort of young people aged 16-18. The main findings of these chapters are as follows: firstly, decisions about destinations post-16 are significantly influenced by factors relating to the school attended by the young people up to the age of 16. In particular, young people from schools which perform well, in terms of overall examination performance and attendance rates, are more likely to remain in full-time education, ceteris paribus. This can be interpreted in terms of aspects of ‘school culture' such as the attitudes and aspirations of pupils and teachers, which have received considerable attention in the educational literature. Secondly, psychometric tests which are used as part of the careers guidance process do not significantly affect young people’s experiences of unemployment post-16. Qualitative evidence suggests that this can be attributed to some aspects of test administration in Northern Ireland, such as blanket testing and feedback on test results, which in many cases fall short of recommended guidelines. Thirdly, the majority of young people in Northern Ireland who leave school at age 16 enter Further Education (FE) colleges or vocational training schemes such as the Youth Training Programme (YTP). The choice between these two activities does not significantly influence young people’s chances of gaining additional qualifications between the ages of 16 and 18. Rather, there are factors common to both, such as lack of entry level qualifications, which have a more significant influence. The fourth analytical chapter examines the nature and extent of hidden unemployment amongst adult males in Northern Ireland. The analysis in this chapter is non-econometric and is based mainly on a descriptive analysis of data from the 1991 Census of Population and the Labour Force Survey. The research found that there are a large number of jobless people who can be considered to be unemployed, but who do not appear in official unemployment figures. The majority (around two thirds) of these are registered as long-term sick, and the remainder are on government employment or training programmes, or unemployed teenagers who are not eligible to claim benefits.
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Erapi, Godwin Esierumua. "Trade unions and employment relationship in privatised state enterprises : a case-study of the finance and petroleum industries in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2005. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4073/.
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Privatisation (defined as change of ownership and control of State-owned enterprises- SOEs) is a controversial economic and political policy that elicits diverse opinions and academic conclusions on its impact. With regard to its impact on industrial relations, the privatisation literature concludes that in most privatised SOEs, problems anise between unions and management over some important dimensions of the employment relationship. This Author's search of the privatisation literature led to the emergence of two hypotheses, as follows: I. The employment relationship changes in its expression and management in privatised enterprises as a consequence of the change in ownership and control, structure and product market competition arising from privatisation; and, 2. The employment relationship in privatised enterprises changes, not necessarily as a consequence of privatisation, but as a consequence of changes in managerial/corporate strategies, national and firm-level industrial relations policies and other environmental factors not related to privatisation. Data was collected from two privatised finance SOEs and one privatised petroleum SOE in Nigeria to test these hypotheses. Some key findings emerged which differ slightly from the conclusions of the privatisation literature, as represented by these two hypotheses. First, the study concludes that contrary to the conclusion of the privatisation literature, the observed changes in the employment relationship of privatised SOEs are mediated by the different effects of environmental and sectoral factors, economic centrality, the nature of the unions involved in bargaining and the balance of bargaining power between unions and management, as determined by the development context of the country concerned. Secondly, the study concludes that contrary to the conclusions of the privatisation literature, the employment relationship in privatised enterprises changes as a consequence of changes in managerial/corporate strategies and fin-n-level industrial relations strategies directly related to privatisation. These conclusions suggest the need to slightly modify the conclusions of the privatisation literature and theory to take account of the economic, institutional and political differences between developing and developed economies, rather than seek to apply similar theories and conclusions to both development contexts like is currently the case.
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Boitier, Baptiste. "Development of a land use module for the applied economic model NEMESIS : application to european policies." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594243.
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Cette thèse a pour objet le développement d'un module d'utilisation des sols compatible avec le modèle NEMESIS, qui est un modèle économique détaillé de l'Union Européenne. Cette thèse a également pour objectif d'utiliser conjointement le modèle NEMESIS et le module d'allocation des sols pour analyser les effets de plusieurs politiques européennes et notamment leurs impacts sur l'économie et l'utilisation des sols. Le premier chapitre décrit d'une part la construction de la base de données d'utilisation des sols et d'autre part, explique le développement du module d'allocation des sols au niveau des États de l'Union Européenne, en utilisant des fonctions d'offre et de demande de terre agricole et un modèle d'expansion des terres urbaines. Le second chapitre traite, au travers de deux applications, du problème de la construction de scénarios en modélisation appliquée. Un premier scénario, construit suivant une approche dite tendancielle, est présenté de façon détaillée et analysé. Ce scénario sert également de référence pour les évaluations des politiques européennes. Une seconde application propose quatre scénarios élaborés suivant une approche dite " imaginative", c'est-à-dire en imaginant différentes possibilités d'évolution contrastée des principales variables motrices de la croissance économiques. Le troisième chapitre présente la construction et le fonctionnement d'une combinaison de différents modèles ou " chaîne de modèles ". Celle-ci sera utilisée pour l'évaluation économique et environnementale d'une politique de libéralisation de l'agriculture européenne avec ré-allocation des fonds aux contribuables ou à l'aide à la recherche et développement. Cette " chaîne de modèles " combinele modèle NEMESIS avec un modèle agricole détaillé (CAPRI), un modèle de gestion des forêts (EFISCEN )et un modèle détaillé d'allocation des sols (Dyna-CLUE). Enfin le dernier, et quatrième chapitre, présente, après la construction d'indicateurs sur l'utilisation des nutriments dans l'agriculture, l'évaluation des conséquences économiques de deux politiques européennes : d'une part, une politique de biodiversité caractérisée par l'augmentation des forêts protégées ou par une production agricole extensive et d'autre part une politique de soutien au développement des biocarburants au niveau européen.
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Combe, Colin. "Monitoring the conformance of planning decisions to urban land use policies using Information Extraction and GeoVisualisation." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2008. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2455.
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In this thesis two existing computer science techniques are used to solve a specific problem in the field of ‘spatial planning'. The problem to be addressed is monitoring the conformance of planning decisions to urban land use policies. ‘Monitoring conformance' refers to adherence to development plans and must be distinguished from monitoring performance, which looks at whether or not the plan met its objectives. The two computing techniques applied to the problem are Information Extraction (IE) and GeoVisualisation (GV). IE is an approach to the automated processing of text. This thesis demonstrates that the restricted subset of language used in the short texts present in planning applications makes them ideally suited to IE methods. GV is an approach to the interactive analysis of geographical data. Its use was motivated by two factors. Firstly, it is necessary to avoid the assumption of a simple relationship between policy and implementation – many different policies may apply to a particular decision. These may be weighted differently and are open to interpretation. Hence, statistical conclusions, such as ‘there is 80% conformance to policy', are never drawn. Instead the visualisation leaves the interpretation of the results open to the user. It is through the details-on-demand functionality of visualisation tools that this link to the user's own background knowledge is made. Secondly, the prototype user interface developed exemplifies the use of GV to explore geo-temporal patterns in the data. This was motivated by the knowledge that policies change over time. Evaluation work is conducted which shows that policy-makers can see reflections of the conformance of decision making to urban land use policies in the GV tool. The computational techniques used have been brought together and applied to the domain in a novel way, which assists in addressing the problem identified. A number of more theoretical questions are also considered along the way.
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Conley, Hazel Margot. "Temporary labour in the public sector : employers' policies and trades union responses in social services and schools." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2958/.
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Labour market flexibility is an issue that has been much debated but remains controversial. It is argued in this thesis that the lack of theoretical and empirical clarity which has impeded the study of flexibility has resulted from two main deficiencies. The first is that although the public sector has been identified as a major site of flexible forms of labour, the systematic study of this phenomenon has been largely absent. The second is that flexibility as a concept has obscured forms of employment relations that are distinct. One aim of this thesis was therefore to refocus the theoretical debates by drawing together a number of literatures that have so far remained discrete. This analysis provided the basis for a clearer empirical study by identifying the relationship between restructuring public sector employment, specifically in social services and schools, and one aspect of labour market flexibility: temporary labour. A review of previous research indicated that temporary work is likely to affect women, minority ethnic groups and young workers to a greater extent than the wider population. The literature also highlighted the statistical and managerial bias in the debates and in doing so indicated the need for new perspectives and methods to be adopted to further an understanding of issues that surround flexibility. The research for this thesis therefore examined temporary labour in the public sector from the perspective of employers, workers and trade unions in two case study local authorities and LEAs using qualitative methods. By adopting this approach the research data indicated that employers' conflicting motivations to use temporary labour are exacerbated by decentralised management functions. Personalised and arbitrary management associated with devolved powers highlighted a number of characteristics associated with temporary employment contracts. The central feature was the enhanced power imbalance in favour of employers created by the insecurity inherent in this form of employment, which resulted in forms of control that were gendered and racialised. The experience of temporary workers reflected these findings and emphasised the vulnerability of their situation. The trade union position on temporary work was however ambivalent, displaying a combination of responses even within branches of the same union, raising serious questions for trade union democracy.
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Hof, Angela. "Land use change and land cover assessment in grazing reserves in Northwest Nigeria : a geographical analysis based on remote sensing and geographic information science /." Bochum : Geograph. Inst. der Ruhr-Univ, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014706529&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sukati, M. A. "The EC bioethanol blend mandate policy : its effect on ACP sugar trade and potential interaction with EPA policies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13043/.
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The study aim was to determine effects of the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy and its potential interaction with the EPA policies on EU/ACP countries. The research analysis focussed on welfare outcomes, changes in trade balance and output of bioethanol crops commodities due to these policies. Emphasis of our analysis was placed on sugar given the economic importance of this commodity to many ACP member states. Absence of an EU bioethanol partial equilbrium model means we had to design one from certain assumptions. One of the assumptions was that subsidies support EU bioethanol production such that just enough is produced to meet the 5.75% and 10% EC blend mandate requirements. For this reason, EU bioethanol production did not affect transport fuel demand and prices. Using the GTAP model, the study has found that the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy increases bioethanol crops commodities prices resulting in global welfare loss that is highest in the EU region. However, the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy also increases bioethanol crops commodities production in ACP countries and promote ACP export of these commodities to the EU. The EU is able to produce all bioethanol requirements from local sugar beet production. Increasing the amount of sugar beet in bioethanol production minimizes the effect on global food prices and offers greatest benefits to ACP countries through promotion of their sugar industries. Trade liberalising EPA policies result in welfare gain for regions engaged in them. However, the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy’s interaction with the EPA policies result in welfare loss, which is again highest in the EU. Combination of the EC bioethanol blend mandate/EPA policies also promotes ACP bioethanol crops production and export. Overall, the study has contributed to our understanding of biofuel policies and their potential global effects on food markets especially in ACP countries.
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Osemeke, Louis. "The effects of different institutional investors and board of director characteristics on corporate social responsibility of public listed companies : the case of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9405/.
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This thesis investigates the effects of institutional investors and board of director (BOD) characteristics on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Public Listed Companies (PLCs) in Nigeria. This study is motivated by the lack of empirical studies in Nigeria concerning the role of different institutional investors and BOD on CSR. More specifically, this study uses multi-method approaches: firstly, the case study method involving in-depth interviews, documentary data followed by postal survey. Secondly, the Pooled Ordinary Least Square, random effect and fixed effect estimators were used to estimate the balanced panel of 174 PLCs from 2003 to 2009. The study finds no significant relationship between different types of institutional investors and CSR. Also, while the Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) and board size show a positive relationship with CSR, the executive directors and board diversity show a negative and significant relationship with CSR. This thesis not only contributes to the understanding of how BOD characteristics and how the role of institutional investors’ affect CSR, but it also fills the gap in the methodologies employed in the corporate governance and CSR studies in Nigeria. This is useful for an emerging market economy like Nigeria in areas of policy making and for companies to improve on their CSR practices in host communities. In addition, the study reveals the absence of the role of institutional investors and BOD characteristics in strengthening the corporate governance mechanism in developing countries and the significance of filling the gap by supporting the formation of the ethical code of conduct and business standard for best practices. Secondly, the study reveals that CSR in developing countries are strategic in nature and linked to the corporate philosophies of companies. The implications of this study are that the interest of the managers should be aligned to the stakeholder interest; this is to ensure the long term survival of the company and to create a win-win situation between the company and community.
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Mayer, Matthias M. "Governmental preferences on liberalising economic migration policies at the EU level : Germany's domestic politics, foreign policy, and labour market." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/370/.
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The academic debate about European cooperation on immigration has focused on big treaty negotiations, presented an undifferentiated picture of the subfields of immigration, and has only recently begun to make use of the abundant literature on national immigration policies. As a macrostructure, this study uses a bureaucratic politics framework to understand the preference formation of national governments on liberalising economic migration policies. This allows unpacking the process of preference formation and linking it to a number of causal factors, which, by influencing the cost and benefits distribution of the relevant actors – intra-ministerial actors, employer associations, trade unions, and other sub-state actors – shape the position of the government. The influence of the causal factors is underpinned by different theories derived from the literatures on Europeanisation, immigration policy-making, and foreign policy. Germany is used as a longitudinal case study with four cases within it, as it has undergone a U-turn in a way no other relevant Member State has, from a keen supporter of EU involvement to being highly sceptical with regard to economic migration policies at the EU level. The empirical data is based on 43 open-ended interviews, archival research and newspaper analysis. The bureaucratic politics framework supplanted with the theoretical strands of domestic politics and foreign policy concerns provides a number of themes that can explain why and under what conditions a Member State supports liberalising economic migration policies at the EU level from 1957 until the Treaty of Lisbon. The thesis argues that if the European policy measure applies to a particular group of sending countries and the domestic salience of immigration is low, sending countries can lobby Member State governments to support EU-level liberalisation of immigration policies. The misfit between the existing national regulations for economic migration and European-level policies cannot be significant as otherwise the economic and political adaptation costs for actors involved are too high. A heated national debate on immigration is negatively related to governmental support for such measures as the political costs of support skyrocket. Conversely, if the decision-making process happens bureaucratically, this helps to attain governmental support as the political costs of doing so are kept minimal.
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Johnson, Erik A. "County-Level Land Use Planning Policies and Regulations Impacting the Pattern of Settlement in Utah County, Utah." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1988. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTGM,19181.
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Macedo, Joseli. "Land use policies and urbanization of informal settlements planning initiatives for environmental protection areas in Curitiba, Brazil /." [Florida] : State University System of Florida, 2000. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/2000/amt2434/Joseli%5FDissertation.PDF.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2000.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 220 p.; also contains graphics. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-219).
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Dan-Jumbo, Nimi Gibson. "Assessing the effects of urban development and climate change on flooding in the Greater Port-Harcourt watershed, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28960.
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Developing countries have been rapidly urbanising over the last decades, resulting in major environmental pressures and increased vulnerability to natural disasters. A complex combination of factors, including climate change, land use change, poorly implemented regulation and a lack of integrated planning has often resulted in environmental degradation and disproportionate impacts of natural disasters affecting millions worldwide, particularly in tropical cities. The main aim of this study is to understand the effects of land-use and climate change on flooding in the Greater Port-Harcourt watershed. The specific research objectives were: to understand the historical and future land use /land cover changes; to understand the magnitude of change in hydrologic and hydraulic conditions due to land-use and climate changes; to assess the influence of different forest mitigation scenarios on peak-discharge; and to make recommendations on how to improve future planning using insights from this study. Methodologically, the post-classification change detection method was applied to examine the extent and nature of historical LULC changes using remotely sensed data. Future LULC changes were estimated by superimposing the 2060 digitised Masterplan map on the year 2003 baseline imagery. Hydrologic changes were assessed using HEC-HMS model, while changes in the hydraulic condition were assessed using HEC-RAS model. Model output was further used to map flood hazards, flood zones and damage potential. Priority areas and infrastructure at risk were identified by means of their location in flood zones and exposure to floods with high damage potential. On the extent of change, this study revealed that urbanisation and loss of agricultural land had been the dominant and intensive land use change in the watershed. Urbanisation is projected to almost double its 2003 extent by 2060 and is likely to remain the dominant force of land use change. On the nature of change, this study found that urban land was the most dynamic in terms of gross gain and net change. It exhibited the grossest gain (about 9% of the watershed) and the grossest loss leading to a high net change of about 8.6%. In fact, the most prominent transition was the conversion of agricultural land (about 422km2) to urban land, and roughly 93.3% of all conversions to urban land resulted from agricultural land. On the process of change, urban land mainly experienced a net-type of change (change in quantity), whereas changes in agricultural land was more of a swap-type of change (change in location). Importantly, the study reveals that the impact on flood flow was historically significant (about 68%) and is projected to amplify in future, however, these changes are largely attributed to increased storm size. Urbanisation is likely to have little or no impact on annual maximum peak flow at the watershed scale; however, urbanisation is projected to have a considerable impact on peak flow in a number of subbasins, which could have severe implications for flash flooding in those subbasins. Similarly, afforestation could have little or no impact on future maximum peak flow when assessed at the watershed scale. Although some subbasins experienced changes in peak flow, the effect of forest is variable. The study concludes that although the impact of urbanisation is projected to be insignificant at the watershed scale, it could also increase flood risk due to increasing developments in floodplains and channel encroachment. Priority infrastructure and areas requiring urgent flood risk management include the Port-Harcourt seaports, Onne seaport, the University of Science and Technology and cement factory. Priority areas in the Masterplan are mainly in the south (Phase 3), comprising of the Air force base and the residential area near Onne seaport. Lastly, approximately 8.1km and 189m of road and rail network are at greater risk of flooding by means of their exposure to floods with the highest damage potential. Based on this study, I have furthered understanding by showing that the transition to urban land category was dominated by net changes (i.e. changes in quantity). I have also furthered understanding by showing that substantial changes in future urban land-use may not have significant effect on flood parameters. My main contribution to knowledge is that despite the high rate of urbanisation in the GPH watershed and its minimal impact on flooding (which could be due the large size of the storm and watershed), urbanisation could still increase flood risk due to greater exposure of elements at risk in the flood plains to damaging floods. Based on the results, the study recommends that the development authorities should integrate both structural measures (mainly for flood defence around existing developments) and non-structural measures (primarily for future developments). For flood risk management research, this study recommends that conclusions about the effects of urbanisation should not be made solely on the basis of changes in hydrology and river hydraulics, however researchers should also consider the exposure of important elements at risk within the floodplains under study to better understand the effects of urbanisation. Moreover, to better understand urbanisation effects on runoff dynamics in other watersheds, this study recommends that research efforts should be concerted in understanding subbasin-scale changes given that the effects of urbanisation are more pronounced in smaller basins.
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Apey, Alfredo. "Agricultural restructuring and coordinated policies for rural development in Chile." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6202/.
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Despite a successful process of economic growth in Chile principally engineered by a dramatic rise and diversification of primary exports since the late 1970s, rural poverty is still a widespread condition throughout the country; nearly 40 per cent of the rural population are affected by this condition. From a geographical perspective, rural poverty in Chile is a complex result of different intervening factors. The adoption of outward-oriented strategies of development since the mid-1970s has initiated some new trends that have adversely affected a significant segment of the rural population. Thus, one of the results of the socio-productive change, which can be observed in the Chilean countryside, is a growing number of landless peasants and an aggressive market for agricultural land. New lands have been required for the expansion of export-led primary resources, notably agricultural and forestry. In parallel, the developing of a seasonal structure of labour demand has become an additional constraint affecting the rural labour force and the quality of life in rural areas. Within the institutional framework of the government rural problems have been largely perceived as a responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture. However, usually the main difficulties affecting rural population are not only related to productive concerns but they are also associated with a wider number of inter-sectoral constraints (e.g. availability and access to housing, social services and infrastructure, to grass root organisations, to culture and recreation among others). So, any attempt oriented to increase rural development transcends unisectoral policies. This study has three main general aims. First, it attempts to explore the background to rural poverty in Chile in a national and international context. Secondly it examines the regional evolution of agriculture in a highly-competitive framework. In this context, a comparison is made of a region that has been transformed by export-led agriculture with a region whose products have not been competitive internationally and, indeed, have found it difficult to remain competitive in the national market. Thirdly, it pretends to present and evaluate an intersectoral attempt by the democratic government of President Patricio Aylwin to alleviate rural poverty through better organisation and coordination of ministerial responsibilities dedicated to rural areas. The vehicle for improving horizontal coordination was the Interministerial Commission for Rural Development-CIDER. The regional focus was the VII Region (Maule), a region that had not benefited from export-led agriculture.
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Akintan, Oluwakemi Bolanle. "Socio-cultural perceptions of indoor air pollution among rural migrant households in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27599/.
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Many households in developing countries rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural wastes, sawdust, and animal dung) and coal to meet their energy needs. The burning of these fuels in open fires creates environmental problems one of which is indoor air pollution (IAP). For effective reduction of indoor air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa, it is therefore, important to understand factors that determine the choice and uptake of cleaner fuels for household energy use. This research investigates the salient factors influencing households in developing countries in choosing fuel types, using the households in peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria as a case study. This research used holistic approaches to understand energy issues in the study area and used methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and field observation during data collection. Key findings suggest that underlying socio-cultural contexts of households’ ethnic groups guided wood-fuel harvesting in the peri-urban areas of Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Wood fuel continues to be households’ main domestic energy source irrespective of their socio-economic status. The open burning of wood fuel causes indoor air pollution as the recorded 24-hour particulate matter levels was between 42µg/m3 – 275µg/m3 for indoor kitchens and 48µg/m3 – 648µg/m3 for outdoor kitchens. The cultural perception of the households that natural aeration blows particulates into buildings hinders them from believing that the open of burning of biomass fuels for domestic activities is the cause of indoor air pollution. Based on the findings of this study, it is argued that the traditional norms and values of the householders, being embedded in their socio-cultural contexts, are vital for understanding energy issues in the global South.
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Omokanye, Akim Tunde, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Biological and economic evaluation of maize-based cropping systems for Nigerian smallholders." THESIS_CSTE_HPS_Omokanye_A.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/797.
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Indigenous African shifting cultivation production systems, that were developed over many generations and took into account production potential as well as the constraints imposed by natural resources, are no longer practicable for Nigerian smallholder farmers. These systems relied on long fallow for fertility restoration after a period of cropping. Overpopulation has resulted in lower per capita land availability, necessitating a shift to sedentary cultivation systems. In such systems, fallow is short term (months) compared to shifting systems, where it lasted several years. This shift has resulted in overexploitation of land resources and despite intensification of agricultural production methods, non-sustainable demand on the natural resource base has increased and crop and animal production has declined. This study examined the performance of five maize-based cropping systems consisting of cereal-legume, cereal-cereal and cereal bare fallow rotations, to identify systems that have potential for increased agricultural production in the subhumid and mid-altitude zones of Nigeria. The study was conducted at Richmond, near Sydney, in NSW, Australia from 2000 to 2003. The trial investigated the effects of the combined use of legumes and N fertilizer in CSs to maintain or improve soil fertility, maize crop and maize storage silage production and yield and quality of all crop residues. This study showed that inclusion of a legume in the rotation is an important production and income generating strategy. Owing to their potential for increased maize productivity, to build up N-rich systems and to improve small holder levels of farm income, cropping systems with legumes should therefore be given more research attention in Nigeria<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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鄭士明 and Sze-ming Lawson Chang. "Examination of land use policies, household income and price of small residential units in Hong Kong (1985-1995)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980077.
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Essex, S. J. "Woodlands in the Peak District : The effect of public policies upon selected land use in a national park." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373613.
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Ostler, Jolene N. "Government policies to alleviate suburban traffic congestion : an institutional and economic analysis of the transportation-land use system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76420.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1989.<br>Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1989: Government policies to alleviate suburban congestion; an efficiency analysis of the transportation-land use system.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-154).<br>by Jolene Nyborg Ostler.<br>M.C.P.
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El-Kholei, Ahmed Mohammed Salah. "Evaluating the impact of economic agricultural policies during the reform era for major crops and crop rotations in Egypt : a policy analysis matrix approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13346/.
Full textAbstract:
In 1986, Egypt implemented a succession of comprehensive economic reforms both in the agriculture sector and more generally such as the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (ERSAP) of 1991. Since then, the agricultural sector has been gradually transformed from one characterised by central planning and governmental controls to one that is more free market oriented. This study employs the Policy Analysis Matrix technique to evaluate the impacts of reform policies on eleven major crops (wheat, maize, sugar cane, soy bean, broad bean, cotton, rice, tomatoes, potatoes, long and short berseem) and their associated crop rotations (crop mix) during the period 1986-2000. The PAM offers six tools of economic indicators. The first (private Cost Ratio) is used to identify the competitiveness of crops domestically. The second (Domestic Resource Cost) is employed in an attempt to identify those commodities in which Egypt has a comparative advantage/disadvantage. The third (Nominal Protection Coefficient for inputs and outputs) is used to measure the divergences between the domestic and international prices for inputs and output. The fourth (Effective Protection Coefficient) reflects the complete pattern of incentives to farmers in the tradable commodities markets, combining the separate influences of polices represented by the NPCO and NPCI measures. The fifth and sixth (profitability Coefficient and Subsidy Ratio to Producers) estimates the net protection effects afforded to each of the major sectors by the whole range of policy intervention. The most important findings are that: (1) The Egyptian pricing policy in the reform era is still encouraging domestic production of importable products (by setting their prices above world prices) while export products are taxed relative to their equivalent world prices. (2) Cotton, the main historical export commodity, is shown to be grown with a comparative disadvantage since it receives the highest levels of subsidy. (3) On the other hand, wheat showed a remarkably positive example for the high response from farmers to the reformed pricing policies with an increase in its area and its productivity by 83% and 60% respectively. (4) There is a high response of change in planted area to water charges. The conclusion of these analyses is that the impact of policy changes has indeed been positive, especially in relation to areas of crop production. But many remains to be done, for example, growers' still face problems in marketing, accessing to inputs, processing and trade.