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Van, Zyl N. J. W. "Land-use transport strategies to cope with suburbanisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52913.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Suburbanisation is a world-wide phenomenon and is characterised by the decline of central business districts and accelerated growth of commercial activities in the suburbs. The impact of suburbanisation is wide-spread and multi-dimensional, affecting the whole urban system in terms of its structure, activity and transport patterns. In South Africa, suburbanisation, together with the impact of the former group areas policy, has made suburban developments less accessible to the low-income groups living on the edges of the metropolitan area. Planners have proposed various urban densification strategies for the rather unique problems of the spatially inefficient South African cities, including corridor development along main public transport routes and the development of activity nodes. In order to implement these urban densification strategies successfully, it is important to understand the locational choice behaviour of business managers, and the factors that will attract them to locate in a certain area. This will enable metropolitan authorities to evaluate and implement the best policies to promote development of priority corridors and nodes The research for this dissertation was motivated by the extensive problems of suburbanisation, the lack of knowledge on the relative impact of land-use transport factors on the locational choices of businesses, and the apparent limited application of stated preference (SP) survey techniques and discrete choice models to spatial choices of businesses for urban planning purposes. The main objectives of the research were to determine the locational choice behaviour of retail businesses in strategic spatial terms, and how this knowledge can best be used to manage suburbanisation. The dissertation reviews intemational and South African studies on the planning and policies of the main role players in the urban system relating to retail suburbanisation, i.e. the planning authority, retail firms and consumers. The dissertation discusses the results of the market research that was done among Cape Town retailers located in the CSO, and in low- and high-income suburbs. The survey collected quantitative information regarding the locational choice factors of retail managers, importance ratings of choice factors as well as stated preferences for CSO and suburban locations. The calibration results of various discrete locational choice models are discussed, including elasticities of choice factors obtained from model applications to the SP data. The development of a spreadsheet locational choice model based on typical characteristics of CSO and suburban locations is subsequently discussed. Elasticities of choice factors from the application of the spreadsheet model were determined and the model was also used to test a decentralisation trend scenario and a managed suburbanisation scenario. The dissertation makes conclusions and recommendations regarding the most important locational choice factors of retail managers, and the most effective policies and strategies for metropolitan authorities to manage suburbanisation and promote urban densification. The performance of SP models applied to spatial choices are also evaluated and recommendations are made regarding their application and further research needs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stedelike desentralisasie is 'n wêreldwye verskynsel wat gekenmerk word deur die verval van sentrale sakegebiede (SSG) en die snelle groei van handelsbedrywighede in voorstede. Die impak van desentralisasie is verreikend en multi-dimensioneel en beïnvloed die hele stadstelsel in terme van sy struktuur, aktiwiteite and reispatrone. In Suid Afrika het desentralisasie saam met die impak van die voormalige groepsgebiedebeleid voorstedelike ontwikkelings minder toeganklik gemaak vir die lae-inkomstegroepe wat op die rand van die metropolitaanse gebiede woon. Beplanners het verskeie stadsverdigtingstrategieë, insluitende korridorontwikkeling langs hoofvervoerroetes en die ontwikkeling van aktiwiteitsnodusse voorgestelom die unieke probleme van die ruimtelik ondoeltreffende Suid-Afrikaanse stede die hoof te bied. Om hierdie stadsverdigtingstrategieë suksesvol te implementeer, is dit egter belangrik om die liggingskeusegedrag van besigheidsbestuurders, sowel as die faktore wat hulle beweeg om hulle in 'n spesifieke gebied te vestig, te verstaan. Hierdie kennnis sal metropolitaanse owerhede in staat stelom beleid te evalueer en die beste beleidsopsies te implementeer om die ontwikkeling van voorkeurkorridors en nodusse te bevorder. Die navorsing vir hierdie verhandeling is gemotiveer deur die omvattende probleme wat deur stedelike desentralisasie veroorsaak word, die gebrek aan kennis oor die relatiewe impak van grondgebruik-vervoerfaktore op die liggingskeuse van besighede, en die klaarblyklik beperkte toepassing van verklaardevoorkeuropnametegnieke (V V) en diskrete-keusemodelle op die liggingskeuses van besighede vir stadsbeplanningsdoeleindes. Die hoofdoelstellings van die navorsing was om die liggingskeusegedrag van kleinhandelbesighede in strategiese ruimtelike terme te bepaal en vas te stel hoe hierdie kennis gebruik kan word om stedelike desentralisasie te bestuur. In hierdie verhandeling word 'n oorsig gegee van die internasionale en Suid- Afrikaanse studies oor die beplanning en beleid van die belangrikste rolspelers in the stadstelsel wat desentralisasie van kleinhandel betref, naamlik die beplanningsowerheid, kleinhandelfirmas en verbruikers. Die resultate van marknavorsing onder kleinhandelaars vanuit Kaapstad se SSG en lae- en hoë-inkomstevoorstede, word bespreek. Die opname het kwantitatiewe inligting oor die liggingskeusefaktore van kleinhandelaars, die belangrikheid wat hulle aan keusefaktore heg, en hulle verklaarde voorkeure ten opsigte van vestiging in die SSG of die voorstede, ingesamel. Die kalibrasieresultate van verskeie diskretekeusemodelle word bespreek, insluitende die elastisiteite van keusefaktore wat deur die toepassing van die modelop V V-data verkry is. Vervolgens word die ontwikkeling van 'n liggingskeusemodel in 'n spreitabel wat op tipiese kenmerke van SSG- en voorstedelike liggings gebaseer is, bespreek. Elastisteite van die liggingsfaktore is bepaal deur die toepassing van die spreitabelmodel, en die model is ook gebruik om 'n desentraliasietendensscenario en 'n bestuurdedesentralisasiescenario te toets. Ten slotte word daar gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gemaak oor die belangrikste liggingskeusefaktore van kleinhandelaars, en die mees effektiewe beleidsopsies en strategieë wat metropolitaanse owerhede kan volg om stedelike desentralisasie te bestuur en stadsverdigting te bevorder. Die werkverrigting van V V-modelle wanneer dit op die liggingskeuse van besighede toegepas word, word ook geëvalueer en aanbevelings word gemaak oor die toepassing daarvan en verdere navorsing wat nodig is
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Wesemann, Harald. "Land-use planning in the Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area: management recommendations and land-use alternatives." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30574.
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This dissertation is the individual analysis and evaluation of the baseline information on the Liesbeeck-Black River Confluence Area (hereinafter referred to as Confluence Area) gathered by the 1993-1994 Environmental and Geographical Science (EN GEO) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) class (see Appendix A). This dissertation is submitted to the examiners for evaluation as a partial requirement for the MPhil degree in Environmental Science.
The baseline report (hereinafter BLR) is titled "Environmental Baseline Study for Land-Use Decision-Making in the Liesbeeck and Black River Confluence Area" (ENGEO Master's Class, 1994). It contains a comprehensive description, as well as preliminary analysis, of all the environmental components (socioeconomic and biophysical) that could be of relevance to land-use planning in the area. The overall need for this study, which comprises the group BLR and the individual dissertations, arises out of the fact that the Confluence Area with its river systems, is part of a "green, open space corridor" that is under pressure from development in a city needing to densify and contain urban sprawl. There is thus potential conflict between development and other environmental considerations including that of open space retention for conservation and recreation purposes. The Cape Town City Council (CCC) suggested this study but is not a "client".
The study on the Confluence Area is intended to be of use to the CCC to enhance their ability to make sound land-use decisions for the area in the best interests of society at large. The CCC is also involved in numerous planning studies for the proposed redevelopment of a large tract of land adjacent to the study area, called the Culemborg-Black River area (hereinafter C-BR), and this study can feed into the overall planning process. This individual dissertation provides the CCC planning process with recommendations and land-use alternatives for the Confluence Area. Since the BLR forms the basis of this dissertation, they should be read in conjunction with each other.
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Ntwasa, Bayanda. "Traditional leadership and the use of cultural laws in land administration: implications for rural women's land rights in a transforming South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/134.
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This dissertation critically examines how traditional leaders use cultural laws to allocate land to women and to allow women to participate in land administration in communal areas. Given the government's commitment to gender equity in all spheres of life as stipulated in Section 9 (3) of the South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), the dissertation examines whether related legislation and policy (such as CLARA and TLGFA) alone can guarantee equitable access to land for women and their participation in land administration structures in communal areas where patriarchy dominates. In essence, the study interrogates whether state intervention through formalizing laws that govern land matters do achieve gender equity while cultural laws still exist in communal areas. Based on the view that land in communal areas is held by the state and administered by traditional leaders who have historically discriminated against women, the dissertation employs a case study method to examine whether cultural laws are exercised when women apply for a piece of land at the three levels of traditional authority viz: village, sub-village and traditional council levels in the Matolweni village of the Nqadu Tribal Authority. Although women are often the de facto rights holders in rural areas as a result of male migration to urban areas, findings seem to indicate that it is difficult and/or sometimes impossible to translate paper laws into practice while cultural laws are still operating. For effective transformation to occur, the study recommends that unless a strong women's rural movement emerges, coupled with a socialist feminist position that advocates for a radical transformation of rural society to defeat the patriarchal norms and standards, traditional leaders will continue to discriminate against women in land issues.
4
Kakembo, Vincent. "A reconstruction of the history of land degradation in relation to land use change and land tenure in Peddie district, former Ciskei." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005523.
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A history of land degradation is reconstructed in a part of the dividing ridge between the Great Fish and Keiskamma rivers, in Peddie District, former Ciskei. The study entails a comparative investigation of the progressive changes in land use, vegetation and soil erosion in three tenure units, namely: former commercial farms, traditional and betterment villages. Analysis of the sequential aerial photography of the area for 1938,1954, 1965, 1975 and 1988 is employed. This is backed by groundtruthing exercises. Data thus obtained are quantified, and linkages between degradation, anthropogenic and physical factors are derived using PC ARC/INFO GIS. Differences in land tenure systems emerge as the main controlling factor to variations in land degradation. Confinement of vegetation diminution and erosion to traditional and betterment villages is observed at all dates. Scantily vegetated surfaces and riparian vegetation removal are a characteristic feature of both areas throughout the study period. 'Betterment,' introduced in the early 1960s to curb land degradation is, instead observed to exacerbate it, particularly soil erosion. Trends in land use change are characterised by the abandonment of cultivated land, which is noted to coincide with a sharp rise in population. Erosion intensification into severe forms particularly between 1965 and 1975, coincident with a period of extreme rainfall events, emerges as the most significant degradation trend. A close spatial correlation between abandoned cultivated land and intricate gullies is identified. So is the case between grazing land and severe sheet erosion. Within the grazing lands, an examination of erosion and categories of vegetated surfaces reveals that erosion occurs predominantly on the scanty vegetation category. Such erosion-vegetation interaction largely explains the non-recovery of the scanty vegetation category, even during periods of intense rainfall. Extensive channel degradation is evident along stream courses with scanty riparian vegetation. Physical factors are noted to have a significant bearing on erosion. The high prevalence of erosion on the Ecca group of rocks confirms its erosion-prone nature. Pockets of colluvium and alluvium accumulation in the steep bottomlands are identified as the sites of the most severe gully erosion. Field surveys at some of the sites indicate that a dolerite sill through the area forms a boundary of colluvium accumulation and the upslope limit to gully incision. That these sites are recognised as formerly cultivated land, portrays the interaction between physical and anthropogenic variables with regard to inducing degradation in the area.
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Mhangara, Paidamwoyo. "Land use/cover change modelling and land degradation assessment in the Keiskamma catchment using remote sensing and GIS." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1467.
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Land degradation in most communal parts of the Keiskamma catchment has reached alarming proportions. The Keiskamma catchment is particularly predisposed to severe land degradation associated with soil erosion, thicket degradation and deteriorating riparian vegetation. There is a close coupling between land use/cover dynamics and degradation trends witnessed in the catchment. Soil erosion is prevalent in most of the communal areas in the catchment. The principal aim of this study was to investigate land use/cover trends, model the spatial patterns of soil loss and predict future land use/cover scenarios as a means of assessing land degradation in the Keiskamma catchment. Multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery from 1972 to 2006 was used for land use/cover change analyses using object-oriented post-classification comparison. Fragmentation analysis was performed by computing and analyzing landscape metrics in the riparian and adjacent hillslope areas to determine the land cover structural changes that have occurred since 1972. The landscape function analysis was used to validate the current rangeland conditions in the communal areas and the former commercial farms. The current condition of the riparian zones and proximal hillslopes was assessed using the Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition and future land use/cover scenarios were simulated using the Markovcellular automata model. Spatial patterns of soil loss in the Keiskamma catchment were determined using the Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC), which is a GIS based RUSLE model that integrates sediment delivery ratios. Object oriented classification was used to map soil erosion surfaces and valley infill in ephemeral stream channels as a means of demonstrating the major sediment transfer processes operating in the Keiskamma catchment. The Mahalanobis distance method was used to compute the topographic thresholds for gully erosion. To understand the effect of soil characteristics in severe forms of erosion, laboratory analyses were undertaken to determine the physico-chemical soil properties. iv The temporal land use/cover analysis done using the post-classification change detection indicated that intact vegetation has undergone a significant decline from 1972 to 2006. The temporal changes within the intermediate years are characterized by cyclic transitions of decline and recovery of intact vegetation. An overall decline in intact vegetation cover, an increase in degraded vegetation and bare eroded soil was noted. Fragmentation analyses done in the communal villages of the central Keiskamma catchment indicated increasing vegetation fragmentation manifested by an increase in smaller and less connected vegetation patches, and a subsequent increase of bare and degraded soil patches which are much bigger and more connected. The Landscape Organisation Index revealed very low vegetation connectivity in the communal rangelands that have weak local traditional institutions. Fragmentation analyses in the riparian and proximal hillslopes revealed evidence of increasing vegetation fragmentation from 1972 to 2006. The Markov Cellular Automata simulation predicted a decline in intact vegetation and an increase in bare and degraded soil in 2019. The Keiskamma catchment was noted as experiencing high rates of soil loss that are above provincial and national averages. The classification of erosion features and valley infill showcased the vegetation enrichment in the ephemeral streams which is occurring at the expense of high soil losses from severe gully erosion on the hillslopes. This in turn has led to an inversion of grazing patterns within the catchment, such that grazing is now concentrated within the ephemeral stream channels. Soil chemical analyses revealed a high sodium content and low soluble salt concentration, which promote soil dispersion, piping and gully erosion. The presence of high amounts of illite-smectite in the catchment also accounts for the highly dispersive nature of the soil even at low SAR values. Significant amounts of swelling 2:1 silicate clays such as smectites cause cracking and contribute to the development of piping and gullying in the catchment. Given the worsening degradation trends in the communal areas, a systematic re-allocation of state land in sections of the catchment that belonged to the former commercial farms is recommended to alleviate anthropogenic pressure. Strengthening local institutions that effectively monitor and manage natural resources will be required in order to maintain v optimum flow regimes in rivers and curb thicket degradation. Measures to curb environmental degradation in the Keiskamma catchment should encompass suitable ecological interventions that are sensitive to the socio-economic challenges facing the people in communal areas.
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Stones, Roger David. "Land suitability studies for the growing of deciduous berries in the Limpopo Province of South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06262008-161148/.
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Ncapayi, Fani. "Land demand and rural struggles in Xhalanga, Eastern Cape: who wants land and for what?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The study explored and investigated demand and struggles for land in the communal areas of South Africa with particular reference to Luphaphasi in the former Xhalanga magisterial district, in the Eastern Cape. The study argued that despite arguments about proletarianisation and conversion of rural land users into wage laborers, leading to assumptions that there was less interest in land use by rural people, there is and has always been demand and struggles for land in communal areas such as Xhalanga.
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Itoba, Tombo Elie Fereche. "Land-use on water quality of the Bottelary River in Cape Town, Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/812.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010Freshwater scarcity and river pollution has become a serious challenge for governments and scientists. Worldwide, governments have a responsibility to provide their populations with enough clean water for their domestic needs. Scientists will have an enormous task to find a way to purify polluted water, because of its vital role in human lives and an increasing demand for water consumption due to population growth. Although the water from the Bottelary River is used on a daily basis for farming activities, its pollution level as well as spatial distribution of effluents in the catchment is unknown. In the present study, I took monthly water samples from six sampling points for laboratory analysis. The laboratory determined concentration levels of phosphorous, chloride, nitrate, and nitrate nitrogen (N03N), as well as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids from the samples. On the same occasion's pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and temperature were measured in-situ using a multi-parameter reader. The results were then compared with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems and for irrigation (DWAF, 1996a, 1996c). The non-point pollution source (NPS) model was used to generate predictions of the pollution level from the land-uses and use the data obtained from the field to validate the model predictions. Finally, I performed a two-factorial A One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) without replication to assess the spatial and temporal variation of the measured variables along the river. The findings of the study have shown that the concentration levels of some compounds are below the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c) while, the concentrations of chloride, total nitrogen and water quality variables such as electrical conductivity, suspended solids, are higher than the TWQR (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c). Based on the above findings water of the Bottelary River can have negative effects on the environment and human lives because of the concentration level of these compounds. It was therefore recommended that, environmentally friendly measures and practices must be undertaken in order to decrease the pollution and avoid further pollution of the river.
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Bergman, Jan Gerhardus. "Liesbeeck-Black river confluence area : land-use opportunities and constraints." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14716.
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Bibliography: leaves 69-72.This study investigated the land-use potential of the Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area . It is intended to serve as a guide to land-use planners and other interested parties concerning the opportunities and constraints proffered by the environment on the confluence area. The collecting of baseline data was undertaken by nine Masters Students in the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science at the University of Cape Town. Each student then analysed the data individually. The study was undertaken in part fulfilment of the academic requirements of the Masters Degree. The Liesbeeck-Black River confluence area (hereafter called the study area) is located approximately 5.5 km east of the CBD of Cape Town. It covers approximately 232 ha and is bounded by the N2 Freeway to the South, Alexandra Road to the East, Liesbeeck Parkway to the West and the Culemborg-Black River Railway Yard to the North. The aim of the study was twofold, firstly to determine a procedure whereby the optimal land- use alternative for an area could be determined, taking into account the effects of significant environmental elements, and secondly to analyse and determine the optimal land-use alternative for the study area specifically. The procedure developed during the research is an adaptation of the Leopold Matrix method of analysis. The environmental elements characteristic of the study area are listed on the horizontal axis, and the land-use options to be analysed on the vertical axis. The magnitude and significance of the effect of an environmental element on a particular type of land-use can then be rated and this rating entered in the corresponding matrix cell. By adding the ratings of all environmental elements on each land-use option, the overall rating of the different land-use options can be obtained. The option with the highest overall (positive) rating is then considered to be the optimal type of land-use. This method was then applied to assess the land-use potential of the study area. The land-use options considered to be appropriate for the study area were determined by considering only those types of land-uses for which a regional need had previously been established.
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Gambiza, James, Charlie Shackleton, N. Davenport, D. Atkinson, M. T. Hoffman, C. Martens, J. Puttick, and Groot W. De. "Municipal commonage: an undervalued national resource." Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/49969.
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This policy brief will highlight the importance of municipal commonage in enhancing livelihoods of poor urban families. This will be followed by an overview of the role of municipal commonage in the land reform programme. Current challenges in securing benefits from municipal commonages are then outlined. Policy considerations to optimise benefits from commonages conclude the policy brief.
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King, Alison Jill. "Deference and disdain : domestic service in post-apartheid South Africa." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/71253/.
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The purpose of the research was to discover if the dismantling of apartheid had ameliorated the poor pay and conditions of domestic servants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. I situated these workers in the wider societal context in order to examine their 'quality of life' in addition to their 'quality of work'. Universal features of domestic service have been the depersonalising of the worker and the denial of their adulthood to that of a child. Enriching the data with consideration of some of the life details of the domestic servants interviewed challenges these lingering social practices. I favoured an interpretive methodology in order to give my interviewees the opportunity to 'speak for themselves' and facilitate the exploration of the hidden meanings within the domestic service relationship. Having argued through the thesis that domestic servants are often social constructed, caricatured and 'trapped' into being the 'other', their words are a reaffirmation of their adult status. Hegel's Lordship/bondage paradigm was the starting point of the theoretical analysis, from which I developed my own 'chains of otherness' conception. I sacrificed representativeness in my sample in order to focus on contextualising my theoretical arguments in nine diverse case studies. The outcome was that my research question narrowed to considering improvements in the lives of my nine domestic workers interviewed. However, I have also incorporated quantitative data within the thesis to add depth to my investigation. Grahamstown was the deliberate choice for the research site, as this was also the site of Cock's (1989/79) much-cited Maids and Madams. To return to an original area of investigation was imperative, as within the remit of the research question being asked was a comparison of domestic service during and after apartheid. The distortions of regionalism were minimalised and validated my use of Cock's results as a starting point for my own findings. Mandela's book title Long Walk to Freedom is an apt description of what I discovered. Improvements are beginning to be made but there is still much more to be achieved. Domestic service's inclusion in the ambit of labour legislation and improved conditions of work are positive shifts, but wages are still extremely low and social practices still have racial orientations. In addition to the application of my theoretical arguments, I moved beyond answering the original research question to consider the effects of poverty in the lives of domestic workers and formulated strategies of empowerment. As the thesis has favoured a qualitative approach I not only considered the material factors that are necessary to empower, but also the interrelations between one another that can recognise and promote human dignity.
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Boonzaaier, Igor Quinton. "Die invloed van 'n historiese ontwikkelingspatroon op hedendaagse wetgewing en grondhervorming : die wet op landelike gebiede (Wet 9 van 1987) en sy historiese probleme." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52207.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nobody can deny the need which prevails among black South Africans of gaining access to land. In South Africa, just like elsewhere, the land issue plays an equally important role to economic and political issues. However, the land issue is much more emotional, and has the potential to unleash forces which could impact negatively on the economy and the political situation. Bearing this in mind, the ANC-government placed the issue of land reform on the national agenda after assuming power in 1994. Within the broad framework of the program provision is made for previously disadvantaged people to be given access to agricultural land. However, the focus on new entrants to the agricultural sector diverts the attention somewhat from the fact that there are people and groupings who were also disadvantaged under apartheid, but who have had a degree of access to land. This study focuses on the 23 so-called Rural Areas which are scattered over four provinces (Western Cape, Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and the Free State) and which are administered in terms of the Rural Areas Act, Act 9 of 1987. Since the study is no more than an overview, a synopsis is given of contributing factors which relate to the origins of each of the areas. Of importance is the role which was played by missionary societies and others in establishing these communities. The mam focus of the study is the manner in which the Rural Areas were administered. Reference is made to relevant legislation since 1909, and specifically to Act 9 of 1987. The importance thereof lies in the fact that the existence and continued application of the Act has particular constitutional implications. Furthermore, the Minster of Land Affairs, who is responsible for the implementation of the land reform program, is the (unwilling) trustee of these areas. Apart from the fact that trusteeship recalls paternalism of years gone by, the South African reality also necessitated reflection on the existence of Act 9. The rest of the study discusses the consultation process undertaken by the department of Land Affairs with the communities concerned, and the writing of legislation to replace Act 9. The Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act, Act 94 of 1998, will replace Act 9 when certain conditions mentioned therein, have been met. The Act will end trusteeship and ensure that the communities receive ownership of their land. This will be a movement towards the ideal of the land reform process of giving access to land to all inhabitants of the country.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Niemand kan die behoefte aan toegang tot grond ontken wat onder swart Suid- Afrikaners heers nie. Nes elders, speel die grondkwessie in Suid-Afrika 'n ewe belangrike rol as ekonomiese en politieke kwessies. Die grondkwessie is egter baie meer emosioneel, met die potensiaal om kragte los te laat wat nadelig op die ekonomie en politiek kan inwerk. Gedagtig hieraan het die ANC-regering na bewindsaanvaarding in 1994 grondhervorming op die nasionale agenda geplaas deur 'n grondhervormingsprogram van stapel te stuur. Binne die breë raamwerk van die program is onder andere ruimte geskep vir die verlening van toegang tot landbougrond aan voorheen benadeeldes. Dié klem op "nuwe toetreders" tot landbou trek egter 'n mens se aandag af van die feit dat daar ander persone en groeperinge bestaan wat ook deur apartheid benadeel is, maar wat wel 'n mate van toegang tot grond gehad het. Hiedie studie fokus op die 23 sogenaamde Landelike Gebiede wat oor vier provinsies (Wes-Kaap, Noord-Kaap, Oos-Kaap en Vrystaat) van die land versprei is, en wat ingevolge die Wet op Landelike Gebiede, Wet 9 van 1987, geadministreer word. Weens die oorsigtelike aard van die studie word slegs 'n sinopsis gegee van bydraende faktore wat relevant is tot die spesifieke ontstaansgeskiedenis van elk van die gebiede. Veral van belang hier is die rol wat sendinggenootskappe en andere gespeel het in die totstandkoming van gemeenskappe. Daar word in hoofsaak gekyk na die manier waarop die Landelike Gebiede met verloop van tyd geadministreer is. Hier word verwys na die relevante wetgewing sedert 1909, met spesifieke verwysing na Wet 9 van 1987. Die belang hiervan lê in die feit dat die voortbestaan en voortgesette toepassing van die Wet bepaalde grondwetlike implikasies inhou. Daarmee saam die feit dat die Minister van Grondsake, wat verantwoordelik IS vir die implementering van die grondhervormingsprogram, die (onwillige) trustee is van die Landelike Gebiede. Benewens die feit dat trusteeskap sterk herinner aan die paternalisme van die verlede, het die nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse werklikheid vereis dat herbesin word oor die voortbestaan van Wet 9. Die res van die studie bespreek die konsultasieproses van die departement van Grondsake met die betrokke gemeenskappe, en die skryf van wetgewing om Wet 9 te vervang. Die Wet op die Transformasie van Sekere Landelike Gebiede, Wet 94 van 1998 sal Wet 9 vervang wanneer aan sekere vereistes voldoen word. Die Wet het ten doelom trusteeskap te beëindig en te verseker dat die betrokke gemeenskappe seggenskap oor hul grond verkry. Sodoende sal nader beweeg word aan die ideaal van die grondhervormingsproses, naamlik die verskaffing van vrye toegang tot grond aan alle inwoners van die land.
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Abrahams, Farah. "A review of provincial land-use planning in the Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Planning administration in the Western Cape is at a critical juncture. It is faced with having to address planning issues and housing needs whilst at the same time demonstrating through its practices the promotion of environmentally sustainable development. This paper will discuss planning and environmental legislation and the impact that the application of the legislation has on development proposals. Current legislation addresses issues of spacial development in developed areas and new development proposals but lacks the ability to address issues within informal settlements. Although socio-economic factors are not currently considered when assessing the viability of applications, the courts seem to consider these factors. Since new housing settlements are often developed for the poor and industrial developments in close proximity to these areas have direct impact on these individuals, planning could only gain if these factors are taken into consideration.If planning administration in the Western Cape is to continue successfully and without endless litigation against the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning administrators will have to find a balance between promoting development and protecting the environment. To promote environmentally sustainable developments will require closer cooperation between the land use planning and environmental management components. The loopholes, which permit incremental development in the present legislation, have to be identified and addressed. Guidelines, which will standardize the conditions under which applications can be approved or refused, will have to be drafted to ensure decision-making that is consistent and defensible. If having a liquor store within an affluent environment is not considered desirable such applications should not be considered within lower income areas. The same should apply when dealing with applications to establish factories or industry which will have an impact on the living conditions of communities in close proximity. The MEC will have to ensure that all decision taken are within the legal framework and that such decisions benefit entire communities and protect the rights of the poorest communities as well as that of the wealthy and influential.
Environmental legislation and the growing importance of environmental protection is also having an impact on the way in which new settlements are planned and on the rights of property owners. Although, we are responsible for the preservation of the environment for the next generation, socio-economic conditions, HIV and a myriad of other considerations may have to take precedence over environmental concerns.
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Magidi, James Takawira. "Spatio-temporal dynamics in land use and habit fragmentation in Sandveld, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7886_1297841126.
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This research assessed landuse changes and trends in vegetation cover in the Sandveld, using remote sensing images. Landsat TM satellite images of 1990, 2004 and 2007 were classified using the maximum likelihood classifier into seven landuse classes, namely water, agriculture, fire patches, natural vegetation, wetlands, disturbed veld, and open sands. Change detection using remote sensing algorithms and landscape metrics was performed on these multi-temporal landuse maps using the Land Change Modeller and Patch Analyst respectively. Markov stochastic modelling techniques were used to predict future scenarios in landuse change based on the classified images and their transitional probabilities. MODIS NDVI multi-temporal datasets with a 16day temporal resolution were used to assess seasonal and annual trends in vegetation cover using time series analysis (PCA and time profiling).Results indicated that natural vegetation decreased from 46% to 31% of the total landscape between 1990 and 2007 and these biodiversity losses were attributed to an increasing agriculture footprint. Predicted future scenario based on transitional probabilities revealed a continual loss in natural habitat and increase in the agricultural footprint. Time series analysis results (principal components and temporal profiles) suggested that the landscape has a high degree of overall dynamic change with pronounced inter and intra-annual changes and there was an overall increase in greenness associated with increase in agricultural activity. The study concluded that without future conservation interventions natural habitats would continue to disappear, a condition that will impact heavily on biodiversity and significant waterdependent ecosystems such as wetlands. This has significant implications for the long-term provision of water from ground water reserves and for the overall sustainability of current agricultural practices.
15
Fabricius, Christo 1956. "The impact of land use on biodiversity in xeric succulent thicket, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9512.
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Bibliography: leaves 100-114.Human-induced land management practices are key factors which influence the dynamics of landscapes, land elements and biotic communities in Xeric Succulent Thicket, a notoriously fragile and low resilience ecosystem in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In its natural state this vegetation type is characterized by a continuous mosaic of clumps of diverse woody shrubs in a matrix of grass, hardy dwarf shrubs and bare ground. When indigenous herbivores are replaced by domestic livestock at unsustainable stocking rates, the ratio of clump to interclump areas decreases. This has impacts on biodiversity at the landscape level, and affects the composition and species richness of plant, arthropod and reptile communities and fungal symbionts. The study has two main objectives: 1) to detennine the local-level effects of different types of land use on biodiversity in Xeric Succulent Thicket; and 2) to better understand the factors which affect biodiversity in different taxonomic groups and at different spatial scales, so that the preservation function of protected areas could be enhanced. The key questions which are addressed in the thesis are what does 'biodiversity' mean, and what are its different dimensions in Xeric Succulent Thicket; what roles do protected areas and other lands play in preserving biodiversity, how are different taxonomic groups affected by different types of land use; and how can biodiversity be monitored and measured? . The regional 'conservation landscape' is seen as the protected area plus the land immediately adjoining it, and is viewed as an integrated mosaic of anthropogenic landscapes (land management units), land elements (patches within landscapes). producer communities (assemblages of interacting plant species), consumer communities (assemblages of interacting herbivores and predators) and soil microorganisms. From a process point of view, the research relates the intensity of disturbance, mainly as a result of herbivory, to landscape complexity, the structure of land elements, and the species richness of producers and consumers within land elements. The patterns which emerge are interpreted in the context of ecosystem functioning, from the point of view of a practicing conservation biologist.
16
Rutkowski, Joshua Edward. "Understanding political ecologies of land use change using household surveys in Mankweng, South Africa." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4771.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 35 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-33).
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Ngcaba, Siyanda Vincent. "The decline of agriculture in rural Transkei: ʺthe case of Mission Location in Butterworthʺ." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003084.
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The following dissertation sets out to investigate the decline of agriculture in Mission location at Butterworth, Transkei, using the Rehabilitation Scheme as a benchmark. The scheme was introduced in 1945 to combat soil erosion and improve agriculture in the African reserve areas, as the South African government claimed. The dissertation argues that this claim by the government served to mask the real intentions behind the scheme namely, to regiment the migrant labour system by depriving as many Africans as possible of productive land so that they were unable to fully subsist by means of agriculture. This is further shown by analysing the impact of the Rehabilitation scheme in Mission location in which a substantial number of people lost arable land as a result of the implementation of the scheme in 1945. These people were consequently denied the wherewithal to subsist by agriculture. Moreover, the efforts of the government resulted to a modernisation of agriculture by making it more cash-based- for example through the introduction of fencing, the need for tractors as a result of a decline in stock numbers (in part as a result of stock culling). Most people could hardly afford this type of agriculture and were consequently forced off the land. The dissertation concludes that indeed the decline of agriculture in Mission location can be linked to the changing agricultural and land-holding practices brought about by the government- especially the introduction of the Rehabilitation scheme.
18
Goldschagg, Paul. "Airport noise in South Africa : prediction models and their effect on land-use planning /." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1292.
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Brumfitt, Ian Michael. "Reconciling mining and land-use planning law: challenges facing cooperative governance in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4467.
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Nqaphi, David Zibekile. "Government policies aimed at combating land degradation in Alfred Nzo District." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12404.
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Land degradation is a serious problem in communal district of Alfred Nzo, Eastern Cape in South Africa. The root causes of land degradation and soil erosion differ. The causes of land degradation in Alfred Nzo district communal areas are due to soil erosion by wind, water and poor agricultural practices. Rainfall is one of the most important climatic factor that contributed a lot in land degradation in the Alfred Nzo District. Other main factors contributing to land degradation include: Socio-economic factors related to historical land policies and inappropriate land uses, Poor land use planning, Drought and rainfall variability .Land use and management and sand mining. This study tried to pay more focus on the assessment of government policies which aimed at combating land degradation in South Africa in their nature but the area of focus will be Ntabankulu Local Municipality area in the project called Ematolweni Agricultural Co-operative Project. The reason to focus in this project is because they are currently practising crop production under electrified irrigation system but the main obstacle in this project are the dongas which are seemed to be a serious threat to the project site. During rainy seasons the project site is not easily accessible, that hampers access to market. There is also direct and serious effect of land degradation which is food insecurity which is emanating from loss of biodiversity and ground cover, loss of soil productivity, loss of income, decreased yield, and decline in economic productivity and national development. Lastly it is wisely recommended that to reduce the effect of land degradation in Alfred Nzo enlarge, government should strengthen the intervention programmes and provide more support to the LandCare programme which was the concept introduced in Australian and adopted in South Africa in 2001. This programme is assisting at restoring sustainability and productivity to land and water management in both rural and urban areas. It is holistic in nature, encompassing integrated sustainable natural resource management.
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Tom, Boyce. "Reviewing farm worker equity schemes: a case study of Saamwerk wine farm in the Overberg region, Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7758_1183464518.
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This research investigated experiences of the Saamwerk equity scheme as a framework to analyze the ways in which the scheme has achieved the objectives of land reform. It reviewed the role of this scheme in relation to the experiences and perceptions of beneficiaries about the extent to which this scheme has or has not improved their living conditions.
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Maduna-Mafu, Nqobani. "Land and agrarian reform, and rural livelihoods in post-apartheid South Africa : a study on the Ehlanzeni District in Mpumalanga Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4514.
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The study examines land and agrarian reforms in democratic South Africa focusing on projects implemented under the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) since 2009. Focusing on Bushbuckridge municipal area, the study reviews wide ranging transformative efforts initiated to address agrarian sector inequalities and rural poverty. The review illustrates that modest achievements have been made in restructuring the apartheid political geography manifesting in high levels of asset poverty amongst rural populations and vulnerability to food insecurity. While several factors are explored to explain this, it is discernible that a disjuncture exists between the social justice imperatives and the neoliberal development ideology adopted since transition to democracy. Adopting the sustainable livelihoods approach, the study examines whether the CRDP is adequate to address the needs for land equity in redistribution and to improve rural livelihoods in Mpumalanga, with particular focus on Bushbuckridge municipal area. Furthermore, the study examines the extent to which the implementation of CRDP has met the objective of equitable land redistribution as specified in the policy and also explores the outcomes of implementation, whether necessary conditions to promote the small-scale agricultural sector have been created; for instance, investments in agricultural infrastructure, support services such as credit measures, inputs and capacity building programmes for subsistence sector farming. Through a qualitative inquiry challenges are identified regarding the achievement of equity in land distribution and sustainable livelihoods. The conclusive chapter argues for paradigm shifts in land acquisition, public engagement, gender equity, funding models for subsistence farming, intersectoral co-operation, funding of rural infrastructural projects particularly markets and agro-processing facilities.
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Cilliers, Dirk Petrus. "The development and use of a land-use suitability model in spatial planning in South Africa / D.P. Cilliers." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4703.
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The United Nations (UN, 2006) predicts that 61 % of the world population (approximately 4.9 billion people) will be living in urban settlements by the year 2030. It is further anticipated that most of this urbanization will take place in developing countries, and more specifically in Africa. This is most likely due to the fact that most African countries are currently in an urban transition phase, as they are systematically changing from predominantly rural societies to predominantly urban societies. Urban growth is a definite reality and poses a threat to the natural environment around urban areas, and in effect also to urban sustainability. To assist planners and governments in effectively planning for urban growth and to ensure sustainable development, they need optimal decision support systems to aid them in the development of land-use management policies and spatial development plans. It is crucial that these support systems be comprehensive, to encourage sustainable development in a proactive manner. One way to assist planners and governments in this crucial task, is by providing them with land-use suitability and urban growth scenarios, which may assist them in the development of spatial development frameworks (SDF) and policies. Although a great deal of research has been done internationally on urban growth modelling, it is poorly researched in South Africa. This study employs a multiple-criteria approach to analyse land-use conflicts as well as land-use suitability via a Geographical Information System-based weighted overlay procedure. The analysis takes three competing land-uses (urban, agriculture and conservation) into consideration, in an attempt to identify the most suitable land available for each land-use. The results are ultimately used as inputs for urban growth modelling. A successful urban growth scenario was achieved for the city of Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa for the year 2030. The study showed that a fairly uncomplicated approach to urban growth modelling is possible with readily available data in South Africa and that such an approach has value for spatial planning purposes.Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Gouws, Johan. "The cost benefit analysis of reclamation strategies used in surface coal mining to ensure sustainable post-mining land use." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97326.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, a cost benefit analysis was done to determine the best possible methods for postmining reclamation. A comparison was made between a conventional method with additional organic material added to the soil and a Backgrounding method where cattle are reared on the land. The best method, according to the financial model that was built, was the method of Backgrounding cattle on the rehabilitated land. The main reason for this outcome may be due to the fact that the meat that is produced is a high value product. It might not be practically applicable to mines at this stage, but the calculation provides an insight into the possibilities that reclaimed mine land holds for the agricultural industry.
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Hanekom, Nicolaas Willem. "The impact of different land uses on the phytodiversity of the West Coast Strandveld in and around Rocherpan Nature Reserve." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/855.
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Thesis (MTech (Applied Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007Changes in plant specIes richness and diversity were investigated in Rocherpan Nature Reserve across a fence (or old fence line) separating 34 years of conservation management, conservation management for 11 years south and north, natural veld grazed by cattle and goats, natural veld grazed by sheep, and strip-ploughed veld grazed by sheep. Vegetation surveys were conducted in September 2001. The modified 20 m x 50 m Whittaker plot design with its attractive features of long-thin plots and the original Whittaker plot design were used. Number of species (as richness data) and the numbers of individual recordings per species per land use (as abundance data) were used in calculations in the 20 m x 50 m (1000 m2 ) plots. The species richness index showed significantly smaller numbers of species in the conservation management 11 years south land. The results also showed an increase in species numbers under the grazing land use systems. The data from the comparative study of the five different species diversity indices showed no significant differences. As a result, the Shannon-Wiener index was selected for further assessing the species diversity index and the species diversity significance of different land uses in the West Coast Strandveld. In this particular study, the species that showed an increase in vegetation cover in response to grazing land use regimes were Hemimeris racemosa (annual herb) and Ehrharta brevifolia (annual grass).
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Umulisa, Viviane. "Investigating the relationship between land use and soil moisture variation in Suid Bokkeveld, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19992.
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This study investigated the spatial variability of soil moisture as well as changes within the soil profile of different land use types in the Suid Bokkeveld, situated to the south-west of the Nothern Cape, South Africa. This area has been experiencing harsh weather conditions that affect local agricultural production and multiple livelihood activities. The primary aim of the research was to analyse the influence of land use adopted in response to weather and climate change by studying the effects of soil moisture variations in the area. The study found that, together with depth and soil particle size, different types of land use contribute to soil moisture variations. Out of the five types of land uses that were investigated, rooibos cultivated farms had the highest soil moisture variability. The second highest variability was found in grazing cultivated farms and the lowest in natural and grazing never cultivated land, respectively. The results confirm that the shift from rooibos tea and wheat cultivation to grazing has contributed to a reduction in soil moisture variations. The grazing cultivated and fallow system could therefore be an effective land use types to ensure water and soil conservation, reduce land degradation and adapt to weather and climate change. The significance of this study lies in it being one of the first explorations into soil moisture in this area. Other forcing factors will need to include building a comprehensive and integrated understanding of soil moisture variability based on multiple influencing factors.
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Van, Averbeke W., A. Verdoodt, and E. Ranst. "Modelling crop production potentials for yield gap analysis under semiarid conditions in Guquka, South Africa." Soil Use and Management, 2003. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000885.
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Hierarchical crop growth models can contribute signi®cantly to land quality research because the
yield gap between the estimated optimum and the actual crop production has been identi®ed as a major
land quality indicator. This study describes a three-level, hierarchical crop production model, simulating
radiation-thermal, water-limited and natural production potentials of annual crops. Input requirements have
been kept low to ensure its applicability to developing regions, which often have access only to limited data.
The simplicity of this model also has disadvantages: inconsistencies have been reported when applying this
model in semiarid regions, which are characterized by very irregular rainfall patterns. Revision of the water
balance, which simulates the availability of water, was required. The modi®ed model was validated using
the experimental yields of maize and sun¯ower in Guquka, a semiarid region of South Africa. Yields were
estimated very well, possible improvements to crop production were identi®ed and implications for land-use
planning highlighted. Yield gap analysis revealed that radiation, sunshine and temperature are favourable
for crop production, but the heavy dependence on rainfall makes the region very vulnerable to drought,
with devastating impact on yields. The generally low chemical soil fertility further reduces crop performance.
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Arends, Ursula F. "Women and land : acces to and use of land and natural resources in the communal areas of rural South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7803_1297334501.
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The typical face of poverty in South Africa is African, rural, and female. As the primary users of rural land, women engage in farming and subsistence activities. Despite this pivotal role played by rural women, they experience grave problems under communal tenure, most notably in relation to access to and use of land and productive resources. Research has shown that the majority of rural households in South Africa derive significant proportions of their livelihoods from land-based activities, and that the value of common property resources associated with land, for example livestock production, crop production, and natural resource harvesting is often overlooked as an important asset of poor rural communities. The importance of these landbased livelihoods sources is even greater for female-headed households, female members of rural households, and the very poor or &lsquo
marginalised&rsquo
members of rural communities, since they tend to be more reliant on landbased livelihoods than those with secure income from pensions, wageearning activity or remittances from migrant labourers. The importance of security of land tenure to the sustainability of rural livelihoods, particularly insofar as rural women are concerned, is the central focus of this study.
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Kalumba, Ahmed Mukalazi. "Land management in the Wild Coast: the case of indigenous people in Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/79.
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An under-reported consequence of the democratic transition is the impact on land management (LM) within communal areas of South Africa (SA).Yet land is an essential natural resource, both for the survival and prosperity of humanity, and for the maintenance of all terrestrial ecosystems (FAO&UNEP,1997.)This study focuses on land management in the Wild Coast with special reference to indigenous people in Coffee Bay.Using the concept of the land management paradigm, the study adopts an intensive research design for the analysis and interpretation of data.The study aims to examine how land as a 'resource'is managed by the local indigenous people with special reference to wether it is moving towards or away from sustainability.The study discusses LM in the rural-built up environment with emphasis on land based activities, land tenure, gender issues,indigenous knowledge systems, changes in land use and degradation.The study looks at the indigenous people's participation in the new LM policy formation as predetermined by the grand scheme of democratization and decentralization.It highlights that indigenous knowledge systems are at the centre in rural sustainable LM, and equity in land issues forms another breakthrough for communal tenure system in the new SA.Indigenous people's views in policy formulation are not necessarily matched with national policy objectives due to poor public consultation.In general, the study provides an understanding of how indigenous people grapple with new policy changes in LM, to ensure sustainable land management in the rural South Africa
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Welderufael, W. A., and Y. E. Woyessa. "Impact of land use on water resources of the Modder River basin in central South Africa." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal: Vol 9, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/358.
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Published ArticleAlong the path of water flowing in a river basin are many water-related human interventions that modify the natural systems. Rainwater harvesting is one such intervention that involves abstraction of water in the upstream catchment. Increased water withdrawal at upstream level is an issue of concern for downstream water availability to sustain ecosystem services. The Modder River basin, located in the central South Africa, is experiencing intermittent meteorological droughts causing water shortages for agriculture, livestock and domestic purpose. To address this problem a technique was developed for small scale farmers with objective of harnessing rainwater for crop production. However, the impact of a wider adoption of this technique by farmers on the water resources has not been quantified. In this regard, the SWAT hydrological model was used to simulate the impact of such practice on the water resources of the river basin. The scenarios studied were: pasture (PAST), conventional agriculture (Agri-CON) and agriculture using rainwater harvesting (Agri-IRWH). The result showed that the highest mean monthly direct flow was obtained on Agri-CON land use (18 mm), followed by PAST (12 mm) and Agri-IRWH land use (10 mm). The Agri-IRWH scenario reduced runoff by 38% compared to Agri-CON, which justifies its intended purpose. On the other hand, it was found that the Agri-IRWH contributed to more groundwater recharge (40 mm) compared to PAST (32 mm) and Agri-CON (19 mm) scenarios. Although, there was a visible impact of the rainwater harvesting technique on the water yield when considered on a monthly time frame, the overall result showed that there was a substantial benefit of using the rainwater harvesting technique for agricultural production (Agr-IRWH) without impacting significantly on the mean annual water yield.
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Ramaloko, Thomas Tshwantshi. "The effect of different land uses on household livelihoods in Tale Ga-Morudu Communal Property Association." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14146.
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This study is about a population of 235 households in Blouberg municipality, Limpopo Province, that constituted itself in 2004 into a Communal Property Association. The Tale Ga-Morudu CPA was formed in order to own, manage and control a total of seventeen farms which were progressively restituted to them during 2004 by the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. Tale Ga-Morudu households were dispossessed and forcefully removed from a number of fertile, arable and irrigable farms1in the 1960s due to racially discriminatory laws or practices. These households were then relocated by the then apartheid regime on the eastern part of Mogalakwena River. They were distributed in the arid communal areas of Laanglagte/Vergelegen, Matekereng; Ga- Mankgodi; Letswatla and Mamoleka under the traditional leadership of Kgoshi Maleboho of BabinaTšhwene. (Map one). It is the aim of this study to find out how Tale Ga-Morudu CPA currently uses these restituted farms for the households who have said to have benefited from restituted land. The researcher used his own observations, lessons and analysis of perspectives from case studies conducted from Limpopo in order to pursue this aim. This study adopted a descriptive household survey design that used a predominantly quantitative approach, and the use of qualitative methods to complement contextual details. A quantitative questionnaire was used on a sample unit of (20%) 45 households obtained by simple random sampling from a population of 235 households of the CPA. Other qualitative methods include focus group discussion, document review and observation. From the results it is clear that land claimants, prefer to retain existing practices of land use, than risk changes in land use in order to meet their socio-economic needs. Thus, instead of investing in commercial agriculture or wildlife farming, people follow subsistence agriculture and remain dependent on social grants and pensions for their livelihood. The general study findings show that the CPA planned to implement different types of land use including those of direct land use value. These include food gardens, resettlement; game farming; poultry enterprises and livestock grazing, and also of indirect use value. The latter refers to contract crop cultivation, rentals and strategic partnerships. The study found that despite income being generated from indirect types of land use, the majority of these intended beneficiaries never benefited from accrued financial dividends of land rental and development. However, households were still able to take advantage of employment opportunities created by contract crop cultivation and in the process they acquired crop cultivation skills. Furthermore the harvesting of natural resources such as wood and poles also contribute to the wellness of households. Households, also derived cultural wellness and a sense of satisfaction by accessing their restored farms to perform rituals. The general conclusion of the study is that the CPA is underutilizing its properties, including arable and irrigable fields, rentable recreational facilities, game farming and its tourism potential.
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Xulu, Sifiso. "Land degradation and settlement intensification in Umhlathuze Municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86208.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The multifaceted land degradation problem and its associated manifold impacts have attracted research from different disciplines, resulting in varying definitions of the concept. However, most researchers agree that human intervention that deteriorates the state of the environment is the central element. Among the anthropogenic activities that exacerbate land degradation, land cover has been singled out as the salient element. Rapid and unplanned land cover changes are primary manifestations of this problem. UMhlathuze Municipality, the study area which has superior biodiversity richness, is one of fastest growing municipalities in South Africa and is the locale of significant land modifications in recent decades because of a variety of industrial and residential developments. Using Landsat TM imagery acquired for 1984, 1996 and 2004, this study mapped and quantified land cover change and manifestations of land degradation in the uMhlathuze Municipality in conjunction with settlement intensification computed from orthophotographs acquired for 1984 and 2004. Census population statistics were analysed as a reflection of population dynamics and further to gauge related causes of land cover change. Geographical information technology (GIT) was applied as an analytical tool. The results revealed the anthropogenic influences that led to changes in land cover over the 20- year period between 1984 and 2004. The dominant natural cover classes in 1984 declined continuously and human-dominated land categories had increased sharply by 2004. Much of grasslands, forest and wetlands were converted to monotypical agroforestry (sugar cane and forestry plantations), built-up settlement and mining. These changes engendered complete loss of biodiversity (floral and migration of fauna). Bare ground, signifying land degradation, was noticeable although it exhibited a fluctuating trend which could be attributable to differences between the various imagery used. Along with population growth, the area of settlements increased over the study period and spatially sprawled from urban areas. Settlements showed a fairly stable spatial configuration over the 20-year period, but became magnified in medium- and high-density areas. Grassland and wetlands occurring around Richards Bay, as well as indigenous forest near Port Durnford, were identified as critically threatened ecosystems. The proposed industrial development zone and port expansion were recognized as having adverse ecological implications for wetlands. The study concluded that significant land cover changes occurred in the form of natural land cover giving way to monotypical agroforestry, built-up settlements and mining - all to the detriment of pristine natural habitat.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veelvlakkige probleem van omgewingsdegradasie en die gepaardgaande veelsoortige impakte lok navorsing uit verskillende dissiplines, wat lei tot verskillende definisies van die konsep. Tog is die meeste navorsers dit eens dat menslike invloede die sentrale element is wat die toestand van die omgewing verswak. Van die vele menslike aktiwiteite is grondgebruikverandering uitgesonder as die belangrikste beïnvloeder van agteruitgang van die omgewing. Veral vinnige en onbeplande grondgebruikveranderinge verteenwoordig die primêre manifestasies van hierdie probleem. UMhlathuze Munisipaliteit, die studiegebied met 'n hoë biodiversiteitsrykdom, is een van die vinnigste groeiende munisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika, waar 'n verskeidenheid nywerheids- en residensiële ontwikkelings beduidende grondgebruikverandering oor die afgelope dekades dryf. Met behulp van Landsat TM beelde van 1984, 1996 en 2004, is hierdie studiegebied gekarteer en oppervlaktes gekwantifiseer om grondgebruikverandering en verwante manifestasies van die agteruitgang van landbedekking in die uMhlathuze Munisipaliteit te konstateer. Tesame hiermee is die verdigting van nedersettings ook met behulp van ortofoto’s van 1984 en 2004 aangeteken. Bevolkingsensusstatistieke is ontleed as weerspieëling van die gepaardgaande bevolkingsdinamika en om moontlike oorsake van verandering in grondbedekking te bepaal. Vir hierdie doel is geografiese inligtingstegnologie (GIT ) as analitiese instrument toegepas. Die resultate toon antropogeniese invloede lei tot veranderinge in grondbedekking oor die tydperk van 20 jaar tussen 1984 en 2004. Die dominante natuurlike dekkingsklasse in 1984 het voortdurend verminder en menslik-gedomineerde kategorieë het teen 2004 skerp gestyg. Baie van die grasvelde, woude en vleilande is daadwerklik omskep tot monotipiese agro-bosbou (suikerrieten bosbouplantasies), beboude nedersetting en mynbou. Hierdie veranderinge behels 'n volledige verlies van biodiversiteit (plantegroei en migrasie van fauna). Kaalgrond, wat dui op die agteruitgang van grondbedekking, was ook opvallend, hoewel dit 'n wisselende tendens toon wat ook kan wees as gevolg van die verskille tussen die beeldmateriaal wat gebruik is. Saam met die groei van die bevolking is bevind dat nedersettings oor die studieperiode toegeneem het en in tipiese spreipatrone weg van die stedelike gebiede uitbrei. Nedersettings het 'n redelik stabiele ruimtelike liggingsopset oor die tydperk van 20 jaar getoon, maar het in medium- en hoë- digtheid gebiedeverdeel. Die voorkoms van grasveld en vleiland rondom Richardsbaai, asook inheemse woud naby Port Durnford, is geïdentifiseer as krities-bedreigde ekosisteme. Die voorgestelde nywerheidsontwikkelingsone en hawe-uitbreiding is geïdentifiseer as ontwikkelings met nadelige ekologiese implikasies vir vleilande. Daar is dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beduidende voortgaande grondbedekkingveranderinge in die gebied voorkom, waarin natuurlike landdekking transformeer tot monotipiese agrobosbou, beboude nedersettings en mynbou - alles tot nadeel van die ongerepte natuurlike habitat.
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Hamann, Ralph. "Towards sustainability via participation? environmental evaluation and land use planning in the Garden Route, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4859.
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Bibliography: p. 222-237.This thesis seeks to relate the concept and practice of public participation (PP) to an evolving theory of sustainability. This relationship is framed within the context of the South African local state, where government institutions interact with civil society to support socio-economic development, as wen as environmental protection. In this respect, key mechanisms are land use planning and environmental evaluation, which interact to influence decision-making processes surrounding at times contentious land development applications. PP plays an important role in this process, and to analyse this role is the aim of this thesis.
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Mathiane, Makwena T. "The influence of ideology upon land policy of the post apartheid government of the Republic of South Africa, 1994 - 2004." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/786.
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Thesis (M.A. (Political Science))--University of Limpopo, 2007Since 1913 black South Africans have been forcefully dispossessed of land under the racist land laws of the successive white South African governments. In 1994 the black government began to pass land laws that were supposed to provide blacks with land ownership rights. Ten years later blacks have re-claimed less than four percent of the eighty seven percent of the land they were dispossessed of. The failure to return dispossessed land to blacks is attributed to the ideology of the current government with respect to its land policy. This study attempts to fill the void regarding the ideological implications of the land reform policy of the post-apartheid government. We speculate that neo-liberal implications are dominant within this policy. Social democracy can overcome the failure of the policy as it is cost-effective and efficient and attempts to achieve social justice. It can therefore afford dispossessed and landless blacks land ownership.
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Makgaba, Pompa Phestina. "Evaluation of land use development following a successful land restitution claim with reference to Chatleka land claim in the Capricorn District Municipality , Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/735.
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Ngomane, Thandi Susan. "Land as an economic empowerment tool: access, control and ownership of land by rural women in the Mpumalanga Province,South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1614.
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Catchpowle, Lesley. "Public sector trade union response to change in South Africa : a case study of the South African municipal workers union (SAMWU) in the Western Cape (1992-97)." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2002. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8615/.
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The thesis explores the relationship between the public sector trade unions and the government in South Africa from 1992-7. The research is located in debates concerning the ANC government's endorsement of the 'free-market 1 economy in the post apartheid period. The Marxist method of historical materialism is used to explain the changing relationship between the state and the trade unions. To expound these issues, a single case study of the Cape Town branch of the municipal union - SAMWU - is examined. The case served several functions, it illustrated the nature of apartheid, it took account of the government's introduction of privatisation in the public sector, and simultaneously provided a vehicle for the development of the theory of the state and its inter-relationship with the trade unions. The questions that arose from the case were linked to whether SAMWU would engage in conflict or conciliation to stop privatisation in the public sector, and whether the state would be free to respond favourably to labour's actions and demands. A number of key findings were established relating to these areas. With regard to the state, the materialist analysis developed by the 'state derivation' theorists provided a useful tool, but for reasons outlined in the dissertation, neglected the basic structural dependence on capitalism. The theoretical conclusion of the thesis: was the state was not independent of capitalism, that it - along with business and labour - was ultimately bound up with the relations of capital. However, as an integral part of capitalism, the state was also affected by the 'contradictions' or potential conflict found within the exploitative relations between capital and labour. Consequently, in order to control any serious challenge from labour to the system - arising as a result of the 'contradictions' within capitalism - the South African state had chosen to engage in conciliation with the trade unions, with the aim of minimising any overall threat or resistance to the existing system. As to whether SAMWU would engage in this conciliation, or choose resistance to stop privatisation, the answer was viewed as related to the union members' levels of class consciousness, and the policies and organisation of their union. The class and collective consciousness of SAMWU members was seen as inherently tied up with issues of race - in particular their 'coloured' identity. The thesis conceptualised apartheid and race as a function of capitalism. It concluded that the continuing use made of the 'coloured' identity in the region, to disguise economic inequality, had the potential to negate against the members' collective ability to resist privatisation. With regard to the acceptance of conciliation, although no clear answers were immediately forthcoming by 1997, it was possible to deduce that formalisation and partnerships had, at this stage, done little to prevent free market practices from being introduced in the workplace. Finally, although the thesis was unable to conclude in 1997, that SAMWU would ultimately resort to industrial action to stop privatisation, the re-organisation of the union to remain rooted in rank-and-file activity, the campaigns and protests against privatisation, plus the declared intention of the leaders and membership during interviews to take strike action, all seemed to indicate this would be the case.
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Kobokana, Siviwe. "Reconciling poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation: The case of expanded public works progeamme (EPWP) in Hluleka and Mkambati Nature Reserves, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5061_1210687644.
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This study aimed at analysing the South African government's attempt at reconciling poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in the context of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). The study analyses this, using the cases of Hluleka and Mkanbati Nature Reserves in the Eastern Cape Province. To achieve this aim, the study used qualitative research methodology, which employed a three-pronged approach.
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Cloete, Le Ann. "Determining the willingness-to-pay for the removal of a local undesirable land use." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015979.
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A manganese ore dump and oil tank farm have been situated in the Port Elizabeth harbour for more than forty years. Although these facilities are independently operated and managed, they are viewed as one distinct disamenity, and there is strong local opposition to their continued location in the harbour. The negative environmental impacts (for example, water and air pollution) caused by the ore dump and tank farm have been well documented. This pollution takes the form of oil leaks from the oil tank farm, and ore dust pollution from the manganese ore dump. The air pollution caused by the manganese ore dump is a result of the dump currently being an open air handling and storage facility. The ore dust is dispersed into the air due to strong prevailing winds in the Bay and has resulted in respiratory illnesses of residents living in close proximity to the facility. Oil pollution, due to leakages experienced at the oil tank farm, has extended far beyond the periphery of the harbour. Inter alia, there has been a decline in local fish populations, as well as a decline in passive and active use satisfaction associated with the adjacent beach area, i.e. Kings Beach. These oil leakages, first reported in 2001, could have a detrimental effect on the Blue Flag status of this beach, as well as the Blue Flag status of other beaches situated further up the coast. The lease agreements for the oil tank farm and manganese ore dump are set to expire in 2014 and 2016, respectively. As yet, there is no consensus on when these disamenities will be (re)moved. In order to mitigate the secondary impacts of these facilities, both of them should be removed. Although these impacts should be the focus of public policy debates and cost-benefit assessments, no direct valuation method exists to value the economic cost to affected communities. Instead, non-market valuation methods, such as the contingent valuation method (CVM), are often applied to assign values to these economic costs. This study seeks to determine Nelson Mandela Bay households‟ preferences for the immediate removal of the manganese ore dump and oil tank farm from the Port Elizabeth harbour. This case was selected since it represents a current public policy debate issue that has not been resolved. Monetary estimates of people‟s preferences for the removal of pollution-creating activities can assist policy-makers and other stakeholders when locating industries in an urban setting. These estimates can also be of use in understanding the benefits associated with air and water quality improvement projects. The primary valuation technique used in this study is the CVM. This method was chosen as it is capable of measuring the economic significance of lost passive-use values of individuals affected by negative externalities. Both a non-parametric and a parametric estimate of mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) were derived. On average, a respondent was willing to pay a once-off amount of between R47.09 (non-parametric estimate) and R93.21 (parametric estimate). Non-parametric estimation (via the Turnbull estimator) was conducted to test the sensitivity of the parametric results (via a logit model). The logit model‟s results showed that the probability of a „yes‟ answer to the referendum question varies with a number of covariates in a realistic and expected way, which offers some support for the construct validity of this CV study. Household income, education, age, and disamenity awareness were significant determinants of individuals‟ responses to the WTP question. A summary of the findings of WTP estimates for both parametric and non-parametric analysis is provided in Table 1. Three primary recommendations stem from this study. Firstly, the study used a relatively small sample size. Although it was sufficient for a pilot study it is recommended that future research into this issue should aim for a much larger sample size to ensure more precise estimates of the WTP for the removal of the disamenity. Secondly, the conservative non-parametric mean WTP estimate should be used as opposed to the higher parametric mean WTP estimate. Third, the aggregate WTP estimation constitutes only a partial analysis of cost. A number of other factors and value streams need to be analysed and compared with the cost estimates generated by this study if adequate holistic decision-making is to take place with regard to the removal of the manganese ore dump and oil tank farm. More specifically, the total WTP estimated in this study should be viewed as only one input into a comprehensive social cost-benefit analysis to determine the desirability of the removal of this disamenity for wider society.
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Etoughe, Kongo Ulrich Pavlique. "Urban land cover classification from high resolution Geoeye-1 imagery using a lidarbased digital surface model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96914.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urban planning and management require up-to-date information about urban land cover. Producing such geospatial information is time consuming as it is usually done manually. The classification of such information from satellite imagery is challenging owing to the difficulties associated with distinguishing urban features having similar spectral properties. Therefore, this study evaluates the combination of a digital surface model (DSM) derived from LiDAR data and very high-resolution GeoEye-1 satellite imagery for classifying urban land cover in Cape Town. The value of the DSM was assessed by comparing a land cover product obtained from the GeoEye-1 image to a map produced using both the GeoEye-1 image and the DSM. A systematic segmentation procedure for the two classifications scenarios preceded a supervised (using a support vector machine, K nearest neighbour and classification and regression algorithm tree classifiers) and rule-based classification. The various approaches were evaluated using a combination of methods. When including the DSM in the supervised and rule-based classifications, the overall accuracy and kappa vary between 80% to 83% and 0.74 to 0.77 respectively. When the DSM is excluded, the overall accuracy ranges between 49 to 64% whereas kappa ranges between 0.32 to 0.53 for the two classification approaches. The accuracies obtained are always about 20% higher when the DSM is included. The normalised DSM (nDSM) enabled accurate discrimination of elevated (e.g. buildings) and non-elevated (e.g. paved surfaces) urban features having similar spectral characteristics. The nDSM of at least one-metre resolution and one metre vertical accuracy influenced the accuracy of the results by correctly differentiating elevated from non-elevated. The rule-based approach was more effective than the supervised classification, particularly for extracting water bodies (dams and swimming pools) and bridges. Consequently, a rule-based approach using very high spatial resolution (EHSR) satellite imagery and a LiDAR-derived DSM is recommended for mapping urban land cover.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stedelike beplanning- en bestuur vereis dat inligting oor grondbedekking (land cover) op datum moet wees. Die vervaardiging van hierdie georuimtelike inligting is tydrowend omdat dit gewoonlik met die hand gedoen word. Die onttrekking van sulke inligting vanuit satellietbeelde bied ʼn groot uitdaging omdat stedelike voorwerpe met soortgelyke spektrale eienskappe moeilik is om van mekaar te onderskei. Hierdie studie evalueer die kombinasie van ʼn digitale oppervlak model (DOM) afkomstig van LiDAR-data en ʼn baie hoë resolusie GeoEye-1-satellietbeeld om stedelike grondbedekking in Kaapstad te klassifiseer. Die waarde van die DOM word bepaal deur ʼn grondbesettingsproduk wat vanuit ʼn GeoEye-1-beeld verkry is te vergelyk met ʼn grondbesettingsproduk wat verkry is deur beide die GeoEye-1-beeld en die DOM te gebruik. Sistematiese segmentasie word op die twee benaderings uitgeoefen en dit word gevolg deur ʼn gekontroleerde klassifikasie (steunvektormasjiene, k-naaste aangrensende waarde en klassifikasie en regressie algoritme) en ʼn reël-gebaseerde algoritme. Hierdie verskeie benaderings is geëvalueer met behulp van ʼn kombinasie van kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes. Toe die DOM in die gekontroleerde en reël-gebaseerde klassifikasie ingesluit is, het die algehele akkuraatheid en kappa tussen 80% en 83%, en 74% en 77% gewissel. Toe die DOM uitgesluit is, het die algehele akkuraatheid en kappa tussen 49% en 64%, en 32% en 53% vir die twee klassifikasiebenaderings gewissel. Die behaalde akkurraatheidswaardes is altyd 20% hoër as die DOM ingesluit word. Dit is hoofsaaklik omdat die DOM akkurate onderskeiding tussen hoë (bv. geboue) en plat (bv. geplaveide oppervlaktes) stedelike bakens met gelyksoortige spektrale eienskappe in staat stel. Die kwaliteit van die DOM beïnvloed die akkuraatheid van die resultate. ʼn DOM van ten minste een meter resolusie, met een meter of beter vertikale akkuraatheid, word benodig om te verseker dat geboue en ander beboude bakens korrek van mekaar onderskei kan word. Die reël-gebaseerde benadering was meer effektief as die gekontroleerde klassifikasie, veral om waterliggame (damme en swembaddens) en brûe te identifiseer. Gevolglik word ʼn reël-gebaseerde benadering met die hoë resolusie satellietbeelde en ʼn LiDAR-afgeleide DOM aanbeveel om stedelike grondbesetting te karteer.
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Dodd, Heather Margaret. "Rand Mines Properties : case study in design and development." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24275.
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Cooper, Tessa June Groves. "The effects of land use changes on the distribution of forest dependent bird species in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97842.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Forests in South Africa have had a long history of human utilization and disturbance, and are under threat from a variety of anthropogenic land use changes. Foremost of these are deforestation and forest degradation, impacting the species native to these forests. The aims of this study were to determine changes in the distribution of forest dependent bird species according to the South African Bird Atlas Project; to relate these changes to changes in land-use; to identify links between these changes; to determine the extent, location and causes of the decline of each forest dependent bird species; and to identify current risks to forest dependent bird species in South Africa. Range data on 57 forest dependent bird species from SABAP1 (1987-1992) and SABAP2 (2007-present) were analyzed. Of these, 28 species were found to have declining ranges. Thirty sites across South Africa were identified as being most at risk, with all having experienced a loss of more than 10 of the 57 forest dependent bird species between SABAP1 and SABAP2. The range change data of the 28 species with decreasing ranges were correlated with data on changes in land cover over the same time period to infer relationships between changes in land use and change in bird ranges. Occupancy modelling was done to determine which land cover types affect extinction and initial presence. Individual species characteristics were analyzed to determine links between characteristics and response to land use change. A pan-European trait-based risk assessment framework was applied to all 57 species to identify habitats and species most at risk, as well as the most important threats to species persistence. Results showed that natural vegetation decreased in 67% of sites, while plantations and cultivation increased in 50% of sites. Occupancy modelling showed extinction likelihood to increase with plantations in some species, while plantations mitigated extinction likelihood in other species. Urbanization and cultivation likewise mitigated extinction likelihood in some species. Natural vegetation was replaced by cultivation, while cultivation was replaced by urbanization. The number of species lost increased with a loss of natural vegetation. Twenty two of the thirty sites experienced deforestation of indigenous forests between 2000 and 2013/2014; changes in natural vegetation in these sites can be attributed primarily to deforestation, and a loss of plantations. While most at-risk sites were in the Eastern Cape, there was no geographic grouping of species loss or of land use change. Most species lost were birds of prey or insectivores, and species characteristics and habitat preferences determined the sites from which they were lost. The Cape parrot (Poicephalus robustus), rufous-chested sparrowhawk (Accipiter rufiventris) and the migratory Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) suffered the largest declines in range size and are thought to be most at risk. Montane forests were found to be more at risk than other forest types. The major risks facing montane forests were increased abundance of small predators, increased fire suppression, increased soil management, removal of deadwood and reduced diversity of tree species. These threats are all products of plantation forestry and local harvesting. Nesting risk was higher than foraging risk for all species, indicating that nesting habitat should be better preserved. Half of South Africa’s forest dependent bird species have declining ranges, with the loss of these species most prominent in the Eastern Cape. Natural vegetation loss, comprising mostly recent deforestation; increased cultivation and urbanization; and changes in plantation cover are thought to be the main factors determining these declines. Montane forests in particular should be better protected to preserve forest dependent species, and the negative effects of plantation forestry and local harvesting should be mitigated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika het ‘n lang geskiedenis van woude wat deur mense gebruik, asook vernietig word. Woude word bedreig deur verskeie menslike grondgebruike en veranderinge. Die mees vooraanstaande van die bedreigings is ontbossing en woud verdunning, wat ‘n invloed het op inheemse spesies in die woude. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om veranderinge in die verspreiding van bos-afhanklike voëlspesies vas te stel volgens die Suid Afrikaanse Voël Atlas Projek; om hierdie veranderinge te verband met veranderinge in grondgebruik; om verbande tussen hierdie veranderinge te identifiseer; om die mate, die plek en die oorsake van die agteruitgang van elke bos-afhanklike voëlspesies te bepaal; en om huidige risiko's aan die bos afhanklik voëlspesies in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer. Trefwydte inligting oor 57 woud afhanklike voëlspesies van SABAP1 (1987-1992) en SABAP2 (2007-nou) was geanaliseer. Daar was gevind dat vanuit die spesies, het 28 ‘n afneming in trefwydte ervaar. Dertig terreine in Suid-Afrika was uitgeken as dié met die hoogste risiko, met ‘n verlies van meer as 10 van die 57 woud afhanklike voëlspesies tussen SABAP1 en SABAP2. Die trefwydte inligting van die 28 spesies met ‘n afnemende trefwydte was gekorreleer met inligting oor veranderinge in grond bedekking oor dieselfde tydperk om verhoudings tussen veranderinge in grond gebruik en veranderinge in voël trefwydtes aftelei. Besetting modellering was gedoen om te bepaal watter tipes grond bedekking beinvloed uitwissing en aanvanklike teenwoordigheid. Kenmerke van individuele spesies is ontleed om verbande tussen kenmerke en reaksie op verandering in grondgebruik te bepaal. ‘n Pan-Europese eienskap gebaseerde risiko-analise raamwerk is toegepas op die 57 spesies om die spesies en habitatte met die grootse risiko te identifiseer, asook die belangrikste bedreigings vir spesies-volharding. Die resultate het gewys dat natuurlike plantegroei het verminder in 67% van terreine, terwyl plantasie en verbouing vermeerder het in 50% van terreine. Besetting-modellering het gewys dat waarskynlikheid van uitwissing vermeerder met plantasies in sommige spesies, terwyl plantasies die waarskynlikheid van uitwissing verminder het in ander spesies. Verstedeliking en verbouing het ook die waarskynlikheid van uitwissing verminder in sommige spesies. Natuurlike plantegroei was vervang deur verbouing, terwyl verbouing vervang is deur verstedeliking. Die aantal spesies verlies het vermeerder met die vermindering van natuurlike plantegroei. Twee en twintig van die dertig terreine het ontbossing van inheemse woude ervaar tussen 2000 en 2013/2014. Veranderinge in natuurlike plantegroei in die terreine is meestal as gevolg van ontbossing, en ‘n vermindering van plantasies. Terwyl meeste van die hoë risiko terreine in die Oos-Kaap was, was daar geen geografiese groepering van spesies vermindering of grondgebruik veranderinge nie. Meeste spesies wat vernietig is was roofvoëls of insectivore, en spesies kenmerke en habitat voorkeure het die terreine bepaal waaruit hulle verloor is. Die grootpapegaai (Poicephalus robustus), rooiborssperwer (Accipiter rufiventris) en die trekvoël Europese wielewaal (Oriolus oriolus) het die grootste vermindering in trefwydte grootte ervaar, en is vermoedelik die grootste risiko. Bergwoude was gevind om meer in gevaar te wees as ander woud tipes. Die grootste risikos wat bergwoude beïnvloed het was ‘n toenemende hoeveelheid klein roofdiere, verhoogde vuur onderdrukking, verhoogde grondbestuur, verwydering van dooie hout, en verlaagde diversiteit van boomspesies. Hierdie bedreigings is almal as gevolg van plantasie bosbou en plaaslike oes. Nes-risiko was hoër as kos soek risiko vir alle spesies, wat aandui dat nes-habitat beter bewaar moet word. Die helfte van Suid-Afrika se woud-afhanklike-voëlspesies het dalende trefwydtes, met die verlies van hierdie spesies mees opvallend in die Oos-Kaap. Die verlies van natuurlike plantegroei, as gevolg van onlangse ontbossing; verhoogde verbouing en verstedeliking; en veranderinge in plantasie bedekking is vermoedelik die hooffaktore wat die vermindering van voëlspesies veroorsaak. Veral bergwoude moet beter beskerm word om woud-afhanklike-voëlspesies te bewaar en die negatiewe invloede van plantasiebosbou en plaaslike oes te verminder.
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Kagande, Albert Tafadzwa. "The socio-economic impact of urban renewal projects in South Africa townships." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17756.
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Urban areas have become strategic locations where many throng to for a better life. However, wealth and economic opportunities are not evenly distributed in these urban spaces. South Africa is a fairly young democracy whose urban landscape has been largely shaped by the colonial apartheid system. The apartheid system segregated and relegated the black majority to the fringes of the cities into crowded communities characterised by poor living conditions, exclusion from the mainstream economy and limited urban amenities. Townships epitomise the harsh reality of the urban poor and how underdevelopment has been perpetuated. South Africa came up with different policies to redress the historical imbalances and inform urban development strategies. Urban renewal has been implemented as a development strategy in various cities across the world in an attempt to revive and improve the social, economic and environmental state of derelict urban spaces. Townships in South Africa have been the target areas for urban renewal with 8 presidential nodes having been initially identified for such in 2001. Eventually, Helenvale was added to the mix as a prime node in 2006 and the Helenvale Urban Renewal Project (HURP) was birthed - Helenvale and HURP being the identified site and project for this research respectively. An evaluative approach was adopted in assessing the socio-economic impact of urban renewal in South Africa townships and more specifically the socio-economic impact of HURP. Helenvale, like most townships in South Africa, is characterised by a high density settlement pattern, poverty, high unemployment, high rate of violence and crime, drug trade and substance abuse as well as a high rate of school dropouts. The Helenvale Urban Renewal Project (HURP) was implemented by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) and eventually the Mandela Bay Development Agency (MBDA) with the intention to rejuvenate the community on the social, economic and environmental front. The study findings showed that Helenvale, like all urban renewal nodes in South Africa had a number of socio-economic issues which prompted HURP. These include high unemployment (was 53.5% in 2013); alarming levels of violence and crime; drug trade and substance abuse and high rate of school dropout. Between 2007 and 2014, different projects were implemented under HURP, focusing mainly on physical development and community building. Study respondents had mixed reactions and perceptions of the impact of HURP. On one hand, the project saw the community benefit from the constructed public facilities like recreational parks and resource centre as well as capacity development and created employment opportunities. On the other hand, unemployment has persisted with only a small proportion of the population benefiting from the created jobs; crime remains unabated; drug trade has persisted leaving parents fearing for their young and gang violence has rendered the provided safe public physical features ineffective and the housing challenge has also not been resolved. By and large urban renewal and in this particular study, HURP has made great strides in improving the social and economic standing of the township community despite the challenges that are still lurking. A number of recommendations were proposed for similar studies and for urban renewal initiatives in South Africa. For the latter the study recommended having a robust policy that speaks to urban renewal directly and informs such. Other propositions include allowing the community to own and be stewards of urban renewal initiatives; allocating enough resources, both human and financial; and tailoring the project to respond to the needs of a particular community and not a one size fits all approach. In terms of similar studies the study recommends using a mixed methods approach to evaluate the impact of such ventures as well as evaluating more than one urban renewal initiatives for comparison and to allow for the generalizability of the findings.
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Dalgliesh, Christopher. "Landscape evaluation of the Liesbeeck and Black River confluence area : a strategic planning framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13836.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 87-91.This dissertation aims to evaluate the environmental factors within the Liesbeeck and Black River Confluence Area (CA) and on that basis present conclusions which will inform a land-use decision for the area. It has been undertaken in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements of the M. Phil (Environmental Science) course offered by the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science of the University of Cape Town (UCT). It also serves as a working document informing the Cape Town City Council's (CCC) land-use planning for the CA, and for that reason aims for a balance between academic rigour and the concise, pragmatic style of a report. It should also be noted that this study is almost wholly contingent on a baseline document prepared between January and March 1994 by the 1993/94 M. Phil class. That document identified the totality of environmental factors which might influence land-use planning in the CA and is the point of departure of this dissertation.
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Palmer, Bronwyn Jane. "A GIS assessment of development and land use change in the coastal zone of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005511.
Full textAbstract:
The coastal zone accommodates some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world and offers a wide range of ecosystem goods and services; consequently it has become a focal point of human development. People are attracted to the coast because of access to resources, favourable climate, aesthetic appeal and potential for recreational activities. As pressure for utilisation and development increases, so does the need to manage the coastal system more effectively. This research focuses on the coastal zone of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, which are physically and environmentally similar, yet have distinct demographic and socio-economic differences. The research integrates information using GIS, from three time epochs, to determine where development and land use change is occurring. The Ndlambe Local Municipality displays high levels of formal development, while the Ngqushwa Local Municipality exhibits little formal development. These differences in development and land use are related to economic, social and legislative ‘drivers’ based on an adapted Driver-Pressure-State- Impact-Response model. The model identifies that development and land use changes lead to increased pressure on the natural system, which in turn leads to shifts in the natural state of the coastal zone, resulting in adverse impacts on the coastal zone. Changes in the natural functioning of the coastal zone highlight the need for a response in terms of changes in legislation governing coastal management and spatial planning. This research concludes that pressure for development in the coastal zone within the research site is beginning to increase and will adversely affect the coastal zone if not managed effectively. These two local municipalities have the opportunity to move forward and develop in such a way that allows for conservation and sound management of the coastal zone, which will ensure long-term sustainability within the coastal zones of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities
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Wilhelm-Rechmann, Angelika. "Using social marketing to bridge the gap between systematic conservation planning and implementation at the local government level." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1550.
Full textAbstract:
The study presented here describes an attempt to bridge the gap between systematic conservation assessment and decision-making for land-use planning in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The aim was to investigate how to effectively convince officials concerned with land use planning processes in the local municipal sphere to include conservation priorities meaningfully in their processes. The approach used to reach this aim was social marketing, the use of marketing technologies and concepts to effect behavior changes to further societal good. So far social marketing is not commonly used in the conservation domain; I therefore aimed also at proving the usefulness of this approach for conservation. Following the introduction which provides background to the project and a more detailed summary, Chapter 2 provides a detailed and comprehensive review of the considerations and concepts regarding the use of social marketing in a context geared at protecting nature. The research on the primary target group for this study, officials concerned with land use planning processes in the local municipal sphere is described in Chapter 3. The main outcomes were that land use planners perceive few needs with regards to implementing the incorporation of biodiversity conservation issues in the land use planning process, and that the deficiencies in the land use planning process per se, as well as the lack of recognition in the political sphere (the domain of elected councilors), represent the core barriers to adopting the conservation priorities. I conclude that to effect behavior change towards adoption of conservation priorities the land use planning processes need to be supported and the political sphere need to be included in the behavior change process. 6 Chapter 4 therefore focuses on the new target group that emerged as essential in the previous chapter, locally elected councilors. I found that councilors do actually consider land use planning procedures as being important, but also as being dysfunctional. Councilors do value their natural environment for themselves as well as for its tourism value, but most councilors had little understanding of what the term “biodiversity” means and did not connect the term “sustainability” with the natural environment. It became also evident, that councilors do not see conservation in a predominantly positive manner. Chapter 5 therefore yields insight on councilor’s perception that environmental protection and development are mutually exclusive, and the negative frames attached to the conservation endeavor as being socially unjust, disrespectful and utopian. In Chapter 6 I investigated the usefulness of a tractable and well established measure of environmental attitudes or beliefs. I assessed my target audience’s responses to the New Ecological Paradigm scale and the Inclusion of Nature in Self scale. I conclude in Chapter 7 with an account of the difficulties I encountered during the project, an assessment of my project from a social marketing perspective, components of my project that did not yield the results expected, and a proposal for future research.
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McClure, Alice. "Opportunity and connectivity : selecting land managers for involvement in a conservation corridor linking two protected areas in the Langkloof Valley, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007590.
Full textAbstract:
The Eden To Addo Corridor Initiative aims to connect formally protected areas in a conservation corridor from the coastal area of the Eden District near Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape, South Africa to the Addo National Elephant Park, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The corridor will incorporate government and privately owned land, and will be an attempt to maintain ecological processes at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The Langkloof Valley lies between the Baviaanskloof World Heritage Area and the Tstitsikamma National Park; two formally protected areas that will be incorporated into the Eden To Addo Corridor. Spatial prioritization analyses allow conservation planners to select areas that should be targeted for conservation action based on a range of criteria. Historically, ecological criteria have been included mostly alone in spatial prioritization. Recently, the idea of ‘conservation opportunity’ has emerged in the field of conservation planning; the notion suggests that a range of different types of data should be included in processes to spatially prioritise for conservation. By including those data defined as ‘human’ and ‘social’ data into prioritising activities, the feasibility of conservation plans can be accounted for, but historically conservation planners have failed to do so. I conducted a literature review that demonstrated that although the importance of human and social data are acknowledged in the conservation planning literature, these data that define opportunity are rarely actually included in spatial prioritisation analyses. I then carried out a social assessment that allowed me to define the social and human context of our study area and, specifically, what stewardship instruments land managers in the Langkloof would be prepared to engage. We found that land managers were generally willing to engage, but lacked the financial capacity to adopt conservation methods. Using a subset of the social and human data that were collected in the social assessment, I trialled a new Decision Support Software to fuse those data with ecological data in a novel attempt to identify priority areas for conservation action based on ecological integrity and feasibility. We also scheduled (ranked) land managers to approach for conservation action with a focus on local champions and clusters of land managers displaying strong conservation characteristics. Two corridors were identified; a major corridor in the western region of the valley and a secondary corridor closer to the middle. The members of the Initiative have been briefed on the outcomes, which provided them an opportunity to provide feedback; it is hoped that the framework of this study can be used for planning future connections. The Eden To Addo Corridor Initiative sent out a stewardship extension officer in February 2011 to approach those land managers areas that were identified. This planning exercise is a good demonstration of how, by collaborating effectively, academic conservation planners can contribute to supporting decision making by organizations that are implementing conservation action.
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Murugani, Vongai Gillian. "Land use security within the current land property rights in rural South Africa : how women's land based food security efforts are affected." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10587.
Full textAbstract:
Rural women‘s land rights in South Africa remain secondary in spite of laws founded on a
constitution that promotes gender equality. Patriarchal customary laws prevail and women‘s
land rights and use security are inextricably linked to their relationships with their male
relatives. Rural women are key producers of agricultural products due to historical and
continued male outward migration, which has led to a feminisation of agriculture. Although
women farm the land, their land use security is poor and can be further threatened by divorce
or widowhood. Given that most vulnerable women are based in rural communal South Africa,
how can their land rights be secured under the customary law framework? While the statutory
law framework seems to provide a solution, it is less applicable in rural areas where
customary law and traditional practices prevail. If statutory law cannot be superimposed on
the existing customary law framework, how can women‘s land use be further secured to
support their household food security efforts? What kind of framework can be introduced to
strengthen women‘s land use security? A study was conducted in rural Limpopo Province to
explore this complex and yet important question. A mixed methods approach comprising
interview style questionnaires with a mixture of closed and open-ended questions, coupled
with focus group discussions and observation was employed. Qualitative data from the focus
group discussions and open-ended questions was analysed for common themes using content
analysis. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS to establish descriptive data, frequencies
and establish the relationships between variables. Results of the analyses were used for
building blocks to develop a land rights framework that is more gender sensitive and secures
the rights of the actual land users. Women‘s land rights were largely confirmed to be
secondary and land use security was linked to the continued relationship to male relatives
through marriage and natural blood lines. From these findings, a gender sensitive framework
that enables and improves land-based food security efforts has been proposed.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Bullard, Richard Kelvin. "Re-apportionment of fragmented holdings." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/16471.
Full text
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Gibson, Donald J. D. "Land degradation in the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/2137.
Full textAbstract:
Student Number : 9511039F -
MSc Dissertation -
School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences -
Faculty of ScienceAn estimated 91 % of South Africa’s total land area is considered dryland and susceptible to desertification. In response, South Africa has prepared a National Action Programme to combat land degradation, and this requires assessment and monitoring to be conducted in a systematic, cost effective, objective, timely and geographically-accurate way. Despite a perception-based assessment of land degradation conducted in 1999, and a land-cover mapping exercise conducted for 2000/2001, there are few national scientifically rigorous degradation monitoring activities being undertaken, due largely to a lack of objective, quantitative methods for use in large-scale assessments. This study therefore tests a satellitederived index of degradation for the Limpopo Province in South Africa, which is perceived to be one of the most degraded provinces in the country. The long-term average maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), calculated from a time series (1985-2004) of NOAA AVHRR satellite images, as a proxy for vegetation productivity, was related to water balance datasets of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and growth days index (GDI), using both linear and non-linear functions. Although the linear regressions were highly significant (p<0.005), a non-linear four parameter Gompertz curve was shown to fit the data more accurately. The curve explained only a little of the variance in the data in the relationship between NDVI and GDI, and so GDI was excluded from further analysis. All pixels that fell below a range of threshold standard deviations less than the fitted curve were deemed to represent degraded areas, where productivity was less than the predicted value. The results were compared qualitatively to existing spatial datasets. A large proportion of the degraded areas that were mapped using the approach outlined above occurred on areas of untransformed savanna and dryland cultivation. However the optical properties of dark igneous derived soils with high proportions of smectitic minerals and therefore low reflectance, were shown to lower NDVI values substantially. Overall, there was an acceptable agreement between the mapped degradation and the validation datasets. While further refinement of the methodology is necessary, including a rigorous field-based resource condition assessment for validation purposes, and research into the biophysical effects on the NDVI values, the methodology shows promise for regional assessment in South Africa.