Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Land use Sugar growing'

The accuracy of the growing season used by regulators in hydric soil and wetland hydrology and the validity of ignoring land use in these definitions is questionable. This study compared measured air and soil temperature with various growing season dates and indicators, and determined the relationships between the hydrology, air and soil temperature. Water table depths, air temperature at 1-m height, soil temperature at 15-, 30-, and 50-cm depths, and CO₂ efflux were measured at 12 plots representing three landuse treatments (forest, field, and bare ground) at two restored wet flats in the thermic Great Dismal Swamp ecosystem. The forest was driest treatment. The forest air was the warmest in winter and coldest in summer, opposite of the bare ground. The forest soil at 50 cm was the warmest in winter and coolest in summer, opposite of the bare ground. Land use affected hydrology, air, and soil temperatures through the presence of surface litter and differences in shading, albedo, and ET. The regulatory frost-free period fell in between the measured frost-free period and the measured 5°C soil temperature period. Based on CO₂ efflux and soil temperature at 50 cm, the biological growing season of native plants and microbes should be year-round for forested areas, one week shorter for early-successional fields, and two weeks shorter for active cropland rather than March to November for all land uses. Changing the growing season definition of forested, thermic wet flats to year-round designation must be considered and studied carefully to avoid jeopardizing wetland hydrology qualifications.
Master of Science

The study aim was to determine effects of the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy and its potential interaction with the EPA policies on EU/ACP countries. The research analysis focussed on welfare outcomes, changes in trade balance and output of bioethanol crops commodities due to these policies. Emphasis of our analysis was placed on sugar given the economic importance of this commodity to many ACP member states. Absence of an EU bioethanol partial equilbrium model means we had to design one from certain assumptions. One of the assumptions was that subsidies support EU bioethanol production such that just enough is produced to meet the 5.75% and 10% EC blend mandate requirements. For this reason, EU bioethanol production did not affect transport fuel demand and prices. Using the GTAP model, the study has found that the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy increases bioethanol crops commodities prices resulting in global welfare loss that is highest in the EU region. However, the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy also increases bioethanol crops commodities production in ACP countries and promote ACP export of these commodities to the EU. The EU is able to produce all bioethanol requirements from local sugar beet production. Increasing the amount of sugar beet in bioethanol production minimizes the effect on global food prices and offers greatest benefits to ACP countries through promotion of their sugar industries. Trade liberalising EPA policies result in welfare gain for regions engaged in them. However, the EC bioethanol blend mandate policy’s interaction with the EPA policies result in welfare loss, which is again highest in the EU. Combination of the EC bioethanol blend mandate/EPA policies also promotes ACP bioethanol crops production and export. Overall, the study has contributed to our understanding of biofuel policies and their potential global effects on food markets especially in ACP countries.

This thesis investigates the causes of the growth of contingent work and its implications for labour. It focuses on German core manufacturing sectors, where contingent work recently increased to a great extent and the metal union started organising agency workers and bargaining on their behalf. In contrast, existing literature expects the German core manufacturing to rely on a stable specific-skilled workforce and on labour management coalitions while contingent work affects the service periphery. The thesis contends that the literature has overestimated employers’ interests in retaining their skilled workforce as well as the stability of cross-class coalitions, which are supposed to support the equilibrium between core and peripheral labour market segments. The main argument is that labour will include contingent workers in its representation domain when employers’ segmentation strategies start developing competition between contingent and permanent workers and threatening the existence of the core workforce. Institutional change undermining labour cohesiveness and increasing employer discretion is found to trigger this process. The first paper examines how weakening negotiated and legal employment protections have affected the association between specific skills and stable employment. It finds that the whole manufacturing workforce –including specific-skilled workers- have become more likely to be on a temporary contract since the eighties, also thanks to the routine nature of work. The second paper examines how labour influenced the workplace arrangements for agency workers in four automotive plants. It finds that inclusive arrangements are the outcome of the combination of labour power –rooted in workplace industrial relations and conditions external to the plant - and labour commitment to a homogeneous workforce. The third paper explains the union campaign for agency workers started in 2007. By analysing the union’s strategies towards agency workers from the seventies until 2012, it shows that the union adopted an inclusive strategy because growing agency work threatened the collectively agreed standards for core workers.

Based on anthropological fieldwork in factories in China’s Special Economic Zones (SEZs), this dissertation examines the process of ‘growing up’ and ‘becoming independent’ for young migrant workers from the countryside, especially in relation to their decisions about employment and marriage. In ‘post-socialist’ China, as many writers have observed, the old systems and ideas have not entirely faded away but new market logics have been imposed on them. Partly as a result of this, the process of achieving adulthood – i.e. the process through which young people should, in theory, learn how to position themselves as full members of society – is now filled with uncertainties. Old expectations about interactions with others have become invalid. This is especially so for young migrant workers from the countryside who, as I argue, possess a double social being, i.e. they are caught somewhere between childhood and adulthood, and who face the challenges of multilocality, i.e. they shift back and forth between rural and urban environments. For them, migration is a mandatory rite of passage, but one that often leaves them suspended in a position of liminality and uncertainty. The research found that young workers learn, in the course of migration, that manipulating personal networks is the most efficient way for them to get the resources they need – so that they can deal with the problems of uncertainty they face. They rely on the rather traditional mode of ‘interconnected personhood’, instead of developing what might be called ‘individualistic personhood’. Having said this, they are meanwhile enjoying the freedom, opportunities and symbolic values that individualistic personhood can bring them. They stand in between the two systems and typically avoid fully committing to one or the other. This is how they deal with risks and responsibilities within the constraints imposed by their background, gender, and class position.

This PhD thesis is a study of the changing social and industrial conditions under which sugar workers in Guyana have worked, and the responses of workers and unions to these changes since 1964. It makes extensive use of original trade union and employer archives, other public and private documentary evidence and interviews with workers and union and state officials. The narrative and analysis focuses on the experience of union rivalry and the impact of state interventions in wage settlements. The sugar industry has several different unions with differing political and ideological positions, and there have been numerous instances of union rivalry and workers' discontent over union representation. Inadequate wage offers have often led to disputes, involving antagonisms between workers and management but also between workers and their union. In practice the majority of wage settlements have resulted from the intervention of a Commission of Inquiry or Arbitration Tribunal. In the late 1970s the state's imposition of wage levels provoked numerous struggles, often of national proportions, and led to legal challenges by workers and one of their unions which resulted in the restoration of collective bargaining. Such developments have had major implications for the national labour movement. The thesis considers each of these facets of worker and union experience, and thus develops an analysis of the relationships between union rivalry, workers' resistance and wage settlements in the context of highly politicised trade unionism. In particular it discusses the implications of trade union affiliation to the major political parties and shows the extent to which political affiliation helped to destroy the collective bargaining process. It argues that while trade unions are involved in political struggles, they ought not to be affiliated to political parties, since this is likely to compromise the independence of the labour movement and weakens the collective bargaining process.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de classificação de imagens multiespectrais aplicada a análise e mapeamento da evolução do uso da terra/cobertura vegetal em São Félix do Xingu, Sul do Pará. Imagens frações representando as proporções de sombra, vegetação e solo foram estimadas a partir das bandas 1 a 5 e 7 do Landsat-5 TM e relacionadas com as estruturas das classes de uso da terra/cobertura vegetal. As imagens frações geradas do modelo linear de mistura espectral foram importantes para reduzir a massa de dados e ao mesmo tempo realçar alvos de interesse na imagem. A banda do infravermelho próximo (TM-4) foi importante para realçar áreas de queimadas. A classificação adotada foi divida em etapas combinando técnica de segmentação por crescimento de regiões e uso de máscaras. Por meio da máscara foi possível restringir o processo de segmentação em regiões pré-estabelecidas com o intuito de adquirir um melhor particionamento da imagem. Adotando este procedimento, ao invés de realizar uma única segmentação para mapear todas as classes em uma única vez, foram realizadas várias segmentações ao longo das etapas. As regiões segmentadas foram agrupadas com um classificador não-supervionado batizado de ISOSEG. Os resultados mostram que a metodologia é bastante eficiente. A matriz de erro gerada para a classificação de 2008 apontou que as confusões mais freqüentes ocorreram entre as classes que apresentaram em certas localidades proporções de misturas parecidas: Capoeira e Campo/Pastagem-2; Campo/Pastagem-1 e Campo/Pastagem-2; Queimada-1 e Queimada-2; Solo Exposto e Campo/Pastagem-1. Considerando nove classes, o índice Kappa atingiu 0,58, o que representa um valor de concordância classificada como moderada. Quando o numero de classes foi reduzido para 6, agrupando as classes que apresentaram as maiores confusões, o índice Kappa subiu para 0,80, atingindo um valor de concordância quase perfeita. A comparação dos resultados das classificações de 1987, 1992, 2000 e 2008 juntamente com a analise de dados auxiliares permitiu traçar um modelo de evolução do desmatamento e do uso da terra para São Félix do Xingu. O intenso desmatamento observado principalmente a partir de 2000 foi relacionado com o incremento da atividade pecuária, sendo São Félix do Xingu o município que detém atualmente o segundo maior rebanho bovino do País.
In this work we present a methodological procedure for multi-spectral images classification to evaluate and map land-use and land-cover changes in São Félix do Xingu, Southern Pará (Brazilian Amazon). Fraction images representing shade, vegetation and soil abundance at the pixel scale were estimated using all six reflective bands of Thematic Mapper sensor (TM-1 to TM-5 and TM-7) and related to different types of land-use and land-cover classes. The linear spectral mixing analysis method was an alternative approach adopted to reduce the data-dimensionality while at the same time enhancing targets of interest. Also, the near-infrared band (TM-4) was employed to separate areas affected by burns (Queimadas in Portuguese). The classification routines were performed in stages by combining region-growing segmentation and use of masking techniques. For each stage, the segmentation process was directed to preselected areas by masking techniques in order to obtain a better image partitioning. This procedure resulted in more than one segmentation thereby reducing confusing errors during the classification routine. An unsupervised classifier by region named ISOSEG was employed to classify the segmented images. The analysis of classification results was mainly qualitative and visual except for the 2008 classification which was assessed through an error matrix. According to the error matrix analysis, misclassifications arose more frequently when a set of classes with similar mixture proportions were involved, such as: Capoeira and Campo/Pastagem-2; Campo/Pastagem-1 and Campo/Pastagem- 2; Queimada-1 and Queimada-2, and finally Bare Soil and Campo/Pastagem-1. As a robust measure of concordance for dichotomous data, the kappa statistic reached a value of 0.62 by considering nine land types of classes and it rose to 0.80 when the mapping classes were diminished to six. Theses kappa values represent moderate and strong agreements between the remotely sensed classification and the reference data, respectively. Making use of the classification results from 1987, 1992, 2000 and 2008 and auxiliary data, we tried to design a simple land evolution model to São Félix do Xingu. The deforestation process notably intensified since 2000 has been driven mainly by a continuous increase in cattle breeding, for wich São Félix do Xingu has the second-largest cattle herd of all Brazilian municipalities.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In the last decade, Brazilian sugar-energy sector showed significant growth, mainly between 2003 and 2009, when a vigorous expansion of industrial plants and sugarcane farmings occurred. According to IBGE, the increase of sugarcane planted area in the country in that period was of around 64.5 %, concentrating on Cerrado areas in the south-central region states. The research conducted during the development of this thesis, aimed at analyze the effects of the expansion of sugarcane farmings, especially those affected by cover and land use in the midwest region of Minas Gerais, under two different time perspectives . The first covers the period between 2005 and 2010, while the second considers simulated scenarios for cover and land use in the year 2030. For this, we used census data, geoprocessing and environmental modeling techniques using the free platform EGO DYNAMICS. The results showed that sugarcane farmings expansion in the midwest concentrated in the towns of Arcos, Bambuí, Iguatama, Japaraíba, Lagoa da Prata and Luz, which had an increase of 74 % in planted area for the period from 2005 to 2010. Sugarcane expansion in the region occurred primarily on agriculture and pasture areas, exacerbating competition for land use. Among the major crops of the investigated towns, corn and soybeans were those that yielded more space for sugarcane, while beans and coffee farmings had increased planted area in that period. The results of this research confirmed the hypothesis that sugarcane farmings, because of their higher level of investment, tend to occupy the best lands, including those equipped with basic infrastructure (roads and electrification, for example). The two scenarios simulated for the year 2030 (with respective growth rates), considered different contexts experienced by the sugarcane sector and showed mixed results. In the first, generated with transition rates derived from the period 1995-2000, the pasture areas would remain roughly stable, with a decrease of sugarcane farmings by 24.7 %, but with increased area for other crops of around 40%. The second scenario, produced with rates that represent the range between 2005 and 2010, proved to be very favorable to sugarcane expansion, with an increase of 127.3 % of the planted area. Sugarcane expansion would occur especially on agriculture and pasture areas, which would decrease by 35 % and 27.1 % respectively. In this scenario, the remaining Cerrado vegetation would remain stable, with a small positive bias of 1.4 %. It is understood that the product of this study will provide information to decision makers, on a regional scale, for the creation of policies aimed at more efficient management of cover and land use in the midwest region of Minas Gerais.
Na última década, o setor sucroenergético brasileiro apresentou um crescimento significativo, sobretudo entre os anos de 2003 e 2009, ocasião em que ocorreu uma vigorosa expansão das unidades industriais e das lavouras de cana-de-açúcar. De acordo com dados do IBGE, o aumento da área plantada de cana no país, naquele período, foi da ordem de 64,5%, concentrando-se em áreas de Cerrado nos estados da região centro-sul. Na pesquisa realizada durante o desenvolvimento desta tese, buscou-se analisar os efeitos da expansão das lavouras de cana-de-açúcar, especialmente aqueles ocorridos sobre a cobertura e uso da terra na região centro-oeste de Minas Gerais, sob duas perspectivas temporais distintas. A primeira contempla o período entre 2005 e 2010, enquanto a segunda considera cenários simulados para a cobertura e uso da terra no ano de 2030. Para tanto, utilizou-se dados censitários, técnicas de geoprocessamento e modelagem ambiental com o uso da plataforma livre DINAMICA EGO. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que no centro-oeste mineiro o aumento das lavouras de cana concentrou-se nos municípios de Arcos, Bambuí, Iguatama, Japaraíba, Lagoa da Prata e Luz, os quais tiveram um acréscimo de 74% na área plantada no período de 2005 a 2010. A expansão da cana naquela região ocorreu prioritariamente sobre áreas de agricultura e pastagens, exacerbando a competição pelo uso da terra. Entre as principais culturas agrícolas dos municípios investigados, o milho e a soja foram aquelas que aparentemente mais cederam espaço para cana, ao passo que as lavouras de feijão e café apresentaram aumento da área plantada naquele período. Os resultados desta pesquisa confirmaram a hipótese de que as lavouras de cana-de-açúcar, dado ao seu maior nível de investimento, tendem a ocupar as melhores terras, incluindo aquelas dotadas de infraestrutura básica (rede viária e eletrificação, por exemplo). Os dois cenários simulados para o ano de 2030 (com respectivas taxas de crescimento), a partir de contextos distintos vivenciados pelo setor sucroalcooleiro, apresentaram resultados díspares. No primeiro, gerado com taxas de transição oriundas do período de 1995 a 2000, as áreas de pastagens se manteriam praticamente estáveis, com uma diminuição das lavouras de cana em 24,7%, mas com aumento da área destinada a outros cultivos na ordem de 40%. O segundo cenário, produzido com taxas que representam o intervalo entre 2005 e 2010, mostrou-se bastante favorável à expansão da cana-de-açúcar, com aumento de 127,3% da área plantada. Esta expansão da cana se daria especialmente sobre áreas com agricultura e pastagens, as quais sofreriam reduções de 35% e 27,1%, respectivamente. Neste cenário, a vegetação remanescente de Cerrado se manteria estável, com uma pequena oscilação positiva de 1,4%. Entende-se que o produto deste estudo poderá fornecer subsídios aos tomadores de decisão, em escala regional, para a criação de políticas voltadas a uma gestão mais eficiente da cobertura e uso da terra na região centro-oeste de Minas Gerais.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A presente pesquisa avaliou a degradação ambiental na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Paraíso, no município de Charqueada/SP. A bacia em questão apresenta forte interferência humana, em conseqüência da expansão canavieira neste território. De posse das cartas de uso da terra (1964, 1990 e 2000), foram realizados controles de campo com o objetivo de observar as informações contidas neste material cartográfico. Foram aplicados questionários junto aos moradores da bacia, para analisar a percepção ambiental destes acerca das transformações ocorridas com a expansão do cultivo canavieiro. Finalmente, a principal contribuição deste estudo diz respeito ao plano de manejo, fundamentado não somente nos impactos negativos, mas também nas características físicas e sócio-econômicas desta bacia hidrográfica.
This present research studied the environment degradation in the Hydrographic Basin of Ribeirão Paraíso in Charqueada/SP. This basin presents a strong human interference resulted of sugar cane expansion in this territory. Field controls were realized intending to notice the cartographic material informations based in Land Use Maps (1964, 1990 e 2000). Questionnaires were applied to basin residents to analyze the environment perception of them about the changes that happened with sugar cane expansion. Finally, the main contribution to this study is the handing plan based not only in the negative environment impacts, bus also in the physic characteristics and social-economic of this basin.

Contexte. Après des siècles de diminution, la surface forestière de la plupart des pays développés augmente, un phénomène appelé « transition forestière ». Le stock de bois sur pied présente une augmentation plus rapide mais son évolution, associée à des problématiques actuelles majeures, reste négligée. Il est indispensable de caractériser et comprendre ces évolutions, d’en connaître les causes sous-jacentes, et de les reconstituer sur le long terme afin de pouvoir situer les ressources forestières dans une trajectoire d’ensemble et anticiper leur dynamique future. Cette thèse est consacrée aux forêts françaises métropolitaines et repose principalement sur les données de l’IFN. Objectifs. (1) Analyser les changements de surfaces, de stock et de densité de stock et leurs hétérogénéités spatiales et temporelles, sur 40 ans (1975 – 2015) en fonction de facteurs présumés structurer ces évolutions (géographie, propriété et composition). L’existence de changements de vitesse d’expansion a été recherchée. Le lien entre les changements de stock et des propriétés de la forêt (stock et densité de stock initiaux, augmentation récente de surface) ont été analysés. (2) Analyser les mécanismes des changements de stock et décomposer l’expansion selon des ensembles forestiers homogènes du point de vue de leur dynamique. L’analyse se fonde sur une estimation des flux de stock : croissance, recrutement, mortalité et prélèvement. (3) Situer l’expansion actuelle du stock dans une dynamique séculaire. Les stocks de 1892, 1908 et 1929 (associés aux surfaces de statistiques anciennes) ont été estimés par une approche d’imputation conditionnelle de la densité. Un modèle synthétique de densification du stock des forêts a été testé afin d’étudier à quelles conditions sur cette densification il est possible de retracer la chronologie présumée du stock. Résultats. (1) Sur 40 ans, l’expansion en stock a été trois fois plus rapide que celle des surfaces, soulignant l’intensité de la densification des forêts, et ne présente aucun signe de saturation. Les forêts privées, et principalement les forêts feuillues, présentent les expansions de stock et de densité de stock les plus marquées, suggérant le rôle important de l’expansion naturelle et de l’abandon de terres agricoles. Les modèles statistiques révèlent l’effet positif du stock initial et des variations passées de surface sur l’expansion. (2) L’analyse des mécanismes d’expansion a mis en évidence le moindre niveau des prélèvements relativement à la croissance des forêts, et la contribution des forêts jeunes au développement des ressources. Quatre ensembles forestiers synthétiques de dynamiques distinctes et principalement composés de stocks en forêt privée expliquant l’expansion du stock sont identifiés. (3) La reconstitution du stock depuis 1850 suggère une faible densité de stock au début de la période (25 m3/ha) et une augmentation de stock de presque +300% entre 1892 et 2010, soulignant l’importance de cette expansion. Un modèle convexe a été nécessaire pour représenter la densification des forêts, attestant d’une inertie importante à la reconstitution des ressources, interprétée relativement à la baisse progressive des prélèvements ou à une reconstitution progressive de fertilité. Les analyses suggèrent enfin une évolution différenciée dans le temps du modèle de densification pour les forêts provenant de plantations. Conclusion. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer l’importance de l’expansion en stock et la nécessité de contextualiser cette expansion. Cette expansion ancienne ne montre pour l’instant aucune saturation et constitue un stock de carbone croissant qui ne devrait pas diminuer dans les prochaines décennies à conditions contextuelles identiques. L’analyse causale révèle qu’une part importante de l’expansion du stock ne constitue pas une ressource immédiatement disponible. Les futures politiques d’intensification des prélèvements doivent donc être circonstanciées et échelonnées dans le temps
Context. After centuries of decrease, the forest area of most developed countries increase, a phenomenon termed “forest transition”. While current increase in growing stock (GS) is greater than that in area, it remains far less studied. These changes are linked to major current issues. It is essential to assess these changes, to decipher their underlying causes, and to quantify them over the longer term in order to locate current forest resources on a broad trajectory and to anticipate their future dynamics. This thesis is dedicated to French metropolitan forests, which exhibit the most intensive changes in the growing stock in Europe, and relies on data from the French NFI program. Objectives. (1) Analyse forest areal, GS and GS density (GSD) changes and their spatio-temporal variations over 40 years (1975-2015). They were related to factors hypothesized to feature forest changes (geographical contexts, ownership and species composition). We screened for changes in the rate of expansion. The relationships between GS changes and some forest attributes (initial GS and GSD, recent forest area increase) were investigated. (2) Uncover the processes of GS changes and to split the GS expansion magnitude across dynamically-homogeneous forest ensembles. The study was based on GS flux estimation (growth, ingrowth, mortality and harvest). (3) Locate the actual GS expansion in a secular perspective. This analysis consisted in reconstructing the GS chronology since 1850. Levels of GS in 1892, 1908 and 1929 (associated to area of ancient statistics) were estimated using a conditional imputation approach for GSD estimation. Then, a holistic growing stock densification model was implemented to inquire the conditions required on densification patterns and magnitude to simulate the reconstituted GS chronology. Results. (1) Over 40 years, GS increases were three times faster than the areal ones, underlining the intensity of forest densification. No sign of saturation was found. Private forests, and mainly broadleaved ones, presented the greatest GS and GSD increases, suggesting the essential role of natural expansion and agricultural land abandonment. Regression models revealed the positive effect of initial GS and of recent areal increases on GS expansion. (2) The analysis of GS expansion processes evidenced the low level of harvests in comparison to forest growth, and the contribution of recent forests to wood resource development. It led to identify 4 synthetic forest ensembles contributing to the expansion and of distinct dynamics, mainly composed of private forests. (3) GS suggested a very low mean GSD at the beginning of the period (25 m3/ha) and a GS increase by almost +300% between 1892 and 2010, underlying the importance of this expansion. A convex growth model was required to simulate historical forest densification, attesting of a significant inertia in wood resource reconstitution after the forest transition, interpreted based on a gradual decrease in harvest rates for which indices were collected, or to a gradual recovery of site fertility. The analysis also suggested a distinct kinetics for GS densification in plantation forests. Conclusions. These researches reveal the magnitude of GS expansion and the importance of its analysis across forest contexts. This ancient expansion does not present any current sign of saturation and constitute a persistent carbon sink which should not decrease in the next decades assuming similar contextual conditions. According to the process analysis of GS expansion, a significant fraction of the GS increases does not constitute readily available additional wood resources. Thus, future harvest intensification policies must be contextualized and evolving in time

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The alcohol sector has shown a remarkable process of expansion since 2000, towards the central Cerrado, admittedly favored by situation anchored in renewable energy and defense of national sovereignty. The state of Goias is one of the prime targets of this expansion, since 2004, primarily from 2006 to 2007, and has been concentrating a strong sugar industry in southern Goiás / Southwest Microregion of Quirinópolis (MRQ), where he spent about 4 000 ha more than 150 000 ha planted in the period, with great impact on the local socio-economy, according to previous studies, and subsidiaries of this thesis. This micro-region has favorable soil and climatic characteristics and economic importance of high logistics intra-and inter-regional exports, but the changes in land use and environmental impacts related to this process are still poorly studied. This thesis aims to understand the spatial pattern of expansion of sugarcane and the MRQ, with emphasis on soil and its use changes, considered by many authors as the agricultural frontier expansion of the 1970s, but more organized and capitalized technified, aiming prove the hypothesis that there has been setting a new centrality of the sugarcane industry in the Cerrado, focusing on production of ethanol and bio-energy, multi-scale consequences of which affect, among other things, the other pre-existing supply chains, especially food production. We analyzed in more detail the succession of land uses in the period since 2004, before the arrival of the cane in order to identify the substitution patterns of crops and pastures by the new culture and the potential for direct environmental impacts of sugarcane due observation of pressure on water resources for irrigation purposes and on soils associated with the management system of high technological standards, involving inputs and pesticides, and heavy machinery, among others. The research was based mainly on compiling data and maps, and thematic development of multi-scale cartographic documents, including use of satellite imagery and GIS analysis of census data and detailed study of various impacts on soil and water resources, with sampling Field and laboratory analysis. It is concluded that sugarcane has focused initially on the best land of the MRQ, where it has the best infrastructure in regional / state, where it stood, triumphant, with other uses, in particular, grains (soybeans), and secondarily pastures, in which continues with the current expansion. The process as in the past is supported by federal policy, now the PNE - 2030, and receives federal and state subsidies. It's still fast and plays the same model of previous agricultural expansion, occupation of Savannah in the 1970s, differing, however the fastest and well-planned action of large financial groups and the rapid formation of joint ventures and sugar and alcohol agribusiness complexes horizontal extension of those South-East and even multinationals. These groups previously selected areas where expansion triggered the installation of plants inducing a re-zoning, but retained the strategy of producing agricultural commodities. Finally, it was found that the main direct environmental impacts cultivated areas are the loss of soil biodiversity and water resources soil compaction and increase their resistance to penetration, indicating compression, and it is assumed that there is potential for erosion and also the subsequent contamination of their time, because crop management. It was concluded that MRQ experience, paradoxically, both positive and negative social and environmental impacts arising from a rapidly expanding sugarcane which materialized a new centrality of the space sector in the Central Cerrado, similar to that which occurred in the past the state of São Paulo, but this time relying on an industry already established in the south-southeast and which together make up what is called the polygon of the cane and a new center, as part of this arc expansion of sugar cane, as undeniable and great expression of state and national levels, and gradually reference also becoming international.
O setor sucroalcooleiro vem apresentando um processo notável de expansão desde 2000, rumo ao Cerrado central, reconhecidamente favorecido por conjuntura ancorada na defesa da energia renovável e soberania nacional. O estado de Goiás é um dos alvos preferenciais dessa expansão, desde 2004, principalmente 2006-2007, e vem concentrando uma forte agroindústria canavieira na região Sul Goiano/Sudoeste, Microrregião de Quirinópolis (MRQ), onde passou de cerca de 4 mil ha a mais de 150 mil ha plantados no período, com grande impacto na socioeconomia local, segundo estudos anteriores e subsidiários desta tese. Essa microrregião conta com características edafoclimáticas favoráveis e logísticas de grande relevância econômica intra e inter-regional para exportação, porém as mudanças de uso do solo e impactos ambientais relacionados a esse processo ainda são pouco estudados. A presente tese objetiva compreender o padrão espacial de expansão da cana para e na MRQ, com ênfase em solos e suas mudanças de uso, entendidas por vários autores como expansão da Fronteira Agrícola da década de 1970, porém mais organizada, tecnificada e capitalizada, visando comprovar a hipótese de que aí vem se configurando uma nova centralidade do setor sucroenergético no Cerrado, voltado à produção de etanol e bioenergia, cujas consequências multiescalares afetam, dentre outros aspectos, as demais cadeias produtivas pré-existentes, especialmente de produção de alimentos. Analisou-se com mais detalhe a sucessão de usos do solo no período desde 2004, anterior à chegada da cana, de modo a identificar os padrões de substituição de culturas e pastagens pela nova cultura e o potencial de impactos ambientais diretos da cana devida constatação de pressão sobre os recursos hídricos para fins de irrigação e sobre os solos associados ao sistema de manejo de elevado padrão tecnológico, envolvendo insumos e defensivos, além de maquinaria pesada, dentre outros. A pesquisa baseou-se principalmente na compilação de dados e mapas, e elaboração de documentos cartográficos temáticos multiescalares, incluindo uso de imagens de satélite e SIG, análise de dados censitários diversos e estudo detalhado de impactos através de entrevistas dos principais atores, de descrição e coleta de amostras de solos e recursos hídricos e análise laboratorial. Conclui-se que a cana se concentrou inicialmente nas melhores terras da MRQ, onde conta com a melhor infra-estrutura regional/estadual, e vem concorrendo, vitoriosa, com outros usos, em particular, grãos (soja), e secundariamente pastagens, nas quais prossegue com a expansão atual. O processo, como no passado está amparado em política federal, ora o PNE - 2030, e recebe subsídios federais e estaduais. Ainda está acelerado e reproduz o mesmo modelo de expansão da Fronteira Agrícola anterior, de ocupação do Cerrado dos anos de 1970, diferenciando-se, entretanto pela rápida e mais bem planejada atuação de grandes grupos financeiros e formação rápida de joint ventures e complexos agroindustriais sucroalcooleiros horizontais em extensão daqueles do Sul-Sudeste e mesmo multinacionais. Esses grupos selecionaram previamente as áreas de expansão onde desencadearam a instalação das usinas induzindo um novo zoneamento, mas mantiveram a estratégia de produção de commodities agrícolas. Por fim, constatou-se que os principais impactos ambientais diretos nas áreas cultivadas são a perda de biodiversidade dos solos e dos recursos hídricos a compactação dos solos e a aumento de sua resistência à penetração, indicando compactação, e supõe-se que há potencial de erosão subsequente e também de sua contaminação com o tempo, devido manejo da cultura. Conclui-se também que a MRQ vivencia, paradoxalmente, os impactos socioambientais positivos e negativos decorrentes de uma expansão sucroalcooleira que materializou rapidamente uma nova centralidade espacial do setor no Cerrado Central, similar àquela ocorrida no passado no estado de São Paulo, porém desta feita contando com um setor já consolidado no Sul-Sudeste e que juntos se configuram no que se está chamando de polígono da cana e numa nova centralidade, esta como parte do arco de expansão da cana, já de inegável e grande expressão estadual e nacional, e aos poucos se tornando referência também internacional.

Private sector sugar millers and Ithala Development Finance Corporation (Ithala) implemented a graduated mortgage loan repayment scheme in the 1995/96 sugarcane production-season to try and improve access to farmland by aspirant commercial farmers in KwaZulu-Natal. By March 2001, the scheme had financed 106 "medium scale farmers" (MSFs), 99 of whom were still in the scheme (one loan had been repaid from own funds, and another six from the proceeds of life insurance policies). The first aim of this study was to analyse factors affecting whether or not the MSFs were current or in arrears on loan repayments as at 31 March 2001. A logit model based on full information for 83 MSFs shows that the estimated probability of a MSF being current on loan repayments was higher for clients with higher levels of average annual gross turnover relative to loan size, and for clients with access to substantive off-farm income. This suggests that farm size (proxied by annual farm gross turnover) does matter when policymakers in South Africa consider future similar schemes designed to improve access to commercial farmland by people that previously could not buy farmland. Smaller-sized, creditworthy farms with loan sizes that are relatively low compared to the expected average annual gross income may also be viable. Access to off-farm income could also be considered as a criterion in selecting potential farmers for future similar schemes, as it helps to provide additional liquidity to fund future operations and debt repayments, and can reduce leverage levels. The second aim was to conduct personal interviews with the 99 MSFs between July and September 2001 in order to identify what aspects of the scheme could be improved for new members . Responses from 88 of these MSFs show that 68% of them would opt to first rent land before purchasing, while 78% of them recognize, or have experienced, the cash flow problem associated with land purchase. Most of the MSFs felt that long-term sugarcane supply agreements constrain enterprise diversification, and that the quality of mentorship that they currently received was not satisfactory. Industry players could consider leveraging donor funding for empowerment projects to improve the quality of future mentorship programmes. There is also some scope for Ithala to improve the client-lender relationship by better clarifying the structure of the graduated repayments, sending loan statements on time, and helping clients to interpret loan statements. Growers perceive the need for a coordinator to monitor, and advise on how to improve, their financial performance this could be a new commercial service opportunity. Using an independent valuer to conduct farm valuations may also be necessary to avoid perceptions of bias in the value of farms offered for sale by the millers. A logit model of the MSFs' preferences for first renting land before purchase shows that new growers joining this scheme, or similar schemes for other farm products, with relatively less liquidity and less farming experience should be given the choice to rent land with an option to purchase. The preference for first renting by most of the surveyed MSFs could indicate that many very highly leveraged MSFs still experience cash flow stress despite the interest rate subsidy. A second policy implication, therefore, is that the current subsidy level, which reduces the effective starting interest rate level to about ten per cent relative to a typical five per cent current return on land, could be increased to promote access to farmland markets. Alternatively, loan terms in the next round of the scheme could be changed to require higher proportions of own equity (lower leverage levels), or to permit the deferral of principal payments, or to permit the purchase of smaller farms by creditworthy, part-time farmers. Another strategy to improve liquidity is to advise growers to limit family drawings in the early years after farmland purchase.
Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

碩士
康寧大學
資產管理與城市規劃研究所
100
There was an inseparable linkage between Taiwan Sugar Corporation(TSC) and economic development. However, the rapid growth of industry and business during the later stages of development brought an economic transformation. The impact on TSC, whose businesses rested mainly on agriculture, was suffered much worse than any other company. After privatization, TSC sought to transform in response to the rapidly changing environment. In view of leasing or transforming the use of the land to profitable use, the companies were usually received much criticism. This study aims to build a pattern to assess land use potential for TSC to reference while deciding the use and planning of its land. Land Use refers to the planned, reasonable, effective, and sustainable use of land. According to land-use planning theories, environmental, social, technological, economic, and political factors all affect land use. This study combined the land-use planning concept with geographic information system(GIS), to establish efficient data and analyze suitable land development. Then this study performed screening analysis for land use potential, established principles for spatial development, and performed land use suitability analysis. The results could be used as a reference for land development potential and land use strategies. To establish an efficient assessment pattern, two land use assessment methods were used in this study. One is spatial overlay analysis by investigating the limits of both ESAs and developed land. Two is conditioning land development by using development potential factors such as accessibility and position in relation to developed areas. Different levels of accessibility to the land, to adjacent developed areas, to residential land, and to industrial land are identified using land suitability analysis incorporating accessibility, land use, and land control. The results can be used as reference during landuse planning.

碩士
國立高雄大學
政治法律學系碩士班
105
Abstract This study investigated the activation and re-use sugar cultural assets. From the relevant cases, to understand the status of its re-use and management, and the Sugar Museum Cultural and Creative Park as a case study, from the historical evolution, architectural characteristics, as well as the management of sugar companies to explore their status and problems of re-use, With a view to providing future reference for the re-use of cultural assets. In this paper, the business model of Hualien Sugar Factory Japanese Chalet Hotel and the subordinate business model of ten drum culture area in Rende sugar factory are analyzed by two kinds of management methods, combined with the creation of culture and art, Business strategy, the formation of unique characteristics of sugar industry, in order to achieve the goal of space activation and sustainable management. Bridge Aberdeen Sugar Factory will be the cultural relics of the park to do the transformation and re-use of the idea, with "A - Central Administrative Region" monuments guided field, "B-2-Sugar Factory Site" recreational space field, "C-1 Sugar Storage Area" theme art exhibition space field, "C-2 dormitory area" Japanese-style wooden house, by the region to create a comprehensive development and reuse, so that the bridge Aberdeen candy incarnation to become a theme of the cultural garden of the candy. To further cooperate with local tourism resources, to provide large recreational recreational activities, active leisure tourism industry. The research process is based on case studies, current situation investigation and other different ways to collect information, summed up the current situation implied problems and issues, sugar plant after the transformation of the plant structure has been with the economic structure of the conversion, the focus of space development shift from the production area To the special space； The original function, the spatial characteristic, the use scale and the location distribution are the main consideration factors which affect the asset reuse of the factory; However, the use of space similar to the nature of the re-use of assets in the form of stereotypes, the effect of easy to produce, and so on, resulting in some of the use of sugar plant has not yet effectively use, Through the exploration of Hualien Sugar Factory and Rende Sugar Factory ten drum culture Chong Park successful business model, emphasizing the integration of resources, the overall community to create, focusing on the overall use of space development, experience the concept of economic sustainable, multiple re-use strategy is bridgehead Sugar companies want to continue to improve the direction of transformation.

碩士
環球科技大學
公共事務管理研究所
107
The government is facing the problem of land shortage in various construction projects. It hopes that Taiwan Sugar Corporation would release some of its land to resolve the problem of land shortage. Taiwan Sugar Corporation owns a large amount of land, 74% of which are used for agriculture, roughly 37,258,50 hectares. The parcels of land are uniformly shaped, and ownership rights are relatively simple. Taiwan Sugar Corporation is supervised by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and is one of the largest enterprises in Taiwan's agricultural industry. Sugar export accounted for 79% of all foreign exchange income in the Republic of China in 1964. Since then, fluctuation and declining international sugar prices have weakened Taiwan's sugar industry, starting in the 1990s. Due to the impact of global trade trends and demand for transition, Taiwan Sugar Corporation completed the establishment of its eight major business divisions in early 2004. In addition to leasing idle land, Taiwan Sugar Corporation passively adheres to government policy by releasing idle land for government projects, becoming the preferred entity to obtain land for government projects. Yunlin County, which is coined as the agricultural capital of Taiwan, typically acquires land from local enterprise, Taiwan Sugar Corporation, when organizing large construction projects. Using the legal definition of industrial land and agricultural land and their purpose, as well as the analysis results of relevant literature and second-hand data, we explored the economic benefits of adjusting agricultural land for industrial application. In-depth interviews of senior employees of Taiwan Sugar Corporation revealed that although government projects typically benefit economic development, the respondents all believed that outstanding agricultural land in Taiwan should be protected and that the government should value food safety issues to ensure the total amount of farmland in Taiwan. For policies that require land from Taiwan Sugar Corporation, farmland should not be the foremost consideration. The respondents provided negative views on the adjustment of farmland owned by Taiwan Sugar Corporation. If land is necessitated, it should be applied for agriculture-related projects.