Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Landau-Ginzburg models'

Landau-Ginzburg mirror symmetry predicts isomorphisms between graded Frobenius algebras (denoted A and B) that are constructed from a nondegenerate quasihomogeneous polynomial W and a related group of symmetries G. In 2013, Tay proved that given two polynomials W1, W2 with the same quasihomogeneous weights and same group G, the corresponding A-models built with (W1, G) and (W2, G) are isomorphic. An analogous theorem for isomorphisms between orbifolded B-models remains to be found. This thesis investigates isomorphisms between B-models using polynomials in two variables in search of such a theorem. In particular, several examples are given showing the relationship between continuous deformation on the B-side and isomorphisms that stem as a corollary to Tay's theorem via mirror symmetry. Results on extending known isomorphisms between unorbifolded B-models to the orbifolded case are exhibited. A general pattern for B-model isomorphisms, relating mirror symmetry and continuous deformation together, is also observed.

We consider Landau-Ginzburg models stemming from non-abelian groups comprised of non-diagonal symmetries, and we describe a rule for the mirror LG model. In particular, we present the non-abelian dual group G*, which serves as the appropriate choice of group for the mirror LG model. We also describe an explicit mirror map between the A-model and the B-model state spaces for two examples. Further, we prove that this mirror map is an isomorphism between the untwisted broad sectors and the narrow diagonal sectors in general.

We have investigated matrix factorisations of polynomials corresponding to vari-ous Landau-Ginzburg models with N = 2 supersymmetry. These are non-conformal Lagrangian models with specific super-potentials and are thought to flow to a renor-malisation group fixed point, which correspond to conformal field theories. Matrix factorisations can be used to construct BRST type operators which have a basis of states which correspond to the chiral primaries of the CFTs confirming the corre-spondence. We look at how these matrix factorisations can be created from exact sequences and put this into practice using the homological algebra package, Singu-lar, to create exact sequences/free resolutions from a restricted list of ideals thereby producing a matrix factorisation factory whose only input is the potential. We man-aged to construct all ADE indecomposable matrix factorisations from simple ideals built from generators in the quotient ring. As a side result, this procedure required the development of a simple algorithm to identify isomorphic matrix factorisations. We also make some statements about invertibility of matrix elements and factors in order to discuss and where other Lagrangian, conformal theories, such as Liouville might fit in this correspondence. The main body of work concentrates on the nature of orbifold equivalence. This is an aspect of topological field theories with defects. We analyse the nature of the quantum dimension formula making some interesting discoveries which we use to refine a procedure to find such orbifold equivalences. This procedure was eventually successful, in theory only limited by computer power, and we review the current updated cataloge of orbifold equivalences and discuss the some implications of our findings and observations on such equivalences.

Le phénomène de mouvement collectif est présent parmi beaucoup de systèmes biologiques comme dans les volées d'oiseaux ou des bancs de poissons. Dans ces systèmes, le mouvement collectif apparait sans aucun leader ni force extérieure et est exclusivement dû à l'interaction parmi les individus et à la nature hors-équilibre de tout le système. Nous voulons étudier des modèles simples de mouvement collectif afin d'établir des classes d'universalité parmi la matière active sèche, c'est-à-dire des individus interagissant sans l'aide d'un fluide. Beaucoup de ces systèmes ont déjà été étudiés microscopiquement. Nous voulons obtenir des équations hydrodynamiques de ces systèmes pour confirmer les résultats microscopiques et pour prédire des propriétés nouvelles. Nous effectuons une dérivation d'équations hydrodynamiques en utilisant l'approche Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau introduit dans cette thèse. Quatre modèles de type Vicsek sont considérés. Un modèle polaire simple identique au modèle de Vicsek, un modèle mixte avec des particules polaires avec interactions nématiques, un modèle avec des particules polaires et interactions nématiques et finalement un modèle avec des particules polaires avec des interactions non-métriques. Dans chaque cas les équations obtenues sont étudiées de façon analytique et numérique. Nous trouvons que les équations obtenues reproduisent de façon fidèles les propriétés qualitatives des modèles microscopiques considérées, comme les différentes phases observées et la nature de transition entre ces phases. Dans certains cas des phases nouvelles sont trouvées, qui n'ont pas été reportées auparavant dans les modèles microscopiques. Beaucoup d'entre elles ont été confirmées a posteriori dans les simulations numériques de ces modèles
The phenomenon of collective motion is present among many different biological systems like bird flocks or fish schools. In these systems, the collective motion arises without any leader or external force, and is only due to interaction among individuals and the out of equilibrium nature of the whole system. We want to study simple models of collective motion in order to establish universality classes among dry active matter, i. E. Individuals that interact without the help of a fluid medium. Many of such systems have already been studied microscopically. We want to obtain coarse-grained equations of such models to confirm the microscopical results and to predict new properties. We perform a derivation of hydrodynamic equations using the introduced Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau approach. The equations are derived for four different Vicsek type models. A simple polar model, a mixed case of polar particles with nematic interactions, a model of nematic particles with nematic interactions and finally a model for polar particles with metric free interactions. In each case, the obtained equations are studied analytically and numerically. We find out that the hydrodynamic equations reproduce faithfully the qualitative properties of underlying microscopical models, like the different observed phases and the nature of phase transition between them. Some new phases not previously observed in microscopical models are found. Most of them where a posteriori confirmed in simulations of microscopical models

Landau-Ginzburg mirror symmetry takes place in the context of affine singularities in CN. Given such a singularity defined by a quasihomogeneous polynomial W and an appropriate group of symmetries G, one can construct the FJRW theory (see [3]). This construction fills the role of the A-model in a mirror symmetry proposal of Berglund and H ubsch [1]. The conjecture is that the A-model of W and G should match the B-model of a dual singularity and dual group (which we denote by WT and GT). The B-model construction is based on the Milnor ring, or local algebra, of the singularity. We verify this conjecture for a wide class of singularities on the level of Frobenius algebras, generalizing work of Krawitz [10]. We also review the relevant parts of the constructions.

Superconductivity continues to be of great theoretical and practical interest and remains a challenging area of scientific inquiry. Most superconductors of practical utility are of type-II, i.e., they allow the penetration of magnetic fields in the form of tubes of flux that are referred to as "vortices." Motion of these vortices due to, e.g., applied currents, induce a loss of perfect conductivity. Knowing how vortices move and arrange themselves in lattice structures, how their movement is suppressed by pinning mechanisms, and how their movement is affected by thermal fluctuations is critical to understanding how to maintain resistanceless current flow. We study a variety of Ginzburg-Landau type models for superconductivity that can account for inhomogeneous and isotropy materials, grain boundaries, and thermal fluctuations. We develop robust, accurate, and efficient numerical codes and apply them to numerous studies of how vortex motions are affected by the various mechanisms mentioned above. We also examine some analytical aspects of type-II superconductors under the influence of thermal fluctuations.
Ph. D.

Mirror symmetry has been a significant area of research for geometry and physics for over two decades. Berglund and Hubsch proposed that for a certain family of singularities W, the so called "transposed" singularity WT should be the mirror partner of W. cite{BH} The techniques for constructing the orbifold LG models to test this conjecture were developed by FJR in cite{FJR} with a cohomological field theory generalized from the study of r-spin curves. The duality of LG A- and B-models became more elaborate when Krawitz cite{Krawitz} generalized the Intriligator-Vafa orbifold B-model to include contributions from more than one sector.This thesis presents a program written in Maple for explicitly computing bases for both LG A- and B-model rings, as well as the correlators for A-models to the extent of current knowledge. Included is a list of observations and conjectures drawn from computations done in the program.

This dissertation focuses on the further development of creating accurate numerical models of complex dynamical systems using the holistic discretisation technique [Roberts, Appl. Num. Model., 37:371-396, 2001]. I extend the application from second to fourth order systems and from only one spatial dimension in all previous work to two dimensions (2D). We see that the holistic technique provides useful and accurate numerical discretisations on coarse grids. We explore techniques to model the evolution of spatial patterns governed by pdes such as the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation and the real-valued Ginzburg-Landau equation. We aim towards the simulation of fluid flow and convection in three spatial dimensions. I show that significant steps have been taken in this dissertation towards achieving this aim. Holistic discretisation is based upon centre manifold theory [Carr, Applications of centre manifold theory, 1981] so we are assured that the numerical discretisation accurately models the dynamical system and may be constructed systematically. To apply centre manifold theory the domain is divided into elements and using a homotopy in the coupling parameter, subgrid scale fields are constructed consisting of actual solutions of the governing partial differential equation(pde). These subgrid scale fields interact through the introduction of artificial internal boundary conditions. View the centre manifold (macroscale) as the union of all states of the collection of subgrid fields (microscale) over the physical domain. Here we explore how to extend holistic discretisation to the fourth order Kuramoto-Sivashinsky pde. I show that the holistic models give impressive accuracy for reproducing the steady states and time dependent phenomena of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation on coarse grids. The holistic method based on local dynamics compares favourably to the global methods of approximate inertial manifolds. The excellent performance of the holistic models shown here is strong evidence in support of the holistic discretisation technique. For shear dispersion in a 2D channel a one-dimensional numerical approximation is generated directly from the two-dimensional advection-diffusion dynamics. We find that a low order holistic model contains the shear dispersion term of the Taylor model [Taylor, IMA J. Appl. Math., 225:473-477, 1954]. This new approach does not require the assumption of large x scales, formerly absolutely crucial in deriving the Taylor model. I develop holistic discretisation for two spatial dimensions by applying the technique to the real-valued Ginzburg-Landau equation as a representative example of second order pdes. The techniques will apply quite generally to second order reaction-diffusion equations in 2D. This is the first study implementing holistic discretisation in more than one spatial dimension. The previous applications of holistic discretisation have developed algebraic forms of the subgrid field and its evolution. I develop an algorithm for numerical construction of the subgrid field and its evolution for 1D and 2D pdes and explore various alternatives. This new development greatly extends the class of problems that may be discretised by the holistic technique. This is a vital step for the application of the holistic technique to higher spatial dimensions and towards discretising the Navier-Stokes equations.

The Landau-Ginzburg (LG) B-Model is a significant feature of singularity theory and mirror symmetry. Krawitz in 2010, guided by work of Kaufmann, provided an explicit construction for the LG B-model when using diagonal symmetries of a quasihomogeneous, nondegenerate polynomial. In this thesis we discuss aspects of how to generalize the LG B-model construction to allow for nondiagonal symmetries of a polynomial, and hence nonabelian symmetry groups. The construction is generalized to the level of graded vector space and the multiplication developed up to an unknown factor. We present complete examples of nonabelian LG B-models for the polynomials x^2y + y^3, x^3y + y^4, and x^3 + y^3 + z^3 + w^2.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Neste trabalho abordamos a teoria de Ginzburg-Landau da supercondutividade (teoria GL). Apresentamos suas origens, características e resultados mais importantes. A idéia fundamental desta teoria e descrever a transição de fase que sofrem alguns metais de uma fase normal para uma fase supercondutora. Durante uma transição de fase em supercondutores do tipo II é característico o surgimento de linhas de fluxo magnético em determinadas regiões de tamanho finito chamadas comumente de vórtices. A dinâmica destas estruturas topológicas é de grande interesse na comunidade científica atual e impulsiona incontáveis núcleos de pesquisa na área da supercondutividade. Baseado nisto estudamos como essas estruturas topológicas influenciam em uma transição de fase em um modelo bidimensional conhecido como modelo XY. No modelo XY vemos que os principais responsáveis pela transição de fase são os vórtices (na verdade pares de vórtice-antivórtice). Villain, observando este fato, percebeu que poderia tornar explícita a contribuição desses defeitos topológicos na função de partição do modelo XY realizando uma transformação de dualidade. Este modelo serve como inspiração para a proposta deste trabalho. Apresentamos aqui um modelo baseado em considerações físicas sobre sistemas de matéria condensada e ao mesmo tempo utilizamos um formalismo desenvolvido recentemente na referência [29] que possibilita tornar explícita a contribuição dos defeitos topológicos na ação original proposta em nossa teoria. Após isso analisamos alguns limites clássicos e finalmente realizamos as flutuações quânticas visando obter a expressão completa da função correlação dos vórtices o que pode ser muito útil em teorias de vórtices interagentes (dinâmica de vórtices).
In this work we introduced the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity (GL theory). We have shown your foundations, features and more important results. The fundamental idea of this theory is to describe the phase transition that some metals undergoes from a normal to a superconductor phase. During a phase transition in superconductors of type II is common the appearance of magnetic flux lines in given regions of finite size called of vortices. The knowledge of the dynamics of these vortices is of great importance in the current cientific community and drives many research centers to study the superconductivity. In view of this we study how these vortices changes a phase transition in a bidimensional model known as XY model.In XY model one can show that the main responsible for the phase transition are the vortices (or still, vortice-antivortice pairs). Villain, noting this fact, realized that could to turn explicit the contribution of theses topological defects in the partition function of XY model making a duality transformation. This model inspired us to study the subject of this master thesis. We presented here a model based in physical considerations about systems of condensed matter. At the same time we used a formalism developed in reference [29] that permits to turn explicit the contribution of these vortices in the original action proposed in our theory. Finally we analysed some classical limits and we looked for the quantum fluctuations to obtain the complete expression of the correlation function of vortices, whose utility is in the study of interacting vortices is wide (vortex dynamics).

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Nessa dissertação nós realizamos um estudo da termodinâmica descrita pelo modelo de GinzburgLandau. Procuramos enfatizar os pontos que recorrentemente aparecem na literatura dos supercondutores de temperatura até 30K. Analizamos as transições de fase que ocorrem nas amostras descritas por tal modelo. Também foi feita uma breve introdução às propriedades das cerâmicas supercondutoras, tomando como exemplo os cupratos à base de mercúrio (Hg − 1223). Verificamos que ao pulverizar a pastilha supercondutora, surgiam duas temperaturas críticas distintas. Concluímos a dissertação propondo uma extensão do modelo de GinzburgLandau descrevendo esta separação da temperatura crítica.

Landau-Ginzburg Mirror Symmetry provides for the construction of two algebraic objects, called the A- and B-models. Special cases of these models–constructed using invertible polynomials and abelian symmetry groups–are well understood. In this thesis, we consider generalizations of the B-model, and specifically address the associativity of the multiplication in these models. We also prove an explicit B-model isomorphism for a class of polynomials in three variables.

Le phénomène de mouvement collectif est présent parmi beaucoup de systèmes biologiques comme dans les volées d'oiseaux ou des bancs de poissons. Dans ces systèmes, le mouvement collectif apparait sans aucun leader ni force extérieure et est exclusivement dû à l'interaction parmi les individus et à la nature hors-équilibre de tout le système. Nous voulons étudier des modèles simples de mouvement collectif afin d'établir des classes d'universalité parmi la matière active sèche, c'est-à-dire des individus interagissant sans l'aide d'un fluide. Beaucoup de ces systèmes ont déjà été étudiés microscopiquement. Nous voulons obtenir des équations hydrodynamiques de ces systèmes pour confirmer les résultats microscopiques et pour prédire des propriétés nouvelles. Nous effectuons une dérivation d'équations hydrodynamiques en utilisant l'approche Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau introduit dans cette thèse. Quatre modèles de type Vicsek sont considérés. Un modèle polaire simple identique au modèle de Vicsek, un modèle mixte avec des particules polaires avec interactions nématiques, un modèle avec des particules polaires et interactions nématiques et finalement un modèle avec des particules polaires avec des interactions non-métriques. Dans chaque cas les équations obtenues sont étudiées de façon analytique et numérique. Nous trouvons que les équations obtenues reproduisent de façon fidèles les propriétés qualitatives des modèles microscopiques considérées, comme les différentes phases observées et la nature de transition entre ces phases. Dans certains cas des phases nouvelles sont trouvées, qui n'ont pas été reportées auparavant dans les modèles microscopiques. Beaucoup d'entre elles ont été confirmées a posteriori dans les simulations numériques de ces modèles.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Neste trabalho, utilizamos o formalismo de teorias quânticas de campos a temperatura finita, tal como desenvolvidas por Matsubara, aplicado a uma hamiltoniana de N campos escalares com autointeração quártica a N grande. Obtém-se uma expressão, na primeira aproximação quântica, para o coeficiente do termo quadrático da hamiltoniana ("massa quadrada"), renormalizado, como função da temperatura. A partir dela, estudamos o processo de quebra espontânea de simetria. Por outro lado, a mesma hamiltoniana é conhecida como modelo de Ginzburg-Landau na literatura de matéria condensada, e que permite o estudo de transições de fase em materiais ferromagnéticos. A temperatura é introduzida através do termo quadrático na hamiltoniana, de forma linear: é proporcional à diferença entre a variável de temperatura e a temperatura crítica. Tal modelo, porém, possui validade apenas na regi~ao de temperaturas próximas à criticalidade. Como resultado de nossos cálculos na teoria de campos a temperatura finita, observamos que, numa faixa de valores em torno da temperatura crítica, a massa quadrática pode ser aproximada por uma relação linear em relação à variável de temperatura. Isso evidencia a compatibilidade da abordagem de Ginzburg-Landau, na vizinhança da criticalidade, com respeito ao formalismo de campos a temperatura finita. Discutimos também os efeitos causados pela presença de um potencial químico no sistema.
In this work, we use the formalism of quantum field theories at finite temperature, as developed by Matsubara, applied to a Hamiltonian of N scalar fields with quartic self-interaction at N large. We get an expression in the first quantum approximation to the coeficient of the quadratic term of the Hamiltonian ("square mass"), renormalized as a function of temperature. From it, we study the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking. On the other hand, the same Hamiltonian is known as Ginzburg-Landau model in the literature of condensed matter, and allows the study of phase transitions in ferromagnetic materials. The temperature is introduced through the quadratic term in the Hamiltonian of the linear form: is proportional to the difference between the temperature and the critical temperature. This model, however, is valid only in the region of temperatures close to criticality. As a result of our calculations in the field theory at finite temperature, we observed that in a range of values around the critical temperature, the quadratic mass can be approximated by a linear relation with the temperature. This highlights the compatibility of the Ginzburg-Landau approach, in the vicinity of criticality with respect to the formalism of finite temperature field. We also discuss the effects caused by the presence of a chemical potential in the system.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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This work is concerned with the formulation and analysis of a simplified GinzburgLandau type model of superconductivity which is valid for large K and large magnetic field strengths. This model, referred to as the High kappa model, is derived via formal asymptotic expansion of the full, time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations. The model accounts for the effects of both applied magnetic fields and currents of constant magnitude. A notable feature of our model is that the systems for the leading order terms for the magnetic potential and the order parameter are decoupled. Finite element approximations of the High kappa model are introduced using standard Galerkin discretization in space and Backward-Euler and Crank-Nicolson discretization schemes in time. We establish existence and uniqueness results for the fully-discrete equations as well as optimal L2 and HI error estimates for the Backward-Euler-Galerkin and the Crank-Nicolson-Galerkin problems. Computational experiments are performed with several combinations of spatial and time discretizations of the High kappa model equations. Among other things our numerical approximations show good agreement for rates of convergence in space and time with the corresponding theoretical values. Finally, some well known steady-state and dynamic phenomena valid for type II superconductors are illustrated numerically.
Ph. D.

In this thesis we compute the Frobenius manifold of the Landau-Ginzburg A-model (FJRW theory) for certain polynomials. Specifically, our computations apply to polynomials that are sums of An and Dn singularities, paired with the corresponding maximal symmetry group. In particular this computation applies to several K3 surfaces. We compute the necessary correlators using reconstruction, the concavity axiom, and new techniques. We also compute the Frobenius manifold of the D3 singularity.

We have studied the critical properties of three-dimensional U(1)-symmetric lattice gauge theories. The models apply to various physical systems such as insulating phases of strongly correlated electron systems as well as superconducting and superfluid states of liquid metallic hydrogen under extreme pressures. This thesis contains an introductory part and a collection of research papers of which seven are published works and one is submitted for publication.

Paper I: Critical properties of the 2+1-dimensional compact abelian Higgs model with gauge charge q=2 are studied. We introduce a novel method of computing the third moment M₃ of the action which allows us to extract correlation length and specific heat critical exponents ν and α without invoking hyperscaling. Finite-size scaling analysis of M₃ yields the ratio (1+α)/ν and 1/ν separately. We find that α and ν vary along the critical line of the theory, which however exhibits a remarkable resilience of Z₂ criticality. We conclude that the model is a fixed-line theory, which we propose to characterize the zero temperature quantum phase transition from a Mott-Hubbard insulator to a charge fractionalized insulator in two spatial dimensions.

Paper II: Large scale Monte Carlo simulations are employed to study phase transitions in the three-dimensional compact abelian Higgs model in adjoint representations of the matter field, labeled by an integer q, for q=2,3,4,5. We also study various limiting cases of the model, such as the Z_q lattice gauge theory, dual to the 3DZ_q spin model, and the 3D xy spin model which is dual to the Z_q lattice gauge theory in the limit q → ∞. In addition, for benchmark purposes, we study the 2D square lattice 8-vertex model, which is exactly solvable and features non-universal critical exponents. The critical exponents α and ν are calculated from finite size scaling of the third moment of the action, and the method is tested thoroughly on models with known values for these exponents. We have found that for q=3, the three-dimensional compact abelian Higgs model exhibits a second order phase transition line which joins a first order phase transition line at a tricritical point. The results for q=2 in Paper I are reported with a higher lever of detail.

Paper III: This paper is based on a talk by F. S. Nogueira in the Aachen HEP 2003 conference where a review of the results for the compact abelian Higgs model from Paper I and Paper II was presented, as well as the results for the q=1 case studied by F. S. Nogueira, H. Kleinert and A. Sudbø.

Paper IV: We study the effects of a Chern-Simons (CS) term in the phase structure of two different abelian gauge theories in three dimensions. By duality transformations we show how the compact U(1) gauge theory with a CS term for certain values of the CS coupling can be written as a gas of vortex loops interacting through steric repulsion. This theory is known to exhibit a phase transition governed by proliferation of vortex loops. We also employ Monte Carlo simulations to study the non-compact U(1) abelian Higgs model with a CS term. Finite size scaling of the third moment of the action yields critical exponents α and ν that vary continuously with the strength of the CS term, and a comparison with available analytical results is made.

Paper V: The critical properties of N-component Ginzburg-Landau theory are studied in d=2+1 dimensions. The model is dualized to a theory of N vortex fields interacting through a Coulomb and a screened potential. The model with N=2 shows two anomalies in the specific heat. From Monte Carlo simulations we calculate the critical exponents α and ν and the mass of the gauge field. We conclude that one anomaly corresponds to an inverted 3D xy fixed point, while the other corresponds to a 3D xy fixed point. There are N fixed points, namely one corresponding to an inverted 3D xy fixed point, and N-1corresponding to neutral 3D xy fixed points. Applications are briefly discussed.

Paper VI: The phase diagram and critical properties of the N-component London superconductor are studied both analytically and through large-scale Monte-Carlo simulations in d=2+1 dimensions. The model with different bare phase stiffnesses for each flavor is a model of superconductivity which should arise out of metallic phases of light atoms under extreme pressure. A projected mixture of electronic and protonic condensates in liquid metallic hydrogen under extreme pressure is the simplest example, corresponding to N=2 with individually conserved matter fields. We compute critical exponents α and ν for N=2 and N=3. The results from Paper V are presented at a higher level of detail. For the arbitrary N case, there are N fixed points,namely one charged inverted 3D xy fixed point, and N-1 neutral 3D xy fixed points. We explicitly identify one charged vortex mode and N-1 neutral vortex modes. The model for N=2 and equal bare phase stiffnesses corresponds to a field theoretical description of an easy-plane quantum antiferromagnet. In this case, the critical exponents are computed and found to be non 3D xy values. Furthermore, we study the model in an external magnetic field, and find a novel feature, namely N-1 superfluid phases arising out of N charged condensates. In particular, for N=2 we point out the possibility of two novel types of field-induced phase transitions in ordered quantum fluids: i) A phase transition from a superconductor to a superfluid or vice versa, driven by tuning an external magnetic field. This identifies the superconducting phase of liquid metallic hydrogen as a novel quantum fluid. ii) A phase transition corresponding to a quantum fluid analogue of sublattice melting, where a composite field-induced Abrikosov vortex lattice is decomposed and disorders the phases of the constituent condensate with lowest bare phase stiffness. Both transitions belong to the 3D xy universality class.

Paper VII: We consider the vortex superconductor with two individually conserved condensates in a finite magnetic field. The ground state is a lattice of cocentered vortices in both order parameters. We find two novel phase transitions when temperature is increased at fixed magnetic field. i) A "vortex sublattice melting" transition where vortices in the field with lowest phase stiffness ("light vortices") loose cocentricity with the vortices with large phase stiffness ("heavy vortices"), entering a liquid state (the structure factor of the light vortex sublattice vanishes continuously.) This transition is in the 3D xy universality class. ii) A first order melting transition of the lattice of heavy vortices in a liquid of light vortices.

Paper VIII: We report on large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of a novel type of a vortex matter phase transition which should take place in a three dimensional two-component superconductor. We identify the regime where first, at a certain temperature a field-induced lattice of co-centered vortices of both order parameters melts, causing the system to loose superconductivity. In this state the two-gap system retains a broken composite symmetry and we observe that at a higher temperature it undergoes an extra phase transition where the disordered composite one-flux-quantum vortex lines are "ionized" into a "plasma" of constituent fractional flux vortex lines in individual order parameters. This is the hallmark of the superconductor-to-superfluid-to-normal fluid phase transitions projected to occur in e.g. liquid metallic hydrogen.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse des singularités apparaissant dans des équations différentielles partielles elliptiques non linéaires découlant de la physique mathématique, de la biologie mathématique, et de la géométrie conforme. Les thèmes abordés sont le modèle de supraconductivité de Ginzburg-Landau, le problème de Lin-Ni-Takagi, le modèle de Keller-Segel de la chimiotaxie, et le problème de courbure scalaire prescrite. Le modèle de Ginzburg-Landau est une description phénoménologique de la supraconductivité. Une caractéristique essentielle des supraconducteurs de type II est la présence de vortex, qui apparaissent au-dessus d'une certaine valeur de la force du champ magnétique appliqué, appelée premier champ critique. Nous nous intéressons au régime de epsilon petit, où epsilon est l'inverse du paramètre de Ginzburg-Landau (une constante du matériau). Dans ce régime, les vortex sont au premier ordre des singularités topologiques de co-dimension 2. Nous fournissons une construction quantitative par approximation de vortex en dimension trois pour l'énergie de Ginzburg-Landau, ce qui donne une approximation des lignes de vortex ainsi qu'une borne inférieure pour l'énergie, qui est optimale au premier ordre et vérifiée au niveau epsilon. En utilisant ces outils, nous analysons ensuite le comportement des minimiseurs globaux en dessous et proche du premier champ critique. Nous montrons que, en dessous de cette valeur critique, les minimiseurs de l'énergie de Ginzburg-Landau sont des configurations sans vortex et que les minimiseurs, proche de cette valeur, ont une vorticité bornée. Le problème de Lin-Ni-Takagi apparait comme l'ombre (dans la littérature anglaise ``shadow'') du système de Gierer-Meinhardt d'équations de réaction-diffusion qui modélise la formation de motifs biologiques. Ce problème est celui de trouver des solutions positives d'une équation critique dans un domaine régulier et borné de dimension trois, avec une condition de Neumann homogène au bord. Dans cette thèse, nous construisons des solutions à ce problème présentant un comportement explosif en un point du domaine, lorsqu'un certain paramètre converge vers une valeur critique. La chimiotaxie est l'influence de substances chimiques dans un environnement sur le mouvement des organismes. Le modèle de Keller-Segel pour la chimiotaxie est un système de diffusion-advection composé de deux équations paraboliques couplées. Ici, nous nous intéressons aux états stationnaires radiaux de ce système. Nous sommes alors amenés à étudier une équation critique dans la boule unité de dimension 2, avec une condition de Neumann homogène au bord. Dans cette thèse, nous construisons plusieurs familles de solutions radiales qui explosent à l'origine de la boule, et se concentrent sur le bord et/ou sur une sphère intérieure, lorsqu' un certain paramètre converge vers zéro. Enfin, nous étudions le problème de la courbure scalaire prescrite. Étant donnée une variété Riemannienne compacte de dimension n, nous voulons trouver des métriques conformes dont la courbure scalaire soit une fonction prescrite, qui dépend d'un petit paramètre. Nous supposons que cette fonction a un point critique qui satisfait une hypothèse de platitude appropriée. Nous construisons plusieurs métriques, qui explosent lorsque le paramètre converge vers zéro, avec courbure scalaire prescrite
This thesis is devoted to the analysis of singularities in nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations arising in mathematical physics, mathematical biology, and conformal geometry. The topics treated are the Ginzburg-Landau model of superconductivity, the Lin-Ni-Takagi problem, the Keller-Segel model of chemotaxis, and the prescribed scalar curvature problem. The Ginzburg-Landau model is a phenomenological description of superconductivity. An essential feature of type-II superconductors is the presence of vortices, which appear above a certain value of the strength of the applied magnetic field called the first critical field. We are interested in the regime of small epsilon, where epsilon is the inverse of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter (a material constant). In this regime, the vortices are at main order co-dimension 2 topological singularities. We provide a quantitative three-dimensional vortex approximation construction for the Ginzburg-Landau energy, which gives an approximation of vortex lines coupled to a lower bound for the energy, which is optimal to leading order and valid at the epsilon-level. By using these tools we then analyze the behavior of global minimizers below and near the first critical field. We show that below this critical value, minimizers of the Ginzburg-Landau energy are vortex-free configurations and that near this value, minimizers have bounded vorticity. The Lin-Ni-Takagi problem arises as the shadow of the Gierer-Meinhardt system of reaction-diffusion equations that models biological pattern formation. This problem is that of finding positive solutions of a critical equation in a bounded smooth three-dimensional domain, under zero Neumann boundary conditions. In this thesis, we construct solutions to this problem exhibiting single bubbling behavior at one point of the domain, as a certain parameter converges to a critical value. Chemotaxis is the influence of chemical substances in an environment on the movement of organisms. The Keller-Segel model for chemotaxis is an advection-diffusion system consisting of two coupled parabolic equations. Here, we are interested in radial steady states of this system. We are then led to study a critical equation in the two-dimensional unit ball, under zero Neumann boundary conditions. In this thesis, we construct several families of radial solutions which blow up at the origin of the ball and concentrate on the boundary and/or an interior sphere, as a certain parameter converges to zero. Finally, we study the prescribed scalar curvature problem. Given an n-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold, we are interested in finding bubbling metrics whose scalar curvature is a prescribed function, depending on a small parameter. We assume that this function has a critical point which satisfies a suitable flatness assumption. We construct several metrics, which blow-up as the parameter goes to zero, with prescribed scalar curvature

Motivées par des données expérimentales sur la magnétisation de réseau de nanofils de plomb, les résolutions numériques des équations stationnaires de Ginzburg-Landau (GL) se sont focalisées sur les géométries à symétrie axiale. L'effet Meissner, les états représentant un vortex d'Abrikosov ou encore des Vortex Géants (``GiantVortex') centrés à l'origine du cylindre ont alors pu être identifiés sous l’hypothèse d’invariance sous rotation selon l’axe de symétrie du cylindre étudié (modèle à une dimension, 1D). En identifiant le type de transition par le caractère continu ou non du paramètre d'ordre autour du changement de phase, une frontière à l'échelle mésoscopique a également pu être identifiée au travers du modèle 1D. Plus spécifiquement, la limite entre les deux types de transitions décrite par le paramètre phénoménologique κ = λ /ξ ( =1/√2 à l’échelle macroscopique) devient une fonction non constante dépendant à la fois du rayon normalisé, u=R/λ, et de la vorticité L: κ =f(u,L). Les deux longueurs caractéristiques λ et ξ représentent respectivement les longueurs de pénétration et de cohérence d’un échantillon supraconducteur. Une comparaison avec les résultats obtenus par Zharkov permet de valider notre démarche numérique employée pour la résolution numérique des équations de GL à une dimension. En employant un modèle à deux dimensions (2D), la symétrie sous rotation des solutions a également été relâchée. Basée sur le principe de moindre action, la résolution propose alors un schéma numérique indépendant du type d'équations du mouvement à solutionner. Les configurations du type MultiVortex ont alors pu être identifiées, et comparées aux solutions du groupe du Professeur F. Peeters. Ces différents accords ont confirmé la démarche développée. Une modélisation de la magnétisation expérimentale d'un réseau de nanofils a également été développée. De par la taille réduite des nanofils, l'interaction magnétique entre ceux-ci a pu être négligée. La magnétisation totale du réseau est alors construite par une sommation incluant la contribution individuelle en magnétisation de chaque fil, pondérée par un poids reflétant une distribution gaussienne pour les rayons des fils constituant le réseau. La magnétisation individuelle est évidemment obtenue par résolution des équations du mouvement de GL précédemment étudiées avec les modèles 1D et 2D. En ajustant les paramètres libres associés à ce modèle décrivant la magnétisation totale du réseau, les données expérimentales ont pu être reproduites endéans 10% de marge d'erreur, l'intervalle d'incertitude caractéristique de la théorie effective de Ginzburg-Landau. Ces variables attachées au modèle de la magnétisation totale, reprennent la valeur moyenne m et l'écart-type s de la distribution gaussienne, ainsi que les longueurs caractéristiques λ(T) et ξ(T) présentes dans la théorie de GL. Un test totalement indépendant de l'analyse des magnétisations a permis de valider les valeurs déterminées pour la distribution des rayons. Les grandeurs ajustées pour les longueurs λ(T) et ξ(T) ont fait l'objet d'une analyse supplémentaire en termes de leur dépendance en température et du libre parcours moyen des électrons. Malgré l'accord entre les données expérimentales et la magnétisation théorique, il est important de mentionner qu'un paramètre libre supplémentaire, associé à l'apparition de configurations décrivant un vortex magnétique, a dû être introduit. Il modifie empiriquement la métastabilité trop longue en mode champ externe décroissant de l'état décrivant un vortex d'Abrikosov. La correction expulse donc le vortex avant sa prédiction théorique liée à la disparition de la barrière de Bean-Linvingston. Une étude plus approfondie de cette barrière de potentiel fut donc également réalisée. Cependant, elle n'est pas concluante en regard des données expérimentales analysées. Il n'en demeure pas moins que la transition apparaît dans un domaine en champ magnétique cohérent vis-à-vis de la description en énergie libre des états de vorticités voisines d'une unité de quantum de flux magnétique. La correspondance entre les longueurs caractéristiques du modèle phénoménologique de GL et les longueurs issues des théories microscopiques de Pippard et BCS a également abordée. Cette étude permet entre autre de comparer les différentes dépendances possibles en température avec les longueurs obtenues de l'analyse de magnétisation des nanofils en plomb. Au delà de l'accord avec le modèle des deux-fluides de Gorter et Casimir, une extrapolation bien en deçà de la température critique Tc est proposée pour les paramètres phénoménologiques λ(T) et ξ(T) de Ginzburg-Landau. Même si la correspondance entre les magnétisations expérimentales et théoriques semblait déjà l'indiquer, il est possible d'appliquer les équations de Ginzburg-Landau pour décrire le comportement magnétique du plomb bien en deçà de sa température critique. De plus, les paramètres associés possèdent une dépendance tout à fait conforme à une autre théorie empirique, le modèle des deux-fluides. Basée sur le modèle de Pippard, une détermination de la valeur du libre parcours moyen des normaux a également été isolée. Elle justifie alors une distinction entre les deux échantillons analysés en terme de leur degré d'impureté. Les résultats électrons obtenus étant en accord avec les procédures de fabrication des nanofils de plomb, cette nouvelle constatation, positive avec l'expérience, confirme une fois de plus la cohérence du modèle développé pour la magnétisation totale, et justifie l'emploi des équations de GL à toutes les températures en dessous de Tc. / Mesoscopic superconductors are described within the framework of the nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau theory. The two coupled nonlinear equations are solved numerically and we investigate the properties, in particular the order of the transition and the vortex configurations, of cylinders submitted to an external magnetic field. Meissner state, Abrikosov vortices, GiantVortex and MultiVortex solutions are described. The Bean-Livingston barrier in mesoscopic cylinders is also numerically studied. This theoretical work was applied to understand experimental magnetizations of lead nanowires in an array well below the superconducting transition temperature Tc. By freely adjusting the GL phenomenological lengths λ (T) and ξ (T), the experimental magnetization curves are reproduced to within a 10% error margin. The Meissner and the Abrikosov state were also experimentally observed in this apparently type-I superconductor. This fact is a consequence of the non-trivial behaviour of the critical boundary κ _c ($=1/√2 in bulk materials) between type-I and type-II phase transition at mesoscopic scales. Beyond the experimental-theoretical agreement, the question whether the GL model remains valid far below Tc is also addressed. The temperature dependence of the adjusted characteristic lengths is compared with different theoretical and empirical laws. The best agreement is achieved for the Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model. A comparison between lead nanowire arrays electrodeposited under constant and pulsed voltage conditions allows us to distinguish both samples in terms of their electronic mean free paths. The characterisation of the latter quantities concurs perfectly with the experimental expectation given the different electrodeposition techniques.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Nesta dissertação, propriedades de equilíbrio e não equilíbrio termodinâmico do setor de quarks leves u e d da Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) são estudadas empregando o modelo Polyakov– Nambu–Jona-Lasinio(PNJL). O modelo PNJL permite considerar simultaneamente as transições de fase quiral e de desconfinamento à temperatura finita. O grande potencial termodinâmico do modelo foi calculado na aproximação de campo médio. As equações de gap para os parâmetros de ordem que caracterizam essas transições de fase, o condensado de quarks e o loop de Polyakov, foram resolvidas numericamente para diferentes temperaturas e a natureza das transições de fase associadas foi determinada. A seguir,foram obtidas as equações de Ginzburg-Landau-Langevin (GLL) que descrevem a dinâmica temporal dos parâmetros de ordem. As escalas de tempo envolvidas na termalização do condensado de quark e do loop de Polyakov após o sistema ser submetido a um quench de temperatura foram investigadas como função dos parâmetros de Onsager para a QCD. A relevância dos resultados obtidos na presente dissertação para experimentos de colisões de íons pesados a altas energias é dicutida
Thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of the light u and d quarks sector of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are studied with the Polyakov–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. The PNJL model allows to take into account simultaneously the chiral and deconfinement transitions at finite temperatures. The gran potential of the model is obtained in the mean field approximation. The gap equations for the order parameters that characterise these transitions, the quark condensate and the Polyakov loop, are solved numerically for different temperatures and the nature of the associated phase transitions is determined. Next, the Ginzburg-Landau-Langevin (GLL) equations that describe the temporal dynamics of the order parameters are obtained. The time scales involved in the thermalization of the quark condensate and Polyakov loop after a temperature quench are investigated as functions of the QCD Onsager parameters available in the literature. The relevance of the results obtained in the present dissertation for experiments of heavy ions collisions at high energies are discussed

Orientador: Gastão Inácio Krein
Banca: Marcus Emmanuel Benghi Pinto
Banca: Ricardo D'Elia Matheus
Resumo: Nesta dissertação, propriedades de equilíbrio e não equilíbrio termodinâmico do setor de quarks leves u e d da Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) são estudadas empregando o modelo Polyakov- Nambu-Jona-Lasinio(PNJL). O modelo PNJL permite considerar simultaneamente as transições de fase quiral e de desconfinamento à temperatura finita. O grande potencial termodinâmico do modelo foi calculado na aproximação de campo médio. As equações de gap para os parâmetros de ordem que caracterizam essas transições de fase, o condensado de quarks e o loop de Polyakov, foram resolvidas numericamente para diferentes temperaturas e a natureza das transições de fase associadas foi determinada. A seguir,foram obtidas as equações de Ginzburg-Landau-Langevin (GLL) que descrevem a dinâmica temporal dos parâmetros de ordem. As escalas de tempo envolvidas na termalização do condensado de quark e do loop de Polyakov após o sistema ser submetido a um quench de temperatura foram investigadas como função dos parâmetros de Onsager para a QCD. A relevância dos resultados obtidos na presente dissertação para experimentos de colisões de íons pesados a altas energias é dicutida
Abstract: Thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of the light u and d quarks sector of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) are studied with the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model. The PNJL model allows to take into account simultaneously the chiral and deconfinement transitions at finite temperatures. The gran potential of the model is obtained in the mean field approximation. The gap equations for the order parameters that characterise these transitions, the quark condensate and the Polyakov loop, are solved numerically for different temperatures and the nature of the associated phase transitions is determined. Next, the Ginzburg-Landau-Langevin (GLL) equations that describe the temporal dynamics of the order parameters are obtained. The time scales involved in the thermalization of the quark condensate and Polyakov loop after a temperature quench are investigated as functions of the QCD Onsager parameters available in the literature. The relevance of the results obtained in the present dissertation for experiments of heavy ions collisions at high energies are discussed
Mestre

Ce travail est consacre a l'etude de l'anisotropie de hc1 et hc2 sur un meme monocristal de y2ba4cu8o16 (y:248). Nous avons montre que le compose y:248 presente une temperature de transition supraconductrice de tc0=73,2 k. Les champs critiques hc1 et hc2 sont de trois a cinq fois plus faibles par rapport au compose yba2cu3o (7-d). A partir d'un modele de ginzburg-landau anisotrope on obtient des longueurs de penetration: 1800 a (dans le plan cristallographique (a,b)) et 8000 a (au long de l'axe c). La magnetoresistance mesuree jusqu'a 20 teslas (pour differentes orientations du champ) donne des longueurs de coherence: 40 a (dans le plan (a,b)) et 4 a (au long de l'axe c). Pour h=0 et au-dessus de la temperature critique, on observe, a partir de mesures de conductivite, des fluctuations a trois dimensions. Le meme resultat a ete obtenu pour les fluctuations sous champ au-dessus de hc2, pour une temperature legerement inferieure a tc0

碩士
國立臺灣大學
數學研究所
106
We first prove the Local Torelli Theorem for Landau-Ginzburg models. Next, under several conditions, we prove that there is a Frobenius manifold without metric and Euler field, associated to the universal parameter space of Landau-Ginzburg models. We prove these assumptions hold true for every nondegenerate Laurent polynomial whose support polytope is a smooth.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
96
The thermal fluctuations and disorder in two dimensional Ginzburg-Landau model in the quasimomentum basis are studied by Monte Carlo simulation. In the pure vortex system, the Abrikosov ratio, specific heat, internal energy and structure factor were calculated. The melting phase transition is weakly first order as is inferred from a double - peak of the internal energy distribution. The melting reduced (dimensionless) temperature t_m~ -14.1 is extrapolated for the infinite system size. The behavior of Bragg peaks indicates that the different of arrangement of solid and liquid states. The temperature and size dependence of structure factor shows the melting temperature t_m of flux-line-lattice and the algebraic relation of system size and structure factor. The 〖δT〗_c disorder is simulated by adding the random potential field is added to the quadratic term of the GL energy. The difference between the pure and the disordered system is demonstrated by snapshots of the vortex configurations and the structure factor. I tried to locate the glass line of disorder system by analyzing the distribution of magnetization.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2007.
Advisors: Max Gunzburger and Janet Peterson, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Mathematics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Mar.10, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 156 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2008.
Advisors: Janet Peterson, Max Gunzburger, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Mathematics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 3, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 108 pages. Includes bibliographical references.