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1
Yal, Gozde P. "Landfill Site Selection And Landfill Liner Design For Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611789/index.pdf.
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The main scope of this thesis is to select alternative landfill sites for Ankara based on the growing trends of Ankara towards the Sincan and GölbaSi municipalities and to eventually select the best alternative. Landfill site selection was carried out utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria-Decision-Analysis (MCDA). A number of criteria were gathered in a GIS environment. Each criterion was assigned a weight value by applying the Pairwise Comparison Method (PCM). &ldquo
The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)&rdquo
, was applied and the best landfill site alternative was determined. The geotechnical properties of the clay samples, obtained from selected locations in Gö
lbaSi and Sincan were determined in order to design a landfill liner system using compacted &ldquo
Ankara Clay&rdquo
as the liner material. The permeability values for the clay samples were determined by performing falling head tests and consolidation tests. The coefficient of permeability value of the compacted clay was determined to be in the order of 10-10 m/s for the Gö
lbaSi samples and 10-11 m/s for the Sincan samples for both of the tests performed. These tests indicated that the native clay was suitable to be utilized as a landfill liner material. The HELP and POLLUTE was employed for the purpose of landfill design and predicting the landfill hydrological processes. The landfill profile with a double lining system composed of geomembrane/compacted clay composite top and bottom liners with a drainage layer was determined to show the best performance amongst the others.
2
Davies, Gareth. "A hazard assessment of a landfill site." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1994. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-hazard-assessment-of-a-landfill-site(29c44b19-02ac-47a9-b3b1-d20b3532933c).html.
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Trecastell landfill site is an open-cast site to which filter cake containing calcium sulfate was deposited as the only known industrial waste. Geological mapping of the site was carried out followed by search bar surveys to determine the area where passive venting of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide occurred. The concentrations of the gases were then determined. Subsequently boreholes were positioned at strategic positions across the site and chemical analysis carried out to identify the exact composition of the waste, and the composition of both the venting gas and ground water in order to assess the threat to nearby housing and the surrounding environment. Chemical analysis was also carried out on the ground water, soil and water from a river network and field to the east of the site to identify any priority pollutants and confirm the migration of leachate away from the landfill site. The chemical identification of alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons indicates that the filter cake was not the only industrial source of waste to be deposited at the site. The results of the analysis were used to determine what courses of action are open to the local council to render the site environmentally safe at an economical cost.
3
Ling, Sarah R. A. "Assessing the effectiveness of landfill restoration and remediation at a closed landfill site." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54748/.
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This research project was established to investigate the varying environmental impact of a landfill waste mass after the installation of a fully engineered landfill capping system. Nant-y-Gwyddon Landfill Site is a waste disposal site situated in the Rhondda Fawr in South Wales, UK. The site was established on an area of high ground overlooking the densely populated valley floor. The key environmental body at risk from the site was identified as the layered aquifer system supported by the cyclical geological strata dominated by sandstone aquifers separated by less permeable siltstone, mudstone and coal seams. The research adopts an integrated approach, where the understanding of the changes occurring in the waste mass are directly linked to predicted changes in the contamination levels in the groundwater system. Emphasis is also given to the mechanisms for contaminant transport between the waste mass and the environmental systems. As such the entire landfill system including the surrounding environment is considered as a set of closely interconnected systems. A monitoring system was designed to observe the changes occurring to the waste mass in terms of leachate level and saturation conditions after the installation of the landfill cap in an attempt to assess the changing leachate generation rates and quality within the waste mass. The key findings from the waste mass are then used to interpret variations in contaminant levels in the groundwater systems. Geophysical investigations highlight the extent of the leachate contamination detected in the groundwater hydrogeologically down gradient of the waste mass. The findings from groundwater monitoring are then used to develop a hydrogeological numerical model for the site using the program Visual MODFLOW. The key findings from groundwater monitoring and modelling highlight the importance of the unsaturated zone beneath the site in providing a source of contaminants which are mobilised during increased groundwater levels triggered by rainfall events. The majority of the contaminant loading was determined to be sourced from the area where a direct pathway exists between the waste mass and the Main Aquifer system. Predictions for future trends of contamination levels are then made in response to the findings and show a dynamic system intrinsically linked to the development of the waste mass and the meteorological conditions on site.
4
Rahman, Mohammad Hafizur. "Spatial and temporal analysis of landfill leachate characteristics at Trail Road Landfill site." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28484.
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This study is conducted at the Trail Road Landfill, located in Nepean, Ontario, Canada. The objective is to investigate the leachate characteristics of changing spatial-temporal patterns in a landfill groundwater environment by comprehensive analyses of annual spatial data.
Exploratory statistical data analysis identified the association of B (boron) with K, NH3 and TKN. Raster layers (maps) are created based on the concentrations of required variables in each time interval (year). In this study, it is notable that the raster data layers are used instead of discrete well data.
Several change detection methods are applied to determine the spatial and temporal changes of B and its associated variables and to identify the well locations where the changes occurred. These included post-classification visualization, principal component analysis, standard deviation and unsupervised classification (clustering) methods. The suitability of these methods is also discussed. The results determined that during the 1993-95 time period the concentrations of B and its associates was initially increasing, and then decreased substantially.
In summary, the study analysed characteristics of pollutants in landfill site groundwater environmental monitoring by using raster data in different change detection methods, and discussed the suitability of the applied methods. The same methodology and analysis techniques can be applied to other variables in similar environmental monitoring studies.
5
Sener, Basak. "Landfill Site Selection By Using Geographic Information Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605409/index.pdf.
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One of the serious and growing potential problems in most large urban areas is the shortage of land for waste disposal. Although there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, disposal in landfills is still the most common
method for waste destination. An inappropriate landfill site may have negative environmental, economic and ecological impacts. Therefore, it should be selected carefully by considering both regulations and constraints on other
sources. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in the vicinity of Ankara are determined by using the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. For this purpose, sixteen input map layers including topography, settlements (urban centers and villages), roads (Highway E90 and village roads), railways, airport, wetlands, infrastructures (pipelines and power lines), slope, geology, land use, floodplains, aquifers and surface water are prepared and two different MCDA methods
(Simple Additive Weighting and Analytic Hierarchy Process) are implemented in GIS environment. Comparison of the maps produced by these two different methods shows that both methods yield conformable results. Field checks also
confirm that the candidate sites agree well with the selected criteria.
6
Paris, Emma Corinne. "Hydro-geochemical modelling of an unlined landfill site." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54545/.
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This project reports results of a hydro-geochemical study of leachate production at the Silent Valley landfill, Blaenau Gwent, South Wales, UK. Silent Valley landfill site is an active unlined landfill in South Wales. It lies on interbedded sandstones and mudstones of the Rhondda Beds, which are overlain by a mixture of boulder clay, head deposits and made ground. The annual rainfall recorded in the area is approximately 1250 mm. Resistivity surveys were performed across part of the site to help improve the understanding of the internal structure of the landfill. Instrumentation to measure leachate discharge, conductivity and meteorological inputs installed at the Silent Valley landfill site are described and relationships between the rainfall and discharge data are analysed. Regression analysis is used to model the discharge of leachate from the measured meteorological data. Water balance analysis has demonstrated that groundwater is entering the site. The leachate generated on site is collected by a series of drains that feed into the Settlement Tank, which then discharges to foul sewer. The discharge through the Settlement Tank shows a rapid response to rainfall events with dilution effects indicated by conductivity readings and chemical analysis. The volume of discharge from the Settlement Tank is shown to have a long-term upward trend. A preliminary study was undertaken to investigate the use of neural networks to model the discharge in the Settlement Tank. Feedforward backpropogation neural networks were constructed using the measured meteorological data to produce predictions of daily discharge for the Settlement Tank. Ion Chromatography analysis was performed on the leachate to complement the historical leachate analysis data. Element concentration was correlated with conductivity data and variations related to discharge measurements. Since monitoring began in 1993, many of the leachate constituents have shown an increase in concentration.
7
Liu, Wing-hei, and 廖永熙. "Development potential of a landfill site after restoration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252941.
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Liu, Wing-hei. "Development potential of a landfill site after restoration /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813729.
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9
Yang, Jing. "Field study on mercury behavior in landfill site." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235083.
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Kilback, Andrew H. "Assessment of groundwater remediation at an industrial landfill site." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59505.pdf.
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Hildum, Brendan. "Arsenic Speciation and Groundwater Chemistry at a Landfill Site: A Case Study of Shepley's Hill Landfill." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3234.
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Thesis advisor: Rudolph HonA groundwater plume beneath a capped landfill in north-central Massachusetts contains dissolved arsenic concentrations exceeding 10,000 ppb at several locations. The landfill closed in the early 1990's and contains minimally documented solid waste materials deposited over the course of nearly a century. The source(s), fate, and transport of arsenic in the landfill aquifer have been studied extensively over the past decade; however, the source and pathways of arsenic are not yet fully defined. The primary source of arsenic likely involves a combination of the landfill waste material, the peat, the underlying overburden sequence, and/or bedrock minerals. Arsenic mobilization is most likely assisted by reducing conditions created by the decomposition of organic materials within the landfill and underlying peat present prior to the initiation of waste disposal. Another possibility is an arsenic-bearing groundwater discharging from the underlying bedrock from the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfides. Aqueous arsenic species, including inorganic arsenite [As(III), As(OH)3] and arsenate [As(V), AsO(OH)3], and organic monomethylarsonic acid [MMA(V), CH3AsO(OH)2] and dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V), (CH3)2AsO(OH)], provide information as to where the arsenic is primarily originating from and how it is transported through the aquifer. Furthermore, the analysis of major ions, metals, and groundwater parameters from different zones of the landfill with varying arsenic concentrations will aid in the delineation of probable arsenic sources, the mobilization processes, and arsenic transport modes within the aquifer. A more complete conceptual site model with respect to arsenic speciation and groundwater chemistry will lead to a better understanding of geochemical processes within and beneath the landfill waste pile and also assist with future remediation of the aquifer. Using arsenic speciation and groundwater chemistry data, it was determined that although all four potential arsenic sources likely contribute to the total arsenic concentrations, the overall contribution from the landfill material, peat layer, and bedrock is minimal relative to the iron-oxyhydroxides coated on the sands particles throughout the aquifer which acts as the primary arsenic source. Oxidation-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen are the controlling factors in relation to mobilization and transport of arsenic species from aquifer features and an understanding of these processes at the local level can be further applied to global-scale arsenic contamination
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Geology and Geophysics
12
Judd, Kevin William. "The ecology of invertibrate communities on a reclaimed landfill site." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235838.
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Ireland, Elizabeth Mary. "Factors influencing the establishment of floristically rich grasslands on a restored landfill site." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302792.
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Wymer, Michael John. "Suitability of compacted colliery spoil as a landfill liner material : laboratory permeability study." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310702.
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15
Walsh, Kerry A. "Characterising the microbial community associated with a constructed wetland treating landfill leachate at Pitsea landfill site using 16S rDNA analysis." Thesis, University of East London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274628.
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16
Day, Stephen Wayne. "Ground water contamination from an abandoned landfill site in Delaware County, Indiana." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/474188.
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Groundwater contamination by landfill generated leachate is a problem that is increasingly addressed for proposed and existing landfill sites.This thesis examines groundwater contamination movement from the abandoned Delaware County Municipal landfill. The site is located in the crest of a highly permeable sand and gravel glacial esker which allows for rapid movement of ground water and any contaminants introduced into it.The landfill site was originally investigated in the late 1970's by Ed Lusch, a graduate student at the Ball State University Geology Department. That study showed some indications of ground water contamination movement to about 400 feet west of the site, in the direction of ground water flow. This indicated position of a contamination plume suggested that leachate, generated from the landfill site, had moved to that position since (or possibly before) the closing of the landfill in 1971.The present study, using a combination of surface resistivity methods, on-site test wells, and chemical analyses of ground water, attempted to determine the degree of contamination movement from the site since the original study and the extent to which the local aquifer had been affected. Results of this investigation revealed an apparent slow movement of leachate from the landfill westward towards the Mississinewa River, also in the direction of ground water flow. Surface resistivity methods of this study revealed the plume of contamination (indicated by resistivity "low" area) to now exist at approximately the same location as indicated in the earlier study, but to have expanded laterally. This investigation also found indications of the contamination plume well into the underlying fractured dolostone.Chemical analyses of nearby residential wells also revealed slightly elevated amounts of chloride, ammonia and specific conductivity in the ground water of the glacial esker south of the abandoned landfill site. The presence of three other dump sites, including a sludge dump, along the esker south of the landfill, offers questions as to the source of ground water contamination.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
17
Lo, Huang-Mu. "The impact of increasing the incinerator ash content on landfill site biostabilisation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368050.
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Alden, Dan S. (Dan Stuart). "Subsurface characterization of the Massachusetts Military Reservation main base landfill Superfund site." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43723.
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19
Fors, Jonas. "Environmental Risk Assessment and Leachate Evolution at the Ekebyboda Landfill Site, Uppland, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262990.
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Ekebyboda is a closed landfill north west of Uppsala where the leachate water was studied to evaluate the status of the landfill for, the Uppsala environmental office. Leachate water has been measured continually for different parameters, during the period 1959-2007. The landfill differs from other landfills because of its mixed content of domestic and industrial waste. Close to the investigated area is a small number of residents with private water wells which enhances the importance of the investigation of the landfill. In this thesis, the period 1990 -2007 is the investigated with an additional measurement during 2014. Precipitation data is compared with leachate water composition, to evaluate correlations between leachate water and precipitation. Correlation between leachate water, and precipitation also gave an indication of the status of the cover on the landfill during, 2014. Due to the problematic history of Ekebyboda the aim of the thesis is to evaluate the status of the landfill and do a risk classification according to MIFO, which is a classification system for polluted sites from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Measurements were made in four wells in the spring of 2014. These results showed a decline in eight analysed parameters and increase or stagnant trend for pH, NO3- + NO2 and SO42-. Most of the parameters have large fluctuations during the period. A field investigation is also show a non-functional culvert system with stagnant water and indications of water running in the direction of the residential area due to malfunctioning pumps. The stagnant water and problematic culvert system raised concerns for the quality of the datasets. The data analysis shows that the correlation between precipitation and leachate water was non-existent and the second covering of the landfill has reduced the amount of infiltrating water. Analysis of the leachate water and problematic management of leachate water were two major causes for a high risk classification. The MIFO classification of this landfill was set as one which is the highest possible which mainly was due to a possible risk for contamination for private water wells.Ekebyboda är en nedlagd deponi nordväst om Uppsala vars lakvatten studeras för att utvärdera deponins tillstånd på uppdrag av Miljökontoret i Uppsala. Lakvattenkvalitén från deponin har kontinuerligt blivit mätt under perioden, 1959-2007. Deponin skiljer sig från andra deponier främst på grund av sitt blandade innehåll av både hushållsavfall och industriavfall. Deponin stängdes 1970 och täcktes över i två omgångar först 1970 och senare även 1994. Ekebyboda har under den aktiva fasen orsakat en rad olika problem så som förorenade brunnar och vattendrag samt åkrar inom närliggande område. I när-heten av det undersökta området finns ett mindre antal privata hushåll med egna dricksvattenbrunnar vilket är en förhöjande faktor till att deponin undersöks. Uppsatsen fokuserar på åren 1990-2007 med en ytterligare mätning under 2014 som ligger till grund för utvärderingen av deponins rådande tillstånd. Lakvattensammansättningsmätningar under denna tidsperiod jämförs med nederbörden för att utvärdera hur stor inverkan nederbörden har på lakvatten sammansättning och uppmätta ämnen i det. Korrelationer mellan lakvattensammansättning och nederbörd gav även en indikation om deponins tillstånd idag. På grund av deponins problematiska historia ska detta området studerats men även riskklassificera enligt Naturvårdsverkets MIFO modell. MIFO står för Metod för Inventering av Förorenade Områden och är en mall för att riskklassificera förorenade områden. Fältprovtagning visade även ett ickefungerande kulvertsystem för transport av lakvatten. Stillastående vatten och problematiska lakvatten kulvertar ledde till att datasetets kvalité ifrågasätts. Korrelationen mellan nederbörden och lakvattenkvalitén var låg och en andra täckning av deponin minskade mängd infiltrerat vatten. Analysen av lakvattnet sammansättning och problematisk hantering av lakvatten var ytterligare två anledning för en hög risk-klassificering av deponin. För den fyrskaliga klassificeringen som metoden består av fick Ekebyboda den högsta riskklassificeringen som mestadels beror på en viss risk för spridning av lakvatten till när-liggande privata brunnar. Mätserien är en generell nedåtgående trend där ett flertal näringsämnen m.m. har minskat i koncentration samt att mängden infiltrerat vatten i deponin har minskat i mängd.
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Maeteletja, Tebogo Victoria. "Particulate exposures (PM4) and respiratory symptoms in waste reclaimers at Onderstepoort landfill site." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67783.
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Background: A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials and it is the oldest form of waste treatment. In developing countries, informal recycling proves effective in reducing the amount of waste disposed of at landfills, thus prolonging their lifespan. Waste reclaimers make a living by selling the reclaimed waste to buy-back centres that act as middlemen between waste reclaimers and recycling facilities. As the informal reclaiming sector advances and continues to benefit waste management systems, growing concerns persist regarding the wellbeing of reclaimers while on landfills. Health and safety at the workplace is addressed directly in the Sustainable Development Goal Targets of the department of environmental affairs. However, implementation of these goals is not clearly cascaded to municipalities. There are an estimated 88 000 waste reclaimers in South Africa. The personal exposure levels of waste reclaimers to particulate matter with a 50% median cut point at an aerodynamic diameter of 4 m (PM4) at landfills as well as the respiratory symptoms resulting from such exposure are not known in South Africa, particularly at the Onderstepoort landfill site located in the City of Tshwane.
Aim: The overall study aim was to determine if there is any association between personal and ambient PM4 exposure of waste reclaimers at the selected landfill site and their respiratory symptoms.
Method: The study applied a cross-sectional epidemiology design. Personal PM4 and soot exposure measurement and respiratory symptoms assessment were conducted over a period of nine days in autumn (April 2016). Soil samples were collected to determine if the chemical composition was traceable to the soil in the area.
Results and discussions: PM4 exposure was well below regulated limits. However, the 1 mg/m3 proposed limit as recommended by the Institute of Occupational Medicine, Australian Institute of Occupational Hygiene and the British trade union congress, was exceeded. Silica (alpha-quartz) was further detected in two personal samples. A high silica (non-specific) content of was also found in three soil samples. Thus, silica exposure may be traceable to the soil used for waste compaction. There may also be variation in the soil used for waste compaction. No significant association between personal PM4 or soot exposure and respiratory symptoms was detected. However, the number of years of working on the landfill was a significant predictor for reporting of cough symptoms and nasal congestion. Age and currently having a cold were risk factors for having phlegm.
Conclusion and recommendations: Age, daily work hours, years of working on the landfill, personal soot exposure and being a former smoker were found to be predictors for respiratory symptoms in the univariate analyses. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to determine the extent of risk factors associated with working on landfills. The lack of association between personal PM4 and respiratory symptoms may have been a result of the type of study design, i.e. cross-sectional design. Seasonal variation may present variations in symptoms. Fieldwork was only conducted during nine days in April 2016. The presence of alpha-quartz silica in the personal samples should be investigated further to determine if levels exceed prescribed limits. Further investigation is required to determine the impact of soil variation in the landfill on waste reclaimers particulate exposures and respiratory symptoms they experience. Control measures should be aimed at maintaining low particulate exposure levels. Personal soot exposure levels may be an indication of exposure to fossil fuels such as diesel particulates from the waste offloading trucks. This may warrant further studies to investigate diesel particulate exposure on the landfill.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
MSc
Unrestricted
21
Daneshvar, Roozbeh. "Customizing ArcMap interface to generate a user-friendly landfill site selection GIS tool." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26828.
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ArcGIS Desktop, one the most well known GIS packages, is designed as a scalable system that can be deployed in every organization, from an individual desktop to a globally distributed network of people. Since ArcGIS is built using Microsoft's component object model (COM) technology, it is customizable and possible to extend using any COM-compliant development language. In the present study, ArcMap v8.2, a component of ArcGIS Desktop, is customized using the built-in Microsoft Visual Basic for applications (VBA) language, to create a user-friendly toolbar, called landfill site selection (LSS) toolbar, specifically designed for preliminary landfill site selection.
Such a tailored ArcMap environment will enable engineers with different level of knowledge of GIS, to investigate and compare results of applying different criteria, constraints and scoring schemes on the final suitability map for a landfill site in an area.* (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Microsoft Office.
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Hampson, Christine L. "Residents' reappraisal of the Halton Regional landfill site : a longitudinal study of psychosocial impacts /." *McMaster only, 1997.
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Hampson, Christine Lynne. "Residents' reappraisal of the Halton Regional Landfill site, a longitudinal study of psychosocial impacts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30089.pdf.
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Liu, Zhuoran. "The City's Edge-how architecture respond to different types of ground on a former landfill site in Lagos." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93053.
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Naim, W. M. W. M. "An evalution of low-cost digital photogrammetry and GIS in a landfill site selection process." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659855.
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This study concerns the use of particular technologies and of Geographical Information System (GIS) as tools to aid effective planning and decision making in the context of a Developing Country such as Malaysia. As in other Developing Countries, the main problems of using GIS within small organisations such as local authorities and planning authorities in Malaysia are associated with the availability of data, the availability of skilled personnel and the constraints of budgets. A low-cost digital data acquisition method that includes the use of low-cost scanners and a low-cost digital photogrammetric workstation (DPW) are proposed for generating some of the necessary data. The proposed low-cost method includes the use of low-cost A4 format desktop publishing scanners (DTP) and the Desktop Mapping System (DMS) version 3.1, which is a PC-based digital photogrammetric workstation (DPW). The ARC/INFO version 6.1 software has been employed as the data integration, data visualisation and data analysis tool. A series of tests on DTP scanners and digital photogrammetric products generated from a low-cost DPW have been carried out to confirm that these low-cost data acquisition methods are suitable for generating the required digital data accurately, quickly and without the need for highly skilled personnel. Results from accuracy assessment of DTP scanners have indicated that, while the distortion errors introduced by DTP scanner imperfection are significant, they can be minimised using proper calibration procedures. Results for accuracy assessment have further indicated that high quality DEMs and orthoimages can be produced with a low-cost DPW provided high quality aerial photo images and ground control points are available. The Petaling District in the Klang Valley Region, Malaysia has been used as the study area to demonstrate the role of digital photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing and GIS in the stage-by stage site selection process.
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Wan, Mohd Wan Mohd Naim. "An evaluation of low-cost digital photogrammetry and GIS in a landfill site selection process." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22720.
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Chabuk, Ali Jalil. "Analysis of Landfill Site Selection-Case Studies Al-Hillah and Al-Qasim Qadhaas, Babylon, Iraq." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-347.
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The selection of a landfill site is considered as a complicated task because the whole process is based on many factors and restrictions. This study shows the present status of solid waste management, solid waste sources, staffing for solid waste collection, machinery and equipment used in the waste collection process, finance and financial management at Babylon Governorate and its Qadhaa. The management of collection and disposal of waste in Babylon Governorate and its Qadhaa is done through open dumping of waste and the quality of the collection process is poor. This is the case in Al-Hillah Qadhaa, which is located in the central part of the governorate, Iraq and Al-Qasim Qadhaas, which is situated in the southern part of the Babylon Governorate, Iraq. These sites do not conform to the scientific and environmental criteria applied in the selection of landfill sites. In the first part of the current study, to find out how much solid waste will be produced in the future; two methods were used to calculate the population growth in Al-Hillah and Al-Qasim Qadhaas to the year 2030. The results showed that the total waste in 2030 according to the first and second methods respectively will be 394,081 tonnes and 472,474 tonnes in Al-Hillah Qadhaa, and (54,481 tonnes and 76,374 tonnes) in Al-Qasim Qadhaa. The cumulated quantity of solid waste expected to be produced between 2020 and 2030 according to the first and second methods respectively was 3,757,387 tonnes and 4,300,864 tonnes in Al-Hillah Qadhaa, whilst in Al-Qasim Qadhaa it was 519,456 tonnes and 695,219 tonnes. The generation rate in 2020 will be (0.88 and 0.62) kg/ (capita. day) in Al-Hillah and Al-Qasim Qadhaas respectively; in year 2030, the generation rate will be (0.97 and 0.69) kg/ (capita. day) based on method 2 and an expected incremental increase in generation rate of 1 kg/ (capita. day) per year. The second part of this study aims to find the best sites for landfills in Al-Hillah and Al-Qasim Qadhaas. For this reason, 15 criteria were adopted in this study (groundwater depth, rivers, soil types, agricultural land use, land use, elevation, slope, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, power lines, roads, railways, urban centres, villages and archaeological sites) using GIS (geographic information system), which has a large capacity for managing input data. In addition, the AHP (analytical hierarchy process) method was used to derive the relative weightings for each criterion using pairwise comparison. The suitability index map for candidate landfill sites was obtained. Two suitable candidate landfill sites were found to fulfill the scientific and environmental requirements in each Qadhaa, with areas of 9.153 km2 and 8.204 km2 respectively in Al-Hillah Qadhaa, and with areas of 2.766 km2 and 2.055 km2 respectively in Al-Qasim Qadhaa. The area of these sites can accommodate solid waste from 2020 until 2030 based on the required areas, which were 4.175 km2 and 4.778 km2 (Ali-Hillah Qadhaa) and 0.577 km2 and 0.772 km2 in (Al-Qasim Qadhaa) according to the first and second methods respectively.
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Rosengreen, Sven Albert. "13C and 37Cl characterization of PCE and application to contamination of the Harrison Landfill: Tucson, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0063_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Maphuhla, N. G. "Determination of physiochemical properties and metal levels in soil, water, and plant from Alice landfill site." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6224.
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The state of soil is of great significance because it is a common medium for plant growth, which provides important nutrients to plants. Water pollution is the build-up of harmful substances in water bodies to the level that results in health problems for people and animals. Heavy metal pollution (of soil, water, and plants) and their health effects on people is a persistent social issue, and several types of research have recognized health risks of residents living close to open dumpsites. Dump sites are sources of heavy metal impurity and toxicity to the surrounding environment. Analyses were done on water and soil samples for temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, organic matter, organic carbon and total hardness. The pH results range from slightly acidic (6.79) to neutral soil pH (7.09), and have been recorded within the normal range from WHO. All the determined physicochemical properties in soil and water have been recorded within the normal range, except for EC in water which was found to be above the permissible limits by WHO. The heavy metals concentration was determined using the AAS technique. The results obtained shows that the dumpsite‘s soil consists of high metal concentration when compared to control site. The concentration in dumpsites ranges between 1.2783 ± 0.83 mg/kg to 26.3213 ± 6.37 mg/kg. The descending order for selected metal concentrations were in this following order Mn> Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)
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Hines, James J. (James Joseph). "Uncertainty of risk to human health from groundwater impacted by the Massachusetts Military Reservation Superfund site landfill." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39060.
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Kimani, Gichobi Justin. "GIS-based decision support approach for selecting a new landfill site for the city of Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4986.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-111).Recent studies indicate that the population of Cape Town generates approximately 2.2 milliontons of waste annually. Numerous waste minimization strategies have been developed whichhave not been successful in reducing the amount that needs to be disposed of at a landfill site.This results to mounting pressure on existing waste disposal sites thus necessitating an urgentneed for a new regional landfill. According to CCA Draft Environmental Impact Report (2006),the former Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC) appointed technical consultants in 2000 to identifyand assess the potential sites for a landfill to service Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA), presentlyreferred to as the City of Cape Town (CCT). The construction of a landfill has significant impacts on the environments. It is for that reason Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) has to be followed to assess the impacts. The principle of IEM is broadly interpreted as applying to the planning, assessment, implementation and management of any project proposal or activity that has a potentially significant effect on the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, which lies in the heart of the IEM, is enforced to examine the environmental effects of development. These impacts are directly related to the physical location of the project. That makes site selection for proposed project a very important stage of the EIA process. Laws have been enacted to minimizeenvironmental impacts, including strict guidelines for siting landfills. Using landfill siting criteria and site selection methods, the technical consultants identified four potential sites, Atlantis being the only site falling within the City of Cape Town. The interviews, backed by secondary data sources such as websites and project reports, revealed that the techniques used to identify potential sites for the landfill, even when combined are costly and time consuming. Several scenarios were run using various ArcGIS extensions, including the ModelBuilder to identify sites that met the stated criteria. GIS analysis yielded agreeable results with the recommendations from the consultants who used techniques other than GIS to identify the regional landfill. The research findings demonstrate that GIS is an efficient and dependable stand-alone technique that can be implemented in landfill site studies thus expedite the decision making process.
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Lisa, Westander. "Contamination analysis of the landfill Rösaberg inerta massor : Risk assessment and investigation of the contaminant distribution." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413477.
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The dispersion of contaminants deriving from landfills poses a risk to the surrounding environment and human health. Old landfills are treated with extra precaution, due to their poorer construction, less stringent operation and lack information regarding the waste content. Vetlanda municipality has identified 48 old landfills. One of them is Rösaberg inerta massor. It is one of the largest landfills in the region and is located close to numerous sensitive environmental receptors (such as the river Emån). During a phase 1 investigation (MIFO 1) in 2017, the landfill was designated the highest risk classification, class 1, and is considered a very high risk to environment and human health. No sampling was conducted during this time, but the level of contaminants was assumed to be very high. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of contaminants by determining the pollution levels in soil and groundwater in the landfill. Samples was obtained by completing a site investigation, involving trial pits examination and installing of monitoring wells. National as well as site-specific guideline values were used to determine the effects of the contaminant levels of the site. In the software Groundwater Modeling system (GMS) was used to study if the contaminant plumes reach the river Emån. A 50-year scenario was set up in GMS to investigate likely concentrations in the future. Finally, a new risk assessment of the site was done, based on the obtained results. The results indicated that the landfill does not pose such a large environmental risk that initially was expected in the phase 1 investigation. The level of contaminants was higher in the groundwater than in the soil. High concentrations of PAH-Hs and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide were found in two of the groundwater samples. However, the risk assessment using the information obtained from the study indicated a lower risk than what was estimated in the MIFO 1 assessment 2017. In this study, the risk of the landfills current properties was evaluated to a risk 2. The 50-year scenario indicated that contaminants in the uppermost groundwater layer will have dispersed in a higher rate than the contaminants in the lower layer. The risk was estimated to a risk 3 in 50 years. It should be noted that no samples was conducted in river Emån which needs to be done before ruling out the necessity for remediating the groundwater. No remediation action for the soil was assessed to be necessary.Spridning av föroreningar som härrör från deponier riskerar att påverka den omgivande miljön och människors hälsa negativt. Framför allt gamla, nedlagda deponier bör behandlas med extra försiktighet då de ofta ackompanjeras av otillräckliga sluttäckningskonstruktioner och bristande kunskap om deponins innehåll och utbredning. Det finns i nuläget 48 kända nedlagda deponier i Vetlanda kommun, där en av dem är Rösaberg inerta massor. Den är bland de största deponierna i området och ligger nära ett flertal skyddsvärda objekt i området, såsom Emån. Under en MIFO 1-undersökning som utfördes 2017, ansågs deponin uppnå den högsta riskklassningen (riskklass 1) som innebär att området betraktas som en mycket hög risk för människors hälsa och omkringliggande natur. Inga prover genomfördes under denna undersökning, men föroreningsnivån antogs vara hög då liknande deponier i närheten uppvisat höga föroreningshalter. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av föroreningar och dess halter i området för att kunna dra slutsatser om deponins effekter på närliggande miljö och människor. Data för föroreningsförekomst och halter i mark och grundvatten erhölls genom att genomföra en platsundersökning där provgropar grävdes samt grundvattenrör installerades. För att kunna uppskatta effekterna som föroreningsnivåerna skulle ha på platsen togs generella såväl som platsspecifika riktvärden fram och jämfördes med de uppmätta halterna. För att kunna fastställa vilken risk som deponin utgör för Emån studerades föroreningsplymernas flödesmönster i grundvattnet i datorprogramvaran GMS. Spridningsgraden och den sannolika föroreningshalten i framtiden undersöktes genom att inrätta ett 50-årigt scenario i GMS. Slutligen gjordes en ny riskbedömning av området baserat på de erhållna resultaten. Resultaten visade att deponin inte innehåller de höga föroreningshalter som initialt befarades. Generellt visade sig föroreningsnivåerna vara högre i grundvattnet än i marken. En riskbedömning genomfördes med hjälp av resultaten erhållen från studien och gav indikationer på en lägre risk än den ursprungliga klassningen. Klassningen resulterade i en riskklass 2 med strikt bedömning då några föroreningar stack ut från den generellt annars låga föroreningshalten, såsom PAH-H:er samt pesticiden 2,6-diklorbensamid i grundvatten. Scenariot för föroreningssituationen i ett 50-årsperspektiv visade att föroreningar från det övre grundvattenlagret sprids och minskar mer i halt än det undre skiktet. Riskklassningen för detta scenariot uppskattades till en riskklass 3. Det bedömdes att en åtgärd inte är nödvändig för mark på grund av dess låga föroreningshalt. För grundvatten rekommenderas vidare undersökningar på Emåns påverkan av föroreningar från deponin innan en avskrivning av åtgärder kan göras.
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Alm, Max-Bernhard. "Flow pattern analysis of a Surface Flow Constructed Wetland : Treating surface runoff and landfill leachate water from the Löt waste management site." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285896.
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The waste management and recycling company, Söderhalls Renhållningsverk (SÖRAB) have constructed a surface flow wetland in order to treat surface runoff from the waste management site, Löt. The contaminated water passes several treatment steps until it reaches the wetland and a subsequent soil infiltration step. It is suspected that the flow path of the water through the wetland is short-circuited which may result in a reduced treatment efficiency. The current discharge concentrations of the chemical compounds tested for do not exceed the allowed discharge limits. However, it is of interest to keep the discharge concentrations as low as possible to protect sensitive areas and water bodies downstream. The aim of the thesis was therefore to investigate the flow pattern of the wetland and suggest measures which potentially could improve the treatment efficiency. The flow pattern was modelled numerically in a Physio-Mathematical model developed by Wörman and Kjellin (2020). The current flow pattern was modelled, followed by several simulation runs where the controlling factors of the flow were changed one by one. The validity of the modelling result is uncertain and should therefore be confirmed or rejected by conducting a tracer test prior to implementing any changes in the wetland design. The modelling results indicate the presence of a main flow path passing through the narrower section of the permeable embankment (intersecting the northern and southern part of the wetland, see Fig. 3). The results further indicate that the permeable embankment, the bottom topography and the vegetation distribution were the three major factors controlling the flow pattern within the wetland. Recommended improvements would therefore be to first conduct a tracer test to make sure that any changes implemented are based on the true current flow pattern. The embankment and the vegetation distribution seem to be the main causes of non-idealities in the flow but at the same time probably also have positive effects on the treatment efficiency (since they provide filtration and surface areas where microorganisms can attach to perform their treatment). One solution to reduce the non- idealities in the flow could therefore be to adjust the embankment to be equally wide and deep across the wetland. Furthermore, the bottom topography around the embankment could be adjusted so that the shift in bottom elevation is equal around it. This would probably aid in hindering the development of preferential flow paths through the embankment. Finally, the vegetation distribution could be made uniform. (It should also be noted that a uniform vegetation distribution would require adjustment of the water depth to be below 1,5 m to allow an equal establishment of vegetation).Avfallshanterings- och återvinningsföretaget Söderhalls Renhållningsverk AB (SÖRAB) har anlagt en våtmark vid Löts avfallsanläggning, ca 35 km norr om Stockholm. Våtmarken utgör det näst sista reningssteget i reningsprocessen av lak- och processvatten från avfallsanläggningen. Riktvärdena för utsläppshalterna överskrids inte men det är önskvärt för SÖRAB att åstadkomma så låga utsläppsvärden som möjligt för att minimera påverkan på känsliga områden och vattendrag nedströms. SÖRAB misstänker dock att preferentiella flödesvägar kan förekomma där vattnet passerar alltför fort genom våtmarken. Detta resulterar ofta i en lägre reningseffektivitet då föroreningarna som är lösta i vattnet får en kortare kontakttid med de naturliga reningsmekanismerna som förekommer i våtmarken. Syftet med det här arbetet var därför att undersöka strömningen i våtmarken och identifiera vattnets flödesvägar med hjälp av en numerisk modell utvecklad av Wörman och Kjellin (2020). Strömningen i våtmarker styrs av en energigradient där flödet går från en punkt i ett vattendrag med högt energiinnehåll till en punkt med lågt energiinnehåll. Enligt principen om energins bevarande omvandlas energin mellan kinetisk, potentiell, tryckenergi och värmeenergi. Ändringen i energiinnehåll beror i sin tur på verkan av externa krafter (gravitationskraften, hydrostatiska tryckkrafter, friktionskrafter, kontraktions- och expansionskrafter och skjuvkrafter från vind. Dessa krafter verkar vid förändringar i bottentopografin, vattendjupet, ytmotståndet (vid våtmarkens botten och väggar), våtmarkens geometri samt där vattenytan är exponerad för vind. Dessa faktorer orsakar utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet som i sin tur orsakar utvecklandet av hastighetsprofiler och omblandning. Bildandet av hastighetsprofiler och omblandning av vattnet gör att olika vätskeelement eller föroreningar stannar i våtmarken olika lång tid då de rör sig olika fort. För att åstadkomma en så hög reningsgrad som möjligt är det därför önskvärt att hela våtmarkens volym nyttjas till samma grad och att samtliga vätskeelement rör sig med samma hastighet genom våtmarken vilket även kallas för en ideal flödesregim (där ingen omblandning i flödesriktningen förekommer). Då utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet utgör den grundläggande orsaken till avvikelser från en ideal flödesregim är det önskvärt att minimera dessa. De styrande faktorerna som orsakade utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet var som nämndes ovan: variationer i våtmarkens bottentopografi och vattendjup, våtmarkens geometri (som kan orsaka isolerade vattenvolymer), ytmotståndet (som bl.a. beror på distributionen av vegetation), vind, samt in- och utflödeshastigeter. Våtmarken undersöktes genom inmätning och lodning som sedan låg till grund för en konceptuell modell av systemet. Den konceptuella modellen utgjorde sedan en grund för att modellera våtmarken numeriskt. I den konceptuella modellen ingick identifiering och definition av systemgränser samt randvillkor, att definiera bottentopografin samt att dela in våtmarken i delområden med homogent flödesmotstånd. Systemgränser och randvillkor identifierades baserat på en vattenbalans. Med hjälp av vattenbalansen kunde relevanta komponenter att inkludera som randvillkor identifieras. Randvillkorens värden bestämdes genom mätningar av den hydrauliska potentialen med hjälp av en GNSS-mottagare (där GNSS står för Global Navigation Satellite System och mottagaren nyttjar satelliter för att bestämma höjd och position i en geografisk punkt) samt från erhållna mätvärden från SÖRAB av in- och utflöden som pumpas in och ut ur våtmarken. Då bottentopografin var okänd bestämdes den genom att vattendjupet mättes, interpolerades och subtraherades från en referensnivå. Vattendjupet mättes genom lodning och mätpunkterna interpolerades sedan i det geografiska informationsverktyget ArcMap för att erhålla ett heltäckande lager av mätvärden över vattendjupet. Därefter kunde vattendjupet subtraheras från vattenytans medelhöjd över havet vilket var 38,1 m och ett heltäckande lager över bottentopografin kunde erhållas. Flödesmotståndet beräknades enligt ekvation 16 (se avsnitt 2.1.) och våtmarken delades in i homogena delområden baserat på förekomsten av vegetation och om strömningen skedde genom ett poröst medium eller öppet vatten. Den numeriska modelleringen genomfördes genom att först modellera den nuvarande strömningen med och utan ett rör som går genom den genomsläppliga vallen. Därefter ändrades de styrande faktorerna för flödet en i taget för att kunna utvärdera vilken effekt varje faktor hade på strömningen i våtmarken för att åstadkomma en ideal flödesregim. Följande simuleringar genomfördes: (1) Bottentopografin gjordes jämn med ett vattendjup på 0,5 respektive 1,0 m, (2) inloppszonen gjordes längre för att undvika skapandet av isolerade vattenvolymer längs ytterkanterna, (3) vegetationens distribution gjordes homogen, (4) den genomsläppliga vallen justerades. Pålitligheten i resultatet från den numeriska modelleringen är osäker. Därför skulle ett spårämnesförsök behöva genomföras för att undersöka huruvida resultatet från modelleringen är tillförlitligt eller inte. Enligt modelleringsresultatet förekom en tydlig flödesväg som passerade genom den smalare delen av vallen. Modelleringen indikerade vidare att de kontrollerande faktorerna som styrde flödet i våtmarken framförallt utgjordes av distributionen av vegetation samt den genomsläppliga vallen tillsammans med omgivande bottentopografi. Det rekommenderas därför att modelleringsresultatets validitet först undersöks med ett spårämnesförsök innan några åtgärder vidtas. Möjliga förbättringsåtgärder som skulle kunna införas därefter för att sträva mot ett idealt flöde skulle kunna vara att justera den genomsläppliga vallen till att ha en lika stor tjocklek och ett lika stort djup överallt samt att justera bottentopografin runt vallen så att den förändras lika mycket runt vallen. Detta för att skapa förutsättningar för att undvika preferentiella flödesvägar genom den. En jämn fördelning av vegetation (och justering av vattendjupet till att understiga 1,5 m som tillåter kolonisering av växter) att störningar i flödet minimeras.
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Ndanga, Mbakop Éliane. "Effet de la végétation dans le processus d'oxydation passive du méthane par les biosystèmes des sites d'enfouissement." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7547.
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Résumé : Les biosystèmes d’oxydation passive du CH[indice inférieur 4] constituent une alternative techniquement et économiquement viable pour la réduction des émissions fugitives de CH[indice inférieur 4] dans l’atmosphère par les sites d’enfouissement. Directement intégrés au recouvrement final, ils sont constitués d’une succession de couche de matériaux au sein desquelles se développent les bactéries méthanotrophes capable d’oxyder le CH[indice inférieur 4] en CO[indice inférieur 2] de façon passive, en présence de l’oxygène moléculaire. La capacité des BOPMs à réduire les émissions de CH[indice inférieur 4] a été associée à plusieurs paramètres météorologiques et environnementaux, entre autres la végétation. L’objectif de ce projet est de déterminer l’effet de la végétation dans l’oxydation du CH[indice inférieur 4] par les biosystèmes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des études de l’efficacité d’oxydation du CH[indice inférieur 4] dans des bacs pourvus de végétation, dans des conditions contrôlées de laboratoire et partiellement contrôlées de terrain, suivie d’une étude de la cinétique d’oxydation des sols de rhizosphère pré-conditionnés au CH[indice inférieur 4], ont été effectuées. Quatre bacs ont été testés, comprenant : le trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens L.), la fléole des prés (Phleum pratense L.), un mélange des deux espèces végétales (mélange) et le sol nu (dépourvu de végétation). Les résultats des bacs d’oxydation ont montré que, jusqu’à un débit de 100 g CH[indice inférieur 4]/m[indice supérieur 2]/jr, les espèces végétales n’avaient pas d’influence sur les résultats, et les efficacités d’oxydation étaient de l’ordre de ~100%. Au-delà de cette valeur, les efficacités étaient toujours élevées, et une différence statistiquement significative a été observée entre les espèces végétales. Le sol nu était le plus efficace, tandis que le mélange et le trèfle étaient les moins efficaces au laboratoire et sur le terrain respectivement. Néanmoins, les différences d’efficacités entre les bacs n’étaient pas très grandes et les taux d’oxydation dans les bacs n’ont pas cessé de croitre tout au long des essais, suggérant que la capacité d’oxydation maximale des bacs n’a pas été atteinte. L’étude de la cinétique d’oxydation a également montré que la végétation n’avait pas d’effet significatif sur les taux d’oxydation. Ces observations ne corroborent pas ce qui est rapporté dans la littérature concernant l’effet positif de la végétation. Néanmoins, les conclusions de cette étude ont été en adéquation par l’analyse des profils d’efficacité, de la biomasse racinaire et des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols du BOPM. Par ailleurs, un effet significatif de la végétation sur le degré de saturation en eau dans les BOPMs a également été observé. Cette dernière observation a été associée au mécanisme de régulation de la teneur en eau par les racines des plantes. Les principales limitations de cette étude concernaient la durée des essais et le nombre d’espèces végétales. En résumé, pour les espèces végétales testées, il a été démontré que la végétation ne constitue pas un facteur clé stimulant l’oxydation du CH[indice inférieur 4] dans les BOPMs. De plus, l’étude de la cinétique d’oxydation a montré que de meilleur taux d’oxydation étaient obtenus dans un sol de rhizosphère modérément pré-exposé au CH[indice inférieur 4] comparativement à un sol sans végétation, ou à une rhizosphère non pré-exposée ou très pré-exposée au CH[indice inférieur 4].Abstract : The passive CH[subscript 4] oxidation Biosystems are a cost-effective technology for the reduction of landfills fugitive CH[subscript 4] emissions in the atmosphere. As part of the final cover, they are made up of a sequence of soil layers capable to develop methanotrophic bacteria for passive CH[subscript 4] oxidation into CO[subscript 2], in the presence of molecular oxygen. The ability of biosystems to reduce CH[subscript 4] emissions was related to several meteorological and environmental parameters, including vegetation. The main objective of this project is to determine the effect of vegetation on CH[subscript 4] oxidation by biosystems. Studies of the CH[subscript 4] oxidation efficiencies of vegetated column under controlled conditions prevailing in the laboratory and under the partially controlled conditions in the field, followed by the study of the CH[subscript 4] oxidation kinetics of the preconditioned rhizospheric soil, were carried out. Four columns were tested, including: white clover (Trifolium repens L.), timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.), a mixture of both (mixture) and bare soil (control biosystem). The results of the column study showed that up to a loading of 100 g CH[subscript 4]/m[superscript 2]/d, plant species did not influence the results, and the CH[subscript 4] oxidation efficiencies were in the vicinity of ~ 100%. Beyond this value, the efficiencies were still high, and a statistically significant difference was observed between plant species. Bare soil was the most efficient while the mixture and white clover were the least in the laboratory and the field respectively. However, differences in efficiencies between the columns were not high and the oxidation rates continued to increase throughout the test, suggesting that the maximum oxidation capacity of the biosystems tested may have never been fully attained. The kinetics study also showed that vegetation did not have significant effect on CH[subscript 4] oxidation rate. These observations do not corroborate what is reported in technical literature on the positive effect of vegetation. Nevertheless, the findings of this study were adequacy with the analysis of the profiles of efficiencies, root biomass and physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Moreover, a significant effect of vegetation on the degree of water saturation in Biosystems was also observed. The latter was associated with the mechanism of water content regulation through plant roots. The main limitations of this study concerned the duration of the tests and the number of plant species. In summary, for the plant species studied herein, it was shown that the vegetation is not a key factor for enhancing CH[subscript 4] oxidation in biosystems. Moreover, the study of the kinetics of CH[subscript 4] oxidation showed that better oxidation rate were obtained in a moderately pre-exposed rhizospheric soil compared to bare soils, to never before pre-exposed or very pre-exposed rhizospheric soils to CH[subscript 4].
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Harrop, Emily. "Contested knowledge in the assessment of public health risks : a case study of the Nant-y-Gwyddon landfill site in the Rhondda valley, south Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55025/.
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In recent years traditional approaches to the assessment of health hazards have struggled to connect with the concerns of local communities, resulting in disputes over the interpretation of risk. The Nant-y-Gwyddon (NyG) landfill site in the Rhondda valley, south Wales, was shut down in March 2002 on the recommendations of an independent investigation, following five years of concerted and highly publicised protest action by a group calling itself Rhondda Against Nant-y-Gwyddon Tip (RANT). This local environmental protest provides an interesting case study in the sociology of public health risks and community mobilisation. The research has aimed to explore the key processes and relationships involved in the evaluation of perceived threats to public health in the period up to the closure of the tip in 2002. Rich documentary data formed the primary evidence for the case-study, and this has been used for two main purposes: first, to construct an historical account of the protest focusing specifically on the actions and perspectives of the residents who became local activists and secondly, to explore the positioning of the main actors in relation to some of the key issues and events. This research contributes to theory in several ways. The findings are illustrative of the different kinds of knowledge and expertise brought into play by both residents and statutory bodies, and as such connects with the literature on types of expertise, local knowledge and popular epidemiology. The research also highlights the need to locate such struggles in their broader social and cultural contexts, and suggests the importance of concepts such as dependency, hegemony and counter- hegemony, for understanding lay-expert relationships and protest more broadly. Following this, various examples are also given to suggest the development of several counter-hegemonic features of the residents' campaign, across epistemological, social and political domains.
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Roberts, H. A. "Landfills or dump sites? Status of landfill sites in the Free State Province, South Africa." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/295.
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Published ArticlesIncreased waste generation and poor waste disposal strategies are a global problem. In South Africa most provinces, and the larger municipalities and metros, seems to have the waste disposal and the landfills reasonably organized. This cannot be said of the landfills in the Free State Province, which could only be called dump sites. In the Free State Province a high unemployment level exists and a lack of finances is experienced by many members of the communities, especially in rural areas. Poverty levels is shown in a study by Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA SA), where it was recorded that 1.8 million (68%) of the people in the Free State Province are living in poverty and living on less than R15 per day. Data on the state of the landfill, types of waste generated which have potential to be recycled, were recorded to assess if recycling could be increased to relieve the economic burden of the poor communities. Attention was paid to the following aspects: assessing the current status of each landfill and identifying the types of waste generated in the area which ended up at the landfills. The extent of recycling and the waste handling and disposal of the waste were recorded. Non-compliance with the prescribed legislative guidelines were noted and aspects such as the state of the landfills, proper enclosure, burning of waste, recycling and products being recycled were identified and recorded. The waste disposal practices at most landfills were poor and very limited recycling was taking place. None of the landfills in the province complied with the minimum requirements for landfilling. Recommendations to improve waste disposal and identification of products with recycling potential were made. Alternative waste strategies which could be economically beneficial for the communities were recommended
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Lethugile, Goabamang. "When a city embraces its paradox : the exploration of incremental waste mining of a decommissioned landfill site and its gradual transformation into a productive public space." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16357.
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Today, with the majority of the world's population now living in urban areas. the possibility and urgent need to provide them with adequate public spaces has never been greater for the planet. Where public places and space itself are lacking. many cities across the world are today investing in projects of reclaiming valuable land to create livable public spaces that respond to and improve social, economic, and environmental values. Such projects include reclaiming of derelict sites which are characterized mainly by poor environmental and physical conditions. The redevelopment of these types of sites has received a lot of attention in the past few years. Their transformation into public spaces represents a significant enhancement to the quality of life and land use. and at the same time. marks new commitment to the transformation of once· condemned sites. to new cultural and environmental uses. Landscape architects such as Peter Latz. James Comer and Bruce Mau have shown how to create culturally stimulating landscapes with a Iarge variety of uses and activities arising out of the derelict remains of past industry. (Loures and Panagopoulos. 2006) Derelict or lost spaces such as the ones created by closed landfills and closed down industrial sites provide possibilities of generating productive public spaces that could serve to address the needs of the growing population. Contemporary approaches to these sites are mostly driven by the idea of reclaiming space for a variety of uses, from the reuse of an industrial area. to conversion Into housing or a park. It is the assumption that these types of sites, because of their high degree of complexity and contestation. are particularly suited to test and develop different theoretical and practical approaches to the redesign of public or mixed-use open spaces. (Langhorst. 2009) .
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Burrows, Mark Robert. "Landfill hydrogeology and the hydraulic properties of in situ landfilled material." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286066.
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Grisey, Elise. "Impact de l'évolution des déchets d'une installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux sur l'environnement - Site d'étude : l'ISDND d'Etueffont (Territoire de Belfort - France)." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA2029/document.
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Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact d’une installation de stockage de déchets nondangereux sur l’eau souterraine. L’ISDND d’Étueffont (90) dont le mode d’exploitation associedes prétraitements mécanique et biologique (broyage et maturation aérobie) comporte un casiernon sécurisé ainsi qu’un casier étanche. La caractérisation des lixiviats sur 21 ans (1989-2010)montre une dégradation rapide des déchets. Un état de stabilisation est atteint en fin de suivi. Lesprétraitements ont permis d’accélérer la dégradation des déchets et de réduire le potentiel polluantde l’ISDND. Les lixiviats sont traités in situ par lagunage naturel. Bien que cette technique soitpeu répandue pour le traitement des lixiviats, elle offre pourtant des abattements significatifs (75-90 %) de la matière organique, des matières en suspension, de l’azote et du phosphore. Lesprécédentes études ayant démontré une contamination de l’eau souterraine par les lixiviats, unedélimitation du panache de contamination a été entreprise en combinant des prospectionsgéophysiques du secteur (tomographie de résistivité électrique) et des analyses physico-Chimiquesde l’eau. Les résultats montrent une infiltration des lixiviats à la base du casier non sécurisé ainsiqu’au travers de la géomembrane du casier sécurisé. Une légère infiltration des eaux de lagunagea aussi été observée au niveau des lagunes. Le panache a une étendue limitée et se concentreessentiellement sous la base de l’ISDND. L’ensemble des résultats a permis de cibler les zonescontaminées et de définir les paramètres physico-Chimiques à surveiller dans le cadre du suivipost-Exploitation auquel est soumise l’ISDND jusqu’en 2031The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of a landfill on groundwater quality.Municipal solid waste from the Etueffont landfill (Belfort area, France) was mechanically andbiologically treated (shredding and aerobic composting) before being disposed of in an unlinedarea and in a lined cell. The leachate characterization performed over a 21-Year period (1989-2010) showed a rapid degradation of waste. A steady state was reached at the end of themonitoring. Waste pretreatment enhanced the rate of biodegradation and reduced the pollutionpotential of the landfill. The leachate produced was treated on site in a natural lagooning. Whilelagooning is not a widespread practice for leachate treatment, significant removal (75-90 %) oforganic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus was observed. In previous studies,groundwater contamination was highlighted around the landfill. As a consequence, geophysicalinvestigations of the area by electrical resistivity tomography and physico-Chemical analyses wereconducted in order to delineate the contamination plume. The results showed leachate infiltrationinto the soil below the unlined part of the landfill and leakage through the watertightgeomembrane of the lined cell. Seepage of wastewater into the soil below the lagoons was alsoobserved. The extent of contamination plume was limited and was mostly limited to the landfillboundaries. The results of this work allowed to determine the location of the contaminated areasand helped to choose the appropriate physico-Chemical analytes of the post-Closure groundwatermonitoring program, which will be applied to the landfill until the end of 2031
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Murphy, Anthony Patrick. "Dealing with contaminated land in the 'New Regime' : an appraisal of the use of plants as biomonitors for metal contamination analysis and risk assessment for a former landfill site in Greenwich." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6255/.
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In assessing the health risks posed from heavy metals in a contaminated site, it is important to determine when the contamination occurred and when the metals become available to the surrounding biota. Trees and plants growing in the vicinity of a contaminated site may provide such a historic record. There have been few studies on their role as biomarkers to identify metal mobility or bioavailability for continuous monitoring purposes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of plants as biomonitors for site characterisation and risk assessment purposes and to see if there was any selectivity between metal uptake in leaves and roots. Tree cores were also collected as metals in soil or ground water and may be drawn up via tree roots and deposited in the growth rings. This was examined using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LAICPMS) and Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). From the plant analysis, the elements present in highest amount were lead, zinc and cooper. The mobility of lead could be monitored by bramble and nettle leaves; that of copper by nettle roots and bramble leaves and that of zinc by nettle roots, bramble and sycamore leaves. Analysis of tree cores by LAICPMS and PIXE showed a contrasting contaminant signature between the sampled trees, as there was inconsistency of metal concentrations within the same segment of growth ring. This variability may offer an insight into labile metal function within the tree physiology. The utility of using the dendrochemical record may best serve as an indicator of macro-environmental perturbations, rather than an indicator of labile metal chronologies, for which only lead showed a reasonably consistent decline through time, across the tree core record.
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Fielding, Elizabeth Rosemary. "Methanogenesis in landfill sites." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314392.
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Matsson, Kristin. "Återbruk i byggbranschen : En fallstudie om klimatbesparingspotential och ekonomi." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för teknik och data, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-36382.
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För att minska koldioxidutsläppen i byggbranschen och nå de globala och nationella miljömålen måste nya sätt att hantera material och avfall införas. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga mängden återbrukbara material vid ombyggnationen av Gylle skola i Borlänge genom att utföra en återbruksinventering av den första etappen i projektet.Genom dokumentstudier och fältobservation föreslår rapporten skillnader i klimatbelastning och ekonomi vid användandet av återbrukade- och jungfruliga byggmaterial. Forskning visar att mycket av de byggmaterial som blir avfall ännu inte nått sin tekniska livslängd. Genom att utföra en återbruksinventering kan återbrukbara material lokaliseras och planeras för att använda i andra projekt eller lämnas till andra aktörer för att på så vis minska klimatbelastningen från byggbranschen.I studien presenteras några av de hinder som föreligger för ett mer omfattande användande av återbrukade material. Exempel på dessa hinder är svårigheten att säkerställa garantier och kvalitet för materialen och att kostnaden för selektiv rivning är för hög för att prioriteras. I rapporten framgår att denna kostnad kan kompenseras till ca 80 % av den minskade kostnaden för deponi. I resultatet presenteras att produktmängden som finns tillgänglig för återbruk i projektet uppgår till 32,6 ton, inom kategorierna dörrar, fönster och undertak. Klimatbesparingspotentialen jämfört med nyinköp är 21,7 ton CO2ekv och det inbyggda ekonomiska värdet är 275 510 SEK för dessa material.Slutsatser för studien är att det är viktigt att prioritera en återbruksinventering i ett tidigt skede för att möjliggöra ett ökat återbruk och att det finns ekonomiska incitament för att prioritera detta då det inbyggda materialet har ett ekonomiskt värde.Vidare diskuteras att fler ekonomiska incitament och kravställningar från myndigheter och andra aktörer krävs för att tillgång och efterfrågan på återbrukat byggmaterial ska öka.To reduce the carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry and reaching the global and national environmental goals, new ways to manage building materials and recrement must be implemented. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of reusable material at Gylle skola by performing an inventory.Through studies of existing literature and conducted field observations, this study shows differences in climate burden and economics between using reused materials and new materials. Previous studies suggest that a large amount of construction materials that are being disposed of have not yet reached the end of its expected lifespan. By doing an inventory of potential reusable materials in the early stages of a demolition project, the material can be located and plans for continued use in other projects can be made. By doing so, the burden on the climate from the construction industry can be reduced.There are many obstacles of reusing existing materials. Some include difficulties in guaranteeing quality and the additional cost of gentle demolition. The results of this study suggest that the additional cost related to reusing material can be mitigated by as much as 80 % as the cost of disposal is removed. Other findings include the importance of conducting an inventory of potential reusable material in an early stage as well as the existence of financial incentives for reusing materials. The material available for reuse amounts to 32,6 tons. The potential for climate savings from reusing material compared using new material is equivalent to 21,7 tons CO2ekv and the value of the reusable material is 275 510 SEK.In addition, the need for further financial incentives and demands from authorities and other parties in order to increase the supply of and access to reusable material is discussed.
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Green, Damian C. "Settlement characteristics of landfill sites." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340947.
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Chan, Zenith. "Determining suitable locations for landfill development /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734595.
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Muñoz, Susana Inés Segura. ""Impacto ambiental na área do aterro sanitário e incinerador de resíduos sólidos de Ribeirão Preto, SP: avaliação dos níveis de metais pesados"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22133/tde-25072003-084308/.
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Os resíduos sólidos podem conter substâncias químicas com características tóxicas, dentre elas os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais provenientes de indústrias, funilarias, atividades agrícolas, laboratórios, hospitais e residências. A contaminação por metais pesados apresenta um amplo espectro de toxicidade que inclui efeitos neurotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, nefrotóxicos, teratogênicos, carcinogênicos ou mutagênicos. Em Ribeirão Preto SP há em funcionamento desde 1989, um aterro sanitário (AS) para resíduos domiciliares e um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde (IRSS). Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico dos níveis de metais pesados na área do AS e IRSS de Ribeirão Preto, entre 2000 e 2001. Foram realizadas análises de amostras de solo, água, chorume e vegetais, em pontos previamente demarcados na área, tendo sido avaliada a presença de mercúrio (Hg), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn) e cromo (Cr) por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica. Visando a obtenção de parâmetros locais, foram também analisadas amostras coletadas na Estação Ecológica na mata Santa Teresa, zona de preservação permanente do município, para comparação de valores. Pela análise dos resultados verificou-se, de um modo geral, que os níveis de metais pesados presentes nas amostras de solo e vegetais na área apresentaram concentrações significativamente superiores às detectadas nas amostras coletadas na mata Santa Teresa, evidenciando-se uma tendência de maiores concentrações no sentido Norte, fato que pode estar associado com a declividade geográfica da área, com a direção dos ventos e com a localização do incinerador. Destacam-se neste estudo os níveis de Cd, Mn e Cu presentes em amostras de solo em níveis que superaram os valores máximos estabelecidos para solos de uso agrícola no Estado de São Paulo pela CETESB, órgão estadual ambiental. O chorume também apresentou níveis de Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu em concentrações superiores às normatizadas para efluentes líquidos, segundo o Decreto 8486/76 do estado de São Paulo. A água subterrânea da área estudada não apresentou níveis de metais acima dos valores máximos permitidos, de acordo com a Portaria 1469/2000 do Ministério da Saúde. Considerando a carência de pesquisas dessa natureza no Brasil, este estudo tem gerado informações que podem constituir-se em ferramenta para a tomada de decisões político-administrativas pelas autoridades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, não apenas do Município de Ribeirão Preto e região, mas, também, podendo servir de parâmetro para realidades similares no país.Solid waste may content toxic chemical substances such as heavy metals that are present in materials generated by industries, agricultural activities, laboratories, hospitals and houses. The contamination with heavy metals has a wide spectrum of toxicity that includes neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. Since 1989, a municipal landfill site (MLS) for urban waste disposal has been in operation in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo, Brazil) integrated with a medical waste incinerator plant (MWIP). This study aimed to do a diagnostic of the heavy metal levels in MLS and MWIP area, in 2000 and 2001. The total cadmiun (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cooper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) levels were analysed by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry in soil, water, percolated liquid and vegetables, in previously delimitated points. Samples from Santa Teresa Forest Ecological Station of Ribeirao Preto were collected as control samples. The results showed that, in general terms, the heavy metals detected in soil and vegetal samples in that area showed significant higher concentrations when compared with Santa Teresa Forest samples. The highest concentrations were detected to the North direction, these results can be associated with the topographic gradient in the area, the prevailing winds and the Incinerator localization. Special atention should be given to Cd, Mn and Cu levels detected in soil samples, that showed higher concentrations that those recomended for agricultural soil in Sao Paulo State by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB). The percolated liquid also showed Cd, Pb, Mn and Cu levels higher than the maximum recomended levels according to the Sao Paulo State Law (Decreto 8486/76). The water samples showed levels according to the Brasilian Health Ministry Law (Portaria 1469/2000). Taking into account that few researches had been developed on this thematic in Brasil, the obtained results constituted an instrument for the decision makers and public managers, not only for Ribeirao Preto and region but for other cities around the country.
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Zhao, Renzun. "Management strategy of landfill leachate and landfill gas condensate." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77186.
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Studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of landfill leachate discharge on the operation of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Two aspects of interferences were found: one is UV quenching substances, which are bio-refractory and able to penetrate the biological treatment processes, consequently interfere the UV disinfection in WWTPs. The other one is organic nitrogen, which can pass the nitrification-denitrification process and contribute to the effluent total nitrogen (TN). Also, treatability study was conducted for landfill gas (LFG) condensate. In a laboratory study, leachate samples were fractionated into humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and Hydrophilic (Hpi) fractions, the specific UV254 absorbance (SUVA254) of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. However, the overall UV254 absorbance of the Hpi fraction was important because there was more hydrophilic organic matter than humic or fulvic acids. It was found that the size distribution of the three fractions follows: HA > FA > Hpi. This indicates that membrane separation following biological treatment is a promising technology for the removal of humic substances from landfill leachates. Leachate samples treated in this manner could usually meet the UV transmittance requirement of the POTWs. Also, nitrogen species in landfill leachates under various stabilization states were investigated. Although the effect of landfill stabilization state on the characteristics of organic matter and ammonia is well documented, there are few investigations into the landfill leachate organic nitrogen under different stabilization stages. Ammonia was found to leach out slower than organic matter and can maintain a constant level within the first a couple of years (< 10 years). The concentration and biodegradability of organic nitrogen were found to decrease with landfill age. A size distribution study showed that most of organic nitrogen in landfill leachates is < 1 kDa. The protein concentration was analyzed and showed a strong correlation with the organic nitrogen. Different slopes of regression curves of untreated and treated leachates indicate that protein is more biodegradable than the other organic nitrogen species in landfill leachates. XAD-8 resin was employed to isolate the hydrophilic fraction of leachate samples, hydrophilic organic nitrogen was found to be more biodegradable/bioavailable than the hydrophobic fractions. Furthermore, biological and physical-chemical treatment methods were applied to a landfill biogas (LFG) condensate to explore the feasible treatment alternatives for organic contaminant and arsenic removal efficiency. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) showed effectiveness for the degradation of organic matter, even in an environment containing high levels of arsenic. This indicated a relatively low toxicity of organic arsenic as compared to inorganic arsenic. However, for arsenic removal, oxidation-coagulation, including biological oxidation, conventional oxidation and advanced oxidation followed by ferric salt coagulation, and carbon adsorption were not effective for what is believed to be tri-methyl arsenic. Among these, advanced oxidation-coagulation showed the best treatment efficiency (15.1% removal). Only reverse osmosis (RO) could reduce the arsenic concentration to an acceptable level to meet discharge limits. These results implied high stability and low toxicity of organic arsenic.Ph. D.
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Batchelder, Meryl. "The performance of mudrocks for leachate containment : mineralogical and chemical constraints." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284547.
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McDonald, James Edward. "Molecular ecology of anaerobic cellulose-degrading microorganisms in landfill sites." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494069.
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Landfill sites are anoxic environments in which the conversion of organic polymers to methane is mediated by a consortium of microorganisms representing several different trophic groups. Cellulose is the most abundant biodegradable organic polymer in landfill sites, and its hydrolysis represents the initial stage of landfill waste stablistation. It has been suggested that four phylogenetic clusters of the bacterial genus Clostridium that contain cellulolytic species (clusters I, III, IV and XIVab) are the predominant cellulose-degraders in landfill environments.
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Khan, Taj Ali. "Numerical modelling of leachate production and movement within landfill sites." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1996. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21962.
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This research project considers the development of numerical simulation processes of the production and management of leachate from landfill sites. The existing landfill leachate management models are reviewed and analysed on the basis of their applicability and effectiveness, identifying a number of important deficiencies in these models. These models simplify the actual flow process in the waste matrix and assume the same density throughout the simulation period. Moisture flow through waste material is investigated through experiments, and as a result different mathematical models were developed. These models represent the effect of density on the hydraulic properties of waste material such as: moisture capacities, drainage rates and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The effect of density is identified as the fundamental parameter governing the flow phenomena in waste material. A large database of information obtained provides a better interpretation of statistical analyses, in fitting statistical distributions to parameters and to cover the variability of waste material. A basic applied numerical model named NUMMOL (NUMerical MOdelling of Leachate) is developed based on the water balance approach, which simulates the leachate production, movement and distribution within landfill sites. NUMMOL incorporates the most appropriate mathematical models representing the various landfill hydrological processes. The moisture flow through waste layers is modelled using the models derived through experimental investigation. The model's limitations and assumptions are discussed with suggestions for future work that is necessary to enhance further its applicability. Sensitivity analysis and evaluation of the simulation capabilities of the NUMMOL model are included. It was found that correct identification of the hydraulic properties of the landfill material is very important. To investigate model usefulness and efficiency as an environmental planning tool, the individual components of the model are evaluated. It was found that the model iterative scheme is very effective in simulating leachate movement in a cell and leachate distribution within cells. The model was applied to the landfill site in order to compare the effect of layers on leachate distribution.
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Tarrant, Sam. "The potential of restored landfill sites to support pollinating insects." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2009. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/3595/.
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Habitat restoration is an important tool in reducing the current decline in biodiversity. To determine the success of restoration, ecologists have previously focused on species richness or on the presence of rare species; little is known of species interactions. This study examines both the potential of restored landfill sites to support pollinating insects and how flower-insect interactions can be used in determining successful restoration. These are important attributes of ecosystem function. Standard belt transects were used to record flowering insect pollinated plants and flower-visiting insects on nine paired restored landfill and reference nature sites, in the broader Northamptonshire region (UK). Over the duration of this study, an area of 25,000m2 was surveyed for floral characteristics and approximately 138,000 floral units were counted from 98 plant species. A total of 201 flower visitor surveys were performed, with 942 flower-visiting insect samples taken. Flowering plant species richness and abundance of floral resources on restored landfill sites were not found to be significantly different from those on reference sites and the flower-visiting insect assemblages were similar in terms of species-richness and abundance. Interaction structures were examined and whilst the plant-insect assemblages had few species in common, both showed similar levels of nestedness and connectance. The differences in the species but similarity in the functioning of these assemblages emphasise the importance of examining interaction structures within a functional approach to the evaluation of restoration. There are 2,200 landfill sites in England and Wales covering some 28,000 ha, and this study highlights that their restoration can potentially provide an important resource for the conservation of pollinating insects and the services that they provide for both natural and agricultural plants.