Journal articles: 'Landfills – South Africa'

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Sehlabi, Rethabile, and Tracey Morton McKay. "Municipalities, commercial composting and sustainable development, the case of Johannesburg , South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(1).2016.07.

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Typical of most developing world cities, the City of Johannesburg, South Africa, faces many waste management challenges. One of which is a lack of awareness of, and compliance with, waste management legislation, recycling and composting by the general public. Thus, the city has to deal with high levels of solid waste generation and subsequent pressure on its landfill sites. The city also has to adhere to various pieces of waste management legislation, with recycling and composting being two essential elements thereof. This study outlines a commercial composting initiative designed by the municipality of Johannesburg to redirect organic green waste from landfill sites to a compost production plant. The study found that although the Panorama Commercial Composting Plant is reducing the amount of solid organic waste disposed of in the city’s landfills, better planning could increase the amount of green organic waste thus diverted. Furthermore, the adoption of a centralized, mechanized system has significantly hampered the generation of employment opportunities, while simultaneously forcing operational costs up. Finally, the lack of a coherent marketing and branding strategy has restricted compost sales. Thus, the Panorama Commercial Composting Plant is currently not recouping its costs nor generating the number of work opportunities it could. Some recommendations to rectify this are then made

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Makhadi, Rinae, Saheed A. Oke, and Olusola O. Ololade. "The Influence of Non-Engineered Municipal Landfills on Groundwater Chemistry and Quality in Bloemfontein, South Africa." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 5599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235599.

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This study assessed the groundwater quality around two municipal solid waste landfill sites, in the city of Bloemfontein, Free State Province, South Africa. The two landfill sites are located in two contrasting geological terrains, with both lacking some basic facilities found in a well-designed landfill. A total of eight groundwater samples were collected from pollution monitoring boreholes near the two landfill sites, with five samples representing the northern landfill site and three samples representing the southern landfill site. The samples were collected in the autumn and winter seasons to assess any possible seasonal variations. They were analysed for physicochemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolve solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC)) and microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli, total coliform). The results of the analysis showed that the waters from both landfills were generally dominated by Ca, Mg, SO4, and HCO3 ions. Some of the major anions and cations in the water samples were above the South African National Standard (SANS241:2015) and World Health Organisation (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. Majority of the boreholes had total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity values exceeding the SANS 241:2015 and WHO permissible limits. Piper trilinear plots for the two landfill sites showed that Ca(Mg)HCO3 water type predominates, but Ca(Mg)SO4 and Ca(Mg)Cl were also found. These water types were further confirmed with expanded Durov diagrams, indicating that that the boreholes represented a water type that is seldom found which is undergoing ion exchange, typical of sulphate contamination. From the SAR diagrams, boreholes in the northern landfill site had a high salinity hazard with only one borehole in the southern landfill site having a high salinity hazard. The geology was found to play a significant role in the distribution of contaminants into the groundwater systems in the study area. The study concluded that the northern landfill site had a poorer water quality in comparison to the southern landfill site based on the analysed physicochemical parameters. However, the southern landfill site showed significant microbial contamination, due to the elevated amount of E. coli and total coliform concentrations. The high permeability of the weathered dolerites in the northern landfill site might have enabled the percolation of contaminants into the groundwater resulting in the poorer water quality.

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Schenck, Catherina J., Phillip F. Blaauw, Jacoba MM Viljoen, and Elizabeth C. Swart. "Exploring the Potential Health Risks Faced by Waste Pickers on Landfills in South Africa: A Socio-Ecological Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 11, 2019): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112059.

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Landfill and street waste pickers in South Africa are responsible for collecting substantial volumes of recyclable material, saving municipalities millions and contributing to a generally healthier and cleaner environment. Yet waste pickers continue to operate on the fringes of the economy and are exposed to many risks, particularly health risks which have a direct impact on the sustainability of their livelihoods. This article, using a mixed-methods approach, explores the health risks to which waste pickers working on nine different landfills in the country are exposed. The socio-ecological framework was used to analyse and present the results. A key finding was that waste picking, by its very nature, lends itself to innumerable health risks, but that these can be lessened through concerted and collaborative efforts on the part of landfill operators, local authorities and other stakeholders. Integrating the ‘self-employed’ waste pickers into the formal waste management system should be comprehensive in order to limit health risks. Waste pickers will never have a risk-free environment, but facilitative policies and supportive institutions can collaboratively help to mitigate these risks and create a more sustainable and dignified working environment towards sustaining their livelihoods.

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Nyika, Joan Mwihaki, Ednah Kwamboka Onyari, Megersa Olumana Dinka, and Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra. "Heavy Metal Pollution and Mobility in Soils within a Landfill Vicinity: A South African Case study." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 35, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/350406.

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Heavy metal contamination in soils results from anthropogenic and lithologic factors and is a potential hazard to land and water resources. Sources of such pollution include landfills, domestic sewage, agricultural fertilisers and industries. In this work, soils from Roundhill landfill vicinity in South Africa were sampled and analyzed to determine the concentrations of particular heavy metals, namely As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. The main objectives of this work were to: quantify the concentration levels of heavy metals in the soil; determine the mobility of the heavy metals in the soil; and establish their origins and interrelationships. The soils were collected at various distances and depths from the landfill facility. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples were analysed by ICP-MS and statistical analysis was carried out to establish their relationships and sources. From the analysis, some elements including Cr, Mn, Cu and Ni had measured concentrations beyond the threshold limits in most sampling sites irrespective of their distance and depth from the landfill vicinity. Conversely, some elements were observed to be immobile and had higher concentrations on the top soils closer to the landfill, such as As, Pb, Zn, Co and V. Iron (Fe) had high concentrations in all the sampling sites due to its natural occurrence in the parent rocks. In conclusion, the potential of soil quality deterioration due to heavy metal pollution in a landfill vicinity was observed. Furthermore, all heavy metals observed showed positive correlation to each other except for As and Co, indicating same origin.

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Fourie, A. B., and J. W. F. Morris. "Measured gas emissions from four landfills in South Africa and some implications for landfill design and methane recovery in semi-arid climates." Waste Management & Research 22, no. 6 (December 2004): 440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x04048332.

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Machete, Fannie, and Karabo Shale. "Classification of unregulated landfills by waste stream analysis method, a case of Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality, South Africa." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 7, no. 6 (November 2, 2015): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2015.1096670.

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Machete, Fannie. "Environmental health risks associated with e-waste exposure in Badplaas, Carolina and Elukwatini landfills, Republic of South Africa." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 9, no. 6 (September 24, 2017): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2017.1355602.

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Otieno, Mike, and Dikeledi Maboea. "Coal gasification and composite ashes as partial replacements for Portland cement in concrete – strength and selected durability performance." MRS Advances 5, no. 54-55 (2020): 2807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.411.

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AbstractThis study investigated the use of mixed weathered coal fine ash (MWA) and coal gasification ash (CGA), sourced from Sasol® Ltd, South Africa, as partial replacements (10%, 15% and 30% by mass) of Portland Cement (PC) in concrete. The objective was to assess the feasibility of using the ashes, which are generally of lower quality than FA, in concrete in order to avert their negative environmental impact i.e. disposal in heaps and landfills. Companion reference concretes were made using conventional fly ash (FA). Two water-to-binder (w/b) ratios (0.50 and 0.60) were used. The concretes were tested for compressive strength (7, 28 and 56 days) and durability (gas permeability and chloride resistance at 28 and 56 days). In general, the results strongly suggest that the ashes can be used in conventional structural concrete – both from strength and durability viewpoints. Aspects that require attention when they are used include decrease in both workability and rate of strength gain. The gas permeability of the CGA and MWA concretes were similar to those for FA at all replacement levels but a 15% replacement level gave higher chloride resistance.

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Owojori, Oluwatobi, Joshua N. Edokpayi, Ratshalingwa Mulaudzi, and John O. Odiyo. "Characterisation, Recovery and Recycling Potential of Solid Waste in a University of a Developing Economy." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125111.

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The present decade of Sustainable Development Goals has influenced higher educational institutions to assess and harness their great potential for waste diversion, recovery, and recycling. Institutional solid waste management in South Africa as a developing economy is yet to receive the required attention compared to developed countries. The measurement of the characteristics, and composition of solid waste is a fundamental pre-requisite towards creating a sustainable and viable process of solid waste management systems across institutions as this provides adequate and reliable information on the waste generated. This study aimed to determine the variations of waste components in the University of Venda (UNIVEN) by characterisation of the waste generated. Solid waste samples were collected from key activity areas and characterised using the ASTM D5321-92 method for unprocessed municipal solid waste. The recyclable, compostable, and non-recoverable components of the waste generated were found to be 61.7%, 34.4%, and 3.9%, respectively. The results of the waste audit revealed a strong potential for recycling in the institution (61.7%). This would decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills and enable the monetisation of the recyclable waste recovered from the waste stream, in this manner prompting a circular economy and a sustainable campus thereby lowering the waste footprint of higher education institutions.

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Gonçalves, Andriani Tavares Tenório, Flávia Tuane Ferreira Moraes, Guilherme Lima Marques, Josiane Palma Lima, and Renato Da Silva Lima. "Urban solid waste challenges in the BRICS countries: a systematic literature review." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2157.

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Urban Solid Waste Management (USWM) is a worldwide challenge. The problems faced are even greater due to the disproportional increase of Urban Solid Waste (USW) generation in volume, especially in a context of increased urbanization, population growth and economic globalization in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the status of MSW management in the BRICS countries, as well as to promote an exchange of experience and management strategies, pointing out possible ways to improve USWM systems that have to be adapted to each local reality. Focusing on this, a systematic literature revision was carried out through a bibliometric analysis. Results showed that the management system of these BRICS countries does not possess well-developed structures. The collection stage is quite often inefficient, the solid waste being stored in inappropriate ways and also disposed of in irregular locations. The participation of the informal sector is a trademark characteristic in USWM for BRICS countries, highlighting the need to integrate and formalize these activities for USW collection. Due to the high organic fraction, it is known that composting offers advantages as a way to promote a better use of organic waste and also as a means of reducing the amount of waste sent to sanitary landfills. Finally, with a better knowledge about solid waste generation and decentralization of the offered services, the decision makers will be able to successfully provide this essential public service.

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Ololade, Olusola O., Sabelo Mavimbela, Saheed A. Oke, and Rinae Makhadi. "Impact of Leachate from Northern Landfill Site in Bloemfontein on Water and Soil Quality: Implications for Water and Food Security." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154238.

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Solid waste management in developing cities is a threat to water and food security. The final disposal option for solid wastes is usually landfill sites. Possible contaminants and their impact on surface and groundwater, and soil quality, at the northern solid waste landfill in Bloemfontein city, South Africa, was investigated. Soil samples were analysed for basic cations and heavy metals. A one-point surface leachate, groundwater, and surface water samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Hydrochemical speciation models were developed using these parameters to determine the influence of the leachate emanating from the landfill on the quality of the water samples. Findings from the study showed that the low metal content in the soil and water samples posed no immediate threat to food and water security. However, most of the other parameters were above the permissible limit of South African National Standard 241 (SANS241) and World Health Organisation) (WHO for drinking water, a(nd the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) specification for irrigation, an indication that the groundwater was unfit for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. Metal concentrations in the soil also increased with distance downslope of the landfill along drainage lines. The implementation of a circular economy in Bloemfontein will translate to less pollution and enhance sustainable development.

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Danielopol, Dan L., Christian Griebler, Amara Gunatilaka, and Jos Notenboom. "Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (June 2003): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000109.

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Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40–50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact the quantity and quality of groundwater resources and the state of subsurface ecosystems, and it is expected that the environmental pressures on groundwater will continue, at least until 2025, unless new environmental policies change this state of affairs. The world demographic increase and the general rise of water demand constitute one of the major environmental pressures on groundwater ecosystems especially in less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Specific human activities leading to the depletion of groundwater reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization demand for domestic and public drinking water, various industrial activities such as thermoelectric production and mining, and the rise of tourism in coastal areas. Climate change is contributing to the water crisis too, especially in areas with arid climate and/or in some humid monsoonal countries. The overload of aquifers with pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), from industry (release of hydrocarbon chemicals, especially spills), from waste and industrial waters, from domestic and industrial landfills, from the infiltration of pollutants from surface and from the intrusion of saline water affect groundwater quality. The dangerous increase in contaminated subsurface sites with chemicals and microbial pathogens brings with it health risks to humans. Changes of redox condition in groundwater zones, changes of biological diversity, vegetation changes with modification of agriculture practices and impacts at the biosphere scale, such as the increase in the concentration of nitrous oxides in the atmosphere, all impact groundwater ecosystems. Groundwater ecosystems must be better investigated and understood. Economic, social and ecological lines of thinking have to be combined in order to achieve meaningful policies for the sustainable development of groundwater reserves and for the protection of subsurface ecosystems. Practical measures and ideas for the development of policies up to the 2025 time-horizon should improve the sustainable usage of the world's groundwater resources.

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Couth, R., C. Trois, J. Parkin, L. J. Strachan, A. Gilder, and M. Wright. "Delivery and viability of landfill gas CDM projects in Africa—A South African experience." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.004.

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Uhunamure, Solomon E., Joshua N. Edokpayi, and Karabo Shale. "Occupational Health Risk of Waste Pickers: A Case Study of Northern Region of South Africa." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5530064.

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In South Africa, waste pickers play a significant role in the management of waste at landfill sites. Waste picking is an income-generating venture for most people with low-income base. The activity of sorting waste at landfill sites is, however, associated with occupational health risks to waste pickers which this study has examined. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey with a convenience sampling method which was conducted among 114 waste pickers in three landfill sites in Limpopo Province of South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used in eliciting responses from the participants. The statistical technique employed includes the ANOVA, simple, and multiple regression. The results indicated that, in the last one year, waste pickers exposed to landfill sites were 1.7 times more likely to develop a common health disorder (AOR: 1.733; 95% CI: 1.069, 2.755; P value: 0.041). There was statistical significance between the number of days worked at the landfill and the health conditions of the waste pickers ( P ≤ 0.001). The cofounders were adjusted for age and years worked, and the result revealed that days worked by the waste pickers’ increased their chances of occupational health risks by 1.4 times. It is unlikely that waste pickers will have a risk-free environment, but supportive policies such as provision of adequate personal protective equipment and more awareness programmes on the health risks related to such enterprises will aid in abating the associated risks.

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Njoku, Prince O., Joshua N. Edokpayi, and John O. Odiyo. "Health and Environmental Risks of Residents Living Close to a Landfill: A Case Study of Thohoyandou Landfill, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122125.

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The by-products of solid waste deposited in a landfill has adverse effects on the surrounding environment and humans living closer to landfill sites. This study sought to test the hypothesis that the deposition of waste on landfill has an impact on the surrounding environment and residents living closer to it. This was achieved by evaluating the perception of the respondents drawn from people living close (100–500 m) and far (1–2 km) from the landfill site, concerning environmental issues, health problems, and life satisfaction. Results from the study showed that 78% of participants living closer to the landfill site indicated serious contamination of air quality evident from bad odours linked to the landfill site. Illnesses such as flu, eye irritation and weakness of the body were frequently reported by participants living closer to the landfill than those living far from the landfill. More than half of the participants (56%) living closer to the landfill indicated fear of their health in the future. Thus, the participants living closer to the landfill site were less satisfied with the location of their community with respect to the landfill, than those living far from the landfill site. Therefore, the need for a landfill gas (LFG) utilisation system, proper daily covering of waste and odour diluting agents are necessary to reduce the problems of the residents living closer to the landfill site.

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Du Preez, Mario, and T. Lottering. "Determining the negative effect on house values of proximity to a landfill site by means of an application of the hedonic pricing method." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 2 (August 22, 2011): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i2.280.

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This study applied the hedonic pricing method to determine whether a disused, solid waste landfill site has an adverse effect on the prices of low-cost houses in New Brighton, a neighbourhood of the Nelson Mandela Metropole, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The results of the study show that the landfill site has a negative effect on New Brighton house prices. The average increase in house value is R36.00 per one hundred metres from the landfill site. This increase amounts to 0.44 percent of the value of a house per 100 metres from the landfill. When the change in value is summed for all the properties in the sample area (allowing for variation in value change due to differing distances from the landfill site) the total disamenity effect of the landfill site is approximately R1.4 million.

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Njoku, Prince Obinna, Joshua Nosa Edokpayi, and John Ogony Odiyo. "Modeling landfill gas potential and potential energy recovery from Thohoyandou landfill site, South Africa." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 70, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 820–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2020.1778137.

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Preez, Mario du, Mehmet Balcilar, Aarifah Razak, Steven F. Koch, and Rangan Gupta. "House Values and Proximity to a Landfill in South Africa." Journal of Real Estate Literature 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2016.12090417.

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Nyika, Joan, and Ednah Onyari. "Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in Roundhill Landfill Vicinity of South Africa." Air, Soil and Water Research 12 (January 2019): 117862211987277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622119872771.

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Groundwater is the most reliable resource for consumptive uses worldwide, but it is vulnerable to anthropogenic pollution in this post-industrialization era. Pollution of the resource may result from anthropogenic activities; hence, analysing the effects of leachate on groundwater is imperative. This study assessed the spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in Roundhill landfill vicinity of South Africa and conducted their hydrogeochemical analysis. Water samples were collected from 3 boreholes in the landfill surroundings and analysed for selected physicochemical characteristics. Spatial distribution of these parameters showed dominant pollution by Mn2+, Fe2+, and [Formula: see text], which surpassed prescribed allowable limits of the country in most of the study area. Possibilities of simple dissolution and ion mixing were deduced from the Durov diagram. Magnesium carbonate, sodium chloride, and mixed faces of groundwater were dominant in boreholes 1 to 3, respectively. The dominance of Ca2+, Cl−, Mg2+, and [Formula: see text] ions in some boreholes suggested anthropogenic pollution. Landfill leachate was associated with groundwater pollution in the study area.

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Snyman, Jacques, and Kobus Vorster. "Sustainability of composting as an alternative waste management option for developing countries: A case study of the City of Tshwane." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 29, no. 11 (October 11, 2010): 1222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10385747.

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Excessive MSW production is a growing management problem for cities in developing countries, such as South Africa. This study addresses these challenges with particular focus on the City of Tshwane. A major problem in Tshwane is that all the MSW generated in the city, including garden waste, is currently being landfilled. A waste stream analysis of Tshwane reveals the largest fraction of MSW is organic and biodegradable, and therefore suitable for compost production. The study proposes that Tshwane will have to address composting the biodegradable fraction of the MSW stream. This study attempts to understand the economics of composting practices in Tshwane, whether composting in Tshwane is financially viable. A comparative study, applying the dome aeration technology on a conventional static windrow, was conducted with the objective of investigating and proposing alternative improved composting technologies for green waste. Although the study focused on Tshwane, it can be argued that the findings could be implemented in any other South African municipality, and even implemented in other emerging countries.

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Blight, G. E. "Graded landfill requirements in South Africa - the climatic water balance classification." Waste Management & Research 24, no. 5 (October 2006): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x06068516.

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Mepaiyeda, S., K. Madi, O. Gwavava, C. Baiyegunhi, and L. Sigabi. "Contaminant Delineation of a Landfill Site Using Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization Methods in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa." International Journal of Geophysics 2019 (December 22, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5057832.

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A combination of electrical resistivity and induced polarization methods were applied to a solid waste landfill in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa to delineate the lithologic layers and locate possible leachate plumes. Resistivity and IP data were collected along six profiles; VES on two and the dipole-dipole configuration was used in the rest four. The result shows a 4-layered earth system with a shallow depth to the top of the bedrock (<10 m). Contaminants ranging from unsaturated waste with high ion content to dense aqueous phase liquid contaminants, characterized by low resistivity (34–80 Ohm-m) and low chargeability values (0.05–5.75 ms). The contamination was interpreted based on resistivity/IP anomalies considering the background geology. The shallow bedrock indicated a low risk to groundwater contamination because of its competent nature from its geology, and characteristic high resistivity values (≥1000 Ohm-m). However, the steep nature of the landfill terrain due to its location at the foot of a vertical slope favours the rapid migration of the contaminants into the immediate vicinity of the landfill. The construction of containment structures such as waste cells will help in enhancing effective waste management practices in the landfill.

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Akpan, Victor E., and David O. Olukanni. "Hazardous Waste Management: An African Overview." Recycling 5, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5030015.

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Hazardous waste materials and their management are of prime importance to society. This article gives an overview of the current practices that relate to hazardous waste management. It looks at issues concerning the transboundary or international movement of harmful materials from industrialized nations to the developing and emerging world. This study has shown that Africa, most notably Nigeria, has become a dumping ground for hazardous waste materials as a result of the high importation of scrap computers and electronic devices into the country. The public health hazards, such as birth deficiencies, cancers, and even infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B and C, respectively, have been traced to the improper management of these waste materials. The review highlights a few models on hazardous waste management as developed by previous literature, which gives a hierarchy, ranging from source reduction, recycling, and landfill options. Studies reveal that hazardous waste management in Africa must revolve around wealth creation, economic, and environmental sustainability. The study provided evidence that the recycling option has high potentials in the areas of energy recovery. The data collected show South Africa to be the most advanced in the African continent in the field of hazardous waste management. For a sustainable environment, keen attention must be paid to hazardous waste management globally.

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Nahman, Anton. "Pricing landfill externalities: Emissions and disamenity costs in Cape Town, South Africa." Waste Management 31, no. 9-10 (September 2011): 2046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.05.015.

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Mepaiyeda, S., C. Baiyegunhi, K. Madi, and O. Gwavava. "A geophysical and hydro physico-chemical study of the contaminant impact of a solid waste landfill (swl) in King Williams’ Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0045.

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Abstract Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) surveys and physico-chemical analysis were carried out on a solid waste landfill (SWL) in Eastern Cape, South Africa to assess the impact of leachate pollution on groundwater quality. 2-D resistivity imaging was done across three profile lines (A, C and E) on the landfill. Physico-chemical properties of water samples from the leachate pond and boreholes (BH1 and BH2), located between 80 m to 200 m from the edge of the landfill were analysed. The results revealed groundwater contamination to a depth of about 75 m,well within the aquiferous zone. High electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolve solid (TDS) values observed in the groundwater samples indicate a downward transfer of leachate into the groundwater. The difference in EC and TDS values for BH2 and BH1 (9892 μS/cm/ 4939 mg/L and 6988 μS/cm/ 3497 mg/L respectively), indicated that concentration of contaminants increased towards the centre of the landfill The direction of flow of the leachate is towards the southwestern part of the landfill. In the absence of a leachate recovery system, the uncontrolled accumulation of leachate over time at the landfill will pose a threat to the groundwater quality, hence the need to improve waste management practices in the study area to mitigate the effects of pollution

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Odusanya, David O., Jonathan O. Okonkwo, and Ben Botha. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in leachates from selected landfill sites in South Africa." Waste Management 29, no. 1 (January 2009): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.011.

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Made, Felix, Vusi Ntlebi, Tahira Kootbodien, Tlotleng Nonhlanhla, Kerry Wilson, Ndaba Mpume, Kgalamono Spo, and Nisha Naicker. "P.3.21 Predictors of health perception among waste pickers in landfill sites in johannesburg municipality, south africa." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A102.1—A102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.280.

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BackgroundIn South Africa, waste is disposed in landfill sites where waste pickers collect recyclable waste. These informal workers are exposed to various health hazards. However, seeking health care is often determined by the individual’s perception of the status of their health. The objective of this study was to find predictors of health perceptions among waste pickers in Johannesburg Municipality, South Africa.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among waste pickers aged 18 years or older, working in major landfill sites in Johannesburg. Information on possible risk factors for health perception were collected. Health perception was defined as very good, good, fair, and poor. Ordinal logistic regression model with landfill sites taken as a cluster variable was done to find factors associated with health perception.ResultsA total of 361 participants were included in this study. More than 70% of them were males. Their median age was 31 years (interquartile range (IQR): 27–39). Ever smoked (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.112–2.665), mental ill health risk (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 2.849), chronic diseases (OR: 2.34; 95% CI:1.479–3.689), and history of infectious diseases (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.779–3.635) were all statistically significantly associated with increased odds of reporting poor health. Participants who reported an injury were less likely to report poor health (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.307–0.911).ConclusionsPredictors for reporting poor health among waste pickers were smoking, chronic and infectious diseases, and mental health risk. However, injuries from cuts showed a decreased odd of reporting poor health. Mitigating these risk factors including health promotion as well as improving primary health care may improve perceptions of good health among waste pickers in SA.

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Tlotleng, Nonhlanhla, Tahira Kootbodien, Kerry Wilson, Felix Made, Angela Mathee, Vusi Ntlebi, Spo Kgalamono, Moses Mokone, Karen Du Preez, and Nisha Naicker. "Prevalence of Respiratory Health Symptoms among Landfill Waste Recyclers in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 4277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214277.

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In developing countries, waste sorting and recycling have become a source of income for poorer communities. However, it can potentially pose significant health risks. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms and associated risk factors for respiratory health outcomes among waste recyclers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 361 waste recyclers at two randomly selected landfill sites in Johannesburg. Convenience sampling was used to sample the waste recyclers. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the population was 58.5%. A persistent cough was the most common symptom reported (46.8%), followed by breathlessness (19.6%) and rapid breathing (15.8%). Approximately 66.4% of waste recyclers reported exposure to chemicals and 96.6% reported exposure to airborne dust. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that exposure to waste containing chemical residues (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.01–3.22 p = 0.044) increased the odds of respiratory symptoms. There was a significant difference in respiratory symptoms in landfill sites 1 and 2 (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.03–7.42 p = 0.042). Occupational health and safety awareness is important to minimize hazards faced by informal workers. In addition, providing waste recyclers with the correct protective clothing, such as respiratory masks, and training on basic hygiene practices, could reduce the risks associated with waste sorting.

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Naicker, Nisha, Tahira Kootbodien, Vusi Ntlebi, Kerry Wilson, Felix Made, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, Mpume Ndaba, Spo Kgalamono, and Angela Mathee. "P.3.24 Prevalence of non-fatal injuries in informal waste recyclers in landfill sites in johannesburg, south africa." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A103.1—A103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.282.

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BackgroundWaste recyclers at landfill sites separate, collect and sell recyclable solid waste. They do not receive Occupational Health and Saftey (OHS) training, personal protective equipment (PPE) or health support. There is limited information of the extent of adverse health outcomes experienced by waste recyclers in South Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and possible risk factors for injuries experienced by waste recyclers.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among waste recyclers working in two landfill sites. Interviews were conducted with 361 waste recyclers using a structured questionnaire with information on socio-demographic history, exposures and injuries experienced. Logistic regression with OR was used to determine the significant risk factors for having experienced an injury in the last 6 months.ResultsThe average age was 33.7 years, range of 18–81 year. The majority were male (73.4%) and had completed secondary school education (77.8%). The average income earned was $119 per month and 51% lived in informal dwellings. Exposures included rodents (91%), lifting heavy object (87%), dogs (78%), chemicals (66%), needles (43 .%), falling waste (38%) and violence (20%). Although 90% of participants stated they wore some kind of PPE, this was not always suitable for the work conducted. 33% experienced an injury. The commonest injuries were bitten by rats (90%), falls on site (46.7%), muscular pain (29%), dog attacks (21%), violence from other waste pickers (20%) and needle stick injuries (20%). Logistic regression results showed that being male (crude OR 2.94, 95% CI- 1.399–6.195) and age <34 years (crude OR=2.69, 95% CI 4.145–4.988) were significant risk factors for injuries.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of injuries experienced by waste recyclers at landfill sites. OHS awareness and use of appropriate PPE should be provided to waste recyclers in order to prevent occupationally related injuries.

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Lumby, AB. "Towards a sustainable energy strategy for South Africa: Landfill gas as a renewable energy option." Development Southern Africa 13, no. 2 (April 1996): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359608439889.

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T, Maeteletja, Manganyi J, and Wichmann J. "PM4 exposures and respiratory symptoms in waste reclaimers at a landfill site, Pretoria, South Africa." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608716.44154.70.

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Hoffman, Marlin, and Catherina Schenck. "The value chain and activities of polyethylene terephthalate plastics in the South African waste economy." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, no. 5 (June 17, 2020): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220931697.

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Introduction Value chains in their entirety, within the South African context, have not been the focus of much research thus far. A plethora of research has been done on the various actors within the value chain, but the rest of the value chain has not been identified and depicted. Failing to understand and describe the entire value chain of polyethylene terephthalate plastics has led to many unanswered questions and misunderstood impacts on the plastics waste economy. Purpose The purpose of the study was to document and depict the value chain and its activities within the polyethylene terephthalate waste economy in South Africa, which, according to the available literature, has not been done before. The documentation of the value chain and its activities will assist in identifying the possibilities of job creation within the waste economy, which could impact the diversion of waste from the landfill. Method A qualitative research approach with an exploratory research design was followed, and the data collection was done by means of a workshop. The participants in the workshop included captains of industry, entrepreneurs, academics, government, environmental groups and environmental non-governmental organizations. The workshop was recorded audio-visually, and concepts and discussions were documented for this purpose. All information was transcribed and documented in a final document. Results The value chain and its activities were documented. Conclusion The information collected is a starting point for more research within the waste economy, as the process will be followed with other waste streams. Job creation gaps have been identified and further research has started creating a better understanding of the value chain, which will influence policy.

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Schenck, Catherina J., Phillip F. Blaauw, Jacoba MM Viljoen, and Elizabeth C. Swart. "Social work and food security: Case study on the nutritional capabilities of the landfill waste pickers in South Africa." International Social Work 61, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742703.

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Food security (or the lack of it) has a direct impact on people’s well-being and is of great concern to many disciplines. The study on which the article is based used Drèze and Sen’s ‘nutritional capability’ concept as a theoretical framework to explain the food (in)security of landfill waste pickers. A cross-sectional research approach was followed, coupled with a triangulation mixed method research design. Viewing the waste pickers against the nutritional capability framework highlighted the important role that social work should play in focusing on people’s capabilities within their particular context.

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Iloh, Patrick, George Fanourakis, and Aurobindo Ogra. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of South African Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) for Concrete Use." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010193.

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The foundry industry in South Africa forms one of the greatest industries in the manufacturing sector. It produces waste foundry sand (WFS) that ends up in landfill sites. Around 80% of the WFS could be utilized as a substitute for sand in concrete. The utilization of WFS will benefit the industry, as raw materials (natural sand alternative) and energy are conserved, while costs of disposal are lowered. Soil pollution, as well as water and air resources, will be minimized and the foundries’ competitiveness will be improved. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of five WFSs (two clays and three chemically bonded molding sands) from Gauteng, South Africa were analyzed. The samples were investigated with a view to determine their conformity with applicable engineering criteria when used as a replacement, to various extents, of the fine aggregate. The main properties investigated included physical properties (particle gradation, moisture content, un-compacted bulk density, specific gravity, loss on ignition, clay content, and fineness modulus) and the chemical properties (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), pH). The sands generally did not meet the standards pertaining to grading requirements. However, the chemical test results showed the composition of these sands to be comparable with results from other investigations and suitable for use as a natural sand replacement in concrete.

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Mepaiyeda, Seyi, Kakaba Madi, Oswald Gwavava, and Christopher Baiyegunhi. "Geological and geophysical assessment of groundwater contamination at the Roundhill landfill site, Berlin, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Heliyon 6, no. 7 (July 2020): e04249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04249.

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Samson, Melanie. "Trashing Solidarity: The Production of Power and the Challenges to Organizing Informal Reclaimers." International Labor and Working-Class History 95 (2019): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000036.

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AbstractThis article presents a nuanced social history of how reclaimers at the Marie Louise landfill in Soweto, South Africa, organized against each other on the basis of nationality instead of uniting to combat the effects of the 2008 global economic crisis. Through this narrative of struggles at one particular dump, the article contributes to debates on informal worker organizing by theorizing the importance of the production of identities, power relations, space, and institutions in understanding how and why informal workers create and maintain power-laden divisions between themselves. The article argues that organizing efforts that seek to overcome divisions between informal workers cannot simply exhort them to unite based on abstract principles, but must actively transform the places and institutions forged by these workers through which they create and crystallize divisive identities and power relations.

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Taing, L., S. Pan, J. Hilligan, A. Spiegel, and N. P. Armitage. "Challenges facing sanitation-provision partnerships for informal settlements: a South African case study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.044.

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The Barcelona Settled Sewerage Pilot Project was established as a collaborative partnership between researchers from the University of Cape Town's Urban Water Management Group, City of Cape Town Water and Sanitation officials and Barcelona Informal Settlement Street Committee members. Its goal is to test collaboratively the viability of a settled sewerage system in an informal settlement (slum), Barcelona, located on a former landfill site. Direct engagement by officials and researchers with beneficiaries is crucial for such a project's success; therefore, a partnership approach was adopted. This also permitted researchers to assist municipal officials, since they faced capacity constraints. It became apparent over the course of the project that the partnership had been poorly set up and that partners' roles and responsibilities required renegotiation. Much literature emphasises the significance of ‘people-centred’ approaches, focusing on the ultimate users, in this instance as ‘owners’ of toilets. However, the study found that, in a South African context, partnerships need to designate the municipality as the responsible owner and managing partner of municipality-funded services. The critical challenges facing such a partnership approach suggest a need to build effective municipality-led and managed partnerships that simultaneously address each partner's needs and constraints.

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Schenck, Catherina J., Phillip F. Blaauw, and Jacoba M. M. Viljoen. "The socio-economic differences between landfill and street waste pickers in the Free State province of South Africa." Development Southern Africa 33, no. 4 (June 2016): 532–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2016.1179099.

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F, Made, Ntlebi XXXX, Kootbodien T, Wilson K, Tlotleng N, Mpume N, Spo K, and Naicker N. "Risk factors associated with self-reported health among waste pickers in landfill sites in Johannesburg Municipality, South Africa." Environmental Epidemiology 3 (October 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608700.21284.ec.

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Wilson, Kerry, Tahira Kootbodien, Vusi Ntlebi, Felix Made, and Nisha Naiker. "O4C.1 Female landfill waste pickers and their health." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A36.1—A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.97.

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Informal waste pickers and employees working on a landfill site are exposed to multiple risks such as noise, toxic chemicals, metals, dust and ergonomic hazards. How these hazards affect the health of workers may differ by sex.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among waste pickers aged 18 years or older, working in major landfill sites in Johannesburg. Information on health, work hazards and health care access were collected in interviews in the workers own language.ResultsA third (27%) of the 363 waste-pickers interviewed in this study were female. These women were on average older and less educated than the men and a significantly larger proportion were born in neighbouring countries. Women waste pickers had a higher prevalence of hypertension (30.9% vs 18.4%) and HIV (24% vs 7.0%) than men. This is unlikely to be a reporting bias as women had higher BMI’s (p=0.0002), glucose blood levels (p=0.022), cholesterol (p=0.0014) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.0081).DiscussionThe factors driving women to work as waste pickers appear different to men and women’s health is worse than that of the men in terms of lifestyle diseases and HIV. Although in general waste pickers have a lower prevalence than the general population. This follows the pattern of the South African Demographic and Health Survey 2016.

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Made, Felix, Vusi Ntlebi, Tahira Kootbodien, Kerry Wilson, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, Angela Mathee, Mpume Ndaba, Spo Kgalamono, and Nisha Naicker. "Illness, Self-Rated Health and Access to Medical Care among Waste Pickers in Landfill Sites in Johannesburg, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072252.

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Waste pickers are exposed to various environmental health hazards, and self-rated health (SRH) could influence their medical care access. This study investigated the association between illness, clinic visits and SRH, and assessed if SRH can increase clinic visits. A cross-sectional study was conducted. SRH was defined as “very good”, “good”, “fair”, and “poor”. The illnesses were mental health, infectious, and chronic diseases. Medical care access included clinic visits in the previous 12 months. An ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to assess the association. There were 361 participants, 265 (73.41%) were males. Median age was 31 years, (interquartile range (IQR): 27–39). SRH: poor (29.89%), fair (15.92%), good (43.30%) very good (10.89%). Ever smoked (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.66), mental health (AOR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.22–2.84), chronic (AOR: 2.34; 95% CI:1.47–3.68) and infectious (AOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.77–3.63) diseases were significantly associated with increased odds of reporting poor health. Clinic visit was not associated with SRH. From 99 (31%) individuals who rated their health as poor and ill, 40% visited a clinic (p = 0.0606). Acute and chronic illnesses were associated with poor SRH but this did not increase clinic visits. Provision of mobile clinic services at the landfill sites could increase access to medical care.

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Daso, Adegbenro P., Olalekan S. Fatoki, James P. Odendaal, and Olanrewaju O. Olujimi. "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) in landfill leachate in Cape Town, South Africa." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2565-5.

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Ndlovu, M. S., M. Demlie, and M. Butler. "Hydrogeological setting and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Durban Metropolitan District, eastern South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0026.

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Abstract Population and economic growth within the Durban Metropolitan region in eastern South Africa have increased the demand for water supply. Though the region’s water supply comes mainly from surface water sources, the ever-increasing demand means that all available water supply sources including groundwater will be looked at, particularly in the peri-urban areas. However, the state of the groundwater resource in the region is poorly understood. This study aims to contribute towards improved understanding of the state of groundwater resources in the Metropolitan District through an integrated hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations. Results of the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characterization identified at least five hydrostratigraphic units of varying hydraulic and hydrochemical characteristics: the weathered and fractured basement aquifers of the Mapumulo Group, Oribi Gorge, Mzimlilo and Mkhomazi Suites characterized by average borehole yield and transmissivity (T) of 1.2 l/s, and 3.9 m2/day, respectively, and hydrochemical facies of Ca-Mg-HCO3;the fractured Natal Group sandstone characterised by average borehole yield and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 5.6 l/s and 2.8 m/day, respectively and with Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl dominant water type;the fractured aquifers of the Dwyka Group diamictite and tillite characterized by average borehole yield of 0.4 l/s, transmissivity of 1.3 m2/day and Na-Cl-HCO3 dominant water type;the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group characterized by average borehole yield of 2.5 l/s, T of 4.9 m2/day, K values 0.17 m/day, and Na-Cl-HCO3 water type. The Pietermaritzburg Formation of the Ecca Group is characterized by a shale lithology with very low borehole yields and average transmissivity of 0.28 m2/d with Na-Ca-Cl dominant water type. It is considered as an aquiclude than an aquifer;the intergranular aquifer of the Maputaland Group which comprises the Bluff, Berea type sands and harbour beds (recent alluvium and estuarine deposits). These units collectively have average borehole yield of 14.8 l/s, transmissivity of up to 406 m2/day and a mainly Na-Cl-HCO3 hydrochemical signature. The region receives mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 935 mm/yr of which an estimated 6.6% recharges the various aquifers. Environmental isotope data (2H, 18O and 3H) indicated that groundwater is recharged from modern precipitation. High concentrations of tritium, as high as 92 T.U., measured around landfill sites, indicates groundwater contamination from leachate leakage posing a risk to human and environmental health.

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Gumede, Phiwayinkosi R., and Michael J. Savage. "Respiratory health effects associated with indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) in children residing near a landfill site in Durban, South Africa." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 10, no. 7 (May 9, 2017): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-017-0475-y.

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Mashifana, Tebogo. "Evaluation of raw and chemically treated waste phosphogypsum and its potential applications." E3S Web of Conferences 96 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199602004.

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A million tons of Phosphogypsum (PG) is stacked in the environment every year and is progressively considered an asset. South African construction industry is expanding as a result of infrastructural developments in the country, the reuse of PG in this industry is considered for recycling and reducing the stacks in landfills. Phosphogypsum is known for its limited ability to use in cement industry due to its phosphorus and radionuclides impurities. This study was conducted to reduce these impurities and investigate the probability of PG application in building and construction. Leaching of PG with citric acid was conducted whereby a relative proportion of P2O5 and radionuclides was reduced in the material, constituents which contributes to strengths reduction. Optimum moisture Contents and maximum dry densities were determined for various PG content mix designs in which Lime and Fly Ash were added to stabilise PG material. The composites were compacted at various moisture contents and cured at low and elevated temperatures of at 40 °C and 80 °C for 4 days. The results obtained shows that for unconfined compressive strengths; the composites produced from PG, and cured at high temperature qualified for the use in construction industry.

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Olukunle, O. I., I. V. Sibiya, O. J. Okonkwo, and A. O. Odusanya. "Influence of physicochemical and chemical parameters on polybrominated diphenyl ethers in selected landfill leachates, sediments and river sediments from Gauteng, South Africa." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, no. 3 (August 30, 2014): 2145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3443-1.

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Leonard, Llewellyn. "Another political ecology of civil society reflexiveness against urban industrial risks for environmental justice: The case of the Bisasar landfill, Durban, South Africa." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 33, no. 1 (March 2012): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2012.00448.x.

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Osibote, Adelaja, and Ogheneochuko Oputu. "Fate and partitioning of heavy metals in soils from landfill sites in Cape Town, South Africa: a health risk approach to data interpretation." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00348-w.

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Mashifana, Tebogo, and Nastassia Sithole. "Potential Beneficiation of Readily Available Gold Tailings and Paper Wastes: Development of a New Building Material." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.350.

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Gold mine tailings (GMT) generated from gold mining processes are readily available in South Africa. The generated GMT is disposed to the environment by land filling. This occupies considerable land area, which subsequently results into environmental pollution. Numerous industries use paper for a number of applications on daily basis and its generation is inevitable. Unrecycled paper ends up in the landfill, which has a negative impact on the environment, as it is not degradable. This study investigated the blending of GMT and waste paper for the production of building bricks (papercrete). The chemical composition of GMT in terms of elemental, mineralogy and micrograph before and after paper stabilization was examined. Developed composites were cured for 7, 14, 21, 28 days, and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and absorption tests were conducted. The results obtained showed an improvement in both the UCS and the water absorption of the bricks with the increment in curing period. The brick cured for 28 days had the highest UCS of 7.76 MPa and the lowest water absorption of 80.43% when compared to the bricks cured for 7,14 and 21 days. The developed papercrete was relatively light in weight; however, they proved not to be suitable for outdoor walls and water logging areas due to their high capability to absorb water.

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Khanyile, Asiphile, Guy C. Caws, S’phumelele L. Nkomo, and Ntandoyenkosi M. Mkhize. "Characterisation Study of Various Disposable Diaper Brands." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 10437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410437.

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Seven disposable diaper brands that are commonly used in Clermont, Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) and some frequently found along river bodies (due to illegal dumping) were characterised through proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultimate analysis and analytical pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). A novel approach entailing separation of the diapers into two fractions, interior (constituting mainly biomass fibres) and exterior (mainly constituting non-biomass polyethylene), assisted in assessing thermochemical conversion of the disposable diaper’s potential as well as likely threats to the environment. In a comparison of the volatile matter between the two fractions, the exterior fraction is more combustible (due to a higher volatile fraction). Hence, it is more suitable for energy recovery. The present study investigates the use of pyrolysis to manage disposable diapers to potentially recover pyro-oil, pyro-gas and pyro-char. In this primary investigation, it was observed that each disposable diaper brand reacts differently to constant heating. However, the proximate and elemental analysis also highlights the likely negative environmental threats, such as that the high volatile content can potentially release dangerous permanent gases such as chlorine and cobalt into the atmosphere after the diaper is disposed of illegally and in landfill.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Landfills – South Africa'

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