Journal articles: 'Landform design'

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Guilbert, Eric, Bernard Moulin, and Andrés Cortés Murcia. "A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF LANDFORMS USING ONTOLOGY DESIGN PATTERNS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-2-15-2016.

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A landform is an area of a terrain with its own recognisable shape. Its definition is often qualitative and inherently vague. Hence landforms are difficult to formalise in view of their extraction from a DTM. This paper presents a two-level framework for the representation of landforms. The objective is to provide a structure where landforms can be conceptually designed according to a common model which can be implemented. It follows the principle that landforms are not defined by geometrical characteristics but by salient features perceived by people. Hence, these salient features define a skeleton around which the landform is built. The first level of our model defines general concepts forming a landform prototype while the second level provides a model for the translation of these concepts and landform extraction on a DTM. The model is still under construction and preliminary results together with current developments are also presented.

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Guilbert, Eric, Bernard Moulin, and Andrés Cortés Murcia. "A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF LANDFORMS USING ONTOLOGY DESIGN PATTERNS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-2-15-2016.

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A landform is an area of a terrain with its own recognisable shape. Its definition is often qualitative and inherently vague. Hence landforms are difficult to formalise in view of their extraction from a DTM. This paper presents a two-level framework for the representation of landforms. The objective is to provide a structure where landforms can be conceptually designed according to a common model which can be implemented. It follows the principle that landforms are not defined by geometrical characteristics but by salient features perceived by people. Hence, these salient features define a skeleton around which the landform is built. The first level of our model defines general concepts forming a landform prototype while the second level provides a model for the translation of these concepts and landform extraction on a DTM. The model is still under construction and preliminary results together with current developments are also presented.

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Howard, E. J., R. J. Loch, and C. A. Vacher. "Evolution of landform design concepts." Mining Technology 120, no. 2 (June 2011): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037178411x12942393517615.

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Sánchez-Donoso, Ramón, Nicholas Bugosh, and José F. Martín-Duque. "Use of Remote Sensing Tools to Measure a Fluvial Geomorphic Design-Input Parameter for Land Reclamation." Water 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092378.

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Fluvial geomorphic approaches for reclamation landform design have been applied since 2000, mostly in mined lands, as an alternative to conventional landform design methods. Those approaches aim to reconstruct mature landforms and drainage networks that would develop within a natural catchment, after thousands of years of work performed by geomorphic processes. Some fluvial geomorphic design methods take specific measurements from natural and stable reference areas for initial input values for reclamation design. Valid reference areas can be difficult to find, can be in highly anthropized environments, or may be difficult to access. This paper evaluates the use of remote sensing tools to measure morphometric parameters in upper sections of agricultural land catchments considered for use as reference areas. The ridge to head of channel distance (Xrh) was the parameter of interest. We used land surface profiles developed from LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) data and planimetric measurements from orthoimages to estimate Xrh. The results obtained by the two methods were encouraging but showed a significant difference. Ground truthing showed that ploughing obliterated between 19.5 and 22.4 m (on average) of the headwater section of first-order channels, reducing the channel length by 15.1 to 32.4%. Using a greater Xrh value than appropriate for near steady-state conditions as a design input for a geomorphic reclamation project would be expected to result in active erosion processes in the constructed reclamation to regain their missing channel length. We recognize the advantages and limitations of remote sensing methods for measuring the morphometric parameters of the landform relief design inputs. We show how these tools may be used to help select and prioritize reference areas, and warn about the use of disturbed landscapes as reference areas to assure the geomorphic stability of the constructed reclamation designs.

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Samodra, G., G. Chen, J. Sartohadi, D. S. Hadmoko, and K. Kasama. "Automated landform classification in a rockfall prone area, Gunung Kelir, Java." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-2-19-2014.

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Abstract. This paper presents an automated landform classification in a rockfall prone area. Digital Terrain Models (DTM) and geomorphological inventory of rockfall deposits were the basis of landform classification analysis. DTM pre-processing was applied to improve the quality of DTM-derived products. Several data layers produced merely from DTM were slope, plan curvature, stream power index, shape complexity index; whereas layers produced from DTM and rockfall modeling were velocity and energy. Unsupervised fuzzy k-means was applied to classify the generic landforms. It was classified into seven classes: interfluve, convex creep slope, fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope, lower slope and channel bed. The classification result was analyzed by draping it over DTMs and performing probability distribution of rockfall volume. Cumulative probability density was adopted to estimate the probability density of rockfall volume in four generic landforms i.e. fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope. It shows negative power laws, with exponents 0.58, 0.73, 0.68, 0.64; for fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope, respectively. Different values of the scaling exponents in each landform reflect that geomorphometry influences the volume statistics of rockfall. The methodology introduced in this paper has possibility for preliminary rockfall risk analysis. It reveals that the potential high risk is located in the transportational middle slope and colluvial footslope. This is useful information to account for the prioritization action of countermeasures policy and design.

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Evans, Kenneth G. "Methods for assessing mine site rehabilitation design for erosion impact." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99036.

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Erosion of rehabilitated mines may result in landform instability, which in turn may result in exposure of encapsulated contaminants, elevated sediment delivery at catchment outlets, and subsequent degradation of downstream water quality. Rehabilitation design can be assessed using erosion and hydrology models calibrated to mine site conditions. Incision rates in containment structures can be quantified using 3-dimensional landform evolution simulation techniques. Sediment delivery at catchment outlets for various landform amelioration techniques can be predicted using process-based and empirical erosion-prediction models and sediment delivery ratios. The predicted sediment delivery can be used to estimate an average annual stream sediment load that can, in turn, be used to assess water quality impacts. Application of these techniques is demonstrated through a case study applied to a proposed rehabilitation design option for the Energy Resources of Australia Ltd (ERA) Ranger Mine in the Northern Territory of Australia.

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Kuznietsova, Yana, and Halyna Osychenko. "FORM-MAKING METHODS IN LANDFORM ARCHITECTURE." Elektronički časopis građevinskog fakulteta Osijek 11, no. 21 (January 4, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2020.21.1.

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In this study, we consider a critical challenge in architectural design methodology-methods of form making in landform architecture. Based on the authors’ methodology, the approaches and methods of form making are specified and systematized, depending on the algorithm of the form-making process and the basic principles of building composition. The approaches to architectural form making, including image-based, generative, and functional approaches are determined. The methods within the framework of the image-based approach are identified. These methods include natural «mimicry» and metaphorical methods, as well asan image-based and combinatorial method. Furthermore, the principles and techniques of form-making methods are examined, and their capability and potential to create esthetically expressive and poetically shaped buildings, which can be integrated into existing natural landscapes, are determined.

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Hood, W. Gregory. "Applying tidal landform scaling to habitat restoration planning, design, and monitoring." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 244 (October 2020): 106060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.12.017.

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Walton, G., and D. R. Wardrop. "Geotechnical and other design considerations in landform simulation at Hafod Quarry." Mining Technology 113, no. 3 (September 2004): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037178404225006155.

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Carbonell-Carrera, Carlos, and Stephany Hess-Medler. "3D Landform Modeling to Enhance Geospatial Thinking." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020065.

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Geospatial thinking is essential to the visualization–interpretation processes of three-dimensional geographic information. The design of strategies for the interpretation of the Earth’s surface which allow the development of students’ geospatial thinking poses a challenge in higher education. In geospatial education, we often see a practical approach where students are trained in specific GIS and/or geotechnologies. However, in the first stages of geospatial education, geographic literacy and geospatial thinking processes can be supported better through easy-to-use technologies. In this paper we show the results of two workshops performed with engineering students using visuospatial displays in an easy-to-use 3D software environment. This teaching approach improved students’ geospatial thinking, measured using the Topographic Map Assessment (TMA) test—a battery of seven tasks related to relief interpretation along with 18 exercises. Participants also completed a questionnaire relating to the following usability topics: operation (application), improvement, implications for education, and understanding of the concepts related to relief interpretation. The results showed mean gains between 10.7% and 12.6% of the highest score for the TMA. This, together with the results of the questionnaire, confirms the usefulness of this teaching approach using easy-to-use 3D technologies for developing geospatial thinking.

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Wang, Yijin. "Study of energy-efficient architecture address utilizing topography and geomorphology based on Google Earth and its remote sensing data." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020601020.

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In this paper, we describe the formatting guidelines for ACM SIG Proceedings. With the development of social economy, smart cities, especially green energy-saving buildings, are foremost trend in the future. The location of green buildings has a very important impact on the design and plan of future smart cities. The influence of the natural environment, especially that of the topography and landform on the location of architectural design is very significant. Google Earth (GE) platform can provide sufficient remote sensing data, which greatly interpret and promote surface information. However, just few people have done related research. This article takes Beijing as an example and uses Google Earth platform and the remote sensing data to obtain the 3D digital elevation model (DEM) data; and then Google earth’s geomorphology data are used to analyze the landform features. Finally, by analyzing their characteristics and distribution features, five energy-saving building locations were selected in Beijing. It can be concluded that GE, is an effective and potential platform for providing remote sensing data, and analyzing the DEM and landform. The rational analysis of the building addresses in this paper could help the buildings to avoid potential geological disasters and make full use of natural resources. Moreover, this research on energyefficient building addresses make a suggestion for future smart city planning.

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Stul, Tanya, Matthew Eliot, and Ian Eliot. "APPLICATIONS OF A SEDIMENT CELL HIERARCHY AND LANDFORMS TO COASTAL EROSION MANAGEMENT AND MODELLING." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.44.

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Landform analysis has an integral and often understated role in coastal engineering. The strength of a hierarchical approach derives from a capacity to simultaneously consider change at a wider variety of scales and to focus on processes that are characteristic to each scale. A hierarchy of sediment cells and landforms provides potential for refined evaluation of coastal erosion hazard. Decision-making for erosion management, including identification of setbacks or design of coastal defenses, typically considers several future decades. This time scale presents challenges when using numerical modelling to provide forecasts, because of the reliance on often conceptual oceanographic-sediment process relationships and potential for dynamic coastal behavior to diverge from existing trends or historic behavior. Analysis of coastal morphology in a hierarchical approach may provide a basis for (i) refined modelling, (ii) identification of strategic monitoring effort and (iii) improved interpretation of model outcomes for coastal management.

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Beigel, Florian, and Philip Christou. "A tapestry in the landscape." Architectural Research Quarterly 1, no. 1 (1995): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500000087.

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A concise report about the landform, architectural, and detail design concepts for the recently completed modernisation of the Bishopsfield Housing Estate in Harlow, Essex. The objective was to develop proposals for new interventions which are directly based on, and give emphasis and new life in a contemporary way to the architectural and urban design conceptions of the original architects and town planner.

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Wu, Jian De, Hua Wang, Yu Gang Fan, and Xiao Dong Wang. "Intelligent Plant Design of Complex Landform Long Distance Pipeline Transport of Iron Concentrate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.632.

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Under the premise of transportation inconvenient, reducing pollution and environmental protection, iron concentrate pipeline transportation developing rapidly. However, due to pipeline related to fluid mechanics, solid-liquid two-phase flow, rheology, and other subjects, many scientific problems are still not resolved. Because of these problems, a further study on running control, security management, and optimize operations of pipeline transportation are needed, ensuring pipeline security, stability and efficient running. Intelligent plant design of pipeline transportation presents in this paper, taking intelligent data integration technologies, holding real-time data, running conditions of pipeline transportation and equipment, devices modeling integrated into a platform, achieving optimal scheduling, the goal of intelligent scheduling, as a result it can improve the management level, achieve energy conservation, improve production efficiency.

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Wierzbicki, Grzegorz, Piotr Ostrowski, and Tomasz Falkowski. "Applying floodplain geomorphology to flood management (The Lower Vistula River upstream from Plock, Poland)." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (October 14, 2020): 1003–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0102.

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AbstractUsing remote sensing extended on geological and topographical maps and verified by the field work, we present the flood management and study the geomorphic features of the floodplain of a large, sand bed, untrained but embanked river in order to determine the flood hazard and to predict future flood scenarios. In geomorphological mapping, we focus on the landforms: crevasse channels and splays, flood basin, chute channels, side arms, floodplain channels, dunes and fields of aeolian sand. We base the flood risk assessment on consultations with environmental engineers who design new technical structures that control inundation (cut-off walls and lattice levees). We describe a levee breach as a result of piping (inner erosion) in a high hydraulic gradient condition and its effect (scour hole) as an erosional landform consistent with the repetitive pattern of erosion and deposition formed by an overbank flow on a floodplain. We reveal an existence of homogenous morphodynamic reaches in the river valley.

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Hopkinson, Leslie C., Jeffrey T. Lorimer, Jeffrey R. Stevens, Harold Russell, Jennifer Hause, John D. Quaranta, and Paul F. Ziemkiewicz. "GEOMORPHIC LANDFORM DESIGN PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO AN ABANDONED COAL REFUSE PILE IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2017, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr17020019.

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SHINOHARA, Osamu, Yutaka TAKEDA, Noboru ITOH, and Kazutaka OKADA. "On characteristics of small scale landform of rivers and those applications to riverscape design." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 4 (1986): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.4.197.

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Lukenbach, M. C., C. J. Spencer, C. A. Mendoza, K. J. Devito, S. M. Landhäusser, and S. K. Carey. "Evaluating How Landform Design and Soil Covers Influence Groundwater Recharge in a Reclaimed Watershed." Water Resources Research 55, no. 8 (August 2019): 6464–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024298.

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Kullmann, Karl. "Innovations in topographically sensitive urban design: evaluating landform conservation strategies in Perth’s northern suburbs." Australian Planner 53, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2016.1210657.

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Wang, Zhen Jiang. "Design Strategy of the Environmental Adaptability of Buildings - Taking Example by Earth-Sheltered Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2492.

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It is a trend of the development of the construction industry to realize building energy efficiency. The climate adaptability of building monomer is under study in order to make full use of natural conditions to achieve a harmonious unity of human, architecture and nature. Using earthsheltered building is a good way to counter the harsh outdoor environment and climate.They can meet the need of people's life and can keep natural original topography, landform, vegetation and water system, to minimize the damage to the natural.Many advantages of earth-sheltered buildings can be applied to the many buildings on the ground.

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Han, Guangming, Zhiqiang Hou, and Yuanshui Huang. "Traditional Settlement Planning and Design Using Digital Assistive Technology." Open House International 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2017-b0013.

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Selecting the development and renewal of residential areas has caused significant confusion in the construction of a new countryside with the rapid development of information and computer technology. The application of digital assistive technology in traditional settlement planning has received increasing attention in recent years. Thus, this study combined the folk culture of traditional settlement, local unique landform, and climate environment. Digital technology was used as the starting point. Traditional settlement planning and green update design were studied with the help of a digital building software. The planning of Shuanglong Village and the residential green renewal design were taken as examples. Shuanglong Village's overall planning and design was presented and showed that its road traffic was clearly planned. The rational use of local land was attained. The landscape of Shuanglong Village was then designed. Practice has proven that the research on traditional settlement planning and green renewal design based on digital assistive technology can provide the basis for such activities.

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Cheng, Bin, and Jia Ping Liu. "The Planning and Architectural Design Research about Guang'an Temple Based on Ritual Culture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.64.

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The temple as a city of ritual significance type, has a complete concept of architectural culture. In the project's decision-making for Guang'an Temple planning and design, Designer has the problem of how to position, including the function, the temple complex space positioning and construction temple ranks .Paper based on the Confucian temple ritual culture, combined with the new city park functional requirements, according to the site topography and landform, determine the spatial structure of building community; Through comparison of its kind in sichuan, to determine the rules of construction; The planning and design of the temple are integration of the area of urban design, create a new urban landscape, so as to provide reference for the design of the same kind of antique buildings.

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Zhou, Xiao Jun, Bo Jiang, Yue Feng Zhou, and Yu Yu. "Design of Rational Concatenation between Bridge and Portal for Mountain Tunnel on High and Steep Slope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.351.

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Two typical structures to concatenate bridge and tunnel portal for railway line on high and steep mountainous slope have been presented according to the complicated landform and ground geology in a new high speed railway line. Comparison between the two types of bridge-tunnel concatenation shows that separated structure is more superior in lessening train vibration than integrated structure. The prevention of rockfall from front slope at tunnel portal is still considered in the two structures. The concatenation types presented in the paper can be used to guide the design of bridge-tunnel concatenation in high speed railway line on complex and abrupt mountainous slope.

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Delmas, Magali, Yanni Gunnell, Régis Braucher, Marc Calvet, and Didier Bourlès. "Exposure age chronology of the last glaciation in the eastern Pyrenees." Quaternary Research 69, no. 2 (March 2008): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.11.004.

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We present a chronology of ice recession in the eastern Pyrenees based onin situ-produced10Be data obtained from the Têt paleoglacier complex. The sampling strategy is based on the relative chronology provided by a detailed geomorphological map of glacial landforms. Results indicate that the last maximum ice advance occurred late (i.e., during Marine Isotope Stage 2) compared to the chronology currently established for the rest of the Pyrenees. Despite debatable evidence for a glacial readvance during the Oldest Dryas stade, ice-cap melt-out was rapid, residual cirque glaciers having disappeared by the Allerød interstade. This is consistent both with North Atlantic excursions established by the Greenland ice cores and paleoenvironmental data for the region. The rapid response of the east-Pyrenean ice cap to temperature variations is primarily linked to its small size compared to larger Pyrenean ice fields, to the dry Mediterranean climate, and to topography-related nonlinearities in which a small vertical rise in equilibrium line altitude generates a large change in ice mass. Possible sources of age uncertainty are discussed in the context of sampling design for single-nuclide (10Be) dating of landform sequences in formerly glaciated landscapes.

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Kostecki, Jakub, Andrzej Greinert, and Ewelina Owoc. "The Influence of Technical Infrastructure on the Roundabout Areas Development." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0054.

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Abstract The article presents the analysis of roundabouts design aspects including the location of underground and overground infrastructure. Authors also undertake an attempt to assess the existing situation with planning conditions. Many differences depended on the roundabout size, location, surroundings, natural conditions, landform technology used were noted. Roundabouts design should include both the natural arrangements and art installations, increasing the area of urban green areas in parallel using the area as a place for works of art exposure. For Zielona Góra urban area this is of particular importance because of the multitude of roundabouts and their good position in the city structure.

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Ge, Hongbo. "Application of the circle beauty in the environmental design of Lin-gang Special Area of Shanghai." E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 02045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124502045.

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Dishui Lake, an artificially excavated circular lake, has become a landmark landform in the Lin gang Special Area of Shanghai. It contains the green ecological concept of the harmony between human and nature at the beginning of the design, and establishes a relatively perfect lighthouse coordinate for the grand blueprint of the Lin-gang Special Area. This paper takes the application of circle in environmental design as the breakthrough point, and uses the similarities of Qinglong Town site for reference, and expounds the application of the beauty of circle in environmental design to show the concept of green ecology, so as to provide an accurate connection between sea and land for the excellent cultural inheritance of the Chinese nation.

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Huang, Zhonghui, and Hua Yan. "Landscape Planning and Design of Complex Form Physical Education Stadium and Football Field Using Gis Technology." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0015.

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To explore the landscape planning of the comprehensive sports stadium and the football field, the similarities and differences between the comprehensive sports stadium and the football field landscape design and the general park design were analyzed by GIS technology. Special factors were discussed in the design of the complex sports stadium and football field. The treatment methods and principles of these special factors were analyzed. The results showed that their characteristics were created while meeting the functional requirements of each space. The local history and cultural scene left a deep impression on the viewers. Therefore, the design of sports facilities is consistent with the overall landscape effect. During the transformation of the base, the relationship between the original landform protection and development of the base is emphasized. This provides information and assistance for the comprehensive sports stadium and football field landscape design.

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Wang, Cai Hua, Hui Jian Li, and Jian Feng Wu. "Determination of the Average Wind Pressure of Circular Flat and Saddle Roof Building Based on the Numerical Wind Tunnel Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.865.

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For numerical wind tunnel method has the advantages of low cost, fast speed, the more comprehensive results, the paper using CFD knowledge and the FLUENT software, using RSM turbulence model, SIMPLE algorithm, simulation class D landform, to have numerical simulation of average wind pressure coefficient for of the circular planar and saddle roof building ,which the current code for the design of building structures did not give, to provide reference for determining the average wind pressure coefficient of the circular planar and saddle roof building .

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DePriest, Nathan C., Leslie C. Hopkinson, John D. Quaranta, Peter R. Michael, and Paul F. Ziemkiewicz. "Geomorphic landform design alternatives for an existing valley fill in central Appalachia, USA: Quantifying the key issues." Ecological Engineering 81 (August 2015): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.007.

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., Hasmunir. "ANALYSING THE USE AND DESIGN OF GEOMORPHOLOGY MULTIMEDIAIN GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION DEPARTMENTIN IN UNIVERSITIES OF ACEH PROVINCE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 6, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.634.

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Purpose of the study:The objective of the study was to analysethe use of multimedia by lectures at Geography Education Department in Aceh. Methodology:The subject of this study was a lecturer teaching geomorphology, while the object was the use of multimedia and its design. Data collection was carried out through qualitative and quantitative approaches using multimedia documentation and geomorphological multimedia designs. Data processing is done by analysing multimedia usage and design in learning geomorphology. Main Findings:The results of the analysis show that geomorphological learning multimedia is used in the form of dictates, power points, and the internet which presents one unit of landform. There are no integrated multimedia and multimedia results from their own. Field practice equipment is available in the form of plywood, fabric meter, bow, loop, GPS, and hammer. Applications of this study:This study provide information tolecturers at Geography Education Department in Aceh in teaching. Novelty:Few lectures are interested in incorporating multimedia in their teaching even though it is the best media for learning geomorphology.

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Zhou, Xiao Jun, Bo Jiang, Rui Yang, and Chao Ning. "Design of High Speed Railway Tunnel and its Construction Method in Abrupt Slope with Loose Rockmass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1096–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1096.

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This paper mainly deals with the structural design of high speed railway tunnel and its driving method in abrupt slope with loose rockmass, meanwhile summarizes the connection between tunnel portal and bridge abutment in loose rockmass according to complicated landform and geology. The anti-slide piles are adopted to retain the stability of abrupt slope near the tunnel portal. In order to eliminate the risk and cost in tunnel construction, four bench cut method is invented to satisfy the safe excavation of loose rockmass in the tunnel. Composite fiber rockbolt is also employed to keep the stability of working face while driving the tunnel. The innovative tunneling method presented in the paper can be applied to guide the rational design and economical construction of high speed railway tunnels in loose surrounding rock under harsh geological conditions.

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Wang, He, and Li Ping Li. "Research on New Folk Houses with Regional Characteristics and Earth Material." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.977.

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Based on the actual requirements of constructing characteristic towns in Yunnan Province, this paper describes the “framework design principles for architectures with regional characteristics” in an explorative way as the control measures and guidance for the construction of new residences in small sized towns. Taking Jiasa Town in Xinping County of Yunnan Province as an example, the paper gives five “framework design principles” which are extracted from the constructional essence of “Tu-Zhang-Fang”(Soil-Made House), a kind of traditional building of the local Huayao Dai ethnic group and the features of the mountain landform of the Dry&Hot Valley, and provides the innovative ideas on the construction of new folk houses with regional characteristics under the control of the aforesaid principles.

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Qu, Yi, Ying Chen, and Ying Wang. "A Study on TingBao Yang's Architectural Thoughts: Aiming at the Regionalism Concept." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.720.

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This paper aims to analyze the regionalism concepts in Tingbao Yang's architectural thought on the Regionalism Concept. Firstly, this study examined Tingbao Yang's career to make clear what has influenced his architectural thought. Secondly, this study analyzed his most important works to find if any regionalism concepts available by each time. Finally, we summarized the transition of the regionalism concepts in Tingbao Yang's architectural thought. As a result of these analyses, this paper reveals that at least four regionalism factors, which are climate, landform, regional material and architectural tradition, are considered in his works. Furthermore, he has even created a special design technique on them. Due to the analysis above, we find Tingbao Yang's immigration to Chongqing in 1937 played a significant role on his transformed design thinking.

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Juan and Faber. "Extraction of Terms Related to Named Rivers." Languages 4, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030046.

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EcoLexicon is a terminological knowledge base on environmental science, whose design permits the geographic contextualization of data. For the geographic contextualization of landform concepts, this paper presents a semi-automatic method for extracting terms associated with named rivers (e.g., Mississippi River). Terms were extracted from a specialized corpus, where named rivers were automatically identified. Statistical procedures were applied for selecting both terms and rivers in distributional semantic models to construct the conceptual structures underlying the usage of named rivers. The rivers sharing associated terms were also clustered and represented in the same conceptual network. The results showed that the method successfully described the semantic frames of named rivers with explanatory adequacy, according to the premises of Frame-Based Terminology.

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Wang, G., D. Wang, J. Qiao, W. Zhou, and M. Chen. "CONTENT STRUCTURE DESIGN OF NEW CENTURY EDITION OF THE NATIONAL FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2020 (August 25, 2020): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2020-727-2020.

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Abstract. The research and compilation of new century version of the National Huge Atlas of the People's Republic of China is the special basic work project by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China from June 2013 to May 2018. The National Fundamental Geographic Atlas is one of the important achievements, which represents the spatial distribution of basic geographic elements such as water system, landform, residential area, transportation, boundary, soil and vegetation in detail by relative balance. In order to meet the requirements of the construction of ecological civilization and the development of new urbanization, the set of surface coverage maps and the set of urban maps are added, and the new structure model of the National Fundamental Geographic Atlas is constructed. The Atlas is in 4-forma size, it is made up of five parts: group of sequence maps, group of topography and terrain maps, group of surface coverage maps, group of city maps and index of place names. This paper mainly discusses and studies the theory of compilation and research and content planning, the principle of topic selection and taking account of factors, structure design and map arrangement of Atlas.

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Seenirajan, M., M. Natarajan, R. Thangaraj, and Vivek S. Kumar. "Importance of Morphometry Studies, Landform Processes Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Tamiraparani Subbasin, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.7783.

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An endeavor is created to think about the importance of morphometry, incorporating RS information and strategies notwithstanding the ordinary techniques in a GIS stage. A morphometric evaluation of Tamiraparanisubbasin was completed to decide the seepage attributes utilizing GIS system. The examination has exhibited the potential utilization of the remotely detected information and the GIS in assessment of linear, relief and areal morphometric metrics. By breaking down their impact on the origin and procedures of landforms and qualities of soil metrics like surface, waste and land erosion circumstances. The visual translation of satellite information is utilized for dissecting the topographical, landforms and land erosion attributes in conjunction with seepage design encourages powerful depiction of particular features to assess the impact of drainage morphometry. After the execution, the model gives a seepage bowl Strahler's network stream organize upheld by topical layers like perspective, incline, help, and seepage mass. The proposed design uncovers the waste region of this hub is 734.84 km2 and presents subdendritic to dendritic seepage design. The bowl incorporates seventh request stream and for the most part commanded by bring down stream pattern. The bowl incorporates seventh request stream and generally commanded by bring down stream arrange. The slant of the investigation region shifts from 0 in the east to 61 tin the direction opposite to East. The nearness of WG is the head regulatory element for the slant variety. Besides, the slant variety is controlled by the nearby lithology and erosion cycles. The bifurcation proportion shows that the topographical assembly has small effect on the waste systems and the seepage mass uncovers the idea of subsurface strata is porous.

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Olszewska, Agnieszka A., Paulo F. Marques, Robert L. Ryan, and Fernando Barbosa. "What makes a landscape contemplative?" Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516660716.

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For centuries, landscape architects, architects, and urban planners have been designing outdoor green spaces for one to contemplate. In today’s urban realm, we can understand a contemplative space more specifically as one joining esthetic and environmental values with mental health benefits for its visitors. So far, the concept of contemplativeness of a space has not been operationalized and a definitive list of design principles of such a space has not been developed. In response to this gap of knowledge, we have identified a set of features that may be used in order to design and create a space of contemplation within seven categories: Landscape Layers, Landform, Vegetation, Light and Color, Compatibility, Archetypal Elements, and a Character of Peace and Silence. The developed framework is based on development and analysis of a Contemplative Landscape Questionnaire. This instrument was developed based on literature review and Delphi expert evaluation of multiple landscapes. The statistical tests on the Contemplative Landscape Questionnaire revealed satisfactory reliability and validity measures, which provided evidence-based support for the efficacy of designed spaces. This approach could enhance the practice of landscape architects and urban designers by reinforcing intuition-based designs with scientific evidence. The developed framework can also serve to identify contemplative spaces for subsequent research purposes.

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Moffat, A. J. "The geological input to the reclamation process in forestry." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.67.

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AbstractA geological understanding of a site is important if it is to be reclaimed successfully for a forestry after-use. Comprehensive site investigations before mineral extraction enable sensible decisions to be made concerning landform and drainage design, cultivation methods and species selection. Land given back to forestry is often of poor quality, and geological information helps to maximise the opportunities available. These points are illustrated with recent examples from British forestry practice.The Town and Country Planning (Minerals) Act 1981 is discussed with reference to reclamation to forestry. The aftercare condition imposed by the Act makes treatments of the land such as drainage, cultivation and fertilising the concern of the mineral operator for 5 years following restoration. However, compared with other land uses, forestry is more profoundly affected by the restoration process. Hence, early consultations between planner and forester are essential.

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Shen, Cai Hua, Xiao Feng Chen, and Xing Wei Niu. "3D Seismic Dynamical Response Time Interval Analysis of Different Segment Length of Wharfs." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4544.

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Considering the effect of the actual landform and the pile-soil dynamical interaction, this paper uses the dynamic time interval analysis to analyze the response of horizontal seismic load of different segment lengths of high-piled wharfs. It makes research on the relative displacement, the acceleration, the maximum stress and the shear stress of the wharf construction and the variation of the shear force, the bending moment and the torque of the pile in the action of acceleration in true earthquake records. It determines the reasonable subdivision length of high-piled wharf in actual coast. Calculations show that, the wharf torsion caused by the asymmetry of terminal structure and pile, and the uneven stratum facilitates the response, and increases the shear stress of the pile. The placement of piles and the uneven stratum are the main factors of the internal force of terminal structure in action of earthquake, The optimal design of partial reinforcement should be adopted due to the considerable shear stress on the bezel panel. This method can provide reference to the design of the terminal structure in deep sea as well.

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Su, Ying Ming, and Yi Ping Tsai. "Ecological Aesthetic of Wind Environment about the Circular Earth Building in Fujian, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.624.

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Green building has become the trend of urban development in the twenty-first century as the threat of global warming is ever more challenging. The traditional Tulou in Fujian, China, characterized by its distinct building form and local culture is an outstanding representation of ecological building. From the perspective of ecological aesthetic, this research discusses the aesthetic factors of wind environment of Eryi Lou, the largest Tulou in Fujian. Starting from the GIS analysis on the overall environment, also assisted by MapInFo, this research further analyzes the external and internal wind environment of the Eryi Lou through site measurement of the buildings ventilation efficiency. Results showed that building form of Eryi Lou corresponded with topography and landform, as well as life wisdom of symbiosis with the environment and meets the requirements of ecological aesthetics criteria of both local characteristics and national character. The design of the major entrance with Feng Shui-oriented axis, as well as the design of courtyard in the quadrangle, circular corridors, and windows on the forth-storey are all intended for better cross-ventilation and heat dissipation. Such a design is a combination of aesthetics and human-based functional use, proving that Eryi Lou is an ecological building corresponding to the concept of ecological aesthetics, is an exemplar of symbiotic relationship between modern city development and environment.

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Sylvain, Zachary A., and Alex Mosseler. "Use of shrub willows (Salix spp.) to develop soil communities during coal mine restoration." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 12 (December 2017): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0196.

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Afforestation or reforestation in highly degraded environments (e.g., surface mines) is often complicated by the total removal of vegetation and severe soil degradation that occurs during mining operations, necessitating revegetation to be undertaken in tandem with the re-establishment of soil developmental processes. Shrub willows (Salix spp.) are effective as colonizer species initiating revegetation dynamics; however, it is unclear if they also serve as nurse plants facilitating the establishment of soil communities such as those of nematodes. We established a study in a former coal mine site in New Brunswick, Canada, to assess whether the presence of willows on otherwise bare, poorly developed soil contributed to nematode community development and to what degree landform design (e.g., slope) may influence these dynamics. Our results demonstrate that willows can facilitate nematode communities at this site, but that slope strongly influences these effects, likely as a consequence of hydrology and overland water flow. These results confirm the beneficial role that willows can play in reforestation of highly degraded environments both for revegetation and for the re-initiation of soil ecosystem processes.

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Khursatul Munibah, Antonius Dwi Yunianto, Santun R. P. Sitorus, dan. "ANALISIS DAN ARAHAN PENGEMBANGAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DALAM MENDUKUNG GREEN CITY KOTA UNGARAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG." Jurnal Kawistara 6, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.13660.

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The provision of Green Open Space (GOS) constitutes an important need for city and as a mandate ofthe Law on Spatial Planning. Ungaran city currently has the width of public GOS under 20%. It makesUngaran city has not yet qualified to become a Green City. The objectives of this study are to identify andanalyze the width and distribution of GOS existing condition; to analyze the needs of Ungaran’s GOSin order to meet the specified conditions of prevailing law; to arrange the plan of GOS based on GreenPlanning concept; and to arrange the design of GOS based on Green Design concept. The analysis willbe conducted by using Patch Analysis method. The analysis of GOS is based on the inhabitant’s needand the wide area, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The GOS mapping result of Ungarancity is 2.190,66 ha which consists of private GOS (2.112,74 ha) and public GOS (77,92 ha). Based onthe total projection of population in 2032, the public GOS need is 292,41 ha. Whereas the needs ofpublic GOS based on the 20% from wide area (612,17 ha). The direction of public GOS developmentbased on green planning is divided into three alternatives, first, based on the balance distribution ofGOS within the area, and land use priority; second, based on the balance distribution of GOS, land usepriority, distance to the residence, minimum width of 250m2, and the complexity of landform; third,based on the consideration of the spatial patterns and regional asset authority. The direction of publicGOS development is based on green design approach to divide the design based on necessity activityand function patterns of public GOS.

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Fesalbon, R. M. A., and A. C. Blanco. "HYDROPOWER DAM SITE SELECTION AND VISUALIZATION USING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES: A CASE OF MARINDUQUE, PHILIPPINES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (December 23, 2019): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-207-2019.

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Abstract. The energy supply of the Philippines is dwindling considering rapid population growth, thus the need to maximize the advantages of harnessing renewable energy (RE) and optimizing its utilization in the grid. One of the RE sources that is considered practical due to its availability is running water, thus the development of hydropower. The use of remote sensing (RS) datasets and geographic information system (GIS) techniques are useful for pre-feasibility studies of hydropower development. This study utilizes Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) – derived DEM, GIS-based hydrology and terrain characterization tools to identify natural reservoirs, and spatial analysis identify site for possible dam development. The methodology consists of two processes: valley determination, a component of landform classification, and flow accumulation. Different valley determination algorithms are included in the comparison analysis such as Multi-Resolution Valley Bottom Flatness (MRVBF), Topographic Position Index (TPI), Valley and Ridge Detection (VRD) and Geomorphons, with the latter best describing the valleys within the Marinduque island. The identified valleys are intersected with sites having the most suitable elevation, slope and flow accumulation. The results of the study are different indicative sites for hydropower development, the volumetric capacity for which are generated given design specifications (e.g. different dam heights). Furthermore, upon computing the volume of water that the reservoir can contain, the reservoir design is represented as three-dimensional features over the terrain to visualize the dam development.

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Jorge Camacho, Cristina. "Futuros jardines como laboratorios digitales frente a sequías e inundaciones." AUSART 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2016): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ausart.16684.

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Aunque el valor de algunos terrenos viene dado por haber sido domados mediante obras de infraestructura que canalizan y controlan ríos o protegen de las inundaciones con muros de contención rígidos, todavía es posible encontrar lugares abandonados, inaccesibles o protegidos que son reservas de biodiversidad y pueden albergar laboratorios al aire libre para prevenir y buscar nuevos sistemas dinámicos de protección frente a las inundaciones o las sequias. ¿Cómo sería el diseño de ese jardín-laboratorio digital? Comenzaría con la formación de montículos de tierra para frenar la fuerza de las olas (L); revelaría cómo actualmente el agua desaparece de la vista cuando se acerca a la ciudad mediante canalizaciones (F); y, finalmente, mostraría cómo el agua se debería almacenar en diferentes escalas: marismas, lagunas o aljibes (W). Los métodos de representación, las herramientas paramétricas y las construcciones digitales (CNC) son tres fases de un modelo de jardín a escala real que pasa de un entendimiento plano y rígido del territorio a una comprensión topográfica y dinámica.Palabras-clave: BIODIVERSIDAD; INUNDACIONES Y SEQUÍAS; PROTECCIÓN COSTERA; HERRAMIENTAS DIGITALES; INSTALACIONES URBANAS Futures gardens as digital laboratories against droughts and floodsAbstractWhile the value of some productive land is to be tamed by infrastructural works of man-made canals that control rivers or give security measures with rigid dikes, there are other terrains -neglected land, parcels of land left behind or protective territories where biodiversity is preserved- that could be a place for an experimental field which works on early warning systems that help to prevent floods and droughts. How could we design a garden as an open-air digital laboratory? It would show how dynamic defences such as landform mounds would stop gradually water (L); it would reveal how water is hidden from view running through our pipes in the urban context (F); and it would prove how water could be concentrated in different scales by marshlands, ponds and cisterns (W). Representation, parametric tools and digital construction (CNC) are three steps of a full-scale data model for new landforms of garden shifting from planar and rigid understanding into more volumetric and dynamic surfaces.Keywords: BIODIVERSITY; FLOODS AND DROUGHS; COASTAL PROTECTION; DIGITAL TOOLS; URBAN PIPELINES

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Yang, Zhen-Lun, Angus Wu, and Hua-Qing Min. "Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks for Oilfield Monitoring by Multiobjective Discrete Binary Particle Swarm Optimization." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9358358.

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The deployment problem of wireless sensor networks for real time oilfield monitoring is studied. As a characteristic of oilfield monitoring system, all sensor nodes have to be installed on designated spots. For the energy efficiency, some relay nodes and sink nodes are deployed as a delivery subsystem. The major concern of the construction of the monitoring system is the optimum placement of data delivery subsystem to ensure the full connectivity of the sensor nodes while keeping the construction cost as low as possible, with least construction and maintenance complexity. Due to the complicated landform of oilfields, in general, it is rather difficult to satisfy these requirements simultaneously. The deployment problem is formulated as a constrained multiobjective optimization problem and solved through a novel scheme based on multiobjective discrete binary particle swarm optimization to produce optimal solutions from the minimum financial cost to the minimum complexity of construction and maintenance. Simulation results validated that comparing to the three existing state-of-the-art algorithms, that is, NSGA-II, JGGA, and SPEA2, the proposed scheme is superior in locating the Pareto-optimal front and maintaining the diversity of the solutions, thus providing superior candidate solutions for the design of real time monitoring systems in oilfields.

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Fan, Gui Ju, Yong Zhen Wang, and Xiao Hui Zhang. "Development and Experiment of Lifting Platform for Orchards in Hilly Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.111.

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At present, pruning of fruit trees on hills is mainly completed by climbing on trees or ladder, which could cause injury due to poor landform. In order to avoid such kind of risks, it is important to develop a lifting platform for orchards in hilly area. In this paper its structure and working mechanism were introduced. This lifting platform, as a machine, is comprised of power device, elevating mechanism, leveling mechanism, slewing mechanism, supporting mechanism and hydraulic control system, and is driven by a small four-wheel tractor. Its hydraulic system can control hydraulic cylinders to extend and retract so as to lift, lower, rotate or keep platform at horizontal position. By analyzing the machine’s kinematic model, the mode of hydrostatic triangle leveling was determined. In order to simplify the machine’s structure, a cantilever beam was used as a supporting mechanism. After carried out the performance test for the machine, the results show that the machine has the following features: stable working performance, the maximum load up to 150 kg, the lifting height 1.5 m, the rotating speed 1 r/min, the lifting velocity 0.1 m/s, and leveling error in lifting process no more than 2° (no matter on horizontal plane or on slopes). So the machine can be suitable for sloped terrain, and the design requirements are well satisfied.

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Wabiński, Jakub, and Albina Mościcka. "Natural Heritage Reconstruction Using Full-Color 3D Printing: A Case Study of the Valley of Five Polish Ponds." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 5907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215907.

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The research presented in this paper proposes a method for the development of photorealistic, physical terrain models using full-color 3D printing, along with an efficiency assessment (i.e., cartographic correctness). The rapid development of 3D printing technology in recent years has caused a growth in the number of solutions allowing the automatic or semi-automatic generation of digital terrain representations that can be then 3D printed. Unfortunately, most of these solutions do not consider cartographic principles and their products cannot be referred to as 3D maps. The methodology proposed in this paper takes into account issues related to proper cartographic design, so that highly reliable models can be created. The main challenges identified during the research include choosing the optimal pixel size for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation, which is used for landform representation, and integrating raster and vector data. Printing accuracy assessment is of high importance and, thus, a method for its implementation has been proposed. In order to verify the usability of the proposed methodology, the natural heritage site of the Valley of Five Polish Ponds, in the Tatra Mountains, Poland, has been chosen as the case study area. The results suggest that the proposed methodology can be successfully used for the preparation of highly accurate 3D maps that can be used for natural heritage documentation, promotion and visualization, as well as for the purposes of spatial planning and education.

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Rana, Sanjay, and Jason Dykes. "A Framework for Augmenting the Visualization of Dynamic Raster Surfaces." Information Visualization 2, no. 2 (June 2003): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500043.

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Animated sequences of raster images that represent continuously varying surfaces, such as a temporal series of an evolving landform or an attribute series of socio-economic variation, are often used in an attempt to gain insight from ordered sequences of raster spatial data. Despite their aesthetic appeal and condensed nature, such representations are limited in terms of their suitability for prompting ideas and offering insight due to their poor information delivery and the lack of the levels of interactivity that are required to support visualization. Cartographic techniques aim to assist users of geographic information through processes of abstraction, by selecting, simplifying, smoothing and exaggerating when representing an underlying spatial data set graphically. Here we suggest a number of transformations and abstractions that take advantage of these techniques in a specific context–that of addressing the limitations associated with using animated raster surfaces for visualization, and propose them in the context of a framework that can be used to inform practice. The five techniques proposed are spatial and attribute smoothing, temporal interpolation, transformation of the surfaces into a network of morphometric features, the use of a graphic lag or fading and the employment of techniques for conditional interactivity that are appropriate for visualization. These efforts allow us to generate graphical environments that support visualization when using animated sequences of images representing continuous surfaces and are analogous to traditional cartographic techniques, namely, smoothing and exaggeration, simplification, enhancement and the various issues of design. By developing a framework for considering cartography in support of visualization from this particular type of data and phenomenon we aim to highlight the utility of a generically cartographic approach to information visualization. A number of particular techniques originating from computer science and conventional cartography are used in an application of the framework. A suitably interactive software tool is offered for evaluation–to establish the results of applying the framework and demonstrate ways in which we may augment the visualization of dynamic raster surfaces through animation and more generally aim to offer opportunity for insight through cartographic design.

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Arora, Gaurav, Peter T. Wolter, David A. Hennessy, and Hongli Feng. "Land Use Change and Policy in Iowa’s Loess Hills." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 4 (September 11, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n4p30.

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Land use changes have important implications on ecosystems and society. Detailed identification of the nature of land use changes in any local region is critical for policy design. In this paper, we quantify land use change in Iowa’s Loess Hills ecoregion, which contains much of the state’s remaining prairie grasslands. We employ two distinct panel datasets, the National Resource Inventory data and multi-year Cropland Data Layers, that allow us to characterize spatially-explicit land use change in the region over the period 1982-2010. We analyze land use trends, land use transitions and crop rotations within the ecoregion, and contrast these with county and state-level changes. To better comprehend the underlying land use changes, we evaluate our land use characterizing metrics conditional on soil quality variables such as slope and erodibility. We also consider the role of contemporary agricultural policy and commodity markets to seek explanations for land use changes during the period of our study. Although crop production has expanded on the Loess Hills landform since 2005, much of the expansion in corn acres has been from reduced soybean acreage. We find that out of the total 258 km2 increase in corn acreage during 2005-’10, about 100 km2 transitioned from soybeans. Data also indicate intensifying monoculture with higher percentage of corn plantings for two to four consecutive years during 2000-’10. In addition, crop production is found to have moved away from more heavily sloped land. Cropping does not appear to have increased on lands with higher crop productivity.

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Wang, Jiaging, Yan Ma, Qianyi Guo, and Di Chu. "Influence of Pressure and Water Content on Loess Collapsibility of the Xixian New Area in Shaanxi Province, China." Earth Sciences Research Journal 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v21n4.66106.

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More than 40% area of the Xixian New Area is a loess deposit region, and most of the loess landform is tableland and terrace where the thickness of loess is very large. Therefore, loess collapsibility will be the most important geotechnical problem in future foundation investigation and construction. To explore loess collapsibility in the Xixian New Area, we conducted the K0 compression test, based on the collapsibility mechanism, which has different combinations of pressure (0~1.2 MPa) and water content (4%~Sat). Based on the σ-ε curve under different water content, we calculated the generalised collapse settlement and collapsibility coefficient of every water content under every pressure by subtracting the relevant curve from the saturated curve, and analysed the cross action of pressure and water on loess compressibility. The results show that the average collapsibility level of the northern Xixian New Area is self-weight collapsible level Ⅱ, with a lower limit of 14 m. Compressibility of loess is proportional to pressure and water content. Under low water content, the collapsibility coefficient δs increased while the pressure increased, but under medium and high water content, δs will reach peak with increasing pressure and after that, δs will decrease until its value is close to constant. When under the same pressure, δs decreases when water content increases. If set the additional strain 1.5% as collapse start criterion, then the initial collapse pressure Pi will linear proportional to water content. The initial collapse water content wi will increase sharply when pressure increases under low pressure, but wi will reach a constant value of 26% when pressure is larger than 200 kPa. This consequence will be meaningful for future geotechnical investigation and design in the Xixian New Area.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Landform design'

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