Academic literature on the topic 'Landforms in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Landforms in literature"
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Tesfahunegn, G. B., and P. G. L. Vlek. "Assessing sediment enrichment ratio in Mai-Negus catchment, northern Ethiopia." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 1 (January 23, 2014): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2013-swr.
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Soil degradation is a threat to sustainable development in Ethiopia. However, degradation indicators, such as sediment enrichment ratio (SER), are not adequately documented in literature. This study aims to investigate the SER of different erosion-status sites (aggrading, stable, eroded) in various landforms in Mai-Negus catchment, northern Ethiopia. The erosion-status sites in the landforms were identified using field indicators, and soil samples were collected for analysis of selected soil parameters. In this study, due to the ratio of aggrading to eroded or stable sites at catchment and landform levels, the SER of soil nutrients and fine soil particles was > 1. But due to the ratio of aggrading to eroded sites in the landforms the average SER of the soils were higher (1.42–7.22) as compared to the ratios of aggrading to stable sites (1.10–3.66). The SER significantly (P ≤ 0.05) differed among the landforms, which indicated differences in the effect of erosion. The relationships between the SER of fine soil particles and soil nutrients were strong. Thus, priority for introducing appropriate anti-erosion measures should be given to sources of high SER sites such as the mountainous and central ridge landforms in the catchment using the limited resources available.
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Scapozza, C. "Investigation on protalus ramparts in the Swiss Alps." Geographica Helvetica 70, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-135-2015.
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Abstract. The origin and classification of landforms denominated as "protalus ramparts" in the scientific literature is a problem that is far from being resolved. The main objective of this contribution is to support a permafrost-related definition of protalus ramparts. If we consider the Alpine framework, protalus ramparts are generally very rare landforms; by contrast, the Alpine periglacial belt is characterised by a large diffusion of talus slopes and talus rock glaciers. The investigations carried out in six sites of the Valais Alps (Switzerland) allow eight major "diagnostic criteria" to be presented that help to define protalus ramparts in Alpine environments and that support the permafrost-related genesis of most of them. The major source of controversy is related to the use of the term protalus rampart to designate both a nivo-gravitational landform (also called "pronival ramparts") and a permafrost-related landform. All the considerations presented here allow an active protalus rampart to be defined simply as a (small) active talus rock glacier.
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Quan, Nguyen Cong, Pham Van Hung, and Nguyen Van Dung. "ĐẶC ĐIỂM ĐỊA MẠO VÙNG CỬA SÔNG VEN BIỂN SÔNG THẠCH HÃN VÀ TAI BIẾN TỰ NHIÊN LIÊN QUAN." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 18, no. 1 (June 21, 2018): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/1/8831.
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Study on the geomorphological features, landform changes and correlated natural hazardous events was based on analyzing available literature and data. The coastal landform of Thach Han river mouth is a result from fluvial, fluvial - marine and marine accumulation along with local tectonic activities during Pliocene - Quaternary. During Pliocene - Pleistocene, western uplift and eastern subsidence movements were forming the types of landforms such as hills, erosion and abrasion terraces and accumulated plains of fluvial and fluvial - marine sediments. From early to middle Holocene, subsidence movements and fluvial, fluvial - marine and marine accumulation formed 4 types of accumulated plains as follows: Fluvial - marine plain in the central part, marine plains extending to the north and south of the studied area. From late Holocene to present, differentiated tectonic movements and fluvial and fluvial - marine accumulation have formed 6 types of different landforms (fluvial, lacustrine, marshy and marine origins ...etc.). Morphodynamic processes including erosion and sedimentation are natural hazards which cause damage to economy and people's life in the coatal zone of Thach Han river mouth. The erosion has been scattered along the banks of the Thach Han and Cam Lo rivers, at Gio Viet, Gio Mai, Trieu Giang, Ai Tu, and coastal erosion occurred north of Cua Viet.
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Koutnik, Michelle R., and Asmin V. Pathare. "Contextualizing lobate debris aprons and glacier-like forms on Mars with debris-covered glaciers on Earth." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 45, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 130–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133320986902.
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Debris-covered glaciers from around the world offer distinct environmental, climatic, and historical conditions from which to study the effects of debris on glacier-ice evolution. A rich literature on debris-covered glaciers exists from decades of field work, laboratory studies, remote-sensing observations, and numerical modeling. In general, the base of knowledge established by studying periglacial, glacial, and paraglacial landforms on Earth has been applied to aid interpretation of ice-rich or ice-remnant landforms on Mars, but research has progressed on both planets. For Mars, the spatial distribution of lobate debris aprons and glacier-like forms, in particular, is critical to constraining past climate conditions when such features were active, reconstructing past ice extent, and estimating the total inventory of buried ice remaining in the mid-latitudes of Mars. This review spans a range of knowledge about debris-covered glaciers on Earth, in order to add context to investigations of dust and debris-covered ice on Mars and to put research on both planets in a perspective aimed at maximizing process-based understanding of glacier evolution. The state of knowledge and some gaps in knowledge on Mars are discussed in relation to possible avenues for future research in how landforms are classified, advances in comparative planetology, and new understanding from future missions. While this review is focused primarily on processes controlling active debris-covered glaciers, a key to understanding glacier change through time is to consider individual landforms in context with the full-system environment in which they are found. For Earth, this includes understanding local and regional controls on current glacier change, and how these processes relate to landform development in the past as well as what may develop in the future. For Mars, this includes evaluating how present-day landforms elucidate past ice activity and environmental conditions during epochs when orbital parameters, climate, and water ice distribution were substantially different.
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MacKenzie, Garry. "The universe in the landscape: landforms." Green Letters 17, no. 1 (February 2013): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14688417.2012.753332.
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Rosa, Eduardo Luiz Menozzo da, Fernando Farias Vesely, and Almério Barros França. "A review on late Paleozoic ice-related erosional landforms in the Paraná Basin: origin and paleogeographical implications." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, no. 2 (June 2016): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620160050.
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ABSTRACT: The Late Paleozoic Ice Age is recorded in the Paraná Basin as glacial deposits, deformational features and ice-related erosional landforms of the Itararé Group. Erosional landforms are often employed to build paleogeographic models that depict the location of ice masses and paleo ice-flow directions. This paper provides a review of the literature and new data on micro- to meso-scale ice-related, erosional landforms of the Paraná Basin. Examined landforms can be placed into four broad categories based on their mode of origin. Subglacial landforms on rigid substrates occur on the Precambrian basement or on older units in the Paraná Basin. They include streamlined landforms and striated pavements formed by abrasion and/or plucking beneath advancing glaciers. Subglacial landforms on soft beds are intraformational surfaces generated by erosion and deformation of unconsolidated deposits when overridden by glaciers. Ice-keel scour marks are soft-sediment striated/grooved landforms developed by the scouring of free-floating ice masses on underlying sediments. Striated clast pavements are horizons containing aligned clasts that are abraded subglacially due to the advance of glaciers on unconsolidated deposits. Only those erosional landforms formed subglacially can be used as reliable paleo ice-flow indicators. Based on these data, the paleogeography of the Paraná Basin during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age fits into a model of several glacial lobes derived from topographically-controlled ice spreading centers located around the basin instead of a single continental ice sheet.
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Caraballo-Arias, Nathalie Almaru, and Vito Ferro. "Assessing, measuring and modelling erosion in calanchi areas: a review." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.573.
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Calanchi are erosion landforms characterised by a heavily dissected terrain with steep, unvegetated slopes and channels with a dendritic pattern, which rapidly incise and extend headwards. Recent literature focusing on badland systems highlights their similarity with other larger fluvial landforms, stating that these behave as a full size laboratory, due to their rapid development in space and time and to the diversity of geomorphic processes involved. In this paper, a brief review of the most important results on badland research is firstly presented. Then, the morphometric similarity between calanchi and other erosion landforms is discussed. Finally, models quantitatively relating the volume of sediments eroded from calanchi landforms and a set of geometric features of their tributary areas, by exploiting the dimensional analysis and the self-similarity theory, are presented.
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Gao, Jay, and Zong-guo Xia. "Fractals in physical geography." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 20, no. 2 (June 1996): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000204.
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Since the fractal concept was introduced to measuring coastline length over three decades ago, fractal analysis has been prolifically applied to many topographic studies. A number of mathematical algorithms are now available to determine the fractal dimension for both linear and areal features. These determination methods require one or more straight-line segments to fit the Richardson's plot. A close examination of the literature shows that not all topographic features are fractal at all scales studied. While the multifractal nature of some geographical phenomena has been explored in great depth, it is not completely understood why some terrains are better modelled with fractal geometry than others. Fractal analysis has been successfully used to measure and characterize irregular linear features such as coastlines and shorelines, to describe and characterize landforms, and to delineate landform regions statistically. Fractal analysis can also be used to produce terrain simulations with a known dimension against which hypotheses can be tested. These studies fail to link fractal dimensions to the underlying geomorphic processes. The failure stems from the fact that there is no one-to-one relationship between geomorphic processes and the landforms they shape.
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Mară, M., and Oana Dârlău. "Types and Forms of Relief on Gherasim Torrential Valley, Târgu Ocna." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0036.
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Abstract The present study brings new data regarding the landforms occurring on gypsum rocks through the action of denudation processes. The landforms signaled complement the domain literature with natural dams, vertical shafts and reappearing springs, developed at the contact between the Subcarpathians and Berzunţi Mts. The presence of the gypsum dam has slowed down the intensity of erosion processes upstream, in comparison to the neighboring valleys. The analyzed area has also an educational importance, offering sufficient objectives for the knowledge of the local characteristics or for field applications. The perimeter presents sufficient objectives also to be included on the list of protected areas of national interest.
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Deng, Yongxin. "New trends in digital terrain analysis: landform definition, representation, and classification." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 4 (August 2007): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307081291.
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This article provides an ontological as well as methodological evaluation of recent progress in terrain analysis. It focuses on six topographic factors, or existences, that are important in characterizing the biophysical functions of topography: elevation, surface shape, topographic position, topographic context, spatial scale, and landform object. Terrain analysis approaches are assessed according to what they really deal with, as well as how they work. Important trends are consequently identified, in which spatial scale plays critical but non-uniform roles. An index-based approach to the compound function of multiple topographic existences is recognized as successful in modelling surface/subsurface moisture and mass movement potential, but not mountain temperature. A classification scheme categorises defined landforms in the literature according to the way they exist in human knowledge rather than their morphological properties and derivation methods. Five categories are outlined: bona fide objects, prototypical objects, fiat objects, landform classes, and multiscale objects. Peak object delineation is lastly assessed as an example demonstrating some of the recent trends in terrain analysis. Representations of higher-scale landscape context are identified to have great potential of linking vastly different spatial scales, as well as bridging field- versus object-based treatments of the terrain surface.
Books on the topic "Landforms in literature"
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Gorp, Lynn Van. Investigating landforms. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials Pub., 2007.
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Investigating landforms. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials Pub., 2007.
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Barabas, Kathy. Landforms by the sea. New York, NY: Newbridge Educational Pub., 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Landforms in literature"
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Migon, Piotr. "Minor Landforms." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0012.
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Perhaps the most characteristic of all minor landforms on exposed granite surfaces approaching horizontality are flat-bottomed or, less commonly, hemispherical hollows ranging in diameter from 15–20 cm to a few metres. They are known under a variety of local names, such as Opferkessel in German, pias in Spanish, vasques in French, or gnamma, which is an Aboriginal word occasionally used in Australia (e.g. Twidale and Corbin, 1963). In English, these superficial features are collectively described as weathering pits. They are not unique to granite, but are also abundant in sandstone and occur in other lithologies too. A remarkable flatness of floors of many shallow pits is reflected in another name present throughout the literature, namely that of a ‘pan’ (e.g. Twidale and Corbin, 1963; Fairbridge, 1968; Dzulynski and Kotarba, 1979). However, and despite a more accurate reflection of the form, the term ‘pan’ for weathering pits has fallen into disfavour, apparently because an identical name is used to describe much larger, closed topographic depressions within low-angle surfaces in arid lands. The majority of weathering pits are either closed features or there is a narrow outlet in the form of a channel trending away from the pit (Plate 4.1). Another type is an ‘armchair pit’, which grows into the rock surface from the side of an outcrop. These are hemispherical and wide open. At many localities pits may coalesce to form extensive networks, or else they are joined by channel-like features. Weathering pits in granite show a wide range of dimensions. Hollows in excess of 10 m long and 3 m deep have been reported, and the largest ever described is probably one in Australia, measuring 18.3 x 4.6 x 1.8 m (Twidale and Corbin, 1963). Unfortunately, there are very few systematic measurements of large populations of pits, and this severely restricts any attempts to generalize about the size of pits. Goudie and Migoń (1997) provided such a data set for two outcrops in the central Namib Desert. An interesting observation is that weathering pits in this arid area are much larger than their counterparts in humid temperate latitudes.
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Migon, Piotr. "Boulders, Tors, and Inselbergs." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0011.
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Boulders, tors and inselbergs (Plates III, IV, V) are regarded as the most characteristic individual geomorphological features of granite landscapes and it is their assemblages extending over large areas that give granite terrains their unmistakable appearance. Although none of these landforms is unique to granite, nor even specific to basement rocks, it is perhaps true that the most astounding ones occur within granite areas. Twidale (1982) in his Granite Landforms considered boulders and inselbergs as two key individual components of granite landscapes and devoted to them almost 100 pages, whereas the other major landforms received only 35. Likewise, rock-built residual hills figure prominently in Klimamorphologie des Massengesteine by Wilhelmy (1958). In the voluminous literature about inselbergs, papers focused on those developed in granite evidently prevail (see the reviews by Kesel, 1973 and Thomas, 1978). Likewise, granite tors, especially in classic areas such as Dartmoor (Gerrard, 1994a) do not cease to attract the attention of geomorphologists. The unifying characteristic of all three landforms considered in this section is that they are essentially outcrops of solid rock rising above a surface cut across a weathering mantle, even if the thickness and lithology of the weathering mantle may be very variable. Outside arid areas there are very few examples of tors and inselbergs, surrounded by a rock-cut platform. Therefore, the discussion about their origin and significance has inevitably been tied to the increasing recognition of the significance of deep weathering. Twidale (1981a, 1982, 2002) reviewed many early accounts and concluded that selective subsurface weathering and subsequent exposure of unweathered cores to form boulders and inselbergs had been appreciated as early as the end of the eighteenth century. Nowadays, there is little doubt that the majority of individual medium-scale granite landforms are due to selective subsurface weathering. Before the presentation of residual granite landforms commences, a few terminological issues need to be raised. Although it may appear that the distinction between boulders, tors, and inselbergs is a simple task, it is in fact not at all straightforward.
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Geomorphology in Archaeology." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0005.
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Geomorphology is the study of the evolution of landforms. Analysis of surficial deposits provides much of the evidence for changes in landforms over time. These deposits may be residual materials, formed in place by weathering of underlying formations, or may have been formed elsewhere and then transported by wind, water, or humans to their present site of deposition. They include both sediments and soils, which are commonly confused in the field although each originates by different processes and each yields different kinds of information. Both geomorphology and surficial deposits are the principal subjects of several other publications and will not be covered in great detail here. This book aims to cover in more detail fields that are universally acknowledged to be important for archaeology but are generally ignored in the "geoarchaeology" literature. Those seeking more information on geomorphology and surficial deposits should refer to other publications. The kind and amount of surficial materials change with the changing land surface and climatic conditions and so offer the best evidence regarding the evolution of the landscape. An understanding of these changes on a site will allow a re-creation of the paleoenvironment at the time of occupation and a modeling of the prehistoric land-use patterns. Archaeological exploration in an area is facilitated by first pinpointing desirable habitation sites of the time and then targeting these sites for geophysical prospecting. After a site has been discovered, geophysical and geomorphic-sedimentologic information can help develop excavation strategies. Such information commonly allows a better idea of the distribution and nature of buried artifacts and may explain anomalous surficial redistribution of artifacts, for example, by downslope wash or sediment burial. The first study in a new area proposed for any detailed archaeological work should be geomorphic-surficial geology. It can be carried out in three distinct phases:1. Geomorphic mapping affords meaningful descriptions of the landforms, drainage patterns, surficial deposits, tectonic features, and any active geomorphological processes. 2. The erosional processes that carved the landforms—including soil formation, sediment removal or deposition, and tectonic uplift—are documented.
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Migon, Piotr. "Geology of Granite." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0009.
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The unifying theme for granite landscapes of the world is the granite itself, hence it is logical to start with a brief account of granite geology. For obvious reasons of space and relevance, this chapter cannot provide a comprehensive and extensive treatment of granite as a rock. Rather, its aim is to provide background information on those aspects of granite geology which are relevant to geomorphology and may help to explain the variety of landforms and landscapes supported by granite. The survey of literature about the geomorphology of granite areas reveals that in too many studies the lithology of granite and the structure of their intrusive bodies have not received adequate attention, especially if a ruling paradigm was one of climatic, or climato-genetic geomorphology. Granites were usually described in terms of their average grain size, but much less often of their geochemistry, fabric, or physical properties. Even the usage of the very term ‘granite’ may have lacked accuracy, and many landforms described as supported by granite may in fact have developed in granodiorite. On the other hand, it is true that granite may give way to granodiorites without an accompanying change in scenery. In the Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, California, these two variants occur side by side and both support deeply incised valleys, precipitous slopes and the famous Sierran domes. Likewise, wider structural relationships within plutons and batholiths, and with respect to the country rock, have been considered in detail rather seldom. In analyses of discontinuities, long demonstrated to be highly significant for geomorphology, terms such as ‘joints’, ‘faults’, and ‘fractures’ have not been used with sufficient rigour. But it has to be noted in defence of many such geologically poorly based studies that adequate geological data were either hardly available or restricted to a few specific localities within extensive areas, therefore of limited use for any spatial analysis of granite landforms. Notwithstanding the above, there exist a number of studies in which landforms have been carefully analysed in their relationships to various aspects of the lithology, structure, and tectonics of granite intrusions.
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Migon, Piotr. "Granite Coasts." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0014.
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Although no estimate of the aggregate length of granite rock coasts around the world is available, they surely make up quite a significant proportion of the total, especially around the Fennoscandian and Canadian Shield (Bird and Schwartz, 1985). However, in contrast to the vast amount of literature about inland granite landforms, granite coastal scenery has attracted significantly less attention, in spite of the fact that some of the most spectacular coastal landscapes are supported by granite (Plate 6.1). Detailed studies of granite coastal geomorphology are surprisingly few, although the structural adjustment of the coastline in plan at the regional scale is a recurrent observation (Bird and Schwartz, 1985). One probable reason for this discrepancy between the length of granite coasts, their scenic values, and scientific knowledge are the low rates of geomorphic change expected along them. Therefore they are poor candidates for any process-oriented studies, which dominate contemporary coastal geomorphology. It is probably because of this scarcity of information that contrasting opinions have been expressed about the specifics of granite coasts. Whereas Twidale (1982: 2) asserts that: ‘In coastal contexts, too, the gross assemblage of forms is due to the processes operating there and not to properties peculiar to granites. . . . Orthogonal fracture sets also find marked expression but, with few exceptions, granite coasts are much the same as most others’; Trenhaile (1987: 173) goes on to say: ‘Igneous coasts are usually quite different from other rock coasts’. On the one hand, many granite coasts consist of an all-too-familiar assemblage of cliffs, coves, joint-aligned inlets, stacks, and sea arches. From this point of view, no components of coastal morphology are likely to be demonstrated to be unique to granite. But this is also true for granite landforms in general, as was indicated in the introduction to this book. On the other hand, there seems to be enough observational material to claim that certain granite coastal landforms have developed specific characteristics, different from those supported by other rocks, as well as that there exist certain very specific sections of granite coasts which hardly have parallels in other lithologies.
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Migon, Piotr. "Slope Development in Granite Terrains." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0013.
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Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, 1964; Young, 1972) allow us to distinguish at least five major categories of slopes: straight, convex-upward, concave, stepped, and vertical rock walls. In addition, overhang slopes may occur, but their height is seldom more than 10 m high and their occurrence is very localized. These basic categories may combine to form compound slopes, for example convex-upward in the upper part and vertical towards the footslope. Somewhat different is Young’s (1972) attempt to identify most common morphologies of granite slopes. He lists six major categories: (1) bare rock domes, smoothly rounded or faceted; (2) steep and irregular bare rock slopes of castellated residual hills, tending towards rectangular forms; (3) concave slopes crowned by a free face; (4) downslope succession of free face, boulder-covered section and pediment; (5) roughly straight or concave slopes, but having irregular, stepped microrelief; (6) smooth convex-concave profile with a continuous regolith cover. The latter, lacking any outcrops of sound bedrock, are not considered as rock slopes for the purposes of this section. Young (1972) appears to seek explanation of this variety in climatic differences between regions, claiming that ‘Variations of slope form associated with climatic differences are as great as or greater, on both granite and limestone, than the similarity of form arising from lithology’ (Young, 1972: 219). This is a debatable statement and apparently contradicted by numerous field examples of co-existence of different forms in relatively small areas. Slope forms do not appear specifically subordinate to larger landforms but occur in different local and regional geomorphic settings. For example, the slopes of the Tenaya Creek valley in the Yosemite National Park include, in different sections of the valley, straight, vertical, convex-upward, and concave variants (Plate 5.1). Apparently, multiple glaciation was unable to give the valley a uniform cross-sectional shape.
Conference papers on the topic "Landforms in literature"
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Горин, С., S. Gorin, Е. Игнатов, E. Ignatov, Е. Кравчуновская, E. Kravchunovskaya, Д. Корзинин, D. Korzinin, И. Тембрел, and I. Tembrel. "THE MORPHODYNAMICS OF THE OKTYABR’SKAYA SPIT (SEA OF OKHOTSK COAST OF KAMCHATKA)." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce39140da13.12404159.
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Oktyabr’skaya Spit is a polygenetic aggradational landform, about 35 km long. It borders the Bol’shaya river estuary (south-western coast of Kamchatka) from the sea of Okhotsk. This talk is based on literature and archival data (18th–20th century) and on fieldwork (2005, 2010–2012 years). Secular, long-term and seasonal dynamics of Oktyabr’skaya Spit is discussed.