Relevant bibliographies by topics / Landscape archaeology

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Landscape archaeology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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Harmanşah, Ömür, Peri Johnson, Müge Durusu-Tanrıöver, and Ben Marsh. "The Archaeology of Hittite Landscapes." Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.10.1.0001.

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ABSTRACT This article layers material, physical, and textual landscapes of the Hittite Empire in a compact borderland region. We argue that a real strength of landscape archaeology is in understanding and articulating medium-scale landscapes through archaeological survey methods and critical study of physical geography. Medium-scale landscapes are a milieu of daily human experience, movement, and visuality that spawn a densely textured countryside involving settlements, sacred places, quarries, roads, transhumance routes, and water infrastructures. Using the data and the experience from eight field seasons by the Yalburt Yaylası Archaeological Landscape Research Project team since 2010, we offer accounts of three specific landscapes: the Ilgın Plain, the Bulasan River valley near the Hittite fortress of Kale Tepesi, and the pastoral uplands of Yalburt Yaylası. For each, we demonstrate different sets of relationships and landscape dynamics during the Late Bronze Age, with specific emphasis on movement, settlement, taskscapes, land use, and human experience.
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Clark, C. M. "Trouble at t'mill: industrial archaeology in the 1980s." Antiquity 61, no. 232 (July 1987): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00051978.

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Despite the ‘archaeology’ in its name, industrial archaeology is a world of its own which barely figures in ANTIQUITY or the other general archaeology journals. A consistent trend in recent archaeology has been an interest in landscapes and the physical contexts of settlement, studies by survey rather than excavation of rich spot sites for their own sake. That landscape is usually rural, and its industry – mills, olive presses, or building-stone quarries – of a pastoral nature. Here, an approach is presented in that same spirit, as the archaeology of a more fully industrial landscape.
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Fleming, Andrew. "Debating landscape archaeology." Landscapes 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lan.2008.9.1.74.

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Bebermeier, Wiebke, Philipp Hoelzmann, Elke Kaiser, and Jan Krause. "Landscape and archaeology." Quaternary International 312 (October 2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.003.

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Moore, Tom, Vincent Guichard, and Jesús Álvarez Sanchís. "The place of archaeology in integrated cultural landscape management." Journal of European Landscapes 1 (May 8, 2020): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/jel.2020.1.47039.

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Across Europe, landscape is recognised as a frame through which societal values are defined and embedded. The European Landscape convention and wider research has drawn attention to the need for integrating a diverse range of stakeholders to ensure landscape sustainability. Archaeology is increasingly recognised as having an important place in integrated landscape management but often remains relatively peripheral. This paper examines the place of archaeology in specific European regions and the potential ways of integrating archaeological heritage in landscape management. Emerging from a project funded by the Joint Programme Initiative on Cultural Heritage (Resituating Europe’s FIrst Towns (REFIT): A case study in enhancing knowledge transfer and developing sustainable management of cultural landscapes), we explore the place of a set of common European heritage assets, Iron Age oppida, in the management of the landscape they are a part of and how they might be used better to engage and connect stakeholders. Using four case studies, we review the present integration of archaeology within landscape management and how this operates at a local level. From this we explore what challenges these case-studies present and outline ways in which the REFIT project has sought to develop strategies to respond to these in order to enhance and promote co-productive management of these landscapes.
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Fleming, Andrew. "Post-processual Landscape Archaeology: a Critique." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16, no. 3 (September 20, 2006): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774306000163.

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Post-processual theorists have characterized landscape archaeology as practised in the second half of the twentieth century as over-empirical. They have asserted that the discipline is sterile, in that it deals inadequately with the people of the past, and is also too preoccupied with vision-privileging and Cartesian approaches. They have argued that it is therefore necessary to ‘go beyond the evidence’ and to develop more experiential approaches, ‘archaeologies of inhabitation’. This article argues that such a critique is misguided, notably in its rejection of long-accepted modes of fieldwork and argument and in its annexation of Cosgrove's rhetoric. ‘Post-processual’ landscape archaeology has involved the development of phenomenological approaches to past landscapes and the writing of hyper-interpretive texts (pioneered by Tilley and Edmonds respectively). It is argued that phenomenological fieldwork has produced highly questionable ‘results’. Some of the theoretical and practical consequences of adopting post-processual landscape archaeology are discussed; it is concluded that the new approaches are more problematic than their proponents have allowed. Although new thinking should always be welcomed, it would not be advisable to abandon the heuristic, argument-grounded strengths of conventional landscape archaeology.
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Fleming, Andrew. "Landscape Archaeology, Prehistory, and Rural Studies." Rural History 1, no. 1 (April 1990): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003174.

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This essay considers whether it is possible for landscape archaeologists, particularly those concerned with prehistory or with periods not significantly text-aided, to go beyond the pursuit of methodological virtuosity and the production of local studies, and make useful contributions to discussions on mainstream social and economic issues in human history. A major problem for landscape archaeologists – and indeed for prehistorians – is that as soon as they stray beyond routine archaeological description and analysis, they face the scepticism of anthropologists, historians and human geographers. I argue that we can learn from scholars from these other disciplines but should not try to ape them. We need to define more clearly our own field of operation. It has become fashionable to consider past landscapes as texts; comparisons between the contexts of ‘messages’ conveyed by documents and by landscapes lead me to suggest that ignorance of the nature of oral tradition and its articulation within material culture is one of the prehistorian's greatest blind spots. In choosing the most useful scale for analysis, the prehistorian should develop the concept of the small community, rather than the ‘site’ or the region, and consider the modification of such a community's ‘mental map’ of the landscape as a critical indicator of social process.
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ATTEMA, Peter. "Landscape archaeology and Livy." BABESCH - Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 75 (January 1, 2000): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bab.75.0.563185.

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Morais, José Luiz De. "Topics on Landscape Archaeology." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 10 (December 22, 2000): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2000.109367.

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As relações entre Arqueologia e a Geografia, definidas como Arqueologia da Paisagem, são enfatizadas neste artigo. As investigações arqueológicas na bacia do rio Paranapanema, conhecidas como projeto Paranapanema, Estado de São Paulo, reforçam esta abordagem interdisciplinar como um modelo em Arqueologia de ambiente tropical. Um glossário de termos técnicos é discutido.
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Bradley, John, Terence Reeves-Smyth, and Fred Hamond. "Landscape Archaeology in Ireland." Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society 21, no. 2 (1986): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27729627.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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Hicks, Katherine E. "An Examination of Landscape Analysis in Bahamas Plantation Archaeology." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1245083263.

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Hooper, Janet. "A landscape given meaning : an archaeological perspective on landscape history in Highland Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2139/.

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In Highland Scotland, evidence for Early Medieval and Medieval settlement has proved difficult to recognise, in spite of the fact that recent landscape survey has revealed a dense palimpsest of archaeological remains. The publications of North-east Perth in 1990, the first RCAHMS volume to take a more landscape oriented approach to the recording and presentation of this survey data, made available a wealth of material for a previously little known area of Perthshire. It resulted in the identification of a new building group - the Pitcarmick-type buildings - to which a Medieval, or potentially earlier date, was assigned. It raised the possibility that the general absence of firs millennium A.D. settlement across much of Highland Scotland was not the case in this part of Perthshire, while suggesting the potential for building upon the resource made available by the RCAHMS to further our understandings of upland settlement and land use in the Highlands over a broad chronological framework. This thesis aims to explore ways in which this data can be approached in order to achieve more comprehensive and meaningful understandings of cultural landscapes. This has been done by approaching the archaeology of a particular area - in this case Highland Perthshire - within a variety of temporal and geographical scales. At Pitcarmick North in Strathardle, detailed topographic survey of a discrete area, where the remains spanned a broad chronological range from the later Prehistoric period to the eighteenth century, was undertaken. By utilising the landscape to anchor the often divergent and competing strands of evidence produced by detailed documentary research, alongside analysis of the physical remains at Pitcarmick North, it has been possible to glean a greater comprehension of the immediate historical and social frameworks within which these cultural landscapes developed.
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Telomen, Christopher. "Landscape Genealogy: A Site Analysis Framework for Landscape Architects." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23812.

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Landscape architects and researchers often try to understand power by relying on allegory or symbology to interpret expressions of authority and ideology in space. This research proposes an interdisciplinary perspective and method based on Michel Foucault’s theories of power relations to empirically analyze the discursive and material power relations in built designs. This new method of daylighting power relations is called landscape genealogy, and is applied to Director Park in Portland, Oregon. Landscape genealogy demonstrates that by charting the shifting objects, subjects, concepts, and strategies of archival discourse and connecting them to the shifting material conditions of a site, landscape researchers can daylight the societal power relations and conditions of possibility that produced a design. The results of this research indicate that landscape genealogy as a method is well-suited to producing defensible analyses of power relations in landscape designs with well-documented discursive and spatial archives.
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Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca. "Neanderthals in Britain : Late mousterian archaeology in landscape context." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527238.

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Gibson, Simon. "Landscape archaeology and ancient agricultural field systems in Palestine." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440425.

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Scholma-Mason, Nela. "Archaeology and folklore : the Norse in Orkney's prehistoric landscape." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18121/.

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This research focuses on the representation of mounds and standing stones in Orkney's folklore, and how this can inform us about potential Norse perceptions of sites and the landscape. The Orcadian folkloric record is examined under consideration of wider parallels, whilst case studies are considered individually as well as within their wider landscape setting.
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Tolan-Smith, Myra. "Landscape archaeology and the reconstruction of ancient landscapes : a retrogressive analysis of two Tynedale townships." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283690.

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Bagley, Joseph. "Cultural continuity in a Nipmuc landscape." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1539105.

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This thesis examines the lithic assemblage from the 2005-2012 field seasons at the Sarah Boston site in Grafton, Massachusetts. The Sarah Boston site is associated with a multi-generational Nipmuc family living on the site during the late 18th through early 19th centuries. In total, 163 lithic artifacts, primarily quartz flakes and cores, were found throughout the site with concentrations north of a house foundation associated with the Nipmuc family. Reworked gunflints and worked glass were examined as examples of lithic practice associated with artifacts that are conclusively datable to the period after European arrival. Presence of quartz artifacts in an undisturbed B-horizon demonstrates a much-earlier Native component to the Sarah Boston site. Lithics and ground stone tools present in the later intact midden deposit demonstrate that the Nipmuc family interacted with these materials. Given the concentration of flakes found within the midden, it is likely that some portion of these flakes as well as the reworked gunflints and knapped glass were actively used, and perhaps produced, by the occupants of the house as an alternative or replacement of other tools, including iron. This thesis concludes that the practice of knapping persisted on this site into the 19th century indicating a cultural continuity of Nipmuc cultural practices and identity in addition to the adoption of European-produced ceramics, iron knives, and other later materials.

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Hedley, Phillippa. "A new nature for exiled territories : the archaeology of beauty." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16352.

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A thing of beauty is defined by the way one apprehends it, by the reaction of and the experience it evokes in the participant. Two modes of approaching beauty are explored: the first is that of beauty being fundamental to a particular form, holding on to past idealized images; or secondly, that beauty is associated with an emotional experience or response, bound up with the senses. Integral to the design exploration of this preconception of beauty, is Ingold's dwelling perspective, that landscape is seen as an enduring record of what has been and what is left behind (1993: 59), our experiences become linked to the temporality of place. Or, alternately, our "perceptions of landscapes, influenced by the metaphors associated therewith (Spirn 1998: 24), greatly affect the way that they are experienced" (Prinsloo, 2012 a : 37), becoming the archaeology of experience. In exploring the concept of the perception of beauty in derelict quarry landscapes; the damaged site and geology is eroded, succumbing to the temporal processes. This change, the inducing of experience, is felt not only in the dramatic difference of the quarry face to that of the tenacity of the vegetation, but also a richer peculiarity : the original industrial function of place is re-imagined as a medium for biodiversity. This re-imagining of site evolves into that of 'wunderkammer' or wonder room, in which the differences between the wonders of nature and the artefacts of man can be juxtaposed. The concept of 'wunderkammer' provides a platform where ideas can be tested, making the place more capable of appearing; thus, the perception of beauty unfolds in the landscape becoming something in which we explore. The way in which the quarry retains itself, between the decay and revitalization, as a unique place is that it is an alternative to the current reality elsewhere.
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Soza, Danielle R. "Points of View| Landscape Persistence in Northeastern, Az." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10815538.

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This thesis investigates the processes of place-making at Rock Art Ranch, northeastern Arizona from the Paleoindian period to early agricultural Basketmaker II period (11,500 BCE-600 CE) using the surface distributions of projectile points. Three major canyons cross-cut the ranch providing ample water resources that can be exploited year-round through natural springs, groundwater, and seasonal pools, attracting fauna and providing a diverse range of floral resources. Resources at Rock Art Ranch also include two cobble outcrops, providing raw material for stone tool manufacture. Additionally, thousands of petroglyphs scale the walls of Chevelon Canyon, ranging from Archaic to Pueblo styles. The sample of 162 preceramic projectile points are mostly found close to the canyons. Paleoindian, early Archaic, and middle Archaic projectile points are concentrated around Bell Cow Canyon. Projectile points made by semi-sedentary groups of the late Archaic and Basketmaker II periods occur more often around Chimney Canyon, demonstrating a shift in settlement. Projectile points dating from earlier periods are often associated with pithouse and pueblo sites, suggesting curation practices and active engagement with these materials. Continued use of the landscape seen in the discard of projectile points indicates that RAR was an important area for procurement of resources such as water, plant and animal foods, and lithic material. Evidence of discard and engagement with the artifacts and features from older occupations suggest that their cultural memories tied to this place were associated with the resources found there, but that memory of the place was reinforced by the archaeological record

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Books on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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1962-, David Bruno, and Thomas Julian, eds. Handbook of landscape archaeology. Walnut Creek, Calif: Left Coast Press, 2008.

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G, Macklin M., and University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Department of Archaeology., eds. Landscape archaeology in Tynedale. Newcastle upon Tyne: Department of Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1997.

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Aston, Michael. Interpreting the landscape: Landscape archaeology and local history. London: Routledge, 2002.

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1942-, Yamin Rebecca, and Metheny Karen Bescherer 1960-, eds. Landscape archaeology: Reading and interpreting the American historical landscape. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.

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Stanier, Peter. Dorset's archaeology: Archaeology in the landscape, 4000bc to ad1700. Tiverton: Dorset, 2004.

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J, Ucko Peter, Layton Robert 1944-, and World Archaeological Congress (3rd : 1994 : New Delhi, India), eds. The archaeology and anthropology of landscape: Shaping your landscape. London: Routledge, 1999.

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Meier, Thomas. Landscape ideologies. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány, 2006.

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George, Dimitriadis, ed. Landscape in mind: Dialogue on space between anthropology and archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2009.

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George, Dimitriadis, ed. Landscape in mind: Dialogue on space between anthropology and archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2009.

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George, Nash, ed. Semiotics of landscape: Archaeology of mind. Oxford, OX: Archaeopress, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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Denham, Tim. "Landscape Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 464–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4409-0_168.

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Parcero-Oubiña, César, Felipe Criado-Boado, and David Barreiro. "Landscape Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 6421–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_264.

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Parcero-Oubiña, César, Felipe Criado-Boado, and David Barreiro. "Landscape Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 4379–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_264.

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Denham, Tim. "Landscape Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44600-0_168-1.

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Turner, Sam, Lisa-Marie Shillito, and Francesco Carrer. "Landscape archaeology." In The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, 155–65. Second edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315195063-12.

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Fagan, Brian M., and Nadia Durrani. "Settlement and Landscape." In Archaeology, 215–39. 13th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003700-10.

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Boas, Adrian J. "The rural landscape." In Crusader Archaeology, 69–100. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003279648-3.

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Zarandona, José Antonio González. "Landscape Iconoclasm." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 6439–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3192.

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Zarandona, José Antonio González. "Landscape Iconoclasm." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3192-1.

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Clement, Charles R., and Mariana F. Cassino. "Landscape Domestication and Archaeology." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 6431–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_817.

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Conference papers on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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Marchi, Maria Luisa. "Carta Archeologica D’italia – Forma Italiae Project: Research Method." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.42.

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Scardozzi, Giuseppe. "Carte archeologiche nella Provincia di Viterbo: tra conoscenza e conservazione." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.54.

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Naso, Alessando, Simon Hye, and Christoph Baur. "Verucchio and its Hinterland. Landscape Archaeology in the Valmarecchia." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.47.

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Tsigonaki, Christina, and Apostolos Sarris. "Recapturing the Dynamics of the Early Byzantine Settlements in Crete: Old problems | New Interpretations through an Interdisciplinary Approach." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.5.

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Renda, Giuseppina. "Landscape Archaeology in the Ager Telesinus: Scientific Results and Land-Use Planning." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.50.

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Rizzo, Francesca. "Sistemi di sfruttamento agricolo nell’ager Faliscus: I Prata di C. Egnatius (Corchiano – Vt)." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.51.

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Sacco, Daniele. "Exploring Valmarecchia. Diachrony of Population Development from the Roman Age to the Late Middle Ages in Central/Northern Italy: a Case Study of Emilia-Romagna (Southern Area) and Marche (Nothern Area)." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.52.

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Santoriello, Alfonso, and Amedeo Rossi. "Un progetto di ricerca tra topografia antica e archeologia dei paesaggi: l’Appia antica nel territorio di Beneventum." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.53.

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Spanu, Marcello. "Ancient Topography in Southern Etruria: an Appraisal of Twenty Years of Research." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.55.

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Storchi, Paolo. "Topographical Reconstruction of Ancient Palermo: A Note on its Buildings for Public Spectacles and their Relation with the Roman-Period Civic Planning." In Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.56.

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Reports on the topic "Landscape archaeology"

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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome.  Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end?  Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas.  Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation.  The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?
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Dalglish, Chris, and Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world.  MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world.  PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies.  COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems.  REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Statement Social Archaeology of Climate Change. Universitatsbibliothek Kiel, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.38071/2023-00108-4.

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SACC is an independent group of researchers working on climate change in the past constituted in Kiel. The aim of SACC is to bring together international scientists and representatives of important international organisations in the fields of archaeology, paleoecology and heritage management to discuss and evaluate the contribution of archaeological and paleo-ecological research to understand the link between social, c ultural, ecological and climatic change; and to highlight how archaeology, through the study of past adaptive behaviour, is able to enhance socio-ecological resilience of societies as well as their adaptive capacity to current climate change; furthermore, to contribute to the understanding of the impact of climate change on archaeological and heritage sites as well as on cultural landscapes, museums, collections, and archives. SACC will hold its summit every second year with a declaration at the end of each summit. SACC is organized by a steering committee chaired by the SACC 1 organisers.
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