Dissertations / Theses: 'Landscape relations'

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Lawson, Gillian Mary. "Changing relations in landscape planning discourse." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16526/.

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With the increasing development of relations of consumption between discipline knowledge and students, educators face many pressures. One of these pressures is the emotional response of students to their learning experiences and the weight given to their evaluation of teaching by universities. This study emerged from the polarised nature of student responses to one particular area of study in landscape architecture, the integrative discourse of Landscape Planning. While some students found this subject highly rewarding, others found it highly confronting. Thus the main aims of this study are to describe how the students, teacher and institution construct this discourse and to propose a way to rethink these differences in student responses from a teacher's perspective. Firstly, the context of the study is outlined. The changing nature of higher education in Australian society frames the research problem of student-teacher struggles in Landscape Planning, a domain of knowledge in landscape architecture that is situated in a an enterprise university in Queensland. It describes some of the educational issues associated with Boyer's scholarship of integration, contemporary trans-disciplinary workplaces and legitimate knowledge chosen by the institution [Design], discipline [Landscape Architecture], teacher [Landscape Planning] and students [useful and relevant knowledge] as appropriate in a fourth year classroom setting. Secondly, the conceptual framework is described to establish the point of departure for the study. This study uses the work of Basil Bernstein, Harvey Sacks and Kenneth Burke to explore the changing nature of knowledge relations in Landscape Planning. Unconventionally perhaps, it begins by proposing a new concept called the 'decision space' formed from the conceptual spaces of multiple participants in an activity and developed from notions of creativity, conceptual boundaries and knowledge translation. It argues that it is in the 'decision space' that this inquiry is most likely to discover new knowledge about student-teacher struggles in Landscape Planning. It outlines an educational sociological view of the 'decision space' using Bernstein's concepts of the underlying pedagogic device, pedagogic discourse, pedagogic context, recontextualising field and most importantly the pedagogic code comprising two relative scales of classification and framing. It introduces an ethnomethodological view of knowledge boundaries that construct the 'decision space' using Sacks' concepts of context-boundedness and indexicality in people's talk. It also makes a link to a rhetorical view of knowledge choices in the 'decision space' using Burke's concepts of symbolic human action, motive and persuasion in people's speeches, art and texts. Thirdly, the study is divided methodologically into three parts: knowledge relations in official and curriculum texts, knowledge choices in student drawings and knowledge troubles in student talk. Knowledge relations in official texts are investigated using two relative scales of classification and framing for Landscape Planning and its adjacent pedagogic contexts including Advanced Construction and Practice 1 and 2 and Advanced Landscape Design 1 and 2. The official texts that described unit objectives and content in each context reveal that Landscape Planning is positioned in the landscape architecture course in Queensland as an intermediary discourse between the strongly classified and strongly framed discourse of Advanced Construction and Practice and the weakly classified and weakly framed discourse of Advanced Landscape Design. This seems to intensify the need for students in their professional year to access and adapt to new pedagogic rules, apparently not experienced previously. A further subjective reflection of my own week 1 unit information as curriculum text using classification and framing relations is included to explain what characterised the rationale, aim, objectives, teaching programme, assessment practice and assessment criteria in Landscape Planning. It suggests that the knowledge relations in my teaching practice mirror the weakly classified and strongly framed discourse of the official text for this unit, that is that students were expected to transcend knowledge boundaries but also be able to produce specific forms of communication in the unit. Knowledge choices in student drawings in Landscape Planning are described using a new sociological method of visual interpretation. It is comprised of four steps: (a) setting up a framing scale using the social semiotic approach of Kress and van Leeuwen (2005) (contact gaze, social distance, angle of viewpoint, modality, analytical structure and symbolic processes) combined with the pentadic approach of Burke (1969) (act, scene, agency, purpose); (b) setting up a classification scale using the concept of agent from the pentad of Burke (1969) combined with how the relationship between 'I' the producer and 'you' the viewer is constructed in each drawing, like a sequence in a conversation according to Sacks (1992a); (c) coding student drawings according to these two relative scales and (d) assessing any shifts along the scales from the start to the end of the semester. This approach shows that there is some potential in assessing student drawings as rhetorical 'texts' and identifying a range of student orientations to knowledge. The drawings are initially spread across the four philosophical orientations when students begin Landscape Planning and while some shift, others do not shift their orientation during the semester. By the end of the semester in 2003, eight out of ten student drawings were characterised by weak classification of knowledge boundaries and weak framing of the space for knowledge choices. In 2004, nine out of twenty-one drawings exhibited the same orientation by the end of the semester. Thus there is a changing pattern, complex though it may be, of student orientations to knowledge acquired through studying Landscape Planning prior to graduating as landscape architects. Knowledge troubles in student talk are identified using conversation markers in student utterances such as 'I don't know', 'I think', 'before' and 'now' and the categorisation of sequences of talk according to what is knowable and who knows about Landscape Planning. Student talk suggests that students have a diverse set of affective responses to Landscape Planning, with some students able to recognise the new rules of the pedagogic code but not able to produce appropriate texts as learning outcomes. This suggests a sense of discontinuity where students dispute what is expected of them in terms of transcending knowledge boundaries and what is to be produced in terms of specific forms of communication. The study went further to describe a language of legitimation of knowledge in Landscape Planning based on how students viewed its scope, scale, new concepts and other related contexts and who students viewed as influential in their selection of legitimate knowledge in Landscape Planning. It is the language of legitimation that constructs the 'decision space'. Thus in relation to the main aims of the study, I now know from unit texts that the knowledge relations in my curriculum design align closely with those of the official objectives and required content for Landscape Planning. I can see that this unit is uniquely positioned in terms of its hidden rules between landscape construction and landscape design. From student drawings, I acknowledge that students make a range of knowledge choices based on different philosophical orientations from a pragmatic to a mystical view of reality and that my curriculum design allows space for student choice and a shift in student orientations to knowledge. From student talk, I understand what students believe to be the points of contention in what to learn and who to learn from in Landscape Planning. These findings have led me to construct a new set of pedagogic code modalities to balance the diverse expectations of students and the contemporary requirements of institutions, disciplines and professions in the changing context of higher education. Further work is needed to test these ideas with other teachers as researchers in other pedagogic contexts.

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Thwaites, Kevin. "Expressivist landscape architecture : the development of a new conceptual framework for landscape architecture." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301040.

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Limitations in landscape architecture's intellectual underpinning potentially restrict its capability to make places which are conducive to human fulfilment. This is evident as an aesthetic and technical bias in landscape architecture which overlooks experiential dimensions crucial to the achievemenot f human fiflfilment. In responsea new conceptualf ramework is developed ftom the tenets of expressivism; a broad cultural movement with roots in eighteenth century Romanticism. Expressivist landscape architecture affirms a holistic concept of the human-envirorunenrte lationshipa s a philosophical core for landscapea rchitecturea nd includes a reconceptualisationo f landscapea s expressivel andscapep lace; an experientiale ntity defined in terms of an integration of human psychological and emotional functioning and physical space. Developing from Christopher Alexander's theoretical structures, expressivist landscape architecture is made operational by features which stress the primacy of human expressive activity, design as language and the experience of creative participation in the making of expressive landscape places.

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Xakaza, Mzuzile Mduduzi. "Power relations in landscape photographs by David Goldblatt and Santu Mofokeng." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4846.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
How far can landscape photographic images allow us to interrogate the extent to which collective socio-political, cultural and economic aspirations of marginalised South Africans have, or have not, been achieved since the dawn of democracy in 1994? In thinking about such aspirations, I posit that the victims of colonialism and the Apartheid system had expectations of living in a free, non-racial South Africa where equality would be realised in political, social, cultural and economic spheres. However, I use landscape as the basis for determining the extent to which such aspirations might or might not have been achieved within the context of post-Apartheid South Africa. What role can the work of David Goldblatt (born 1930) and Santu Mofokeng (born 1956) play in facilitating our ability to read a post-Apartheid diagnosis regarding this question? These issues are the primary focus of this thesis, and connect to a range of other questions. For instance, what methodological approaches do these practitioners employ in framing their photographed landscape scenes, be they populated or depopulated? Why is landscape in the centre of this thesis, and why are these practitioners considered relevant in the context of this study irrespective of their disparate racial and cultural backgrounds? The main body of the thesis traces these photographers’ individual methodological approaches, distinguishing them from predominant modes associated with the Afrapix Collective (1982-1992) and the later Bang-Bang Club (1990-1994). It locates them within the context of ‘struggle photography’ with which the Afrapix members and the Bang-Bang Club were primarily concerned. The Bang-Bang Club in particular had a preoccupation with the framing of violent scenes that ensued in the South African political arena during the early 1990s, leading up to the national democratic elections in 1994. My argument centres on what I consider the main element that distinguishes the practitioners in question from the Afrapix and the Bang-Bang Club – the everyday. I explore how specific examples of Goldblatt’s and Mofokeng’s focus on the everyday contribute to an articulation of the role of landscape as a medium of social critique. Instead of framing sensationalist and newsworthy episodes of violent political strife within pre-1994 South Africa, Goldblatt’s long career traces the underlying causes of the social injustices and resultant power contestations while Mofokeng, who was also a member of Afrapix, looks at what I term the spiritual or ethereal elements within landscape. It is this subtlety in their approach that sets them apart from their counterparts as they use landscape as a kind of proverbial text in which we can ‘read’ human actions over time. Thus time and space are inevitably significant in the study of these photographers’ oeuvre. But what do all these elements have to do with the challenging question of land in South Africa? What do they have to do with the construction of the South African landscape? What is the role of the camera in that construction? Using photographic images as important tools, I place the land issue, especially as it is mediated through landscape construction, at the centre of my interrogation of power relations in Apartheid and post-Apartheid South Africa.

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Bakker, Victoria Josina. "Behavior and habitat relations of forest-associated sciurids in a fragmented landscape /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Mogollon, Gomez Beatriz. "Relations between Landscape Structure and a Watershed's Capacity to Regulate River Flooding." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/70856.

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Climate and human activities impact the timing and quantity of streamflow and floods in different ways, with important implications for people and aquatic environments. Impacts of landscape changes on streamflow and floods are known, but few studies have explored the magnitude, duration and count of floods the landscape can influence. Understanding how floods are influenced by landscape structure provides insight into how, why and where floods have changed over time, and facilitates mapping the capacity of watersheds to regulate floods. In this study, I (1) compared nine flood-return periods of 31 watersheds across North Carolina and Virginia using long-term hydrologic records, (2) examined temporal trends in precipitation, stream flashiness, and the count, magnitude and duration of small and large floods for the same watersheds, and (3) developed a methodology to map the biophysical and technological capacity of eight urban watersheds to regulate floods. I found (1) floods with return periods ≤ 10 years can be managed by manipulating landscape structure, (2) precipitation and floods have decreased in the study watersheds while stream flashiness has increased between 1991 and 2013, (3) mapping both the biophysical and technological features of the landscape improved previous efforts of representing an urban landscape's capacity to regulate floods. My results can inform researchers and managers on the effect of anthropogenic change and management responses on floods, the efficacy of current strategies and policies to manage water resources, and the spatial distribution of a watershed's capacity to regulate flooding at a high spatial resolution.
Master of Science

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Strang, Veronica. "Uncommon ground : concepts of landscape and human-environmental relations in far North Queensland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260628.

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Halling, Siw-Inger. "Tourism as Interaction of Landscapes : Opportunities and obstacles on the way to sustainable development in Lamu Island, Kenya." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158650.

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Abstract Lamu Island on the Kenyan coast is the home of a society with a thousand year history of contacts with other cultures through trade and shipping. The loss of its traditional socio-economic base has led to the entry of tourism as the main income generating activity and the major contact with distant peoples. Tourism in Lamu is based on the old heritage in combination with a rich but sensitive tropical landscape. One concern is how to develop tourism and at the same time preserve a certain set of landscape values. The thesis is based on observations and interviews with the host community in Lamu, focusing on how the local community conceptualize and adjust to the transformations in their envisaged and experienced landscape as a result of their involvement in tourism. Modern tourism ought to be closely linked to development in all respects and could be regarded as an important part of an open society which gives possibilities for interaction between people from different backgrounds. This investigation focus on the socio-cultural dimensions of sustainability and deals with the residents’ adaption to the new opportunities. The analysis show that the meeting with tourism gives certain effects in the social land-scape such as the accentuation of differences already existing in the society, the evolvement of a new moral landscape and the highlighting of the need of strategies to achieve sustainable development.

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Hannam, Phillip Matthew. "Contesting authority| China and the new landscape of power sector governance in the developing world." Thesis, Princeton University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240338.

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Two co-constructed trends threaten to complicate global efforts to manage climate change. Electric power in developing countries is becoming more coal-intensive, while the international institutions capable of assisting lower-carbon growth paths are having their authority challenged by an emergent set of institutions under China’s leadership. In the last decade Chinese firms and state banks have become central players in power sector development across the developing world; China has been involved in over sixty percent of Africa’s hydropower capacity and is the single largest exporter of coal power plants globally. Statistical and qualitative evidence suggests that China’s growing role in these power markets has contributed to re-prioritization of the power sector in U.S. bilateral development assistance, complicated negotiation and implementation of coal power finance rules among OECD export credit agencies, and influenced where the World Bank chooses to build hydropower projects. The thesis establishes a framework for understanding responses to discord in development governance by drawing inductively on these contemporary cases. Competition between established and emerging actors increases with two variables: 1) conflicting ideological, commercial and diplomatic goals (difference in interests); and 2) the degree to which the emerging actor challenges rules and norms upheld by the established actor (contested authority). Competitive policy adjustment – one actor seeking to undermine or diminish the other’s pursuit of its objectives – has been historically commonplace when an emerging actor challenged an established actor in the regime for development assistance. China’s growing authority in global power sector assistance has prompted competitive policy adjustment among established donors while also enabling recipient countries to leverage donors and better direct their own development pathways. The thesis shows that although contested authority increases development sovereignty among recipients, it can cause backsliding on safeguards and rules among established donors with consequences for power sector outcomes, making fragile movement away from carbon-intensive development even more tenuous. By characterizing this new and uncertain landscape of power sector governance, the thesis contributes to theorization on discord in international governance and to policy development for mitigating climate change.

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Huddleston, Chad. "The Negotiation of Takapuneke: A study of Maori-State relations and the investment of value in tapu lands." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2984.

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This thesis focuses on the contested nature of landscape in New Zealand and on the complex relationships and social processes that are associated with that contest. This includes relationships between people as well as relationships between people and land. A landscape may be seen as a culmination of lived daily experience that acts as a repository for our memories of events and experiences to which we are connected. As we remember or forget our experiences or events, we construct narratives relating how we are tied to our landscape and what that may mean. This becomes a compounded process as more than one group adds different stories that are vying to be told. Even though New Zealand is a post-colonial nation, neither the groups involved, nor their stories can be divided between primordial categories like colonial or Indigenous. Following this, the anthropology of the State informs us that the State is not a unified organization, but rather is imagined as such through our daily experience with individual institutions that are associated with it. Therefore, the struggle here, I will argue, is between multiple agents that are attempting to position themselves in relation to each other and their shared, multilayered landscape. According to Bourdieu (1998), the lesser goal of this struggle is to maintain or gain social position in relation to the other groups; the greater goal is the ability to reproduce the landscape according to their own interests. In order to do so, groups agree to the value of resources, which Bourdieu calls capital, and then struggle for the ability to control them or direct their use. This thesis aims to explain how those groups move toward those goals. More specifically, I address these issues through my fieldwork with Maori from Onuku on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand and three non-Maori organizations that are involved with the site. My interviews and observations with participants focused on the site of Takapuneke, which was the location of a massacre of the Onuku communityʼs relations in 1830. This site was chosen because of an initial threat of development that would have destroyed its inherent meaning to the local Maori community. My fieldwork will analyze that data to understand the Onuku Runangaʼs (council) construction of Takapuneke as tapu, which is often taken to mean ʻsacredʼ. My analysis will also show the constructions of the site as strictly historical by the non-Maori organizations and the perceptions behind those constructions. I find that the outcome of these complex relationships over the site of Takapuneke is that there is no determined result to the struggle that has been and continues to take place over the issues around the site. These issues are in process just as are the constructions of the landscape and the relationships between all of those involved. While there has been a stabilization of the situation, which I will discuss, that is merely temporary due to the fact that the groups involved have varying amounts of agency (and capital) that they can exercise in order to continue the struggle when the conditions benefit them.

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Copley, Alexandra. "Transmigrants weaving a new American landscape /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218551523.

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Chung, Wei-Yun. "The gender landscape of the Taiwanese public-sector labour market." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270117.

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This thesis examines the interplay between gender, family, and the Taiwanese public-sector labour market at national, local, and individual levels. It focuses on gendered occupational segregation, worker mobility in terms of job transfers and promotion, everyday work–life arrangements, and the influence of locality on workplace dynamics and individuals’ career moves. The public sector, especially that in East Asian countries, has long been regarded as a more women-friendly employer that promotes gender equality in the public sphere. Nonetheless, relevant research lacks a systematic investigation into the interplay of gender, social norms, and structured opportunities and constraints in this labour market. Therefore, I conducted this research by analysing governmental statistics and carrying out interviews. My research shows that gender segregation exists in the Taiwanese public sector and women are still underrepresented at senior levels, although the Taiwanese government has launched many measures to achieve gender equality in the public-sector labour market. It further scrutinises how the career trajectories of male and female civil servants differ because of gendered task assignment at work and gendered expectation after marriage, which restrain women’s mobility in spatial and career terms. Through the comparison of the experience of the civil servants working in three regions, I point out that locality influences the formation and function of social networks, work culture, and familial power relations. I also explain how local networking, work culture, and family relationships correlate with one another and thus implicitly influence the career development of male and female civil servants in the researched regions. In addition, my discussion looks at how extended family members influence household gender dynamics, which is seldom discussed in existing literature. There are three main findings in my research. First, prevalent gender norms in the wider societal context play an important role in the gendering process of civil servants’ career trajectories. Gendered investment in human capital contributes to gendered occupational choices and the tendency of men to start their civil service career at higher entry levels. Second, gender segregation exists in the assignment allocation, which is the result of prevalent gender stereotyping at work and in return reinforces the existing gender stereotypes. Third, the career plans of married civil servants, especially those with children, are highly determined by the interplay of gender dynamics at home and at work. Mothers tend to have the most limited career choices. Different family structures and local work cultures constitute diverse local settings for these mothers. In general, women who live close to or with their husbands’ extended families tend to prioritise their family commitments, although their extended family members provide them with resources and support, such as childcare. My research theorises back from the East Asian context to the literature on gender and families by unveiling multiple forms of patriarchy in different family structures, whereas previous Western-focused research has often focused on nuclear families. My research also suggests that the interlocking relationship between home and workplace gender relations and the influence of locality on these relations should be carefully considered during policy making and implementation.

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Kirkpatrick, Erika Marie. "Photography, the State, and War: Mapping the Contemporary War Photography Landscape." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35723.

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This dissertation explores the ways in which media, visuality, and politics intersect through an analysis of contemporary war photography. In so doing, it seeks to uncover how war photography as a social practice works to produce, perform and construct the State. Furthermore, it argues that this productive and performative power works to constrain the conditions of possibility for geopolitics. The central argument of this project is that contemporary war photography reifies a view of the international in which the liberal, democratic West is pitted against the barbaric Islamic world in a ‘civilizational’ struggle. This project’s key contribution to knowledge rests in its unique and rigorous research methodology (Visual Discourse Analysis) – mixing as it does inspiration from both quantitative and qualitative approaches to scholarship. Empirically, the dissertation rests on the detailed analysis of over 1900 war images collected from 30 different media sources published between the years 2000-2013.

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Shao, Yang Walsh Stephen J. "Mapping and modeling the urban landscape in Bangkok, Thailand physical-spectral-spatial relations of population-environmental interactions /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1181.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.

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Löwenborg, Daniel. "Excavating the Digital Landscape : GIS analyses of social relations in central Sweden in the 1st millennium AD." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111393.

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This thesis presents a number of GIS based landscape analyses that together aim to explore aspects of the social development in Iron Age Västmanland, central Sweden. From a perspective where nature and culture are seen as integrated in the landscape, differences in the relations to the physical landscape are interpreted as reflecting social organisation. Thus, hydrological modelling of watersheds is used for understanding the development of territories and regions that are recognisable in the outlay of the medieval hundare districts. Statistical modelling of burial grounds together with variables describing their situation in the landscape is used to calculate an estimated chronology for sites that have not yet been excavated. This information is used to analyse differences in how the setting in the landscape can tell of different trends in claims to land and property rights. An extensive renegotiation of property rights is suggested to have taken place after climatic catastrophe in AD 536 and the years after. This is interpreted as having caused a substantial population decline in parts of Scandinavia. The social development after this includes an increasingly stratified social hierarchy in the Late Iron Age, which is reflected in the construction of grave monuments. New GIS methods for analysing how to interpret the perception of different locations of the landscape, in terms of local topography and soil are discussed in relation to this. How to make the best use of large datasets of archaeological information in combination with other sources of geographical information is a central theme. Geographically Weighted Regression is used to predicting the representativity of the registry of graves for the whole landscape. It is suggested that the increasing availability of archaeological information in digital format, together with new analytical techniques has the potential to introduce fruitful new research perspectives. This will make it increasingly rewarding to work with the large amount of data produced from rescue archaeology, and it is important that this information is managed in a structured manner.
Appendices see http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111310

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Meier, Anthony Alexander. "The ever-evolving landscape in sports communication: gaining insights from collegiate athletics." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20572.

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Master of Science
Department of Journalism and Mass Communications
Angela M. Powers
Communication in sports continues to rapidly evolve, redefining roles of not only the fan, but the traditional media and the organization’s sports public relations professionals as well. The latter in particular has seen their role grow tremendously as new media continues to break down barriers between fan and organizations, giving them considerable influence on the slew of new content available to fans as well as how traditional media will cover sports in general. Utilizing Bey-Ling Sha’s Dimensions of Public Relations, this study employs in-depth interviews with the top communications professionals in the Big 12 to gain further perspective on the roles played by the fans and traditional media in the communication process, while also further gaining insight into the sports PR field.

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Manning, Grant Russell. "Relations between spatial variability of soil properties and grain yield response to nitrogen fertilizer in a variable Manitoba soil-landscape." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ45091.pdf.

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Venier, Lisa A. Carleton University Dissertation Biology. "The Effects of amount of available habitat in the landscape on relations between abundance and distribution of boreal forest songbirds." Ottawa, 1996.

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Stoffle, Richard W., M. Nieves Zedeño, Richard Arnold, Vlack Kathleen Van, Mance Buttram, Heather Fauland, Aja Martinez, and Heather Toupal. "Dá Me Na-Nu-Wu-Tsi: “Our Relations All of Mother Earth” Timber Mountain Ethnographic Report." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/273003.

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This report presents the results of ethnographic fieldwork conducted at Timber Mountain Caldera (TMC) on the NTS. Volcanic in origin, the caldera is a geologic feature that was formed when a large volcano collapse thousands of years ago producing the large circular crater that exists today. Since that event, the caldera has experienced other volcanic eruptions making a complex topographic landscape. The ethnographic fieldwork (conducted in 2005) that forms the foundation of this report included official tribal representatives from the Owens Valley Paiute, Western Shoshone, and Southern Paiute ethnic groups. This report presents the findings of the tribal representatives’ visits to several sites in the TMC and the cultural value associated with it. These research findings are based upon interviews conducted with tribal representatives selected by the American Indian Writers Subgroup of the culturally affiliated Consolidated Group of Tribes and Organizations (CGTO).

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Broome, John D. "Simulation Modeling of Karst Aquifer Conduit Evolution and Relations to Climate." TopSCHOLAR®, 2008. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/36.

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ABSTRACT Karst regions of the world that receive relatively similar amounts of precipitation display a wide variety of landscapes. It has been suggested (Groves and Meiman, 2005) that climates exhibiting larger discrete storm events have more dissolving power and consequently higher rates of conduit growth than climates with more uniform precipitation distributions. To study this concept, a computer program “Cave Growth” was developed that modeled the growth of a cross-section of a cave passage under dynamic flow and chemical conditions. A series of 46 simulation datasets were created to represent different climatic conditions. These simulations had the same total annual discharge, but demonstrated a range of flow distributions quantified by use of a gamma distribution index, along with two special theoretical cases. After simulating a year of conduit growth for each of the various flow distributions in a series of model runs, and repeating these sets of simulations for three different passage cross-section geometries, it was evident that the annual temporal distribution of flow did indeed impact the amount of cave growth. However, an increase in the “storminess” of the climate did not simply equate to more dissolution and thus conduit growth. Rather, the quantity and duration of surface contact between water and the conduit walls combined with dissolution rates to affect the total growth. The amount of wetted perimeter (contact between fluid and passage floor/walls) generated by specific conduit to capacity were shown to be very effective at growing the cave. Above this level, the dissolving power of additional water was essentially wasted. This investigation suggests that the maximum amount of passage flow levels depended upon the shape of the passage. Flow conditions that filled the growth occurs under flow conditions that result in the most wetted perimeter for the longest period of time at the highest dissolution rate.

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Rinaldi, Parisa N. "Relationships Between Landscape Features and Nutrient Concentrations in an Agricultural Watershed in Southwestern Georgia: An Integrated Geographic Information Systems Approach." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/59.

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This study examined the influence of landscape features on stream nutrient concentrations within the Ichawaynochaway Creek watershed in southwestern Georgia. Baseflow concentrations of both dissolved (SRP, NO3, NH4) and total (TN, TP) nutrients were measured at 17 sampling sites monthly for a period of six months (July 2012 to January 2013). A long-term dataset (January 2008 to March 2012) was also analyzed for baseflow/stormflow comparisons of dissolved nutrient concentrations. Relationships among land-use, geology, soils, physiographic features and nutrients were analyzed at both the sub-watershed and riparian corridor scales. SRP concentrations were lower and NO3 concentrations higher than reported in previous studies of the region. Due to dry conditions during the sampling period, nutrient input was likely limited to groundwater contributions and land-use effects were minimal. Trends among water quality variables varied between the upper and lower portions of the watershed, suggesting differences in nutrient transport pathways due to spatial variation.

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Ter-Ghazaryan, Diana K. "Re-Imagining Yerevan in the Post-Soviet Era: Urban Symbolism and Narratives of the Nation in the Landscape of Armenia's Capital." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/261.

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The urban landscape of Yerevan has experienced tremendous changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union and Armenia’s independence in 1991. Domestic and foreign investments have poured into Yerevan’s building sector, converting many downtown neighborhoods into sleek modern districts that now cater to foreign investors, tourists, and the newly rich Armenian nationals. Large portions of the city’s green parks and other public spaces have been commercialized for private and exclusive use, creating zones that are accessible only to the affluent. In this dissertation I explore the rapidly transforming landscape of Yerevan and its connections to the development of contemporary Armenian national identity. This research was guided by principles of ethnographic inquiry, and I employed diverse methods, including document and archival research, structured and semi-structured interviews and content analysis of news media. I also used geographic information systems (GIS) and satellite images to represent and visualize the stark transformations of spaces in Yerevan. Informed by and contributing to three literatures—on the relationship between landscape and identity formation, on the construction of national identity, and on Soviet and post-Soviet cities—this dissertation investigates how messages about contemporary Armenian national identity are being expressed via the transforming landscape of Armenia’s national capital. In it I describe the ways in which abrupt transformations have resulted in the physical and symbolic eviction of residents, introducing fierce public debates about belonging and exclusion within the changing urban context. I demonstrate that the new additions to Yerevan’s landscape and the symbolic messages that they carry are hotly contested by many long-time residents, who struggle for inclusion of their opinions and interests in the process of re-imagining their national capital. This dissertation illustrates many of the trends that are apparent in post-Soviet and post-Socialist space, while at the same time exposing some unique characteristics of the Armenian case.

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Jeanmougin, Martin. "Relations entre espèces et habitats : de la théorie aux enjeux appliqués." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0016/document.

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Le constat actuel d’une perte de biodiversité est largement partagé au sein de la communauté scientifique mais également auprès du public et du monde politique. L’attention portée depuis plus d’une décennie aux changements climatiques et à leurs effets sur la biodiversité a parfois conduit à négliger le principal facteur d’érosion de la biodiversité : la destruction des habitats. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les relations entre espèces et habitats avec un focus particulier sur différentes composantes de ces relations.La thèse aborde ainsi dans une première partie l’histoire et l’évolution du concept d’habitat en écologie et met en évidence une construction complexe de ce concept. Celle-ci montre par exemple une dichotomie autour de la définition du concept d’habitat avec une approche espèce-centrée d’un côté et une approche communauté-centrée de l’autre. Ces deux définitions se retrouvent aujourd’hui avec divers degrés d’importance dans leur utilisation selon les différents acteurs de la conservation, des scientifiques aux politiques. Ensuite, au travers du prisme de l’écologie du paysage, la thèse s’intéresse aux problématiques des échelles spatiales via une étude sur la distribution d’espèces d’arthropodes dans les paysages métropolitains. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les échelles spatiales de réponses des espèces aux mesures du paysage sont très variables et ceci indépendamment de la représentation choisie du paysage. La théorie prédirait pourtant une certaine cohérence en fonction par exemple de certains traits écologiques. Ainsi, l’échelle spatiale de relations des espèces avec le paysage, qui est considérée comme l’échelle de perception et d’interaction des espèces avec le paysage, semble difficile à caractériser en utilisant les méthodes habituellement appliquées en écologie des paysages. La relation entre espèces et habitats peut se quantifier via les mesures de spécialisation. Nous avons taché de comprendre comment les espèces dites spécialistes se répartissent le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat et en particulier le rôle des environnements hétérogènes dans ces patrons de spécialisations. Dans ce cadre théorique, l’hypothèse de complémentation, qui stipule que certaines espèces ont besoin d’une certaine hétérogénéité environnementale, n’a pas pu être vérifiée. En effet, même si certaines espèces présentent des affinités particulières pour ces milieux hétérogènes, elles n’en sont pas pour autant spécialistes. Ces espèces semblent plutôt des généralistes qui sont exclues des milieux plus homogènes où l’on retrouve plus fréquemment des espèces spécialistes, plus compétitives. Ces résultats permettent d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les règles d’assemblages des communautés d’espèces, en particulier le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat. Finalement, l’implication du concept d’habitat dans les politiques publiques de conservation a été étudiée en menant une évaluation du volet « habitat » de la Directive Habitats européenne. Différents critères, touchant autant à l’application qu’à la construction, à la légitimation et aux aboutissements de la directive en matière de conservation ont été utilisés pour cette évaluation. A travers des exemples concrets et l’analyse du corpus bibliographique, ce travail a permis identifier d’importantes lacunes de connaissances au sein de la directive qui entravent ces critères. Ce travail met finalement en évidence un découplage entre les aspects scientifiques et leurs applications dans la directive et questionne l’opportunité d’utiliser le niveau habitat pour répondre à des problématiques de conservation. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse, axé sur le concept d’habitat, a permis d’identifier certaines complexités, théoriques ou appliquées, qui peuvent entraver une meilleure compréhension des relations entre espèces et habitats et il offre des pistes pour mieux les appréhender et pousse ainsi à penser autrement ces relations
The loss of biodiversity is largely acknowledged by the scientific community but also by the public and politicians. Most research on biodiversity loss is focused on climate change effects, and neglects the main factor of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction. The aim of this thesis is to study species-habitats relationships with a particular focus on the different components of these relationships. In a first part, the thesis deals with the history and the evolution of the concept of habitat in ecology. Particularly, it highlights a complex construction of this concept. For instance, the analysis shows a dichotomy around the definition of the concept of habitat with on one hand, a species-centered approach and on the other hand, a community-centered approach. These definitions are still used nowadays by the different actors of conservation, from scientists to politicians, but with different degrees of importance. Then, through the prism of landscape ecology, the thesis is interested in spatial scale issues via a study of arthropods species distribution in French landscapes. Results show that the spatial scales of species responses to landscapes measures are highly variable. This result holds true whatever the representation of landscape used in the analysis. However, theory would predict some consistencies in spatial scales of response, for example in relation to ecological traits of species. Hence, the spatial scale of relationship between a species and its landscape, which is considered as the scale of perception and interaction of the species with its environment, seems difficult to characterize using usual methodology developed in landscape ecology. Species-habitats relationships can be quantified using specialization measurement. In the next part of the thesis, we try to understand how specialist species are spread along a continuous gradient of habitat and in particular, the role of heterogeneous environments in driving observed patterns of specialization. In this theoretical context, the hypothesis of complementation, which states that particular species need some environmental heterogeneity to strive, cannot be verified. Even if some species prefer heterogeneous landscape, they cannot be classified as specialists. These species seems to be generalists that are excluded from more homogeneous landscape due to competition rather than real specialists that are more often found in these landscapes. These results shed a new light on rules of assemblage of species communities, particularly along a continuous gradient of habitat.Finally, in a last part, the importance of the concept of habitat in conservation public policies is studied. An evaluation of the “habitat” part of the European Habitats Directive is proposed. Different criteria, related to the application, construction, legitimacy and outcomes of the directive were used to evaluate the policy. Through some concrete examples and an extensive literature analysis, this work allows identifying important knowledge gaps in the directive that imped evaluation criteria. Results show a discrepancy between scientific aspects and their application in the directive, questioning the opportunity to use the habitat level to answer to conservation issues. To conclude, this thesis, focused on the concept of habitat, allows identifying important theoretical and applied knowledge gaps that imped a better understanding of species-habitats relationships. This work offers new perspectives and challenges the way we usually think, as scientists, these relationships

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Gustafson, Tomas. "Bird communities and vegetation on Swedish wet meadows : importance of management regimes and landscape composition /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001234/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006.
Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/28/2006. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print. Print version includes appendices.

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Coniavitis, Gellerstedt Lotta. "Till studiet av relationer mellan familj, ekonomi och stat : Grekland och Sverige." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-69997.

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Within a loose framework of two ongoing and interrelated processes (globalisation and changing roles of the nation-state) family and relations between family, economy and state are studied in Greece and Sweden. Greece is in focus. Modernization, development and family in social science literature are discussed. Using the idea of the social landscape and the existence of four different types of organizations (private enterprises, nation-states, families and voluntary organizations) several advantages are achieved: care work is made visible and nation-states are seen in a wider context. Informal economy and clientelism in general and in Greece in particular are described. The role of family in maintaining such patterns is discussed and attention is paid to the mutual strengthening of family, informal economy and clientelism in a social landscape where formal, universalistic and public procedures to get access to valued resources exist side by side and interwoven with informal, particularistic and veiled ones. Traditional patriarchal ideologies are breaking up and an increasing number of women work outside the family but women's role in caring for family members in Greece is crucial. Great progress in terms of equal rights has been made. State involvement in caring activities and other reproductive work is however small. Modernization and rationalization in economy and state in the wake of EU and EMU membership challenge such phenomena as informal economy, clientelism and women's subordination. Finally development in Greece and Sweden within the EU is discussed and division of responsibilities and work with care is problematized.

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Lenzi, Maria Helena. "A invenção de Florianópolis como cidade turística: discursos, paisagens e relações de poder." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-23032016-150608/.

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Tendo por objetivo investigar o processo de invenção de Florianópolis como cidade turística, analiso as relações de poder e a construção discursiva em torno do turismo na cidade, desde a década de 1970. Para as análises, dentre outros/as autores/as, estabeleço um diálogo entre as concepções teóricas e conceitos de Michel Foucault e de James Duncan. Nessa perspectiva, exploro as condições históricas de emergência e transformação das práticas, instituições e estratégias discursivas e analiso narrativas midiáticas, como jornais, revistas e publicidade, além da legislação urbana e turística. Esse conjunto de produções discursivas tramadas às relações de poder compõe a paisagem de Florianópolis e participa da invenção da cidade turística. A paisagem, nesta tese, é compreendida como um discurso, portanto mediada pelas relações de poder. Desse modo, quando vira produto turístico, a paisagem passa a ser analisada considerando escolhas, arranjos políticos e tensões entre os diferentes grupos sociais que disputam o poder pelo uso e significação do espaço. Nesta pesquisa, identifico discursos hegemônicos e contestatórios que moldaram a produção de determinadas paisagens da cidade: o empreendimento-balneário de Jurerê Internacional, como uma expressão do discurso hegemônico, e o balneário do Campeche, como expressão de contestação e resistência. Compreendo que o direcionamento simbólico-material da produção de discursos se deu a partir dos interesses de determinados/as atores/as, modelos e concepções de cidade e por meio de estratégias de legitimação de uma verdade por eles/as próprios/as enunciada, visando o controle do espaço urbano.
With the objective of investigating the process of inventing Florianópolis as a tourist city, I analyze the relations of power and the discursive construction about tourism in the city since the 1970s. For these analyses, I establish a dialog with theoretical concepts of Michel Foucault, James Duncan and other authors. From this perspective, I explore the historic conditions of the emergence and transformation of practices, institutions and discursive strategies and I analyze media narratives found in newspapers, magazines and advertising, as well as urban and tourist legislation. This set of discursive production, interwoven to the power relations, composes the landscape of Florianópolis and participates in the invention of the tourist city. The landscape, in this thesis, is understood as a discourse, and is therefore mediated by power relations. In this way, when it becomes a tourist product, the landscape is analyzed considering political choices and arrangements and tensions between the various social groups that dispute power and the use and signification of space. In this study, I identify hegemonic and questioning discourses that shape the production of certain landscapes of the city: the beach community of the Jurerê Internacional development, as an expression of the hegemonic discourse; and the beach community of Campeche, as an expression of contestation and resistance. I understand that the symbolic material that gives direction to the production of discourses takes place through the interests of certain actors/esses, models and concepts of the city and by means of strategies of legitimation of a truth that they enunciate, in efforts to control the urban space.

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Petersen, Gustaf. "Redefining Influencers : Scrutinizing the Term Social Media Influencer from a Public Perspective and Examining its Role in the Modern Media Landscape." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-152082.

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This paper explores how influencers can be categorised using a self-administered questionnaire. In doing so, the study can contribute to an understanding of the phenomenon that is more extensive than what previous research has attributed. The focus of this paper is on how influencers can be better understood for the benefit of public relations (PR), marketing, and communication. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether the term influencers (short for social media influencers) are defined by scholars in a similar fashion to how the study sample categorises influencers. Thus, the research question of the study is to examine if the study sample finds the term influencer applicable to the five suggested categories that are stated in the survey. The results from this study show that scholars commonly confine the phenomenon of influencers to bloggers, vloggers, and instagrammers. However, the results from the survey indicate that the study sample has a broader perception of the phenomenon. According to the participants, all suggested categories are fitting the term influencer, namely: blogger/vlogger/instagrammer, celebrity, athlete, entrepreneur, politician. Although the latter, politician, is deemed the least fitting category. Thus, the findings in the study show that there is a discrepancy between the public perception of how to define influencers and previous research in the field. This implicates that public relation practitioners need to rethink how they perceive and apply influencer marketing. Using influencers for marketing purposes requires organisations to execute a thorough selection process to ensure a suitable partnership.

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Charles-Dominique, Tristan. "Analyse des relations entre plasticité architecturale des buissons et prolifération de leurs populations." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00663793.

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L'étude qualitative et quantitative du mode de développement des plantes envahissantes est actuellement considérée comme une étape clef dans la compréhension des phénomènes d'invasion. L'objectif de ce travail est de préciser les relations qui existent entre la structure architecturale des buissons et leur caractère proliférant. Nous avons sélectionné cinq espèces buissonnantes (Cornus sericea L., Cornaceae ; Prunus virginiana L., Rosaceae ; Rhamnus cathartica L., Rhamnaceae ; Rhus typhina L., Anacardiaceae ; Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., Rutaceae) qui sont connues pour leur aptitude à bloquer la succession végétale sous certaines conditions au Sud du Québec (Canada). L'analyse architecturale a permis chez ces espèces de caractériser les unités structurelles et leurs modifications ontogéniques. Ces modifications ontogéniques doivent être prise en compte afin d'obtenir une description complète de la plasticité phénotypique chez ces espèces. L'analyse des différentes unités structurelles révèle qu'elles ne possèdent pas la même signification fonctionnelle : les niveaux d'organisation les plus grands sont responsables majoritairement des capacités de plasticité phénotypique de la plante et de sa compétition. Ces analyses ont abouti à la définition de trois stratégies architecturales correspondant à des comportements individuels et qui sont également pertinentes pour expliquer la prolifération des populations

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Vosthenko, Tuula. "Det tänkande landskapet : landskapsskildringarna i Olavi Paavolainens Synkkä yksinpuhelu (Finlandia i moll)." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-47763.

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The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the distinctive character and variations in the landscape portraits in Synkkä yksinpuhelu, by the Finnish author Olavi Paavolainen, as well as investigate the significance of the landscape portraits for the work as a whole. Paavolainen calls his work a war diary. It comprises the years 1939-1944 when Finland suffered first the Winter War (Russo-Finnish War) and then the Continuation War with the Soviet Union. The author served at the front during the first year of the Continuation War and then afterwards at general staff headquaters. In the first part of the work the author focuses on describing the Karelian landscape which had become the battlefield. The latter part brings out the war time political events in Finland and in other parts of the warring world. As a form, the diary gives the author possibilities to use texts with various styles and content. In general, Synkkä yksinpuhelu can be said to contain history, autobiography, political and cultural essays, landscape portraits and travel sketches. The landscape portraits assume a central position in the book because of the scope, about a third of the total pages. In these portraits a few of the main themes of the work are developed. At the same time these themes build an antithetical relationship: nature creates and preserves life while war annihilates it. A number of the portraits, for exemple, descriptions of the moon and burial places, are a recurrent motif, giving the text structure and strengthening the theme of impermanence. In an exteded sense, Paavolainen's own concept of the thinking landscape can be used to characterize his portraits because the surrounding landscapes communicate his own moods and thoughts. This manner of describing nature ties together schools of art, such as romanticism, symbolism, expressionism and surrealism, where it is characteristic to allow the outer world to reflect the inner state of the soul. Paavolainen makes numerous references to works, authors and artists from the 19th and 20th centuries in his portraits. Using means such as irony and antithesis and with a sprinkling of ambivalence, the intertextual and interartistic relations illuminate the author's attitudes towards prevailing conditions. They also accentuate his thoughts about the purpose of existence.

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Andersson, Harald. "The role of peri-urban nature in outdoor sports and outdoor recreation : Insights from Rudan nature reserve in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298312.

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Nature based sports and outdoor recreation activities are much appreciated, but continued densification in urban and peri-urban areas may reduce future opportunities to take part in such activities in a desirable way. To be able to consider the needs of these activities, in relation to other competing land use interests, it is essential to understand why people engage in the activities and how the nature landscape contributes and is used. The aim of this degree project is, therefore, to investigate motives and preferences among participants in various nature based activities, and to describe the role of nature and the participants’ relation to the nature landscape. While many previous studies have targeted recreational activities, where participation traditionally is non-competitive and focused on wellbeing, this study mainly targets nature based sports, where activities, in general, are more physical and result-oriented. The study has a descriptive approach where Rudan, a nature reserve in southern Stockholm, is used as a case study. There, data was primarily collected through a questionnaire (N=64), distributed among members of sport clubs in Rudan as well as among visitors on site. Responses were then analysed through cross-tabulations. The results indicate that people have varying, and often several, motives for taking part in their activities and for performing their activities in a particular setting. The results also show that the nature landscape, and the characteristics it holds, has an important role to play in many aspects; it can be a driver of motivation, a stage for the activity, and a generator of human benefits. The relatively small sample size does, however, affect the accuracy of the study, and more research is needed to get a comprehensive understanding. Nevertheless, the findings can be used to raise awareness and communicate the value of nature in nature based sports and outdoor recreation activities. Recognising nature’s multiple roles and values for participants in such activities will be necessary when analysing potential effects of future development plans or interventions in the peri-urban nature landscape.
Utomhusidrott och friluftsliv utgör uppskattade inslag i många människors vardag, men med fortsatt förtätning i städer och i stadsnära grönområden riskerar de framtida möjligheterna att delta i sådana aktiviteter att försämras. För att möta dessa aktiviteters behov, framförallt då de utsätts för konkurrens av andra samhällsintressen, är det nödvändigt att förstå grunderna för deltagande i sådana utomhusaktiviteter, samt hur naturlandskapet används och bidrar till upplevelsen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att undersöka motiv och preferenser bland deltagare i olika naturrelaterade idrotts- och friluftsaktiviteter, och att därutöver beskriva naturens roll och deltagarnas relation till naturlandskapet. Då många tidigare studier har fokuserat på friluftsliv, där deltagande traditionellt sett är inriktat på rekreation och välmående, vänder sig denna studie främst mot idrottsaktiviteter, där deltagande i allmänhet är mer fysiskt och resultatinriktat. Studien har ett beskrivande tillvägagångssätt där Rudan, ett naturreservat i södra Stockholm, används som fallstudie. Flera metoder har använts, men data har främst inhämtats genom en enkätundersökning (N = 64) som besvarades av medlemmar i idrottsföreningar i Rudan samt av besökare på plats. Svaren analyserades sedan med hjälp av pivottabeller. Resultaten visar att det finns olika, och ofta flera, motiv för att delta i aktiviteterna och för att utföra aktiviteterna i ett visst område. Resultaten visar även att naturlandskapet har en viktig roll, sett ur många aspekter. Det kan vara en motiverande faktor, en arena för aktiviteten och bidra till många övriga mervärden. Då antalet respondenter i studien var relativt lågt är studiens resultat dock något osäkert, och mer omfattande undersökningar behövs för att skapa tydligare förståelse. Trots det kan resultaten i studien användas för att öka medvetenheten och tydliggöra naturens värde inom utomhusidrott och friluftsliv. Naturens många olika värden och roller för idrotts- och friluftslivsutövare bör sedan beaktas inom samhällsplaneringen i stort och vid framtida utveckling av stadsnära natur- och rekreationsområden.

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Strandin, Pers Annika. "Mark i marginalen : Drivkrafter, pionjärer och myrodlingslandskap." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74932.

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This thesis investigates the reclamation of mires (fens and bogs) in Sweden with a focus on the early modern period. Today, the mires are valued natural habitats and their cultivation is controversial. International research describes wetland reclamation and the related knowledge transfer between European countries already from the 12th century. In Sweden, despite some early records of reclamation of mires in the 17th century, has earlier research focused on reclamation during the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim of the thesis is to study the landscape, actors and driving forces behind the early reclamation (before 1800). Understanding the early reclamation can provide a new perspective on current views on wetlands. It is also an interesting example of how the landscape is changed constantly by people with different goals through history. The subject is studied through a multimethod approach using sources such as historical maps, diaries, 17th- and 18th-century literature and place names. The main conclusions of the study are that reclamation of mires is seen already in 17th-century maps, with local wider distribution during the 18th century. The crown and scientists expressed a growing interest in reclamation of the mires from the early 18th century. Links to Europe, in particular Holland, can be seen within this discourse. In both literature and the experimentation that took place, the Swedish migrant group, the Dalecarlians, played a key role. They shared with the early Dutch groups the practical knowledge needed in major reclamation projects. Furthermore, this study shows that a number of actors assumed at various times the role of mobile innovation spreaders. Dutch farmers and experts, labour migrants, landlords and scientists all acted to spread knowledge of mire reclamation. Ample resources, networking and geographical mobility appear to have been prerequisites for all actors, from peasants to landlords, but they had different underlying motives for the practice.

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Delbac, Lionel. "Effet de la succession temporelle des ressources végétales à l’échelle des paysages sur les communautés de drosophiles : Cas d’étude en agrosystème viticole suite à l'invasion par Drosophila suzukii." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0261.

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Drosophila suzukii est une espèce invasive, originaire d'Asie, qui a connu une expansion très rapide depuis son introduction en 2008 en Europe. Cette espèce pose de sérieux problèmes écologiques et agronomiques en s’attaquant à de nombreuses plantes hôtes non-cultivées ou cultivées comme le raisin. Elle est maintenant présente dans la communauté des Drosophilidae que l'on retrouve dans les paysages viticoles. Cette communauté de drosophiles reste largement méconnue et aucune étude n'a été réalisée jusqu'à présent pour la caractériser. Nous manquons également de données sur les effets de la fragmentation des ressources (sites d’hivernation, abris et ressources alimentaires), dans l’espace et dans le temps, sur les dynamiques de populations de D. suzukii dans l'agrosystème viticole. Pour répondre à toutes ces lacunes, nous avons mis en place une étude observationnelle reposant sur un réseau de vingt parcelles de vigne localisées dans le vignoble de Bordeaux le long de différents gradients de continuité spatiale des ressources. Nous avons cherché à évaluer 1) l'effet de la composition du paysage sur la structure de la communauté de Drosophilidae dans les paysages viticoles, 2) la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur les différentes espèces de plantes hôtes sauvages présentes dans le paysage, et 3) l'effet de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources alimentaires sur les niveaux de populations du ravageur. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que les abondances des différentes espèces de drosophiles retrouvées dans les vignes, et non leur richesse spécifique, dépendent positivement de la proportion d'habitat semi-naturel dans le paysage environnant. Nous avons mis en évidence une différentiation temporelle entre les deux espèces dominantes de cette communauté, Drosophila subobscura en hiver et D. suzukii en été et en automne. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé la dynamique temporelle de D. suzukii sur cinq fruits de plantes hôtes présentent dans le paysage (gui, cerise, sureau noir, mûre sauvage et raisin) qui assurent une continuité temporelle des ressources alimentaires à l’échelle de l’année. Néanmoins, nos travaux montrent que la prise en compte de la distribution spatiale et temporelle de ces ressources alimentaires dans le paysage n’améliore pas les qualités prédictives du modèle statistique cherchant à prédire les niveaux de population de l'insecte sur la base de l’occupation des sols autour des parcelles viticoles. Ce travail a permis de démontrer qu'un ravageur invasif, qui intègre une communauté d'insectes natifs, peut s'implanter dans l'habitat sauvage en bordure de parcelles agricoles d'une région donnée en passant sur différentes ressources au cours de son cycle biologique avant de s'attaquer à la plante cultivée. Ces approches d'écologie du paysage représentent des leviers intéressants pour comprendre la dynamique des populations d'une nouvelle espèce invasive et permettre ainsi une éventuelle définition de zones favorables à son abondance
Drosophila suzukii is an invasive species, native to Asia, which has expanded very rapidly since its introduction in 2008 in Europe. This species poses serious ecological and agronomic problems by attacking the fruits of many non-cultivated or cultivated host plants such as grapes. It is now present in the Drosophilidae community found in wine-growing landscapes. This drosophila community remains largely unknown and no studies have been carried out so far to characterise it. We also lack data on the effects of resource fragmentation (wintering sites, shelter and food resources), in space and time, on the population dynamics of D. suzukii in the wine-growing agrosystem. To address all these shortcomings, we set up an observational study based on a network of twenty vineyard plots located in the Bordeaux vineyard along different gradients of spatial continuity of resources. We sought to assess 1) the effect of landscape composition on the structure of the Drosophilidae community in vineyard landscapes, 2) the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on the fruits of different wild host plant species present in the landscape, and 3) the effect of the spatial and temporal distribution of food resources on the pest's population levels. In this work, we showed that the abundance of the different species of fruit flies found in vineyards, and not their species richness, is positively dependent on the proportion of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. We highlighted a temporal differentiation between the two dominant species of this community, Drosophila subobscura in winter and D. suzukii in summer and autumn. Furthermore, we characterised the temporal dynamics of D. suzukii on five fruits of host plants present in the landscape (mistletoe, cherry, black elder, wild blackberry and grape) which ensure temporal continuity of food resources on a year-round scale. Nevertheless, our work shows that taking into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these food resources in the landscape does not improve the predictive qualities of the statistical model seeking to predict the insect's population levels on the basis of land use around the vineyard plots. This work has demonstrated that an invasive pest, which integrates a native insect community, can establish itself in the wild habitat at the edge of agricultural plots in a given region by passing over different resources during its life cycle before attacking the cultivated plant. These landscape ecology approaches represent interesting levers for understanding the population dynamics of a new invasive species and thus enable the possible definition of areas favourable to its abundance

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32

Papaïx, Julien. "Structure du paysage agricole et risque épidémique, une approche démo-génétique." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0056/document.

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L'intensification de l'agriculture a amélioré de façon considérable la production alimentaire ces dernières cinquante années mais elle s'est accompagnée d'un impact croissant sur l'environnement. En particulier, la modernisation de l'agriculture a impliqué une simplification de la structure des paysages agricoles rendant nos agro-ecosystèmes plus sensibles au risque épidémique. L'utilisation de la diversité génétique des cultures est une solution prometteuse pour réduire le risque d'occurrence et de propagation des maladies des cultures. Elle nécessite cependant une gestion collective des espaces agricoles. En conséquences, l'échelle d'étude ne doit plus se focaliser sur la parcelle mais sur le paysage. Dans cette thèse, nous nous interessons aux processus se déroulant à l'échelle du paysage et au rôle de la diversité des plantes cultivées pour le contrôle des épidémies. Nous avons identifié trois questions: comment les populations pathogènes se propagent-elles dans un paysage d'hôtes hétérogène ? Comment les différents génotypes composant la population pathogène entrent-ils en compétition au sein d'une population hôte diversifiée ? et, à plus long terme, comment les populations pathogènes évoluent-elles en réponse à la structure des populations hôtes ? Chacune de ces questions a été approfondie grâce à l'analyse de données obtenues en condition de production mais aussi par des approches théoriques. Nous avons montré que la composition et la structure spatiale des populations hôtes influence fortement la population pathogène. Cependant, les recommandations que peut fournir ce travail pour gérer la diversité génétique dépendent de l'objectif visé
Agriculture intensification has improved food production impressively in the past 50 years but this came with an increasing impact on the environment. In particular, modern agriculture has led to the simplification of the environmental structure over vast areas. As a consequence, agro-ecosystems are particularly susceptible to epidemics. The increase of crop genetic diversity is a promising way for reducing the risk of occurrence and development of diseases in crops but the technical and organisational conditions required to manage the genetic resources at this scale have not been established yet. This will require shifting the scale of crop protection investigations from the field to the agricultural landscape. In this PhD thesis we focus on landscape-scale processes and on the potential role of functional diversity in cultivated landscapes to better control plant diseases. We identified three questions: how does a pathogen population spread over a heterogeneous host landscape? How do pathogen genotypes compete in a diversified host population? And, in a longer term, how do pathogen populations evolve in response to host landscape structure? Each of these questions is investigated through the analysis of real data and the development of theoretical approaches. We demonstrate that the composition and the spatial structure of the host landscape greatly influence the pathogen population dynamics and evolution. The recommendations that this work could provide in order to practically manage the genetic resources will depend on the desired aim and will request further collaborative work withthe professional operators

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Li, Zhichao. "Modélisation des relations entre occupation - usage du sol et distribution spatiale du paludisme par télédétection optique et radar : application à un environnement en évolution : région transfrontalière Guyane Française – Brésil." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT144/document.

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Le paludisme est un des maladies vectorielles les plus communes qui est situé principalement dans les régions tropicales. La zone étudiée est la région transfrontière Guyane française-Brésil. Le niveau et la dynamique intra-annuelle de la transmission y sont variables, avec un taux d’incidence qui est relativement élevé dans l’Amérique du Sud. Les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier l'occupation et l'usage du sol, influent significativement sur la présence, la densité et la distribution spatiale des moustiques du genre Anophèles, vecteurs de la maladie. Les données sur l'environnement, la population et les systèmes de santé sont rarement comparables de part et d’autre de la frontière Guyane-Brésil, excluant une vision bilatérale homogène. La télédétection permet de caractériser spatialement l’environnement de manière quasi continue et complète. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser par télédétection des milieux favorables au développement des vecteurs et les interactions hommes-vecteurs pour la zone transfrontalière Guyane-Brésil. Un indicateur spatialisé d’aléa de transmission du paludisme a été développé à l’échelle locale. Il permet de spatialiser la contribution de l'interaction entre milieux forestiers et non-forestiers sur la transmission du paludisme. Ce modèle a été mis en œuvre à l’échelle de la région amazonienne. Cet indice permet de quantifier et d’expliquer l’influence du paysage dans les interrelations homme - vecteurs adultes. L’identification des gîtes larvaires potentiels a été testée à une échelle régionale, à partir de la fusion d’images satellites optiques et radar, afin de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de zones humides pérennes et de grandes tailles (lacs, rivières, étangs, etc.) et les interfaces avec les milieux urbaines et forestiers. La distribution et la densité des vecteurs sont affectées par les propriétés physiques et chimiques des gîtes larvaires potentiels qui sont liées à la typologie des sols. Un modèle conceptuel de l’évaluation des sols adapté à la zone amazonienne présente que les caractéristiques géomorphologiques (altitude, courbure, etc.) sont indicateurs de l’évolution des sols. Une typologie des sols a été réalisée à l’échelle régionale à partir de données altimétriques et de ce modèle conceptuel. Les méthodologies, les cartes d’occupation et d’usage du sol, les cartes d’aléa du paludisme mises en place dans le cadre de cette thèse seront intégrés à l’Observatoire transfrontalier (Guyane-Brésil) qui est en cours de création. Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l’exploitation des nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de transmission du paludisme qui peuvent être utilisées pour définir les nouvelles stratégies de prévention aux échelles locale et régionale
Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales

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Söderström, Bo. "Farmland birds in semi-natural pastures : conservation and management /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5463-8.pdf.

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Jung, Christiane. "Visual perception and preference of water features in relation to environmental background." Thesis, This resource online, 1989. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-040348/.

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Leonard, Anne. "Corporate reputation risk in relation to the social media landscape." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67762.

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Organisations are vulnerable in terms of the potential reputation damage social media can cause. Social media provide a voice to all, whether it be based on fact or fiction. A low tolerance for corporate wrongdoing (however minor), deep-rooted anti-corporate sentiments and the demand for compliance with the triple context philosophy fuel social media conversations about brands. Potentially damaging reputation incidents often grow to full-blown crises due to the intensity, reach and immediacy of social media. Thus the ultimate question organisations face is how they should manage this specific management dilemma. This study followed the interpretive qualitative approach in a comparative case study. Four South African organisations from the tertiary (services) sector participated in the study. Three executives in each organisation (communication/marketing, risk management and social media specialists) participated in interviews. A number of secondary sources (organisational and archival documents) were also included in each case study. The empirical results and literature suggest that organisations need a multi-pronged approach to navigate this management dilemma. The first leg is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), which should be grounded in corporate strategy and encompass the entire organisation. The interconnectedness of risks and organisational dynamics confirm that linear thinking would not address problems adequately. Establishing a risk culture in organisations is pivotal and would enable the implementation of ERM. All employees, not just the board or executive managers, ought to feel compelled to report and manage risks according to specific policies and procedures. They need to understand their potential contribution to shielding their organisation from damaging factors. The second leg is purposeful corporate reputation management. This approach is deliberate and ought to guide the corporate communication strategy. While a chief executive officer or board carry the ultimate symbolic responsibility for corporate reputation, all employees ought to understand their roles in a reputation culture, with the emphasis on avoiding reputation damage. Training employees regarding corporate reputation and appropriate social media behaviour are valued within most organisations. The final leg pertains to understanding crisis management in the broadest sense and social media crises in particular. Preventing issues from escalating into crises is the ideal. Managing an organisation’s reactions to such incidents One participating organisation illustrated the need for carefully weighed responses when it incurred a boycott campaign when a specific population segment. This thesis further considers the notion of a management framework to deal with reputation risk in relation to the social media landscape. Organisations agree that the fluidity of social media and society make such a notion futile. However, they agree on a number of key principles such as executive level knowledge of and involvement, well-established response procedures and adequately equipped teams of specialists. The original contribution of this thesis lie in both the propositions in relation to each of the objectives and the suggested framework for the management of corporate reputation risk in relation to the social media landscape.
Communication Management
PhD
Unrestricted

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Hackenberger, Benjamin C. "The San Antonio Wash: Addressing the Gap Between Claremont and Upland." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/136.

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Access to water from San Antonio Creek was critical in Claremont’s growth from a small stop on the Santa Fe Railroad to an agricultural powerhouse and an elite college town. While Claremont has sought to distinguish itself from surrounding communities since its founding in 1882, the innovative Pomona Valley Protective Association (PVPA) aligned Claremont with the City of Pomona and its other neighbors in a scheme to conserve the Creek’s resources at the turn of the century. Organized around the discovery of local confined aquifers and the development of a strategy to recharge them with water from the San Antonio Creek, the Association was a contradictory moment of cooperation in an otherwise highly contentious zero-sum game of water rights politics. As conflicts wore on, the PVPA quietly orchestrated the purchase of large tracts of land in the San Antonio Creekbed, where the construction of diversion dams and spreading grounds served dual purposes of water conservation and flood control. As dam building in the Creekbed continued, large tracts of the previously undevelopable Wash were transferred to the aggregate mining institutions that gouged the area’s many gravel pits. This thesis uses the story of the PVPA and the contemporary example of the Claremont University Consortium Gravel Pit to explore the context of development in the San Antonio Creek Wash. Understanding the political and social contexts of the gravel quarry problem reveals possibilities for a more integrative, conscious, and sustainable approach to improving the former gravel quarries that currently occupy the Wash landscape.

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Sinclair, Kevin Michael. "Stream erosion and its relation to drainage networks and landscape evolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627590.

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Ford, Payi-Linda. "Narratives and landscapes their capacity to serve indigenous knowledge interests /." Click here for electronic access to thesis: http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20070614.105953, 2005. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20070614.105953.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Deakin University, Victoria, 2005.
Submitted to the School of Education of the Faculty of Education, Deakin University. Degree conferred 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-225)

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Bourbonnais, Richard Joseph. "Visual assessment and relational database management /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07112009-040335/.

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Huber, Janice I. "Stories within and between selves, identities in relation on the professional knowledge landscape." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0014/NQ59973.pdf.

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Whelan, Karen. "Stories of self and other, identities in relation on the professional knowledge landscape." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0008/NQ60038.pdf.

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43

Jonsson, Čabrajić Anna V. "Modeling lichen performance in relation to climate : scaling from thalli to landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22526.

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Lichens can colonize nearly all terrestrial habitats on earth and are functionally important in many ecosystems. Being poikilohydric, their active growth periods are restricted to periods when the thallus is hydrated from atmospheric water sources, such as rain, fog and high relative humidity. Since lichen hydration varies greatly over time lichen growth is therefore more difficult to model compared with, for example vascular plants with more even water supply. I developed two models to predict lichen hydration under field conditions that incorporates the atmospheric water potential (Ψair), derived from air temperature and humidity, only or in combination with species-specific rehydration and desiccation rates. Using Ψair allows the prediction of hydration induced by several water sources. These models were very accurate for epiphytic lichens with a close coupling to atmospheric conditions, but they were less accurate for mat-forming lichens with substantial aerodynamic boundary layers. The hydration model was further developed to include photosynthetic activation for different species, in order to compare their performance under different micro-climatic scenarios. Water balance and activation rate had large effects on lichen activity and were positively related to habitats providing long hydration periods, for example close to streams. To study effects of climate change, a complete model for net carbon gain (photosynthesis minus respiratory losses) was developed for an epiphytic lichen with intricate responses to light, hydration and temperature. Simulation responses in different climate scenarios revealed that projected climate change on a regional scale resulted in varied local scale responses. At the lighter, exposed sites of a forest, the growth responses were positive, but were potentially negative at darker sites with closed canopy. At the local scale, fluctuating hydration, summed irradiance when wet and Chlorophyll a are variables that predict lichen growth. However, at a landscape scale, these variables may be too detailed. We tested this for two terrestrial, mat-forming lichens and developed statistical models for lichen growth in the widest possible climatic gradient in northern Scandinavia, varying in light, temperature and precipitation. Light was the most important factor for high growth at the landscape scale, reaching saturation at a site openness of 40 %, equivalent to a basal tree area of 15 m2 ha -1 in this study. Thereafter, hydration was the next limiting factor, which could be well described by precipitation for one of the species. The simplest predictor was the normal temperature in July, which was negatively correlated with growth. It was apparent that the predictive variables and their power varied at different scales. However, light and hydration are limiting at all scales, particularly by light conditions when lichens are wet. This implies that ensuring that there is sufficient light below the forest canopy is crucial for lichen growth, especially for mat-forming lichens. Hydrophilic lichens may be better preserved in open habitats with long hydration periods. It was shown that models can be powerful and “easy to use” tools to predict lichen responses in various habitats and under different climate scenarios. Models can therefore help to identify suitable habitats with optimal growth conditions, which is very important for the conservation and management of lichens and their habitats.
Lavar kan kolonisera nästan alla terrestriska habitat i världen och är funktionellt viktiga i många ekosystem. Eftersom lavar är poikilohydriska (växelblöta), är deras aktiva tillväxtperioder begränsade till den tid då bålen är blöt från atmosfäriska vattenkällor, såsom regn, dimma och hög relativ fuktighet. Eftersom lavars vatteninnehåll varierar stort över tid är lavars tillväxt svårare att modellera jämfört med till exempel kärlväxter, med en mer jämn vattentillgång. Jag har utvecklat två fuktmodeller som förutsäger lavars vatteninnehåll i fält. Modellerna använder den atmosfäriska vattenpotentialen (Ψair), som erhålls från lufttemperatur och -fuktighet, antingen enbart eller i kombination med de artspecifika uppblötnings - och uttorkningshastigheterna. Genom att använda (Ψair) kan man förutsäga lavars vatteninnehåll från flera vattenkällor. Dessa modeller var mycket precisa för epifytiska lavar med en nära koppling till de atmosfäriska förhållandena, men fungerade mindre väl för mattlevande lavar med ett betydande gränsskikt. Fuktmodellen utvecklades ytterligare för att inkludera även fotosyntetisk aktivering av olika lavar, för att kunna jämföra deras aktivitet i olika mikroklimatiska scenarior. Vattenbalans och aktiveringshastighet hade stor effekt på på lavars aktivitet och var positivt relaterad till habitat med tillräckligt långa fuktperioder, till exempel habitat nära strömmande vatten. För att studera klimateffekter på lavar, utvecklade jag en total modell för nettoförvärv av kol (fotosyntes minus respiration) för en epifytisk lav med dess intrikata förhållande mellan ljus, fukt och temperatur. Simuleringar av modellen visade att lavens responser i förhållande till regionala klimatförändringar var kontrasterande på lokal nivå. Vid ljusa, öppna lokaler i skogen ökade tillväxten medan de potentiellt minskade vid mörka lokaler med ett mer slutet krontäcke. På den lokala skalan kan fluktuerande vatteninnehåll, summerat ljus när laven är blöt, och klorofyll a- innehåll förutsäga lavars tillväxt. Men, på en landskapsskala kan dessa variabler vara för detaljerade. Vi testade detta för två terrestriska, mattlevande lavar och utvecklade en statistisk modell för lavars tillväxt i en så stor klimatgradient som möjligt i norra Skandinavien genom att variera ljus, temperatur och nederbörd. Ljus var den viktigaste faktorn för att nå hög tillväxt på landskapsnivå där en mättnad nåddes vid 40 % öppenhet i skogen, som motsvarade en grundyta på 15 m2 ha -1 i den här studien. Fuktigheten var den näst viktigaste begränsande faktorn och kunde beskrivas väl med nederbörd för en av arterna. Den mest lättanvända faktorn var normaltemperaturen för juli månad, som i sin tur var negativt korrelerad till tillväxt. Det var tydligt att de prediktiva variablerna och deras förutsägande förmåga varierade med olika skalor. Ljus och fukt var begränsande på alla nivåer, speciellt av ljusförhållandena då lavarna är blöta. Detta innebär att tillräckligt höga ljusnivåer under krontäcket är avgörande för lavars tillväxt, speciellt mattlevande lavar. Hydrofila lavar torde bevaras bättre i öppna habitat med tillräckligt långa fuktperioder. Det var tydligt att modeller kan vara betydelsefulla och lättanvända verktyg för att förutsäga lavars responser i en bredd av habitat med olika mikroklimat. Modeller kan därför vara en hjälp för att identifiera lämpliga habitat med optimala tillväxtförhållanden och detta är viktigt för att bevara och sköta lavar och deras habitat.

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Aziz, Heba t'allah Moustafa Abdel. "Negotiating boundaries and reconstructing landscapes : a study of the relations between Bedouin, tourists and the State." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1042/.

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Flood, Jessica Scarlett. "Foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology in relation to the physical, social and demographic farming landscape." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20376.

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The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus poses a considerable threat both to farmers and to the wider economy should there be a future incursion into the UK. The most recent large-scale FMD epidemic in the UK was in 2001. Mathematical models were developed and used during this epidemic to aid decision-making about how to most effectively control and eliminate it. While the epidemic was eventually brought to a halt, it resulted in a huge loss of livestock and is estimated to have cost the UK economy around ¿6 billion. The mathematical models predicted the overall spatial spread of FMD well, but had low predictive ability for identifying precisely which farm premises became infected over the course of the epidemic. This will in part have been due to the stochastic nature of the models. However, the transmission probability between two farm premises was represented as the Euclidean distance between their point locations, which is a crude representation of FMD transmission. Additionally, the premises' point location data contain inaccuracies, sometimes identifying the farmer's residential address rather than the farm itself which may be a long way away. Local FMD transmission occurs via contaminated fomites carried by people or vehicles between premises, or by infected particles being blown by wind between proximal fields. Given that these transmission mechanisms are thought to be related to having close field boundaries, it is possible that some of the inaccuracy in model predictions is also due to imprecisely representing such transmission. In this thesis I use fine-scale geographical data of farm premises' field locations to study the contiguity of premises (where contiguous premises (CPs) are defined as having field boundaries < 15m apart). I demonstrate that the distance between two premises' point locations does not accurately represent when they are CPs. Using an area of southern Scotland containing 4767 livestock premises, I compare the predictions of model simulations using two different model formulations. The first is one of the original models based on the 2001 outbreak, and the second is a new model in which transmission probability is related to whether or not premises were contiguous. The comparison suggests that the premises that became infected during the course of the simulations were more predictable using the new model. While it cannot be concluded that this will translate into more accurate predictions until this can be validated during a future outbreak, it does suggest that the new model is more predictable in its route through the landscape, and therefore that it may better reflect local transmission routes than the original model. Networks based on contiguity of premises were constructed for the same area of southern Scotland, and showed that 90.6% (n=4318) of the premises in the area were indirectly connected to one another as part of the Giant Component (GC). The network metric of 'betweenness' was used to identify premises acting as bridges between otherwise disconnected sub-populations of premises. It was found that removing 100 premises with highest betweenness served to fragment the GC. Model simulations indicated that, even with some longer-range transmission possible, removing these premises from the network resulted in a large decrease in mean number of infected premises and outbreak duration. In real terms, premises removal from the network would mean ensuring these premises did not become infected by enhanced biosecurity and/or vaccination depending on policy. In this thesis I also considered the role of biosecurity practices in shaping FMD spread. A sample of 200 Scottish farmers were interviewed on their biosecurity practices, and their biosecurity risk quantified using a biosecurity 'risk score' developed during the 2007 FMD outbreak in Surrey. Using Moran's I and network assortativity measures it was found that there did not appear to be any clustering of biosecurity risk scores on premises. Statistical analysis found no association between biosecurity risk and the mathematical model's premises' susceptibility term (which describes the increase in a premises' susceptibility with increasing numbers of livestock). This suggests that the model's susceptibility term is not indirectly capturing a general pattern in biosecurity on different sized farm premises. Thus, this body of work shows that incorporating a more realistic representation of premises location into mathematical models, in terms of area (i.e. as fields) rather than a point, alters predictions of spatial spread. It also demonstrates that targeted control at a relatively small number of farms could effectively fragment the farming landscape, and has the potential to considerably reduce the size of an FMD outbreak. It also demonstrates that variations in premises' FMD biosecurity risks are unlikely to be indirectly affecting the spatial or demographic components of the model. This increase in understanding of how geographic, social and demographic factors relate to FMD spread through the landscape may enable more effective control of an outbreak, should there be an incursion in the UK in future.

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O'Rourke, Eileen. "Changing identities, changing landscapes : the long term dynamics of human-land relations in the Aspre, Roussillon." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4792.

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This research seeks to explore the complexity of human - land relations in the Aspre, with respect to land degradation. It is argued that in human modified environments, such as this Mediterranean - Pyrenean borderland, nature and culture cannot be meaningfully studied apart. Consequently issues of land degradation must be situated within the broader context of socio-natural interaction. Such a study cannot be approached solely from a natural or social science perspective; what is required, and what has been developed in this research, is a transdisciplinary methodology whereby natural phenomena are situated within their historical and socio-cultural context. Central to that context is the need to position the system within a long term evolutionary dynamic, thus allowing us to view the system in process, rather than as a synchronic present day snapshot. Within this 'longue duree' temporal and spatial scales are seen to be critical. It is argued that land degradation is at root a perceptual issue, thus perception and cognition are seen as critically important in this study. The core field work acts to expose both the physical and social identities of the Aspre, and the multiple perceptions of land degradation held by its inhabitants. The research identifies a series of 'perceptual filters' through which the environment of the Aspre is experienced, and by means of which meaning is negotiated. The recognition of the multiple environmental perceptions and plural rationalities is of crucial importance when contemplating the possible future pathways open to the Aspre, with respect to sustainable futures. What emerges from this research is a redefinition of land degradation in the Aspre, from that of a purely physical issue, to the realization that what we are dealing with are changing social identities within changing landscapes.

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Ludwig, Martin [Verfasser]. "Pest prevention in Brassica vegetables : relating ecosystem services and disservices to landscape / Martin Ludwig." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137062614/34.

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Reilly, P. "A new computer-based analysis relating the Manx land system to the archaeological landscape." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379483.

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Rossi, Jairus. "Ecological Restoration's Genetic Culture: Participation and Technology in the Making of Landscapes." UKnowledge, 2013. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/15.

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Practitioners of ecological restoration are increasingly adopting a genetic perspective when recreating historical landscapes. Genes are often endowed with the capacity to reveal specific and distinct relationships between organisms and environments. In this dissertation, I examine how genetic technologies and concepts are shaping ecological restoration practices. This research is based on two and a half years of fieldwork in Chicago. I employed participant observation and semi-structured interviews to compare how restorationists in two plant science institutions employ genetic concepts in their projects. One institution uses high-tech genetic methods to guide practice while the other uses lower-tech genetic approaches. Each group has distinct, yet internally diverse ways of deciding which seeds are ‘local enough’ to be included in a project. This research theorizes how classification differences regarding native seeds are part of a broader set of genetic logics I refer to as ‘genetic epistemologies’. Specifically, I ask how genetic technologies circumscribe different ways of seeing and making landscapes. I compare how restorationists delineated valid seed sourcing regions for restoration projects based on their genetic definitions of ‘native’ species. Drawing from science & technology studies, political ecology, and cultural landscape geography, I illustrate how restorationists incorporate cultural preferences, funding imperatives, aesthetics, and discourses about nature into their particular genetic epistemology. From this research, I offer the following conclusions. By incorporating genetic technology into ecological restoration, many practitioners feel their work will achieve more precision. Yet this perspective is typical of those who do not directly use genetic technologies. Scientists using direct genetic analyses are much more reserved about the potential of their technologies to match organisms to environments. Second, individuals or groups often come into conflict when attempting to apply different genetic epistemologies to the same problem. These conflicts are resolved in the course of planning and implementing a restoration project. Finally, direct genetic methods are only useful in restoration work involving rare or endangered species. Despite the limited utility of genetic technology in restoration, this approach is becoming influential. Chicago’s high-tech plant science institution is discursively reshaping the goals and approaches of native plant institutions that do not use these technologies.

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Valdes, correcher Elena. "Drivers of insect herbivory in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) from tree to biogeographical scale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0034.

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L'herbivorie par les insectes est un processus écologique important qui affecte la dynamique des populations de plantes, les communautés et les écosystèmes. La distribution et l'abondance des insectes herbivores et l'activité qui en résulte sont façonnées par une multitude de facteurs, intrinsèques ou extrinsèques à la plante hôte, qui agissent à différentes échelles spatiales et souvent de concert. Une classification largement utilisée fait la distinction entre les forces ascendantes, telles que l'activité des herbivores est influencée par la distribution et la qualité des ressources (incluant les défenses), et les forces descendantes, telles que l'activité des herbivores est limitée par le contrôle exercé par les ennemis des herbivores (prédateurs, parasitoïdes). Les forces ascendantes et descendantes sont toutes deux impliquées dans les cascades trophiques qui accompagnent inévitablement les interactions plantes-herbivores dans les populations naturelles de plantes, mais leur importance relative peut varier considérablement selon le contexte particulier local, et les mécanismes biologiques sous-jacents restent mal compris.J'ai étudié les facteurs écologiques qui façonnent les relations entre le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) et ses insectes herbivores à différentes échelles spatiales. En particulier, j'ai examiné les effets du contexte du paysage, de l’apparentement entre les arbres et du climat sur l'activité des herbivores. Un des principaux objectifs de ma thèse était d'évaluer l'importance relative des forces ascendantes et descendantes dans la structuration des relations chêne-herbivores.La thèse est structurée en trois chapitres principaux correspondant à des manuscrits indépendants qui publiés (chapitre 1), en cours de révision (chapitre 2), ou en préparation (chapitre 3) au moment de la soumission du document de thèse. Dans le chapitre 1, j'ai étudié la relation entre l'herbivorie et la communauté et l'activité des oiseaux insectivores dans les chênaies qui diffèrent en taille et en connectivité. J'ai constaté que l'herbivorie, la prédation des oiseaux et les communautés d'oiseaux étaient influencées par les caractéristiques du paysage, mais que ni la prédation sur les herbivores ni les communautés d'oiseaux n'avaient d'effet significatif sur l'herbivorie. Dans le chapitre 2, j'ai étudié la relation entre le génotype du chêne, les défenses chimiques des feuilles et l'herbivorie dans les mêmes peuplements. J'ai constaté que l'herbivorie des insectes et les défenses chimiques étaient non seulement influencées par les caractéristiques du paysage, mais aussi par le génotype de l'arbre, et que l'herbivorie des insectes diminuait avec la concentration des défenses foliaires. Enfin, au chapitre 3, j'ai étudié l'effet de la variabilité climatique à grande échelle sur les interactions entre les plantes, l'herbivorie et la prédation des oiseaux dans les chênes selon un gradient latitudinal. J'ai découvert que les facteurs climatiques influençaient l'herbivorie des insectes ainsi que les caractéristiques nutritionnelles des feuilles, alors qu'ils n'influençaient pas les défenses foliaires et la prédation des oiseaux. De plus, l'herbivorie des insectes n'était influencée que par des forces ascendantes dont l’importance variait selon les guildes d’insectes.Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats aident à améliorer notre compréhension des différentes forces écologiques qui façonnent l'herbivorie par les insectes et de leur variabilité dans les populations naturelles d'arbres. Les études futures sur les interactions plantes-herbivores-prédateurs devraient tenir compte du fait que celles-ci sont influencées simultanément par le génotype de la plante hôte, les caractéristiques du paysage et le climat. Enfin, la thèse illustre également la valeur des approches de science citoyenne qui peuvent combiner la recherche scientifique avec une éducation scientifique et à l’environnement bien nécessaires
Insect herbivory is an important ecological process that affects plant populations, communities and ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of insect herbivores and their resulting activity are shaped by a multitude of drivers, intrinsic or extrinsic to the host plant, that act at different spatial scales and often in concert. A widely used classification distinguishes between bottom-up forces where herbivore activity is influenced by the distribution and dynamics of the resource stock (including the defenses), and top-down forces where herbivore activity is constrained by drivers of mortality (e.g. predators, pests). Both bottom-up and top-down forces are involved in the trophic cascades that inevitably accompany plant-herbivore interactions in natural plant populations, yet their relative importance can vary greatly depending on the particular study context, and the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.I investigated the ecological drivers shaping the relationships between Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and its insect herbivores across different spatial scales. In particular, I examined the effects of the ecological neighbourhood, the landscape context, tree genetic relatedness and climate on herbivore activity. A major aim of my thesis was to evaluate the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in shaping oak-herbivore relationships.The thesis is structured in three main chapters corresponding to independent manuscripts that are either published (chapter 1), under review (chapter 2) or under preparation (chapter 3) at the moment of submitting the thesis document. In chapter 1 I investigated the relationship between herbivory and the community and activity of insectivorous birds in oak stands that differed in size and connectivity. I found that herbivory, bird predation and bird communities were influenced by landscape characteristics, but neither predation on herbivores nor bird communities had a significant effect on herbivory. In chapter 2 I investigated the relationship between oak genotype, leaf defences and herbivory in the same stands. I found that insect herbivory and leaf defences were not only influenced by landscape characteristics but also by the genotype of the tree, and that insect herbivory decreased with increasing concentration of leaf defences. Finally, in chapter 3 I investigated the effect of large-scale climate variability on the interactions between plants, herbivory and bird predation in oak trees along a latitudinal gradient. I found that climatic factors influenced insect herbivory as well as leaf nutritional traits, while they did not influence leaf defences and bird predation. Furthermore, insect herbivory was only influenced by bottom-up forces (e.g. leaf nutritional traits and leaf defences) and these effects on herbivory varied among herbivore feeding guilds, while neither other traits nor top-down forces affected insect herbivory.Overall, these results help improve our understanding of the different ecological forces shaping insect herbivory and their bottom-up and top-down drivers in natural tree populations. Future studies of plants-herbivores-predator interactions should take into account that these are simultaneously influenced by host plant genotype, landscape characteristics and climate. Finally, the thesis also illustrates the value of citizen science approaches that can combine scientific research with much-needed environmental education

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Landscape relations'

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