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Journal articles on the topic 'Landsliding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Papciak, Tomasz, Ireneusz Malik, Kazimierz Krzemień, Małgorzata Wistuba, Elżbieta Gorczyca, Dominika Wrońska-Wałach, and Mateusz Sobucki. "Precipitation as a factor triggering landslide activity in the Kamień massif (Beskid Niski Mts, Western Carpathians)." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 8, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgeo-2015-0001.

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Abstract On the landslide slope in the Beskid Niski Mts (Western Carpathians) 48 silver firs were cored for dendrochronological samples. Tree-ring widths were measured for the upslope and downslope sides of each stem. Events of landslide activity were dated using the method of the eccentricity index. The tree-ring record of landsliding was compared with the occurrence of precipitation in the study area. The nature of the relation between precipitation and landsliding is complex. We have found a statistically significant correlation between landsliding and the number of days with 24-hour precipitation totals above 20 mm and high 3-, 5-, and 10-day precipitation totals during winter half-years. Thus landsliding in the Kamień massif is triggered mainly by high precipitation totals in the preceding winter period. No such relation was found for annual precipitation totals and different types of precipitation totals in the summer period. Single landsliding events related to high summer precipitation totals were found, but the correlation is not statistically significant. In addition some landsliding events are 1–2 years lagged after the occurrence of high long-term precipitation totals. It seems that the strongest landsliding events resulted from sequences of wet summer, wet winter and once again wet summer seasons directly following one another.

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2

Martin, Yvonne, Kenneth Rood, James W. Schwab, and Michael Church. "Sediment transfer by shallow landsliding in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-068.

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Despite the importance of landsliding in routing sediment through mountainous drainage basins, few studies have documented landsliding rates over extended time and space scales. We have investigated landsliding in surficial material in the Queen Charlotte Islands using a large inventory of events, derived from aerial photography, covering an area of 166.7 km2. The mean erosion rate for shallow landsliding is 0.10 mm·a1, which is at the upper end of shallow landsliding rates observed in the Pacific Northwest and coastal British Columbia, but several orders of magnitude lower than rock-based landsliding rates reported in the literature. Probability distributions for landslide area and volume are somewhat convex in form. Flattening of the curve found at low magnitudes may be due to sampling bias or physical mechanisms inhibiting failure, and the steepening for high values may exist because the sampling period is not long enough to adequately represent large events. Landslides generally initiate on hillslope gradients greater than 0.500.60. The largest numbers of landslides occur on south- to southwest-facing slopes and east- to northeast-facing slopes. Most events occur on concave and straight hillslopes in upper-slope positions. Landsliding rates were found not to be affected by rock type. Hillslopes in the Queen Charlotte Islands are often mantled by weathered Quaternary deposits and, hence, landsliding events are not directly controlled by weathering of bedrock. About 31% of landslides identified in this study deposited material in stream reaches, with about 83% of these landslides deposited in reaches with gradients between 3% and 10%.

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3

Hancox, G. T., N. D. Perrin, and G. D. Dellow. "Recent studies of historical earthquake-induced landsliding, ground damage, and MM intensity in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 59–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.35.2.59-95.

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A study of landsliding caused by 22 historical earthquakes in New Zealand was completed at the end of 1997. The main aims of that study were to: (a) study the nature and extent of landsliding and other ground damage (sand boils, subsidence and lateral spreading due to soil liquefaction) caused by historical earthquakes; (b) determine relationships between landslide distribution and earthquake magnitude, epicentre, isoseismals, faulting, geology and topography; and (c) establish improved environmental response criteria and ground classes for assigning MM intensities and seismic hazard assessments in New Zealand. Relationships developed from the study indicate that the minimum magnitude for earthquake-induced landsliding (EIL) in N.Z. is about M 5, with significant landsliding occurring at M 6 or greater. The minimum MM intensity for landsliding is MM6, while the most common intensities for significant landsliding are MM7-8. The intensity threshold for soil liquefaction in New Zealand was found to be MM7 for sand boils, and MMS for lateral spreading, although such effects may also occur at one intensity level lower in highly susceptible materials. The minimum magnitude for liquefaction phenomena in N.Z. is about M 6, compared to M 5 overseas where highly susceptible soils are probably more widespread. Revised environmental response criteria (landsliding, subsidence, liquefaction-induced sand boils and lateral spreading) have also been established for the New Zealand MM Intensity Scale, and provisional landslide susceptibility Ground Classes developed for assigning MM intensities in areas where there are few buildings. Other new data presented include recent earthquake studies (e.g., Murchison 1929), a preliminary landslide size/frequency distribution for earthquakes over the last 150 years, and a preliminary EIL Opportunity and hazard model for New Zealand. Implications for earthquake-induced landsliding for seismic hazard assessments in New Zealand are briefly discussed. Suggestions are also made for future EIL research, including further studies of historical earthquakes, and large prehistoric landslides in the central Southern Alps, northwest Nelson, and Fiordland, to help determine past and future earthquake activity and hazard from active faults in those regions.

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4

Fell, Robin. "Landslide risk assessment and acceptable risk." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-031.

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Definitions for risk and hazard which are suited to landslide risk assessment are presented. Acceptable risk is discussed in relation to other risks accepted by the community, and acceptable specific risks are proposed, depending on whether the landsliding is natural or sliding of a man-made slope. Methods for quantifying the risk are discussed, and qualitative definitions are suggested for use when these are desirable. Examples are given of use of risk assessment in areas affected by landsliding and debris flows. Key words : landsliding, slope stability, risk assessment.

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5

Whipp, D. M., and T. A. Ehlers. "Quantifying landslide frequency and sediment residence time in the Nepal Himalaya." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaav3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3482.

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Quantifying how Earth surface processes interact with climate, tectonics, and biota has proven challenging, in part due to the stochastic nature of erosion and sedimentation. Landsliding is a common stochastic erosional process that may account for >50% of the sediment produced in steep mountainous landscapes. Here, we calculate the effects of landsliding and the residence time of sediment in a steep drainage basin in the Nepal Himalaya using a numerical model of landslide erosion combined with published cooling age distributions from two river sediment samples collected several years apart. We find that the difference in the two samples can be explained by landsliding and that the age distributions suggest that the residence time of sediment in the catchment is no greater than 50 years. This sensitivity to landsliding thus offers potential to improve our understanding of stochastic erosional processes, and further suggests that sediment is rapidly evacuated from steep mountainous drainage basins.

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6

Klimeš, J., and V. Rios Escobar. "A landslide susceptibility assessment in urban areas based on existing data: an example from the Iguaná Valley, Medellín City, Colombia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2010): 2067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2067-2010.

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Abstract. Fast urbanization and the morphological conditions of the Iguaná River Basin, Medellín, Colombia have forced many people to settle on landslide prone slopes as evidenced by extensive landslide induced damage. In this study we used existing disaster databases (inventories) in order to examine the spatial and temporal variability of landsliding within this watershed. The spatial variability of landsliding was examined using "expert-based" and "weighted" landslide susceptibility models. The constructed landslide susceptibility maps demonstrate consistent results irrespective of the underlying method. These show that at least 55.9% of the watershed is highly or very highly susceptible to landsliding. In addition, the temporal distribution of landsliding was analyzed and compared with climatic data. Results show that the area has a distinct bimodal rainfall distribution, and it is clear that landsliding is particularly frequent during the later rainy season between October and November. Moreover, landslides are more common during La Niña years. It is recommended that the existing landslide inventories are improved so as to be of greater use in the future land use planning of the watershed. The construction of landslide susceptibility maps based on existing data represents a significant step towards landslide mitigation in the area. Using susceptibility and hazard assessment during the developmental process should lessen the need for disaster response at a later stage.

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7

Flentje, Phil, and Robin Chowdhury. "Landsliding in an urban area." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35, no. 1 (February 2002): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh.35.1.5.

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8

Godt, Jonathan W., Rex L. Baum, and Ning Lu. "Landsliding in partially saturated materials." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 2 (January 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035996.

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9

Montgomery, David R., Kevin M. Schmidt, Harvey M. Greenberg, and William E. Dietrich. "Forest clearing and regional landsliding." Geology 28, no. 4 (April 2000): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0311:fcarl>2.3.co;2.

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10

Montgomery, David R., Kevin M. Schmidt, Harvey M. Greenberg, and William E. Dietrich. "Forest clearing and regional landsliding." Geology 28, no. 4 (2000): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<311:fcarl>2.0.co;2.

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11

Guzzetti, F. "Hydrological triggers of diffused landsliding." Environmental Geology 35, no. 2-3 (August 27, 1998): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050294.

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12

Pyles, Marvin R., and Mari Kramer. "A Case Study of Digital Elevation Model-Based Slope Stability Assessment on Managed Forestland in the Oregon Coast Range." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/21.4.195.

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Abstract An aerial photo-based inventory of landslides on recently harvested and reforested land after a significant landslide-producing storm in February 1996, was compared with a digital elevation model-based assessment of slope stability (shallow landsliding stability model [SHALSTAB]) for Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) and surrounding forestland. The SHALSTAB predictions of landslide locations did not correlate well with the locations of observed landslides. Eighty-nine percent of the landslides on the more stable landform in the southern portion of the CTSI ownership occurred on land that SHALSTAB indicated to be at a low risk of landsliding. Seventy-two percent of the landslides on the less stable landform to the north occurred on land that SHALSTAB indicated to be at a low risk of landsliding. Conversely, only 11 and 28%, respectively, of the observed landslides occurred on lands predicted to be “chronically unstable” or at “high risk” by SHALSTAB. This level of correct prediction of landsliding was judged to be unacceptable for SHALSTAB to be used for slope stability assessment as a part of forest management planning. West. J. Appl. For. 21(4):195–202.

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13

Crozier, M. J., and T. Glade. "Frequency and magnitude of landsliding: fundamental research issues." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Volumes 115 (July 1, 1999): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfgsuppl/115/1999/141.

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14

Saidi, Amrizal, Isril Berd, and R. Har. "KAJIAN LONGSOR AKIBAT GEMPA DI NAGARI TANDIKEK KECAMATAN PARTAMUAN KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN SUMATERA BARAT, INDONESIA." Jurnal Solum 8, no. 2 (July 2, 2011): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/js.8.2.78-91.2011.

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Earthquacke on 30th of September 2009 in West Sumatra had ruined Padang Pariaman, Agam, and Padang city districts. The damage was not only caused by the earthquake itself but also due to the landsliding following the earthquake, such as in Tandikek. Hundreds of people, houses, buildings, schools, as well as agricultural land (ricefield and dryland farming) were burried in Lubuk Laweh, Kepala Koto and Cumanak. This research was conducted by employing survey method and by observing the phenomenon of tuff pumice on how it was affected by earthquake and water. Then, soil characteristics were analysed based on soil physical data from previous research. Several soil characteristics analysed were soil texture, bulk density, structure and depth of solum, organic matter content, and permeability. Land characteristics were determined through field visit. Some land condition being observed was slope (percentage and length), stone exposed, soil water depth, and land use. Additionally, besides from field visit, the data were also obtained from topography and morphology maps derived from Google Earth. Rainfall data (monthly and annually) were collected from several nearby meteorology stations. Analyses for degree of landsliding risks for an area were used soil and land characteristics criteria causing landsliding. Based on field visit, it was seen that the research area was still susceptible to landsliding. This was due to the parent materials of the soil deriving from tuff pumice which is crumb structure and loamy texture on the top layer. Climate, especially annual rainfall in study site was high enough (approximately 4322 mm) which was evently distributed all year long without dry month. Slope of the area was > 45%, especially areas hit by landsliding. Land use was not based on soil conservation rule, such as coconut and arenga pinneca, and other mixed trees were planted on the area having > 45% slope. The results of the soil characteristic analyses showed that HARKAT interval of lansliding threat was 13 and land characteristics showed 20. Summation of HARKAT values from soil and land characteristics was 33. This number showed that the study site had high degree of landsliding risk. The possibility of areas would be hit by lansliding were Partamuan, Koto Timur, Sungai Geringging, and around Maninjau lake.Keywords : earthquake, soil and land characteristics, tuff pumice, wet tropical

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15

Gong, Qing-hua, Jun-xiang Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Application of GIS-Based Back Propagation Artificial Neural Networks and Logistic Regression for shallow Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in South China-Take Meijiang River Basin as an Example." Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010021.

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Introduction: In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) model and logistic regression were applied to analyze susceptibility and identify the main controlling factors of landslide in Meijiang River Basin of Southern China. Methods: Methods: Eleven variables such as altitude, slope angle, slope aspect, topographic relief, distance to fault, rock-type, soil-type, land-use type, NDVI, maximum rainfall intensity, distance to river were employed as landslide conditioning factors in landslide susceptibility mapping. Both landsliding and non-landsliding samples were needed as training data for ANN model. 384 landslides and 380 non-landsliding point with no recorded landslides according to field investigation and survey data were chosen as sample data of ANN model. And ROC curve was applied to calculate the prediction accuracy. Results: The validation results showed that prediction accuracy rate of 82.6% exists between the susceptibility map and the location of the initial 384 landsliding samples. However, logistic regression analysis showed that the average correct classification percentage was 75.4%. The prediction results of ANN model in high sensitive zone is more accurate than the logistic regression model. Conclusion: Therefore, the ANN model is valid when assessing the susceptibility. The main controlling factors were identified from the eleven factors by ANN model. The slope, rock and land use type appeared to be the main controlling factors in landslide formation process in Southern China.

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16

Dixon, N., and E. N. Bromhead. "Landsliding in London Clay coastal cliffs." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35, no. 4 (November 2002): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/2000-53.

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17

Fabiánová, Andrea, Vladimír Chalupa, and Karel Šilhán. "Dendrogeomorphic dating vs. low-magnitude landsliding." Quaternary Geochronology 62 (March 2021): 101150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2021.101150.

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18

Marc, Odin, Robert Behling, Christoff Andermann, Jens M. Turowski, Luc Illien, Sigrid Roessner, and Niels Hovius. "Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019.

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Abstract. In active mountain belts with steep terrain, bedrock landsliding is a major erosional agent. In the Himalayas, landsliding is driven by annual hydro-meteorological forcing due to the summer monsoon and by rarer, exceptional events, such as earthquakes. Independent methods yield erosion rate estimates that appear to increase with sampling time, suggesting that rare, high-magnitude erosion events dominate the erosional budget. Nevertheless, until now, neither the contribution of monsoon and earthquakes to landslide erosion nor the proportion of erosion due to rare, giant landslides have been quantified in the Himalayas. We address these challenges by combining and analysing earthquake- and monsoon-induced landslide inventories across different timescales. With time series of 5 m satellite images over four main valleys in central Nepal, we comprehensively mapped landslides caused by the monsoon from 2010 to 2018. We found no clear correlation between monsoon properties and landsliding and a similar mean landsliding rate for all valleys, except in 2015, where the valleys affected by the earthquake featured ∼5–8 times more landsliding than the pre-earthquake mean rate. The long-term size–frequency distribution of monsoon-induced landsliding (MIL) was derived from these inventories and from an inventory of landslides larger than ∼0.1 km2 that occurred between 1972 and 2014. Using a published landslide inventory for the Gorkha 2015 earthquake, we derive the size–frequency distribution for earthquake-induced landsliding (EQIL). These two distributions are dominated by infrequent, large and giant landslides but under-predict an estimated Holocene frequency of giant landslides (> 1 km3) which we derived from a literature compilation. This discrepancy can be resolved when modelling the effect of a full distribution of earthquakes of variable magnitude and when considering that a shallower earthquake may cause larger landslides. In this case, EQIL and MIL contribute about equally to a total long-term erosion of ∼2±0.75 mm yr−1 in agreement with most thermo-chronological data. Independently of the specific total and relative erosion rates, the heavy-tailed size–frequency distribution from MIL and EQIL and the very large maximal landslide size in the Himalayas indicate that mean landslide erosion rates increase with sampling time, as has been observed for independent erosion estimates. Further, we find that the sampling timescale required to adequately capture the frequency of the largest landslides, which is necessary for deriving long-term mean erosion rates, is often much longer than the averaging time of cosmogenic 10Be methods. This observation presents a strong caveat when interpreting spatial or temporal variability in erosion rates from this method. Thus, in areas where a very large, rare landslide contributes heavily to long-term erosion (as the Himalayas), we recommend 10Be sample in catchments with source areas > 10 000 km2 to reduce the method mean bias to below ∼20 % of the long-term erosion.

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19

Restrepo, Carla, Lawrence R. Walker, Aaron B. Shiels, Rainer Bussmann, Lieven Claessens, Simey Fisch, Pablo Lozano, et al. "Landsliding and Its Multiscale Influence on Mountainscapes." BioScience 59, no. 8 (September 2009): 685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.8.10.

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20

Jones, David K. C. "Grounds for concern: landsliding in Great Britain." Structural Survey 9, no. 3 (March 1991): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809110031501.

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21

SCHMIDT, K. M., and D. R. MONTGOMERY. "Rock Mass Strength Assessment for Bedrock Landsliding." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience II, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.ii.3.325.

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22

Bíl, Michal, Oldřich Krejčí, Martina Bílová, Jan Kubeček, Jiří Sedoník, and Vladimíra Krejčí. "A Chronology of Landsliding and its Impacts on the Village of Halenkovice, Outer Western Carpathians." Geografie 119, no. 4 (2014): 342–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2014119040342.

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The article is based on an investigation of landsliding chronology coducted at the village of Halenkovice. (Outer Western Carpathians, Czechia). On the basis of historical data, (chronicles and other archive sources, air photos, old maps), field mapping and interviews of eyewitnesses, we determined six major and seven minor phases of landsliding in the village and its immediate neighborhood for the period 1915–2010. Inactive and active landslides currently cover 20% of the Halenkovice cadastral area. Landslides have strongly affected the development of the village itself. Since 1941, at least 9 houses have been destroyed by landslides, with many other local buildings and roads suffering significant damage. We also documented two examples of periodic reactivation of landslides.

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23

Bathurst, J. C., G. Moretti, A. El-Hames, A. Moaven-Hashemi, and A. Burton. "Scenario modelling of basin-scale, shallow landslide sediment yield, Valsassina, Italian Southern Alps." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-189-2005.

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Abstract. The SHETRAN model for determining the sediment yield arising from shallow landsliding at the scale of a river catchment was applied to the 180-km2 Valsassina basin in the Italian Southern Alps, with the aim of demonstrating that the model can simulate long term patterns of landsliding and the associated sediment yields and that it can be used to explore the sensitivity of the landslide sediment supply system to changes in catchment characteristics. The model was found to reproduce the observed spatial distribution of landslides from a 50-year record very well but probably with an overestimate of the annual rate of landsliding. Simulated sediment yields were within the range observed in a wider region of northern Italy. However, the results suggest that the supply of shallow landslide material to the channel network contributes relatively little to the overall long term sediment yield compared with other sources. The model was applied for scenarios of possible future climate (drier and warmer) and land use (fully forested hillslopes). For both scenarios, there is a modest reduction in shallow landslide occurrence and the overall sediment yield. This suggests that any current schemes for mitigating sediment yield impact in Valsassina remain valid. The application highlights the need for further research in eliminating the large number of unconditionally unsafe landslide sites typically predicted by the model and in avoiding large overestimates of landslide occurrence.

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24

Williamson, Amy L., Diego Melgar, Xiaohua Xu, and Christopher Milliner. "The 2018 Palu Tsunami: Coeval Landslide and Coseismic Sources." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (August 19, 2020): 3148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200009.

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Abstract On 28 September 2018, Indonesia was struck by an MW 7.5 strike-slip earthquake. An unexpected tsunami followed, inundating nearby coastlines leading to extensive damage. Given the traditionally non-tsunamigenic mechanism, it is important to ascertain if the source of the tsunami is indeed from coseismic deformation, or something else, such as shaking induced landsliding. Here we determine the leading cause of the tsunami is a complex combination of both. We constrain the coseismic slip from the earthquake using static offsets from geodetic observations and validate the resultant “coseismic-only” tsunami to observations from tide gauge and survey data. This model alone, although fitting some localized run-up measurements, overall fails to reproduce both the timing and scale of the tsunami. We also model coastal collapses identified through rapidly acquired satellite imagery and video footage as well as explore the possibility of submarine landsliding using tsunami raytracing. The tsunami model results from the landslide sources, in conjunction with the coseismic-generated tsunami, show a greatly improved fit to both tide gauge and field survey data. Our results highlight a case of a damaging tsunami the source of which is a complex mix of coseismic deformation and landsliding. Tsunamis of this nature are difficult to provide warning for and are underrepresented in regional tsunami hazard analysis.

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25

Wistuba, Małgorzata, Ireneusz Malik, and Marek Krąpiec. "Can we distinguish between tree-ring eccentricity developed as a result of landsliding and prevailing winds? consequences for dendrochronological dating." Geochronometria 45, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0098.

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Abstract The aim of our study was to compare patterns of tree-ring eccentricity developed in Norway spruce trees as a result of landsliding with the one caused by the prevailing wind (in 2 study sites), and with the normal growth of trees (in 2 reference sites). We sampled 20 trees per study site and 10 per reference site. Two cores were taken from each tree (120 cores in total) from the upslope and downslope, windward and leeward sides of stems. Ring widths measured on opposite sides of stems were compared using the method of percent eccentricity index. Graphs of the index obtained for individual trees were analysed. Statistical indicators were calculated for a percent eccentricity index. Disturbance events were dated and the response index was calculated. The results show that the patterns of eccentricity developed as a result of the prevailing winds and due to landsliding differ from one another and from the reference sites. The results suggest that the impact of the prevailing wind on tree growth is more severe than the impact of landsliding. The difference may result from the slow-moving character of the landslide under study. The results, however, indicate that wind impact should be taken into account in dendrogeomorphic research and that the impact of mass movements should be considered in dendroecological studies on wind.

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Thomas, Matthew A., Benjamin B. Mirus, and Brian D. Collins. "Identifying Physics-Based Thresholds for Rainfall-Induced Landsliding." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 18 (September 26, 2018): 9651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079662.

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27

Ghafoori, M., and G. R. Lashkaripour. "Reservoir sedimentation associated with landsliding, Atrak watershed, Iran." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 37, no. 2 (May 2004): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/04-020.

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28

Capitani, Marco, Adriano Ribolini, and Monica Bini. "The slope aspect: A predisposing factor for landsliding?" Comptes Rendus Geoscience 345, no. 11-12 (November 2013): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2013.11.002.

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29

Ko Ko, Chit, Phil Flentje, and Robin Chowdhury. "Interpretation of probability of landsliding triggered by rainfall." Landslides 1, no. 4 (November 6, 2004): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-004-0031-3.

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30

Alcantara-Ayala, I. "Hazard assessment of rainfall-induced landsliding in mexico." Geomorphology 61, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.11.004.

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31

Jemec, Mateja, and Marko Komac. "Rainfall patterns for shallow landsliding in perialpine Slovenia." Natural Hazards 67, no. 3 (June 23, 2011): 1011–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9882-9.

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32

Campbell, Ian A., and David J. A. Evans. "Glaciotectonism and landsliding in Little Sandhill Creek, Alberta." Geomorphology 4, no. 1 (November 1990): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(90)90024-k.

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33

Montgomery, David R., Kathleen Sullivan, and Harvey M. Greenberg. "Regional test of a model for shallow landsliding." Hydrological Processes 12, no. 6 (May 1998): 943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199805)12:6<943::aid-hyp664>3.0.co;2-z.

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34

Losacco, Nunzio, Osvaldo Bottiglieri, Francesca Santaloia, Claudia Vitone, and Federica Cotecchia. "The Geo-Hydro-Mechanical Properties of a Turbiditic Formation as Internal Factors of Slope Failure Processes." Geosciences 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100429.

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Similar to many inner areas of Southern Europe, the Daunia Apennines are affected by widespread landsliding, often consisting of slow, deep-seated movements. Recurrent acceleration of these landslides causes damage to buildings and infrastructures, severely biasing the socio-economic development of the region. Most landslides in the area of study occur within clayey units of turbiditic flysch formations, often severely disturbed by tectonic thrust and previous landsliding. The Faeto Flysch (FAE) is one of the most widespread turbiditic formations in the Daunia Apennines and is representative of the tectonised geological formations involved in slope failure. This work, by examining the landslide processes occurring at four pilot sites, aims at connecting the observed mechanisms to the geo-hydro-mechanical setup of FAE in the slopes. It is found that the soil portion of FAE consists of highly plastic clays, resulting in low intrinsic shear strength, and hence controls the initiation and progression of failure in the slopes, as such representing an internal predisposing factor to landsliding. In addition, the presence of fractured rock strata confers a high permeability at the slope scale, with respect to that of the soil matrix. This results in severe piezometric levels in the slope, which represent another internal predisposing factor to failure, and in the ability to induce significant seasonal pore water pressure oscillations down to great depths, connected to rainfall infiltration, thus triggering the recurrent acceleration of the landslides.

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Marden, Michael, Donna Rowan, and Chris Phillips. "Sediment sources and delivery following plantation harvesting in a weathered volcanic terrain, Coromandel Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand." Soil Research 44, no. 3 (2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05092.

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Sediment generation and vegetation recovery was measured over a 2-year post-harvest period in a 36-ha catchment of exotic forest located in andesitic terrain, Whangapoua Forest (36.46°S, 175.36°E), Coromandel, New Zealand. Slopewash, soil scraping (on-slope removal of the regolith by the repeated dragging of logs), and storm-initiated landsliding were identified as the principal sediment-generating processes. Slopewash and vegetation recovery rates were measured using field-based plots located on sites of shallow- and deep-disturbance and a regression relationship was established between sedimentation rate (accumulation (g)/day.mm rain.m2) and per cent vegetation cover for both plot types. At the basin scale, slopewash was calculated using the plot-based rates times the total area of deep- and shallow-disturbance sites as identified from a ground-based, transect survey and using sequential aerial photography. Sediment production, by soil scraping and landsliding, was determined by multiplying mean scar depth by the total affected area. In the first post-harvest year deep-disturbance sites generated 92% of total slopewash produced from both disturbance classes combined, and in year 2, slopewash halved. Half of the first post-harvest year’s slopewash-derived sediment was generated within the first 7 months following the completion of harvesting and before the application of desiccant. Thereafter, on deep-disturbance sites, slopewash rates declined further as sites became hardened against the generation of new sediment (i.e. sites became sediment limited). In contrast, during both the initial post-harvest recovery period and the post-desiccation period, the decline in sediment production on shallow-disturbance sites was more a consequence of site recolonisation. Sediment generated and redistributed by scalping and by landsliding occurred at the time of the respective events and coincided with the early part of the first post-harvest year. Collectively, soil scraping, slopewash, and landslides generated 1864 t (52 t/ha) of sediment, 88% of which remained on-slope. Of the sediment delivered to streams (228 t), landslides contributed 72%, soil scraping 26%, and slopewash 2%. For this harvested basin a single, storm-initiated, landsliding event was the most important hillslope process responsible for the generation of sediment and its delivery to streams, and slopewash was the least important.

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Khan, Muhammad Israr, and Shuhong Wang. "Correlating groundwater level and shear strength: Kotkai Pakistan landslide as case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering 175, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00035.

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Earth-fill dam failure and landsliding during heavy rainfall and flooding is a common problem observed all over the world. This paper examines and discusses the causes of landsliding due to rainfall and flooding. Climatic rainfall data are interconnected with rainfall precipitation and its effect on the increase in pore water pressure inside soil slopes. Various soil slopes with different geometries and material properties are analysed, and the variation in pore water pressure and the slope factors of safety (FSs) are calculated. Correlations between the groundwater level (GWL) and slope FS are developed in both seismic and non-seismic situations. Correlations between shear strength (τ), shear stress (σ) and FS are also developed. The Kotkai landslide in Pakistan is considered a case study for cross-checking the correctness of the developed correlations. These correlations can be applied to design a safe soil slope in intense flood and rainfall areas.

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Goulden, Mark R., and David J. Sauchyn. "Age of Rotational Landslides in the Cypress Hills, Alberta-Saskatchewan." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 40, no. 3 (December 4, 2007): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032646ar.

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ABSTRACTThe topography of the west block of the Cypress Hills indicates that fluvial dissection of the plateaux and subsequent rotational landsliding of valley sides have been the dominant Quaternary geomorphic processes. This paper presents a preliminary chronology of rotational landslides based on the relative ages of 17 landslides and on 3 absolute dates. Four indices of relative age were used: organic content in Ah and B soil horizons, the size and coverage of lichens and weathering rind thickness on boulders exposed by landsliding, and the concavity and gradient of gullies in landslide debris, One landslide occurred in 1965. Organic materials collected from buried soil horizons beneath depressions on 3 other landslides were radiocarbon dated at 1235 ± 105, 1635 ± 105 and 7259 ± 165 yrs. BP. Microscopic analysis of the organic material revealed that the oldest sample was contaminated with older carbon. Cluster analysis of the relative age data in conjunction with 3 acceptable absolute dates suggests that the landslides under study have occurred during late Holocene time.

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38

Rault, Claire, Wei-An Chao, Céline Gelis, Arnaud Burtin, Jui-Ming Chang, Odin Marc, Tz-Shin Lai, Yih-Min Wu, Niels Hovius, and Patrick Meunier. "Seismic Response of a Mountain Ridge Prone to Landsliding." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 6 (July 21, 2020): 3004–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190127.

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ABSTRACT During an earthquake, site effects can play an important role in triggering landslides. To document the seismic response of steep hillslopes, we deployed broadband seismometers across a mountain ridge in Taiwan, in an area with a high earthquake-induced landslide hazard. The ridge has a simple, representative shape, and landslides have previously occurred there. Our seismometer array has recorded continuously during more than 1 yr, with both ambient-noise and regional moderate earthquakes as sources. Processing horizontal and vertical signal components, we show that the ridge has a complex response, which we attribute to the combined effects of the subsurface geology and the topographic geometry. Amplification and directionality of ground motion are observed both high and low on the ridge, giving rise to localized, elevated, earthquake-induced landslide hazard. Our database contains earthquakes with mostly similar locations, making it difficult to determine the effect of earthquake back azimuth on the ridge response. A part of the ridge response, possibly due to topographic effects, seems to be explained by a model derived from a frequency scale curvature proxy at low frequency. If correct, this would be a promising first step toward improving local ground-motion estimation in mountain areas. However, the definition of appropriate scaling parameters of site effects based on geophysical measurements, for use in regional and global landslide hazard equations applicable to mountain areas with substantial regolith thickness, remains a significant challenge.

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Densmore, Alexander L., Michael A. Ellis, and Robert S. Anderson. "Landsliding and the evolution of normal-fault-bounded mountains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, B7 (July 10, 1998): 15203–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jb00510.

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40

Godt, Jonathan W., Rex L. Baum, and Alan F. Chleborad. "Rainfall characteristics for shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31, no. 1 (January 2006): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1237.

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41

Gabet, Emmanuel J., Douglas W. Burbank, Jaakko K. Putkonen, Beth A. Pratt-Sitaula, and Tank Ojha. "Rainfall thresholds for landsliding in the Himalayas of Nepal." Geomorphology 63, no. 3-4 (December 2004): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.011.

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42

Borga, Marco, Fabrizio Tonelli, Giancarlo dalla Fontana, and Federico Cazorzi. "Evaluating the influence of forest roads on shallow landsliding." Ecological Modelling 187, no. 1 (September 2005): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.055.

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43

Petrucci, O., A. A. Pasqua, and G. Gullà. "Landslide damage assessment using the Support Analysis Framework (SAF): the 2009 landsliding event in Calabria (Italy)." Advances in Geosciences 26 (June 30, 2010): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-26-13-2010.

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Abstract. In this paper, a simplified methodological approach is used to assess damage indices related to landslide phenomena that occurred in Calabria (Italy) between November 2008 and January 2009. This approach, which was designed for and applied to single landslides, uses the Support Analysis Framework (SAF), a procedure containing the elements that can be damaged by a landslide grouped in categories. In this paper, we test wide-ranging use of the SAF on a number of landslides, assessing landslide damage on a municipal scale to get a final estimate of the amount of damage caused by all of the landslides that occurred in a selected municipality. Data regarding the damage caused by landslides were gathered from the press. Daily newspapers were systematically collected and elaborated to assess direct, indirect and intangible damage caused during the abovementioned period by a rainfall-triggered landsliding event. In the paper, regional- and provincial-scale results are described, and the methodological approach is briefly described. The application of the proposed methodological approach to the 2009 landsliding event shows that the results can be used to summarise landslide damage from a complex event in order to better plan an intervention strategy at a regional, provincial or municipal scale. The availability of newspaper data during the event and the speed of the proposed approach allow for rapid location of the damaged sectors during the event, which will continuously upgrade the regional damage framework. This can all be done almost in "real time". For regional agencies, this framework can be a starting point to both manage the emergency and to acquire and interpret data giving a more detailed damage distribution so that a response can be organised. Moreover, based on the damage assessment, a characterisation of the landsliding event can also be carried out and used to describe the damage scenario occurring after each type of event.

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44

Monsieurs, Elise, Olivier Dewitte, and Alain Demoulin. "A susceptibility-based rainfall threshold approach for landslide occurrence." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 775–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-775-2019.

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Abstract. Rainfall threshold determination is a pressing issue in the landslide scientific community. While major improvements have been made towards more reproducible techniques for the identification of triggering conditions for landsliding, the now well-established rainfall intensity or event-duration thresholds for landsliding suffer from several limitations. Here, we propose a new approach of the frequentist method for threshold definition based on satellite-derived antecedent rainfall estimates directly coupled with landslide susceptibility data. Adopting a bootstrap statistical technique for the identification of threshold uncertainties at different exceedance probability levels, it results in thresholds expressed as AR = (α±Δα)⋅S(β±Δβ), where AR is antecedent rainfall (mm), S is landslide susceptibility, α and β are scaling parameters, and Δα and Δβ are their uncertainties. The main improvements of this approach consist in (1) using spatially continuous satellite rainfall data, (2) giving equal weight to rainfall characteristics and ground susceptibility factors in the definition of spatially varying rainfall thresholds, (3) proposing an exponential antecedent rainfall function that involves past daily rainfall in the exponent to account for the different lasting effect of large versus small rainfall, (4) quantitatively exploiting the lower parts of the cloud of data points, most meaningful for threshold estimation, and (5) merging the uncertainty on landslide date with the fit uncertainty in a single error estimation. We apply our approach in the western branch of the East African Rift based on landslides that occurred between 2001 and 2018, satellite rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA 3B42 RT), and the continental-scale map of landslide susceptibility of Broeckx et al. (2018) and provide the first regional rainfall thresholds for landsliding in tropical Africa.

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45

Hart, Michael W. "Bedding-parallel shear zones as landslide mechanisms in horizontal sedimentary rocks." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.2.95.

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Abstract The occurrence of large translational paleolandslides in horizontally bedded sediments can not be completely explained by the presence of "weak" clay rocks and oversteepened natural slopes. When the shear strength of a landslide's basal rupture surface is back-calculated, residual shear strengths are usually required for failure. This is because peak shear strengths are too high to allow failure, even assuming the most conservative estimate of ground-water levels. Data obtained during geologic mapping and downhole logging of large-diameter borings suggest that the principal factor leading to translational landsliding within horizontally bedded sediments is the presence of a pre-existing shear zone. A new term, bedding-parallel shear zone (BPS), is proposed for these features. When shearing parallel to bedding results from folding or thrust faulting, it is tectonic in origin. When similar shearing is found in horizontally bedded sediments that have not been tectonically deformed, it is often misinterpreted as conclusive evidence of landsliding. Mechanisms that produce BPS are: 1. Elastic rebound. 2. Progressive failure of overconsolidated claystone. 3. Differential consolidation. 4. Gravitational creep. It is important for engineering geologists to recognize BPS and to have an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their formation and relationship to translational landsliding. Knowledge of where and how BPS occur allows an understanding of why landslides have occurred in the past as well as allowing prediction of where large landslides are likely to occur in the future. Their misinterpretation as landslide slip surfaces has obvious effects on the accuracy of engineering geology studies and stability analyses. For example, a stability analysis for a typical landslide yielded a factor-of-safety of 1.2. An analysis of the same slope configuration representing a condition where a BPS is present, but not the entire landslide failure surface, yielded a factor-of-safety of 1.9.

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46

Capecchi, V., M. Perna, and A. Crisci. "Statistical modeling of rainfall-induced shallow landsliding using static predictors and numerical weather predictions: preliminary results." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 8 (August 4, 2014): 4987–5036. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-4987-2014.

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Abstract. We present a quantitative indirect statistical modeling for predicting rainfall-induced shallow landsliding. We consider as input layers both static thematic predictors, such as geomorphological, geological, climatological information, and numerical weather model's forecast. Two different statistical techniques are used to combine together the above mentioned predictors: a Generalized Linear Model and Breiman's Random Forests. We tested these two techniques for two rainfall events that occurred in 2011 and 2013 in Tuscany region (central Italy). Model's evaluation is measured by means of sensitivity-specificity ROC analysis. In the 2011 rainfall event, the Random Forests technique performs slightly better, whereas in the 2013 rainfall event the Generalized Linear Model provides more accurate predictions. This study seeks also to establish whether the rainfall-induced shallow landsliding prediction might substantially benefit from the information provided by the numerical weather model's outputs. Using the variable importance parameter provided by the Random Forests algorithm, we asses the added value carried by numerical weather forecast, in particular in the rainfall event characterized by deep atmospheric convection and heavy precipitations.

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47

Sun, Shi Guo, and Pei Xin Dong. "Reason Analysis of Landsliding for the Side Slope Corner Area." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4749.

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Deformation amount is depended on area position for approximate condition on engineering geology. Deformation amount is small as radius of curvature become small, conversely large. This paper studies severe plastic deformation reason of slope body. Landsliding reason of the side slope corner area is the rain soaked softening effect for the lower part of the clay rock special slope form. Therefore, abnormal deformation is produced. Slope stability is related slope angle, sometimes related secondary softening effect of rain water. So, key measures of slope safety are ensured for controlling the rain soaked softening effect.

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48

Dymond, John R., Murray R. Jessen, and Leyton R. Lovell. "Computer simulation of shallow landsliding in New Zealand hill country." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 1, no. 2 (January 1999): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2434(99)85005-3.

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49

Gerrard, J., and R. A. M. Gardner. "Relationships between rainfall and landsliding in the Middle Hills, Nepal." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 54, no. 2 (August 8, 2000): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002919500423807.

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50

Yamasaki, Shintaro, and Masahiro Chigira. "Weathering mechanisms and their effects on landsliding in pelitic schist." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36, no. 4 (September 3, 2010): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2067.

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