Journal articles on the topic 'Langage FP2'

Abstract This paper presents findings from the Flourishing in a Second Language (FL2) project – a language curriculum for first-year university students which integrates Positive Psychology (Seligman, 2002), Transition Pedagogy (Kift, 2009a), and CLIL principles (Coyle, 2006). The project aims to create learning experiences that are personally relevant, and that facilitate alignment between learners’ interests, linguistic goals, and cognitive challenges posed by the tasks, in order to increase the perceived value of language learning and sustain students’ motivation. More specifically, the project involves re-designing language learning activities typically found in beginners’ level classes, to include strategies and contents believed to facilitate transition, as well as enhance students’ psychological, emotional, and social wellbeing. In this paper, we evaluate the trial implementation of the FL2 activities integrated into the beginners’ curriculum at two different universities. Feedback obtained from language experts and practitioners in language education and Positive Psychology is also briefly discussed.

This article analyzes aspects of the distribution of West Flemish verbs in terms of Kayne's (1994) antisymmetry approach. The distribution of the auxiliary in the Infinitivus pro Participio (IPP) construction provides evidence for three functional heads in the lower middle field: Neg, T, and F2. The word order in the IPP construction is derived by head movement of the auxiliary and XP-movement of the IPP complement. The IPP complement moves to [Spec, FP2] to check its formal features; the finite auxiliary moves either to F2 or to a higher functional head, T or Neg; the nonfinite auxiliary remains in F2. The analysis accounts for the finite/nonfinite asymmetry in the distribution of the negative affix en. The article includes concrete proposals for the implementation of feature checking.

Reference to the "best available science" is popular among administrators and scientists responsible for the management of anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River Basin. Regional recovery documents explicitly call for the consideration of the best available science during the formulation of policies, but they fail to elaborate on what this phrase means. In the absence of such clarification, the definition of what counts as science, how to recognize the best science from the rest, and a determination of how much of it is available invites a wide array of interpretations. Two possible remedies are proposed to alleviate this ambiguity. The first is to leave this phrase intact, but also to append an explicit definition of what each term means. This should establish sideboards for what is acceptable when compiling scientific information. The second remedy is to discontinue the impulsive use of the phrase best available science and select alternative language that more accurately reflects legislative intent. This refinement process will naturally result in other phrases tailored to the specific preferences and requirements of each situation. A decision to accept any of these alternatives may profoundly affect how science influences the management of anadromous salmonids in the Columbia River Basin.

Our experience of working with students of a transport (technical) university shows that many of them have serious problems in learning foreign languages. Students will not be able to realize their potential in future professional activities, involving foreign-language partners, since poor knowledge of a foreign language prevents them from establishing business contacts. The object of our research was linguistic competence as the basis for developing a communicative competence. Having analysed the existing linguistic and methodological literature, the educational process including learning English and French as a FL2 and the reasons for the students’ poor knowledge of foreign languages, we came to the conclusion that the problem does not lie solely with the small number of school hours or poor knowledge obtained at school. The lack of linguistic competence results from the insufficient knowledge acquired from native language studies, it is one of the main reasons for the poor proficiency of students in foreign languages. Students are not familiar with linguistic terminology in their native language, and this fact greatly complicates explanation of the grammar of the studied foreign language. The purpose of this paper is to focus the attention of university teachers on the need to work with students to master Russian and foreign language terminology in the framework of a comparative approach, which is one of the main methods of teaching a foreign language, as it expands the general language awareness and develops the “linguistic flair”of students.

Our experience of working with students of a transport (technical) university shows that many of them have serious problems in learning foreign languages. Students will not be able to realize their potential in future professional activities, involving foreign-language partners, since poor knowledge of a foreign language prevents them from establishing business contacts. The object of our research was linguistic competence as the basis for developing a communicative competence. Having analysed the existing linguistic and methodological literature, the educational process including learning English and French as a FL2 and the reasons for the students’ poor knowledge of foreign languages, we came to the conclusion that the problem does not lie solely with the small number of school hours or poor knowledge obtained at school. The lack of linguistic competence results from the insufficient knowledge acquired from native language studies, it is one of the main reasons for the poor proficiency of students in foreign languages. Students are not familiar with linguistic terminology in their native language, and this fact greatly complicates explanation of the grammar of the studied foreign language. The purpose of this paper is to focus the attention of university teachers on the need to work with students to master Russian and foreign language terminology in the framework of a comparative approach, which is one of the main methods of teaching a foreign language, as it expands the general language awareness and develops the “linguistic flair”of students.

This article presents the results of work to determine the spectral composition of the vowels of the teleutian lan-guage, based on data obtained in the field. The recorder was recorded in mp3 format, the data was converted to wav format using Freemake Audio Converter, Audacity program was used in the processing of audio files, the computer program SpeechAnalyzer was used in the decoding and analysis of materials. On the basis of spectral analysis, the vocalism of the Teleut language was determined. However, because of the sig-nificant oppositions of phonemes are the contrasts in abilitanti / albilineans and the extent of the solution. There are three types of vowels that differ in a number. Consideration of the frequency characteristics of high formants shows that when pronouncing the vowels of the front row e, and, ö, ʏ there is a significant increase in frequencies in the upper part of the spectrum. The vowels of the back row o, y, on the contrary, are characterized by a significant decrease in the sec-ond formant. The vowels a and u at frequency response is somewhere in the middle.

Using various results from extremal set theory (interpreted in the language of additive combinatorics), we prove an asymptotically sharp version of Freiman's theorem in $\F_2^n$: if $A \subseteq \F_2^n$ is a set for which |A + A| ≤ K|A| then A is contained in a subspace of size $2^{2K + O(\sqrt{K}\log K)}|A|$; except for the $O(\sqrt{K} \log K)$ error, this is best possible. If in addition we assume that A is a downset, then we can also cover A by O(K46) translates of a coordinate subspace of size at most |A|, thereby verifying the so-called polynomial Freiman–Ruzsa conjecture in this case. A common theme in the arguments is the use of compression techniques. These have long been familiar in extremal set theory, but have been used only rarely in the additive combinatorics literature.

The article presents the results of a survey conducted within the project under the grant of the President of Ukraine F82 "Linguo-sociological monitoring of the dynamics of the structure and status of the Ukrainian language in modern times" (2019). The study involved 400 Kyivans 18 to 65 years old. The main goal was to supplement the sociolinguistic studies of the language situation of Ukraine of recent years with new data, but not to duplicate them. Till now, researchers focus on the language of everyday communication of respondents, on the native language of their parents, on the language of communication in the family, with friends and in professional life. Therefore, 10 questions were selected for the questionnaire, which should reveal the status perception of language and language guidelines of the respondents. The obtained data show, that the native language self-determination of Kyivans not always determines their language behavior. 73.25% of respondents called Ukrainian their native language, but the informational and cultural space in which they live remains mostly bilingual or Russian-language. 79.75% of respondents said, that the state should support functioning of the Ukrainian language, which should indicate a fairly high value attitude to the language. However, 32% consider the measures, that were taken by the state to ensure the functioning of the Ukrainian language, for example, in media, which so far were predominantly Russian- language, needless and 22% say, that the quota did not affect the situation in any way. More than 32% of Ukrainians six months after the adoption of the new version of the spelling standard did not acquaint with it or even did not hear about it at all, which indicates indifference to language development. There is significant percentage of those, who do not see value in the national language and are not aware of the need for public language policy aimed at supporting it. This indicates an insufficient level of language consciousness of Ukrainians. Reflections on the Ukrainian language are mostly caused by the fact, that it is a frequent subject of political debate, rather than by awareness of its essence as a cultural and nation-building factor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to shift the emphasis in its perception from its purely political role to cultural and value essence.

In this paper, with the aim of assessing the deterioration of speech intelligibility caused by a speaker wearing a mask, different face masks (surgical masks, FFP2 mask, homemade textile-based protection and two kinds of plastic shields) are compared in terms of their acoustic filtering effect, measured by placing the mask on an artificial head/mouth simulator. For investigating the additional effects on the speaker’s vocal output, speech was also recorded while people were reading a text when wearing a mask, and without a mask. In order to discriminate between effects of acoustic filtering by the mask and mask-induced effects of vocal output changes, the latter was monitored by measuring vibrations at the suprasternal notch, using an attached accelerometer. It was found that when wearing a mask, people tend to slightly increase their voice level, while when wearing plastic face shield, they reduce their vocal power. Unlike the Lombard effect, no significant change was found in the spectral content. All face mask and face shields attenuate frequencies above 1–2 kHz. In addition, plastic shields also increase frequency components to around 800 Hz, due to resonances occurring between the face and the shield. Finally, special attention was given to the Slavic languages, in particular Slovak, which contain a large variety of sibilants. Male and female speech, as well as texts with and without sibilants, was compared.

Secara etimologis, kata tipologis berarti pengelompokan ranah (classification of domain). Pengertian tipologi bersinonim dengan istilah taksonomi. Istilah teknis tipologi yang masuk ke dalam linguistik mempunyai pengertian pengelompokan bahasa-bahasa berdasarkan ciri khas strukturnya. Kajian ini berusaha mencermati fitur-fitur dan ciri-ciri khas gramatikal bahasa-bahasa di dunia, dan membuat pengelompokan yang bersesuaian dengan parameter tertentu. Kajian tipologi bahasa umumnya dimaksudkan untuk mengklasifikasikan bahasa berdasarkan perilaku struktural yang ditampilkan oleh suatu bahasa. Tujuan kajian tipologi bahasa terutama diarahkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: seperti apa bahasa x itu? Kajian tipologis terhadap BPD, sebagai salah satu bahasa daerah di Sumatera Utara (termasuk kelompok bahasa Austronesia Barat), cukup penting dan bernilai ilmiah untuk dilakukan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa sampai saat ini masih terdapat banyak pendapat tentang pengelompokan secara tipologis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Indonesia.Relasi gramatikal memegang peranan penting dalam sintaksis bahasa alamiah, karena berhubungan dengan sejumlah konsep dan istilah sintaksis (gramatikal) seperti S(ubjek), O dan OBLik. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif melalui uji gramatikal dan dengan pendekatan teori tipologi linguistik dapat disimpulkan bahwa relasi S pada klausa dasar BPD selalu berperan sebagai Agen; Subjek pada klausa berprefiks nasal pada posisi FN2 pos-Verbal yang merupakan argumen Agen; sementara itu FN1pos Verba adalah ditempati oleh argumen Pasien. Pada BPD, Subjek dan Objek pada klausa verba zero senantiasa dapat direlatifkan; sementara pada klausa verba berafiks nasal hanya relasi S yang dapat direlatifkan. Relasi O merupakan FN yang langsung mengikuti verba dan tak dapat disisipi oleh adverbia apapun. Relasi O dapat dinaikkan posisinya menjadi S pada pemasifan BPD; sementara itu S kalimat asal menjadi relasi OBL.
 
 Etymologically, the typological word means classification of domain. The definition of typology is synonymous with taxonomic terms. The technical term typology that enters linguistics has the meaning of grouping languages based on their structural characteristics. This study tried to examine the features and characteristics of grammatical languages in the world, and make groupings that correspond to certain parameters. Language typology studies are generally intended to classify languages based on the structural behavior displayed by a language. The purpose of the study of language typology was primarily directed to answer the questions: what is the x language? Typological studies of BPD, as one of the local languages in North Sumatra (including the West Austronesian language group), are quite important and have scientific value to be done. This was due to the fact that until now there are still many opinions about the typological grouping of local languages in Indonesia. Grammatical relations play an important role in natural language syntax, because they are related to a number of concepts and terms of syntax (grammatical) such as S (ubject), O and OBLic. By using the descriptive method through grammatical testing and with the approach of linguistic typology theory, it could be concluded that the relation of S in the basic clause of the BPD always acted as an Agent; The subject in the nasal prefix clause was in the post-Verbal FN2 position which was the Agent argument; meanwhile FN1pos verbs were occupied by Patient arguments. At the BPD, Subject and Object in the zero verb clause could always be relativized; while in the nasal affixed clause, it was only the relation of S that could be relativized. O relation was an FN that directly followed verbs and couldn’t be inserted by any adverb. The position of O relation could be raised to S in the passive of BPD; while the original sentence S was the relation of OBL.

Craig Squier proved that, if a monoid can be presented by a finite convergent string rewriting system, then it satisfies the homological finiteness condition left-FP3. Using this result, he constructed finitely presentable monoids with a decidable word problem, but that cannot be presented by finite convergent rewriting systems. Later, he introduced the condition of finite derivation type, which is a homotopical finiteness property on the presentation complex associated to a monoid presentation. He showed that this condition is an invariant of finite presentations and he gave a constructive way to prove this finiteness property based on the computation of the critical branchings: Being of finite derivation type is a necessary condition for a finitely presented monoid to admit a finite convergent presentation. This survey presents Squier's results in the contemporary language of polygraphs and higher dimensional categories, with new proofs and relations between them.

Research on wall rock alteration is of great importance to the understanding and exploration of ore deposits. The microscopic changes of the same mineral in different alteration zones can provide information about the migration and enrichment of ore-forming elements. In this paper, a typical profile of a high-grade iron ore body in Gongchangling iron deposit was investigated and sampled. The samples were checked by polarized microscopy, and alterations zonation were delineated according to the hydrothermal mineral assemblages and paragenesis. Moreover, hyperspectral images of wall rocks from each alteration zone were obtained by Norsk Elektro Optikk (NEO) HySpex-320 m imaging system. A customer Interactive Data Language (IDL) software package was used to process the images, and spectral features were extracted from the selected samples. The results indicate that spectral characteristics manifest obviously regular variations; i.e., from proximal to distal for the high-grade iron ore body, the wavelengths at ca. 1200 nm of chlorite and garnet, which accounts for most of the hydrothermal alteration minerals, become longer, and the absorption depths gradually smaller. The spectral features at 1200 nm of chlorite and garnet are always caused by the crystal field effect of Fe2+; therefore, the wavelength variations indicate the increase of Fe2+ and a reduced environment, which can provide more detailed information about the metallogeny and water–rock interaction. Since the hyperspectral features of the altered rocks can disclose unique mineralogical and structural information, the conventional classification of alteration zonation should be combined with the spectral feature, i.e., spectral alteration zonation, which is of great help to the understanding of the forming conditions of wall rock alteration and also the high-grade iron ore bodies.

Early-aged children are individuals from 0 to 6 year old with unique characteristics and in the stage of growth and development, both physical and mental. Several aspects developed for their education include moral and religious values, social, emotional feelings, autonomy, language, cognitive, physical/motor skill, and art (Ramli, 2005, p.50). The development of these aspects affect each other, that is why it has to be optimally developed in every activity. One aspect of those basic skills should be developed in early-aged children is language. The objectives of this research are to describe (1) the quantity of Indonesian vocabularies in early-aged children; (2) certain Indonesian word classes in early-aged children; (3) certain scopes of Indonesian vocabularies in early-aged children; (4) Indonesian basic sentence pattern in early-aged children; (5) Indonesian basic sentence features considered by the form of integrative phrases; (6) Indonesian basic sentence features considered by the number of integrative phrases. The results of the research show that the vocabulary quantity of early-aged children varies due to external and internal factors. It triggers their inputs to vary from one to another. Word classes mastered by them include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral, pronoun, and preposition. Based on the findings in the field, they have also mastered several vocabulary scopes, such as kinship, activity, place, number, color, universal objects, and animal types. In line with that, sentence patterns that have been mastered by them are FN-FV, FN1-FN2, FN-FA, FN-Num, and FN–FP.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of redox status in endometriosis and its malignant transformation. A search was conducted between 1990 and 2014 through the English language literature (online MEDLINE PubMed database) using the keywords endometriosis combined with malignant transformation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. In benign endometriosis, autoxidation and Fenton reaction of hemoglobin from the ferrous Fe2+(oxyhemoglobin) state to the ferric Fe3+(methemoglobin) state lead to production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) such asO2-andOH∙. Hemoglobin, heme, and iron derivatives in endometriotic cysts cause distortion in the homeostatic redox balance. Excess oxidative stress could trigger DNA damage and cell death. In contrast, endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) might be associated with an effective antioxidant defense, including heme oxygenases, cytochrome P450 family, and glutathione transferase family. The pattern of redox balance supports that enhanced antioxidants may be involved in the pathogenesis of malignant transformation. In conclusion, oxidant/antioxidant balance function is a double-edged sword, promoting cell death or carcinogenesis. Upregulation of antioxidant functions in endometriotic cyst may result in restoration of cell survival and subsequent malignant transformation.

Abstract Background The biological, clinical and social factors which underpin the aetiology of psychotic disorders are known to overlap between different ICD-10/DSM-5 diagnostic categories. A transdiagnostic approach to investigate clinical phenotype may enable a better understanding of pathophysiology at individual patient level. We applied natural language processing (NLP) tools to electronic health record (EHR) data from patients presenting with an ICD-10 diagnosis of unipolar depression to determine if symptoms at diagnosis could predict subsequent onset of a bipolar or psychotic disorder. Methods Data were obtained from 20,582 adults presenting with unipolar depression (ICD-10 F32 or F33, excluding F32.3 and F33.3) to the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust between April 2006 and March 2018. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques were used to extract data on 21 mood and affective symptoms from free text clinical assessments documented in the period -3/+3 months from the date of the diagnosis of unipolar depression. We obtained descriptive analyses of demographics and symptom prevalence. Symptoms were categorised into four groups: 1. Depressive (low mood, anhedonia, feelings of guilt, hopelessness, helplessness, psychomotor retardation, worthlessness, tearfulness, low energy), 2. Manic (elation, grandiosity, pressured speech, flight of ideas), 3. Biological symptoms (insomnia, disturbed sleep, low appetite, weight loss, poor concentration) and 4. Emotional/behavioural symptoms (mood instability, agitation, irritability). The symptom network structure was estimated using the Enhanced Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operation procedure. We assessed network stability via a case-dropping bootstrapping procedure. We investigated associations between each of the four symptom groups and clinical outcomes using multivariable Cox regression to predict five-year risk of bipolar disorder (ICD-10 F30/F31) or a psychotic disorder (ICD-10 F2*). Results Of all patients presenting with unipolar depression, 19,569 (95.1%) had at least one documented depressive symptom, 16,199 (78.7%) had at least one biological symptom, 10,006 (48.6%) had at least one emotional/behavioural symptom, and 1,372 (6.67%) had at least one manic symptom. Patients with at least one manic symptom were significantly more likely to be male (OR: 1.25 (95% CI 1.12 - 1.40), p < 0.001) and less likely to be of Black (OR: 0.80 (0.68 - 0.93), p = 0.004) or Other ethnicity (OR: 0.78 (0.66 - 0.91), p = 0.003). Elation was the most commonly reported manic symptom (3.17%). Network analysis revealed that the presence of manic symptoms was associated with co-occurrence of agitation, irritability and mood instability. Agitation was the most central symptom in terms of strength, betweenness and expected influence. The resulting network remained stable after dropping up to 33% of cases from the sample. 1,861 (9.04%) patients who initially presented with unipolar depression subsequently developed a mania/bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder within 5 years. The presence of at least one manic (HR: 1.71, 1.50 – 1.97), biological (HR: 1.33, 1.16 – 1.53) or emotional (HR: 1.91, 1.73 – 2.13) symptom was associated with significantly increased risk of onset of a bipolar or psychotic disorder. Discussion We found that patients with unipolar depression have a heterogenous clinical phenotype with a significant proportion going on to develop a bipolar or psychotic disorder within 5 years. Symptoms extracted from the EHR using NLP were predictive of subsequent onset of a bipolar or psychotic disorder. A transdiagnostic approach to defining clinical phenotype may help to better predict subsequent clinical outcomes.

The Journal of Genetics is among the oldest English language journals in genetics and has a unique history. The journal covers all areas of genetics and evolution, including molecular genetics and molecular evolution. It publishes papers and review articles on current topics, commentaries and essays on ideas and trends in genetics and evolutionary biology, historical developments, debates and book reviews. Since 2010 the journal has published a special category of papers termed ‘Online Resources’. An attempt has been made to analyze the contributions in 32 issues of 10 volumes of the Journal of Genetics Indian Academic Science Journals of genetics. The study covers the years from 2006 to 2015. A total number of 752 scientific papers are published. The highest numbers of 125 articles were published in the year 2014. It witnessed the overall relative growth rate mean1.5 and doubling time mean 0.66. Degree of Collaboration is 0.86. Maximum number of articles above five 260 were published by two authors. The highest growth rate of 1.84 was found 25 publications in the year 2008 and the lowest exponential growth rate was 0.72 published in 2012. The highest contributions were from Research institutions. The results revealed that the frequency value was 752 at overall total and then frequency Fd1 value was 9925 and then frequency Fd2 value was 178125 and length of articles calculated was 79.17. Around 214 articles were published with 11-20 citations. 129 articles were published with 21-30 citations followed by 79 articles with 31-40 citations. It was observed that the distribution of year wise Collaboration Coefficient (CC) and the value the collaboration coefficient (CC) has been calculated as 0.78

This article discusses some syntactic peculiarities of Chinese yes/no questions. Starting from the observation that Standard Mandarin shares significant typological features with prototypical SOV languages, Chinese is treated as an underlyingly verb-final language. Based on this heuristic principle, A-not-AB, AB-not-A and AB-not questions are uniformly derived by means of one simple raising rule that operates within the sentence constituent V'. This novel idea is elaborated on in great detail in the first part of the article. In contrast to the prevailing trend, it is argued that the question operator contained in A-not-A and A-not sentences CANNOT be raised to "Comp". In consequence, A-not-A and A-not questions are "typed" in the head position of a sentence-internal functional phrase that we call Force2 Phrase (F2P) in the present paper. This position is not to be confused with Drubig's (1994) Polarity 1 Phrase (PollP), in the head position of which assertive negations and an abstract affirmative element are located. The existence of a head position F2° other than Poll° is supported by the fact that F2° can be occupied by certain overt question operators, such as assertive shi-bu-shi, which are compatible with negations. In contrast to the assertive question operator shi-bu-shi which is obligatorily associated with information focus, non-assertive shi-bu-shi serves as a compound focus and question operator whose focus feature is complex insofar as it is composed of two subfeatures: a contrastivity and an exhaustivity subfeature. Non-assertive shi-bu-shi is obligatorily associated with identificational focus in the sense of Kiss (1998). In accordance with some basic ideas of Chomsky's checking theory, the two subfeatures of the complex focus feature carried by the non-assertive shi-bu-shi operator check a correlating subfeature in the head position of a corresponding functional phrase (Contrastive Phrase and Focus Phrase, respectively). The question feature contained in the non-assertive shi-bu-shi operator is attracted by the head of Force1 Phrase (F1') at the level of LF. Due to the fact that F1° is sentence-final, the question feature of non-assertive shi-bu-shi must be Chomsky-adjoined to F1'. Unlike identificational focus phrases which are inherently contrastive, topics are non-contrastive in the default case. As separate speech acts, they are located in a c-commanding position outside the sentence structure. Semantically, there is a difference between Frame-Setting Topics and Aboutness Topics. As shown in the article, both A-not-A and A-not questions on the one hand and yes/no questions ending with ma on the other can be used in neutral and non-neutral contexts. The decisive advantage of mu questions, however, is that their question operator has scope over the whole sentence.

Abstract In the vast body of research on language learning, there is still surprisingly little work on the attrition or retention of second/foreign languages, particularly in multilinguals, once learning and/or use of these languages ceases. The present study focuses on foreign language attrition and examines lexical diversity and (dis)fluency in the oral productions of 114 multilingual young adults, first language German speakers who learned English as their first (FL1) and French or Italian as their second foreign language (FL2), shortly before and approximately 16 months after graduation from upper secondary school. The level of foreign language use after graduation was found to have a noticeable impact on the measured change in output quality in the FL2, but only little in the FL1, where participants’ initial proficiency was considerably higher. The amount of use in the FL1 had no visible connection with attrition/maintenance in a rarely used FL2. Those participants who felt their speaking skills in one of their foreign languages had improved were correct in their self-assessment, but the degree to which the remaining subjects felt their speaking skills had deteriorated was not reflected in their productions.

As design-based research, this study describes the development and analysis of two location-based augmented reality (AR) serious learning games (SLG) for French second language (FL2) learning. Explorez and VdeUVic are collaborative quest-based SLGs. At different locations on campus, players interact with characters that give them quests including clues or options to further the storyline. These interactions take place in the form of either written text, or audio and video recordings, encouraging students to develop language skills both written and oral. Students choose their own learning path and advance at their own pace. Three cohorts of FL2 university students play-tested the games, with 58 of the 77 students choosing to participate in the study. The design-based research framework for the development of the game iterations and subsequent testing was an iterative process with each stage producing output that became input for the next stage. The evaluation of the AR language tools was implemented by means of a mixed-method case study, collecting data of both a qualitative and quantitative nature, through pre and post-play questionnaires, interviews, and video recordings of student gameplay interactions for analysis. Informed by situated cognition, one of the goals was to provide a contextual and immersive learning experience. Additionally, this research drew on sociocultural theory and the social nature of language learning, emphasizing learner interactions as a principal learning force. This research examined the learners’ perceptions of their learning experience, as well as the ways in which students collaborated to complete the tasks. Employing a situative approach framework informed by social regulation and content processing, student learning patterns were examined. Distinct types of learner interactions amongst teams during gameplay were shown. Patterns in the emergence of learners’ high-level co-regulation during collaborative learning are indicated in the findings. Key elements for the development and implementation of location-based serious games to foster collaborative learning are highlighted.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to identify, synthesize, and compare all the current information on the efficacy of dental masks, emphasizing their use, types, and filters to prevent the spread and infection of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. A bibliographic search of the main scientific databases was carried out using the words “masks, COVID-19, and dentistry.” Articles without language restriction up to May 31, 2020, were obtained. The types of masks, their half-life, method to use, sterilization, and proposed alternatives for dental masks were analyzed. Most of the articles refer to the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators presented as a strategy to extend the life of the masks and limited reuse. Regarding sterilization, most of the articles presented studies using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation as the sterilization method. Regarding respirator mask half-life, we recommend prolonged use, combined with a disposable surgical mask over the respirator mask. Finally, the use of N95 or FFP2 respirators are recommended as part of personal protective equipment for dental use.

Challenges in setting up and conducting interviews with non-Belgian prisoners In 2018, 44.6% of the prison population in Belgium consisted of prisoners with a non-Belgian nationality (n = 4.601). Despite their overrepresentation, little is known about this group of prisoners, because they are often excluded from research. Therefore, the FIP2 project (Foreigners’ Involvement and Participation in Prison) was initiated and focuses on non-Belgian prisoners and their formal and informal participation in prison life. Fifty-one interviews with non-Belgian prisoners were conducted in four prisons. During these interviews, we experienced several challenges, which included various difficulties. In this article, we describe, analyze and reflect on the most important challenges in setting up and conducting interviews with non-Belgian prisoners: (1) how we can reach non-Belgian prisoners; (2) interviewing in a foreign language for the researcher/respondent; (3) the presence of an interpreter in individual interviews; (4) the use of Appreciative Inquiry in a less appreciative context; (5) objective researchers versus emotionally jarring conversations; and (6) ‘white’ female researchers and male non-Belgian prisoners. We do not have miracle solutions about how to deal with these challenges. Nevertheless, we do have some recommendations that we would like to give to other researchers and professionals about engaging in interviews or conversations with this ‘forgotten’ group of prisoners.

The objective of this article is to study the process of globalization from a multidisciplinary perspective. First, through a historical and evolutionary focus, where we will observe that the globalization is an institution originated in the spontaneous order, just as they are also the division of labor, the price system, the money, the law or the language. Second, through the economic analysis, where we confront the «free trade» —that, through the elimination of barriers, results in the dynamic entrepreneur creativity— versus what Gabriel Zanotti named as the «globalization of the interventionism» —where the government tries to plan and control everything, always generating results that are just the opposite to those it looked for—. Third, we develop a legal and institutional research, analyzing the advantages of the arbitration and the non legal sanctions, as a complement of the public enforcement. Finally, we go into the implications that the globalization exercises on the culture, criticizing the nationalism and the «fenced culture», to give place to an open and «cosmopolitan» society.
 Key words: Globalization process. Multidisciplinary study. Spontaneous order. Interventionism. Myths of the international trade. Arbitration. Lex Mercatoria. Enforcement. Nationalism. Fenced culture. Austrian School of Economics.
 JEL codes: B25, B53, E32, E44, F02.
 Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar el proceso de globalización desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar. Primero, a través de un enfoque histórico y evolutivo, donde observaremos que la globalización es una institución originada en el orden espontáneo, tal como lo son también la división del trabajo, el sistema de precios, la moneda, el derecho o el lenguaje. Se-gundo, a través del análisis económico, donde confrontamos la «libertad de comercio» —que, a través de la eliminación de barreras, da lugar a la dinámica creatividad empresarial— versus lo que Gabriel Zanotti denominó como la «globalización del intervencionismo» —donde el Estado todo lo intenta planificar y controlar, generando siempre resultados contrarios a los buscados—. Tercero, desarrollamos una investigación jurídico-institucional, analizando las ventajas del arbitraje y las sanciones no legales, como complemento del enforcement público. Finalmente, nos adentramos en las implicaciones que la globalización ejerce sobre la cultura, criticando el na-cionalismo y la «cultura alambrada», para dar lugar a una sociedad abierta y «cosmopolita».
 Palabras clave: Proceso de globalización. Estudio multidisciplinar. Orden espontáneo. Intervencionismo. Mitos del comercio internacional. Arbitraje. Lex Mercatoria. Enforcement. Nacionalismo. Cultura alambrada. Escuela Austriaca de Economía.
 Códigos JEL: B25, B53, E32, E44, F02.

<h1 align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1. Introduction.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Research using the event-related potential (ERP) technique has provided many important insights into the neural mechanisms associated with language comprehension. The integration of lexico-semantic information is associated with an increased centro-parietal negativity between 300-500 ms known as the N400 (Kutas & Federmeier, 2011; Kutas & Hillyard 1980). Morphosyntactic integration is associated with an early left anterior negativity (LAN) maximal around 200-500 ms, followed by a late posterior positivity (P600) maximal between 500 and 800 ms (see Kutas, Van Petten & Kluender (2005) for review). The P600, in absence of early negativity, is also elicited by well-formed sentences that present increased difficulty due to temporary ambiguity (i.e. garden-paths; Gouvea, Phillips, Kazanina & Poeppel, 2010; Osterhout, Holcomb & Swinney, 1994). The use of ERP as a means of indexing the different neural mechanisms associated with language processing is contingent on the assumption that all neurologically normal, native speakers show consistent responses to sentence stimuli such that the grand averaged ERPs reflect effects that are manifest uniformly across individuals. This notion was recently challenged by Tanner and Van Hell (2014). In their innovative study, they showed that, although in the grand mean syntactic violations elicited a classic biphasic LAN/P600 response, most participants either showed an N400 or a P600 rather than a biphasic response. Given the topographical distribution of the effects for each group, they concluded that the LAN often found for syntactic violations in grand mean analyses is the result of the distributed negativity in some subjects being neutralized or minimized by the right lateralized positivity in the others such that only the left anterior negativity remains. Response dominance did not, however, predict acceptability judgment accuracy, nor did it correlate with measures of working memory (WM) and executive control. </span></span></h1><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The individual differences in N400/P600 response dominance observed by Tanner and Van Hell (2014) lead to interesting questions regarding other contexts which tend to elicit these potentials. Garden-path sentences are known to elicit P600 effects in absence of early effects but there is some variability (Friederici, Mecklinger, Spencer, Steinhauer & Donchin, 2001; Gouvea et al., 2010; Horberg, Koptjevskaja-Tamm & Kallionen, 2013; Matzke, Mai, Nager, Russeler & Munte, 2002; Vos, Gunter, Schriefers & Friederici, 2001). This variablity could suggest the possibility of individual differences in response profiles, as Tanner and Van Hell (2014) found for syntactic violations. </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">One known source of variability in garden-path effects for both P600s and comprehension accuracy is working memory capacity (WMC). High WMC individuals show greater P600 effects for garden-path sentences compared to low WMC individuals (Friederici, Steinhauer, Mecklinger, & Meyer, 1998). High WMC individuals also show reduced garden-path effects in comprehension accuracy such that they have better comprehension accuracy for garden-paths (Just & Carpenter, 1992). Lower comprehension accuracy in low WMC individuals indicates they are more likely to arrive at “Good Enough” interpretations (Ferreira, Bailey & Ferraro, 2002) in which the faithful interpretation of the sentence is not adopted. </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In the current study we applied the RDI analysis to the ERPs associated with garden-path sentences in order to determine (1) if participants’ N400/P600 dominance for garden-path sentences will fall into a continuum such that there will be a continuous distribution of N400 and P600 effect magnitudes with negative correlations between them, (2) if response dominance will predict comprehension accuracy, and (3), if so, is that effect reducible to individual differences in WMC.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2. Methods.</span></strong></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2.1. Participants.<strong> </strong>Data were collected from 62 right handed participants, 25 of which were excluded due to eligibility issues, technical issues, noncompliance, or excessive artifacts. As a result, 37 participants (20 female) between the ages of 18 and 35 (<em>M</em> = 21.6, <em>SD</em> = 3.21) were included in the analysis. All participants were right-handed, neurologically normal, native speakers of English with normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and none had had started learning a second language before age 12.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2.2. Sentence Stimuli<strong> </strong>This experiment used the same control and garden-path sentences as O’Rourke & Colflesh (2014) (based on Gouvea et al., 2010). See sentences (1) and (2) for examples of garden-path and control sentences, respectively.</span></p><ol><li><p>The patient met the doctor and the nurse with the white dress <span style="text-decoration: underline;">showed</span> the chart during the meeting.</p></li><li><p>The patient met the doctor while the nurse with the white dress <span style="text-decoration: underline;">showed</span> the chart during the meeting.</p></li></ol><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">There were 36 sentences per condition and an additional 288 sentences including fillers and conditions not presented herein. Fifty percent of the sentences were followed by a yes/no comprehension question. </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2.3. Complex Span Tasks. As indices of WMC, three complex span tasks were used in the current study: reading span (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980; Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock & Engle, 2005), operation span (Unsworth, et al., 2005), and symmetry span (Unsworth, Redick, Heitz, Broadway, & Engle, 2009). In the reading span task participants were presented with a series of sentences and asked to indicate, via button press, if the sentence they read made sense. After each sentence they were then presented with a letter that they were to remember for later recall. At the end of the sequence, they had to recall the letters in serial order. Their score reflects the total number of letters recalled in the correct serial position out of a total of 75 items. Operation span was identical to reading span as described above except instead of making sense judgments on sentences, participants had to read math problems involving two operations, one addition/subtraction and one multiplication/division, and verify if the solution provided was correct. Symmetry Span (Engle, 2005) is a complex span task like the aforementioned tasks, but it uses visuospatial stimuli. Participants were presented with a series of 8x8 black and white grids and asked to indicate, via button press, whether the design was vertically symmetrical. After each symmetry judgment they were presented with a 4x4 grid with a square filled in red that they were asked to remember for later recall. At the end of the sequence, participants had to recall the position of the red squares, in the order in which they appeared. The maximum score was 42.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2.5. Procedure.<strong> </strong>Electroencephalographic (EEG) data was recorded using the Electrical Geodesics Inc. (EGI) Hydrocel 256 channel system while participants performed the sentence processing task. Sentences were presented word-by-word and participants responded to the comprehension questions with a button press. Data was collected over two sessions. Upon completion of the sentence processing task, participants performed the working memory assessments.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">2.6. Data Analysis. Upon completion of pre-processing and averaging, ERPs were computed for each individual for each experimental condition for a 1500 ms interval time-locked to the presentation of the critical verb (“showed” in the examples above) relative to a 200 ms pre-stimulus baseline. The following time windows were considered in the analysis of P600 effects: 300-500, 500-700 and 700-900 ms. The analyses were performed on midline and dorsal and electrodes. The midline electrodes were divided into anterior (FPZ, AFZ, FZ, FCZ, CZ) and posterior (CPZ, 90, PZ, POZ, OZ) sections. The dorsal electrodes were grouped by anterior-posterior (AP) location and hemisphere: Left anterior (FP1, AF3, F1, F3, FC3, C3), right anterior (FP2, AF4, F2, F4, FC4, C3), left posterior (CP3, CP1, P1, P3, P1, PO3, O1) and right posterior (CP4, CP1, P4, P2, PO4, O2). Sentence type effects in the ERP data were assessed in the dorsal regions with multiple three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Sentence Type x AP x Hemisphere) and in the midline electrodes with a two-way ANOVA (Sentence Type x AP). RDI was then calculated using Tanner & Van Hell (2014)’s formula, using the same centro-parietal region of interest and time windows. Participants were divided into groups according to response dominance (N400 or P600). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run with garden-path comprehension accuracy as the dependent variable, RDI group as the independent variable and average, standardized WM score (average z-score for the three measures) as the covariate.</span></p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3. Results. </span></strong></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3.1. Sentence Type Effects.<strong> </strong>Accuracy for garden-path sentences (<em>M</em> = 68.3%, <em>SD</em> = 14.4) was significantly lower than control sentences (<em>M</em> = 73.6%, <em>SD</em> = 11.4; <em>F</em>(1,36) = 6.13, <em>p</em> < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .15). In the ERP data, garden-path sentences (compared to controls) showed a significant interaction of Type and AP over midline sites in the 500-700 and 700-900 ms time windows (<em>F</em>(1,36) = 4.18, <em>p</em> < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .10 and <em>F</em>(1,36) = 6.02, <em>p</em> < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .14, respectively) such that garden-paths elicited greater positivity than control sentences over posterior sites. Simple comparisons showed significant effects of type in posterior areas in both the 500-700 (<em>F</em>(1,36) = 4.14, <em>p</em> < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .10) and 700-900 time windows (<em>F</em>(1,36) = 4.93, <em>p</em> < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .12). There were no effects in the anterior sites. </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">3.2. RDI Analysis.<strong> </strong>Analysis of N400 and P600 effect magnitudes for garden path sentences showed a strong negative correlation (<em>r</em>(32) = -.90; <em>p</em> < .001). The data suggest a continuum between strong N400 and P600 dominance. Participants were divided into groups based on RDI values (negative values indicating N400 dominance and positive indicating P600 dominance). A total of 18 participants were N400 dominant and 19 were P600 dominant. </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Prior to running the ANCOVA, it was necessary to determine that the covariates affected the dependent variable equally across the two groups. In the entire sample, there was a significant correlation between average complex span score and garden-path comprehension accuracy (<em>r</em>(32) = .52, p < .01). Each RDI group showed positive correlations (N400 dominant, <em>r</em>(14) = .63; P600 dominant, <em>r</em>(16) = .48). Using a Fisher transformation (Fisher, 1915), the difference between the group correlations was not significant (<em>z</em> = .6, <em>p</em> > .50). </span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The ANCOVA showed that there was a significant effect of Response Dominance on GP Comprehension Accuracy after controlling for WMC, F(1,31) = 4.45, p < .05, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> =.13) such that P600 dominant individuals had greater accuracy. Complex span performance accounted for a significant amount of variance (F(1,31) = 13.8, p < .005, <em>η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup></em> = .31).</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>4. Discussion. </strong>The current study found evidence of distinct neural response profiles which were not apparent in the grand averaged data in neurologically normal, native English speakers during the processing of garden-path sentences and this individual differences measure predicted comprehension performance. The key finding of the current study is the effect of response dominance on behavioral performance. Response dominance emerged as an effective predictor of comprehension accuracy such that P600 dominant participants had better comprehension accuracy for garden-path sentences. The results of the ANCOVA show that response dominance is not a proxy for WMC but rather a distinct individual difference measure. This suggests that cognitive capacity alone does not limit the individual’s ability to resolve garden-paths. Response dominance may, instead, indicate the engagement of specific parsing strategies. The results of the current study extend the utility of Tanner and Van Hell (2014)’s RDI as an individual difference to the processing of the garden-path sentences showing that individuals in the sample exhibited distinct response profiles (either N400 or P600 dominant). While future research will reveal the neurocognitive underpinnings of response dominance, the findings of the current study establish this individual difference measure as a means of predicting behavior from neural activity. </span></p>