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Journal articles on the topic 'Langerhans cells (LC)'

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Published: 31 May 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

MONTERO, A. J., C. M. DÍAZ-MONTERO, A. MALPICA, P. T. RAMIREZ, and J. J. KAVANAGH. "Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the female genital tract: A literature review." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 3 (2003): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200305000-00021.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare malignant disease involving the accumulation of a monoclonal proliferation of cells in various organs, that phenotypically resemble Langerhans cells (LC). LCH is not merely a hyperplasia of LC, as it typically affects organs that are outside of their normal physiologic distribution. Normal Langerhans cells are bone marrow-derived dendritic cells that populate the epidermis and are distinguished by the presence of Birbeck granules and cell surface protein CD1a. LC act as sentinels; they recognize, internalize, and process antigens encountered in the

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2

Tazi, Abdellatif, Joelle Moreau, Anne Bergeron, Stéphane Dominique, Allan J. Hance, and Paul Soler. "Evidence That Langerhans Cells in Adult Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Are Mature Dendritic Cells: Importance of the Cytokine Microenvironment." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 6 (1999): 3511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3511.

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Abstract Because Langerhans cells (LC) in peripheral tissues are generally “immature” cells with poor lymphostimulatory activity, the contribution of immune responses initiated by LC to the pathogenesis of pulmonary LC histiocytosis (LCH) has been uncertain. In this study we demonstrate that LC accumulating in LCH granulomas are phenotypically similar to mature lymphostimulatory dendritic cells present in lymphoid organs. LC in LCH granulomas intensely expressed B7-1 and B7-2 molecules, whereas normal pulmonary LC and LC accumulating in other pathologic lung disorders did not express these cos

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3

Barrett, A. W., A. T. Cruchley, and D. M. Williams. "Oral Mucosal Langerhans' Cells." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 7, no. 1 (1996): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411960070010301.

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Langerhans' cells (LC) are dendritic, antigen-presenting cells present within the epithelium of skin and mucosa, including that of the oral cavity. This article reviews the literature on the phenotypic and functional features of oral mucosal Langerhans' cells, and speculates on other aspects by extrapolating from data on their epidermal counterparts.

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4

Kang, K., M. Kubin, K. D. Cooper, S. R. Lessin, G. Trinchieri, and A. H. Rook. "IL-12 synthesis by human Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 4 (1996): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.4.1402.

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Abstract IL-12 is a 70-kDa heterodimeric cytokine composed of a p35 chain and p40 chain. This cytokine exerts a powerful positive regulatory influence on the development of Th1 helper T-cell immune responses and is a potent inducer of IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T cell differentiation and function. Because epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are important members of the dendritic APC lineage family critical for initiating cell mediated immune responses, we examined LC for their ability to produce IL-12. Epidermal cell (EC) suspensions obtained from volunteers were enriched for, or depleted

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5

Wang, Jie, Nirmal Parajuli, Qiyan Wang, et al. "MiR-23a Regulates Skin Langerhans Cell Phagocytosis and Inflammation-Induced Langerhans Cell Repopulation." Biology 12, no. 7 (2023): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12070925.

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Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident macrophage that act similarly to dendritic cells for controlling adaptive immunity and immune tolerance in the skin, and they are key players in the development of numerous skin diseases. While TGF-β and related downstream signaling pathways are known to control numerous aspects of LC biology, little is known about the epigenetic signals that coordinate cell signaling during LC ontogeny, maintenance, and function. Our previous studies in a total miRNA deletion mouse model showed that miRNAs are critically involved in embryonic LC development and postnat

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Reis e Sousa, C., P. D. Stahl, and J. M. Austyn. "Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cells in vitro." Journal of Experimental Medicine 178, no. 2 (1993): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.178.2.509.

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Dendritic cells (DC) isolated from lymphoid tissues are generally thought to be nonphagocytic in culture. It has therefore been unclear how these cells could acquire particulate antigens such as microorganisms for initiation of primary immune responses. Lymphoid DC derive in part from cells that have migrated from nonlymphoid tissues, such as Langerhans cells (LC) of skin. The ability of LC to internalize a variety of particles was studied by electron, ultraviolet, phase, and differential interference contrast microscopy, and by two-color flow cytometry. Freshly isolated LC in epidermal cell s

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7

Geissmann, Frederic, Yves Lepelletier, Sylvie Fraitag, et al. "Differentiation of Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis." Blood 97, no. 5 (2001): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.5.1241.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) consists of lesions composed of cells with a dendritic Langerhans cell (LC) phenotype. The clinical course of LCH ranges from spontaneous resolution to a chronic and sometimes lethal disease. We studied 25 patients with various clinical forms of the disease. In bone and chronic lesions, LCH cells had immature phenotype and function. They coexpressed LC antigens CD1a and Langerin together with monocyte antigens CD68 and CD14. Class II antigens were intracellular and LCH cells almost never expressed CD83 or CD86 or dendritic cell (DC)–Lamp, despite their CD40

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8

Schuler, G., and R. M. Steinman. "Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells in vitro." Journal of Experimental Medicine 161, no. 3 (1985): 526–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.161.3.526.

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Murine epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) have been studied in tissue culture and compared to spleen dendritic cells (DC). LC comprised 3% of the starting cell suspensions and were distinguished from keratinocytes by cytology and reactivity with anti-Ia and anti-Mac-1 monoclonal antibodies. The LC were nonadherent, had a low buoyant density, did not proliferate, and could be enriched to 10-50% purity. LC continued to exhibit Ia and Mac-1 antigens for 4 d in culture. However, LC rapidly lost Birbeck granules, Fc receptors, F4/80 antigen, and cytochemical reactivity for nonspecific esterase and mem

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9

Hamada, M., M. Takechi, and C. Itakura. "Langerhans' Cells in Equine Cutaneous Papillomas and Normal Skin." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 2 (1992): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900208.

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Langerhans' cells (LC) were investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically in normal equine epidermis and 133 equine cutaneous papillomas experimentally induced in five 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses. Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen-positive dendritic LC were found in the normal epidermis and ultrastructurally had the characteristic Birbeck's granules. In the developing phase of the papillomas, LC were significantly decreased in number and size, indicative of a hypofunctional state. In the regressing phase of the papillomas, LC were markedly increased in numb

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10

Caux, C., C. Massacrier, C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, et al. "Human dendritic Langerhans cells generated in vitro from CD34+ progenitors can prime naive CD4+ T cells and process soluble antigen." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 11 (1995): 5427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.11.5427.

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Abstract Earlier studies have concluded that fresh Langerhans cells (LC) are able to capture and process native Ags, whereas cultured LC have lost these functions while acquiring the capacity to prime naive T cells. Herein we studied the functions of human dendritic/Langerhans cells (d-Lc) generated in vitro by culturing CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) + TNF-alpha. Less than 50 d-Lc were found to strongly stimulate the proliferation of 2.5 x 10(4) allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, six to 50 d-Lc induced half-maximal proliferat

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11

Ross, Ralf, Xiao-Lan Ross, Jens Schwing, Tina Längin, and Angelika B. Reske-Kunz. "The Actin-Bundling Protein Fascin Is Involved in the Formation of Dendritic Processes in Maturing Epidermal Langerhans Cells." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 8 (1998): 3776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.3776.

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Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) are characterized by their unique potential to prime naive T cells. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), the DC resident in the epidermis, gain this immunostimulatory capacity following Ag contact in vivo or during in vitro culture of epidermal cell suspensions. To analyze differential gene expression in maturing LC, we constructed a highly representative cDNA library of cultivated LC (cLC) in λ ZAP II containing 18 × 106 independent clones. This library was screened with freshly isolated Langerhans cell (fLC)- and cLC-derived probes for cLC-specific cDNAs. The cDNAs

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Aiba, S., and S. I. Katz. "Phenotypic and functional characteristics of in vivo-activated Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 145, no. 9 (1990): 2791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.9.2791.

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Abstract After short term culture (2 to 3 days), Langerhans cells (LC) exhibit increased class II MHC Ag and become more potent APC than freshly obtained LC in primary allogeneic and syngeneic T cell activation. To determine whether in vivo LC undergo changes similar to cultured LC, we examined the phenotypic and functional characteristics of LC harvested from ear skin of naive mice painted with various haptens and primary irritants. At 24 h after application of 3% trinitrochlorobenzene, LC appear larger and exhibit more intense staining in epidermal sheets using anti-I-A antibodies, and there

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13

Gutierrez, Miguel-Angel, Zejin Zhu, Rachael Philips, et al. "Conditional ablation of Langerhans cells exacerbates autoimmune corneal inflammation (P5134)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (2013): 58.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.58.21.

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Abstract Ocular surface inflammation is common and sometimes severe in autoimmune diseases. Little is known about the role of cornea-resident dendritic cells, including Langerhans cells (LC), in ocular surface autoimmunity. Here, we analyzed corneal LC in autoimmune-prone MRL mice. LC (CD11c+ CD207+) were more abundant and activated (CD86+ CD40+) in the corneal epithelium of MRL mice than of B6 mice. However, LC were ~5-fold lower in the corneal stroma of MRL mice than of B6 mice. LC in cervical lymph nodes were also lower in MRL mice than in B6 mice. Ongoing studies will examine whether the i

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14

Jakob, Thilo, and Mark C. Udey. "Regulation of E-Cadherin-Mediated Adhesion in Langerhans Cell-Like Dendritic Cells by Inflammatory Mediators That Mobilize Langerhans Cells In Vivo." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 8 (1998): 4067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.4067.

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Abstract Adhesion of Langerhans cells (LC) to keratinocytes is mediated by E-cadherin. IL-1, TNF-α, and LPS mobilize LC from epidermis and presumably attenuate LC-keratinocyte adhesion. To determine whether these mediators modulated LC E-cadherin-dependent adhesion directly, we characterized their effects on LC-like dendritic cells expanded from murine fetal skin (FSDDC). FSDDC were propagated from day 16 C57BL/6 fetal skin and isolated as aggregates (FSDDC-A) in which homophilic adhesion was mediated by E-cadherin. IL-1, TNF-α, and LPS induced dissociation of FSDDC-A that began within 4 to 8

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15

Merad, Miriam, Veronique Angeli, Franck Tacke, et al. "Identification of the Circulating Langerhans Cell Precursor." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.634.634.

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Abstract We have recently shown that by contrast to other dendritic cell populations, epidermal dendritic cells also called Langerhans cells (LCs) are maintained by a pool of local radio-resistant precursor cells that persist in quiescent skin throughout life (Merad et al. Nat Immunol (3): 1135. 2002). However, skin LC precursors are replaced by circulating LC precursors after major skin lesions such as exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) but not after minor injuries such as skin sensitization (Merad et al. Nat Immunol (3): 1135. 2002). To identify the developmental stage at which LC precursors

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16

Kaplan, Daniel, Aleh Bobr, Irlanda Olvera-Gomez, Kristin Hogquist, and Botond Igyarto. "Inducible ablation of Langerhans cells enhances skin immune responses (48.15)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (2010): 48.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.48.15.

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Abstract Although initially thought to be required for the development of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses, recent data obtained from two Langerhans cell (LC)-deficient mouse models has cast this role in doubt. We have previously described huLangerin-DTA mice in which LC are constitutively ablated but other Langerin+ DC are unaffected. In these mice, the absence of LC leads to the development of increased CHS responses. In the second model, muLangerin-DTR mice, LC and Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells (dDC) are inducibly ablated by administration of DT. LC, unlike Langerin+ dDC, repopul

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17

Dascalu, D. I., Y. Kletter, M. Baratz, and S. Brenner. "Langerhans' cell distribution in drug eruption." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72, no. 3 (1992): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555572175177.

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The number in and distribution of Langerhans' cells were studied in 11 patients with a maculopapular drug eruption. The Langerhans' cells (LC) were identified with a monoclonal antibody to OKT6 antigen, by employing an immunofluorescence technique. Skin biopsies were taken from lesional and non-lesional skin during the acute stage of the disease. LC in the lesional biopsies increased in number by 66% (p less than 0.001) and displayed more intense staining and more prominent dendrites than did LC from non-lesional skin. Control biopsies, taken from identical sites at least 4 weeks after the eru

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18

Symington, F. W., W. Brady, and P. S. Linsley. "Expression and function of B7 on human epidermal Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 4 (1993): 1286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.4.1286.

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Abstract The B7 molecule is expressed by APC that can costimulate T cells by binding the T cell surface receptors CD28 and CTLA-4. The human epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) is one of the most potent APC, yet B7 expression by this cell type has not previously been assessed. We used a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein that binds B7 with high avidity to probe cell surface expression of B7 by cultured and noncultured LC. LC cultured for 1 or more days were specifically stained with biotinylated CTLA4-Ig and fluorescent streptavidin. In contrast, binding of CTLA4-Ig to freshly isolated LC was not detected. Th

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19

Stössel, H., F. Koch, E. Kämpgen, et al. "Disappearance of certain acidic organelles (endosomes and Langerhans cell granules) accompanies loss of antigen processing capacity upon culture of epidermal Langerhans cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, no. 5 (1990): 1471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.5.1471.

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Freshly isolated epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) can actively process native protein antigens, but are weak in sensitizing helper T cells. During culture, when LC mature into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells, T cell sensitizing capacity develops but antigen processing capacity is downregulated. Processing of exogenous antigens for class II-restricted antigen presentation involves acidic organelles. We used the DAMP-technique to monitor acidic organelles at the ultrastructural level in fresh, as well as cultured, mouse and human LC. We observed that the loss of antigen processing capaci

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20

Enk, A. H., and S. I. Katz. "Heat-stable antigen is an important costimulatory molecule on epidermal Langerhans' cells." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 7 (1994): 3264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.7.3264.

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Abstract Heat-stable antigen (HSA), expressed by activated B cells, has been described as a costimulatory molecule for CD4+ T cells. Because epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are known to express HSA, we determined whether LC HSA also served as a costimulator of Th cells. We have confirmed that HSA is expressed by freshly prepared (fresh) and, to a lesser extent, short-term cultured (cultured) LC and we demonstrate that costimulatory effects of HSA are prominent on fresh and 1-day cultured LC, whereas 2- to 4-day cultured LC exhibit less HSA-costimulatory activity. The anti-HSA mAb 20C9 almost c

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Martin, Carly Elizabeth, Yi Yao, Qing-Sheng Mi, and Li Zhou. "MiRNAs are required for embryonic development of Langerhans Cells." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (2017): 202.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.202.19.

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Abstract Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal-resident dendritic cells that play important roles in skin immunity and tolerance. Recent fate-mapping studies have demonstrated that adult LCs derive predominantly from fetal liver monocytes with a minor contribution of yolk sac-derived macrophages. However, the role of epigenetic regulations in embryonic development of LCs remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression of their mRNA targets. We and others recently reported that miRNAs are key players in regulating immune cell development and

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Emtestam, L., T. Kaaman, A. Hovmark, and E. Asbrink. "An immunohistochemical staining of epidermal Langerhans´ cells in tinea cruris." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 65, no. 3 (1985): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555565240243.

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Epidermal Langerhans´ cells (LC) were investigated in fresh cryostat sections of ten biopsies from patients with mycologically proven tinea cruris, using OKT6 monoclonal antibodies and avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase. Compared to the controls, more epidermal LC and an increased number of LC in the upper half of the epidermis were found in the sections from tinea patients. In a double staining method for both OKT6-positivity and hyphae, a tendency towards a gathering of LC and fungal elements was found. The results of this study are in agreement with the theory that epidermal LC are responsible

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Bucana, C. D., M. J. Song, K. Dunner, R. Sanchez, and M. L. Kripke. "Ultrastructural study of langerhans cells in a murine UV-induced tumor." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 1074–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157358.

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Langerhans cells (LC) are dendritic cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage that are found in the skin, other epithelial-1ined tissues and lymphoid tissues. LC are al so present in a wide variety of pathologic tissues. LC are characterized by the presence of a unique rod- or racquet-shaped pentalaminar organelle called the Langerhans cell granule. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of several murine UV-induced tumors revealed the presence of infiltrating cells that are morphologically similar to LC in some tumors.Murine UV-induced tumors were processed for routine histology by p

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Péguet-Navarro, J., C. Dalbiez-Gauthier, F. M. Rattis, C. Van Kooten, J. Banchereau, and D. Schmitt. "Functional expression of CD40 antigen on human epidermal Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 9 (1995): 4241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.9.4241.

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Abstract It is now well established that interactions of CD40 on the B cells, along with its ligand (CD40-L) on the T cells, regulate B cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the functional significance of CD40 expression on cells known for most efficient Ag-presenting function, i.e., dendritic cells, is not so clear. In this study, we demonstrate that CD40 is expressed on human dendritic Langerhans cells (LC) freshly isolated from epidermis. Using CD40-L transfected cells, CD40 triggering was found to enhance LC viability when cultured and to result in phenotypic alterations. Thus,

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Tang, A., and M. C. Udey. "Inhibition of epidermal Langerhans cell function by low dose ultraviolet B radiation. Ultraviolet B radiation selectively modulates ICAM-1 (CD54) expression by murine Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 10 (1991): 3347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.10.3347.

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Abstract Immunosuppressive effects of low levels of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on cutaneous immune responses have been attributed to deleterious effects of UVB radiation on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). To determine how UVB radiation modulates LC function we examined the effect of in vitro UVB exposure on LC accessory cell activity and surface phenotype. Exposure of BALB/c murine epidermal cells to low dose (less than or equal to 200 J/m2) UVB radiation in vitro inhibited their ability to support the mitogenic response of unstimulated, accessory cell-depleted splenic T cells to anti-CD3

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Steiner, G., E. Tschachler, M. Tani, et al. "Interleukin 2 receptors on cultured murine epidermal Langerhans cells." Journal of Immunology 137, no. 1 (1986): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.137.1.155.

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Abstract Rat monoclonal antibodies 3C7 and 7D4 detect two distinct functional regions of the murine interleukin 2 (IL 2) receptor. When studying the emergence kinetics of IL 2 receptors in mixed epidermal cell (EC)-lymphocyte cultures by using 3C7 and 7D4 in an indirect immunofluorescence assay, we regularly encountered a distinctive membrane fluorescence not only on lymphocytes, but also on a subpopulation of cells exhibiting a dendritic morphology. Reasoning that these 3C7/7D4-reactive dendritic cells might represent a subpopulation of epidermal dendritic cells, we studied mouse EC for the p

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Nogueira, Marcia Ferraz, Mírian N. Sotto, and Luiz Carlos Cucé. "American tegumentary leishmaniasis: langerhans cells in montenegro skin test." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 50, no. 5 (2008): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652008000500007.

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This work analyzed the histopathology and epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) of Montenegro skin test (MST) in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in order to in situ characterize and compare the immunological reaction of the two major clinical forms of ATL, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MST histopathology of both LCL and MCL showed superficial and deep perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Epidermal LC population was higher in MST biopsies taken from LCL patients when compared to MCL

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Dai, R., S. F. Grammer, and J. W. Streilein. "Fresh and cultured Langerhans cells display differential capacities to activate hapten-specific T cells." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 1 (1993): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.1.59.

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Abstract Langerhans cells (LC) that have been cultured for 3 days acquire potent T cell-activating properties when compared to freshly prepared, uncultured LC. By contrast, fresh LC are superior to cultured LC in the ability to process native protein Ag. To define further the disparate functional properties of these epidermally derived APC, freshly isolated and cultured epidermal cells (EC) enriched for LC were prepared from BALB/c mice. Highly purified T cells from naive mice, and from mice sensitized epicutaneously with dinitrofluorobenzene, have been examined for their capacity to respond t

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Mi, Qing-Sheng, Ying-Ping Xu, Rui-Qun Qi, and Li Zhou. "miRNAs regulate epidermal Langerhans cell cross-presentation (106.3)." Journal of Immunology 188, no. 1_Supplement (2012): 106.3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.106.3.

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Abstract Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-residential dendritic cells (DCs) with a life cycle distinct from other types of DCs and place very important roles in skin immunity and tolerance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that repress target genes, regulate immune cell development and function. Recent studies from our laboratory and others indicated that miRNA deletion in DC-lineage interrupts the homeostasis and function of epidermal LCs with normal conventional DCs, suggesting that miRNAs are required for LC development and function. However, the roles of in

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Zhou, Li, Aimin Jiang, Jesse Veenstra, David M. Ozog, and Qing-Sheng Mi. "The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (2022): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091380.

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Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady

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Geissmann, Frederic, Patrick Revy, Armelle Regnault та ін. "TGF-β1 Prevents the Noncognate Maturation of Human Dendritic Langerhans Cells". Journal of Immunology 162, № 8 (1999): 4567–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4567.

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Abstract TGF-β1 is critical for differentiation of epithelial-associated dendritic Langerhans cells (LC). In accordance with the characteristics of in vivo LC, we show that LC obtained from human monocytes in vitro in the presence of TGF-β1 1) express almost exclusively intracellular class II Ags, low CD80, and no CD83 and CD86 Ags and 2) down-regulate TNF-RI (p55) and do not produce IL-10 after stimulation, in contrast to dermal dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Surprisingly, while LC exhibit E-cadherin down-regulation upon exposure to TNF-α and IL-1, TGF-β1 prevents the f

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Larsen, C. P., R. M. Steinman, M. Witmer-Pack, D. F. Hankins, P. J. Morris, and J. M. Austyn. "Migration and maturation of Langerhans cells in skin transplants and explants." Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, no. 5 (1990): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.5.1483.

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The behavior of Langerhans cells (LC) has been examined after skin transplantation and in an organ culture system. Within 24 h (and even within 4 h of culture), LC in epidermal sheets from allografts, isografts, and explants dramatically increased in size and expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, and their numbers were markedly decreased. Using a new procedure, dermal sheets were then examined. By 24 h, cells resembling LC were found close to the epidermal-dermal junction, and by 3 d, they formed cords in dermal lymphatics before leaving the skin. In organ culture,

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Strunk, D., K. Rappersberger, C. Egger, et al. "Generation of human dendritic cells/Langerhans cells from circulating CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells." Blood 87, no. 4 (1996): 1292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.4.1292.bloodjournal8741292.

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Human Langerhans cells (LC) are CD1a+ dendritic cells (DC) that function as potent antigen-presenting cells for primary and secondary immune responses. Limitations in DC/LC numbers, imposed by difficult and tedious isolation procedures, have so far precluded their use as immunogens in the generation and/or augmentation of host responses against various pathogens. Therefore, we have developed a procedure for the generation of human DC/LC from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) isolated (mean: 0.7 x 10(6)/ buffy coat and 2.6 x 10(6)/leukapheresis product) and purified ( > 95%) from th

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Dekaris, Iva, Su-Ning Zhu та M. Reza Dana. "TNF-α Regulates Corneal Langerhans Cell Migration". Journal of Immunology 162, № 7 (1999): 4235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.4235.

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Abstract Langerhans cells (LC) belong to the dendritic cell family and mediate Ag presentation in the cornea and ocular surface. Under normal physiological conditions, the central cornea is devoid of LC. Centripetal migration of LC plays a critical role in promoting immunoinflammatory responses in the eye including allograft rejection and herpetic keratitis. The molecular mechanisms responsible for ocular LC migration are poorly understood. To examine whether TNF-α mediates corneal LC migration and to establish the interaction of IL-1 and TNF-α in regulating LC migratory capacity, we utilized

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Collin, Matthew P., Derek N. Hart, Graham H. Jackson, et al. "The Fate of Human Langerhans Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.572.572.

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Abstract The fate of Langerhans cells (LC) and other antigen-presenting cells (APC) in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), their depletion by conditioning regimens, reconstitution and chimerism are important factors in understanding graft versus host disease and the outcome of transplantation. Hitherto untested predictions in humans state that depletion of recipient LC may prevent acute graft versus host disease (GVHD), the acquisition of donor chimerism in LC may drive the evolution of clinical GVHD from acute to chronic and the persistence of recipient LC may explain late acute

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Bjercke, S., L. Braathen, G. Gaudernack, and E. Thorsby. "Relative efficiency of human Langerhans´ cells and blood derived dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 65, no. 5 (1985): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555565374378.

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T4 cells recognize antigens together with HLA class II molecules in the membrane of antigen-presenting cells (APC). The magnitude of the induced T cell response is in part dependent upon the APC´s amount of MHC-class II molecules. Langerhans´ dendritic cells (LC) express 50-100 times more HLA-DR molecules than monocytes (Mo) and blood derived dendritic cells (DC). We report here that LC are more efficient APC than DC from the same donor, indicating that the APC capacity of dendritic cells isolated from different organs is correlated to their expression of HLA class II gene products.

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Modi, Badri G., Jason Neustadter, Elisa Binda, et al. "Langerhans Cells Facilitate Epithelial DNA Damage and Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Science 335, no. 6064 (2012): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211600.

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent, potent carcinogens, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a model PAH widely used to study tumorigenesis. Mice lacking Langerhans cells (LCs), a signatory epidermal dendritic cell (DC), are protected from cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis, independent of T cell immunity. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that LC-deficient skin was relatively resistant to DMBA-induced DNA damage. LCs efficiently metabolized DMBA to DMBA-trans-3,4-diol, an intermediate proximal to oncogenic Hras mutation, and DMBA-treated LC-deficient skin c

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Jaksits, Silvia, Ernst Kriehuber, Anne Sophie Charbonnier, Klemens Rappersberger, Georg Stingl та Dieter Maurer. "CD34+ Cell-Derived CD14+ Precursor Cells Develop into Langerhans Cells in a TGF-β1-Dependent Manner". Journal of Immunology 163, № 9 (1999): 4869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.4869.

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Abstract Langerhans cells (LC) are CD1a+E-cadherin (E-cad)+Birbeck granule+ but CD11b−CD36−factor XIIIa (FXIIIa)− members of the dendritic cell (DC) family. Evidence holds that LC originate from CD1a+CD14− rather than CD14+CD1a− progenitors, both of which arise from GM-CSF/TNF-α-stimulated CD34+ stem cells. The CD14+CD1a− progenitors, on the other hand, can give rise to a separate DC type characterized by its CD1a+CD11b+CD36+FXIIIa+E-cad−BG− phenotype (non-LC DC). Although GM-CSF/TNF-α are important for both LC and non-LC DC differentiation, TGF-β1 is thought to preferentially promote LC devel

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De La Cruz Diaz, Jacinto S., та Daniel H. Kaplan. "Constitutive TGFβ signaling prevents inflammation-induced Langerhans cell migration". Journal of Immunology 204, № 1_Supplement (2020): 220.33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.220.33.

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Abstract Keratinocytes (KCs) that form the epidermis create a unique barrier niche for cells of the immune system such as Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM). These leukocytes provide host-defense but also initiate and maintain autoimmune skin diseases. Hence, elucidating the mechanisms by which CD8+ TRM and LC maintain epidermal residency is of great therapeutic interest. Both cell types require active TGFβ1 to maintain their steady-state epidermal retention. In the epidermis, inactive LAP-TGFβ1 is exclusively activated into active TGFβ1 by integrins ανβ6 and ανβ8 ex

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Ghigo, Clément, Isabelle Mondor, Audrey Jorquera, et al. "Multicolor fate mapping of Langerhans cell homeostasis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 210, no. 9 (2013): 1657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20130403.

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Langerhans cells (LCs) constitute a network of immune sentinels in the skin epidermis that is seeded during embryogenesis. Whereas the development of LCs has been extensively studied, much less is known about the homeostatic renewal of adult LCs in “nonmanipulated” animals. Here, we present a new multicolor fluorescent fate mapping system and quantification approach to investigate adult LC homeostasis. This novel approach enables us to propose and provide evidence for a model in which the adult epidermal LC network is not formed by mature coequal LCs endowed with proliferative capabilities, bu

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Collin, Matthew P., Derek N. J. Hart, Graham H. Jackson, et al. "The fate of human Langerhans cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 1 (2006): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051787.

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Langerhans cells (LC) and other antigen-presenting cells are believed to be critical in initiating graft versus host responses that influence the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, their fate in humans is poorly understood. We have sought to define the effect of conditioning regimes and graft versus host disease (GVHD) on the survival of recipient LC and reconstitution of donor cells after transplant. Confocal microscopy of epidermal sheets shows that full intensity transplant (FIT) depletes LC more rapidly than reduced intensity transplant (RIT) at day 0,

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Kimber, I., M. Cumberbatch, R. J. Dearman, D. R. Headon, M. Bhushan, and C. EM Griffiths. "Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and cutaneous inflammation." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, no. 1 (2002): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o01-227.

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It has been suggested previously that, in addition to other biological roles, lactoferrin (LF) may display anti-inflammatory properties secondary to the regulation of cytokine expression. To explore this concept further, we have here examined in human volunteers the influence of recombinant homologous LF on the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), a process that is known to be dependent upon the local availability of certain proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). In common with previous studies in mice, it was found that topical

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Kobayashi, Yasunobu, Motonobu Matsumoto, Mayumi Kotani, and Taketoshi Makino. "Possible Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Langerhans Cell Migration and Maturation." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 11 (1999): 5989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.5989.

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Abstract Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are potent dendritic cells in the induction of primary T cell-mediated immune responses in the skin. They capture foreign Ags and migrate to regional lymph nodes to carry and present these Ags to naive T cells. We investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in LC migration using an anti-MMP-9 mAb. Intradermal injection of anti-MMP-9 mAb before rhodamine B or oxazolone painting markedly inhibited these hapten-induced decreases in LC number in the epidermis and the accumulation of dendritic cells in the regional lymph nodes, indicating tha

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Chopin, Michaël, Cyril Seillet, Stéphane Chevrier, et al. "Langerhans cells are generated by two distinct PU.1-dependent transcriptional networks." Journal of Experimental Medicine 210, no. 13 (2013): 2967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20130930.

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Langerhans cells (LCs) are the unique dendritic cells found in the epidermis. While a great deal of attention has focused on defining the developmental origins of LCs, reports addressing the transcriptional network ruling their differentiation remain sparse. We addressed the function of a group of key DC transcription factors—PU.1, ID2, IRF4, and IRF8—in the establishment of the LC network. We show that although steady-state LC homeostasis depends on PU.1 and ID2, the latter is dispensable for bone marrow–derived LCs. PU.1 controls LC differentiation by regulating the expression of the critica

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Peeler, J. S., and J. Y. Niederkorn. "Antigen presentation by Langerhans cells in vivo: donor-derived Ia+ Langerhans cells are required for induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity but not for cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to alloantigens." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 12 (1986): 4362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.12.4362.

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Abstract T cell activation in response to allogeneic stimulation and hapten-specific delayed-contact hypersensitivity responses in vivo can be initiated by Ia-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). By using a murine heterotopic corneal allograft model, we have investigated the requirement for allogeneic LC as antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the in vivo induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to alloantigens in fully allogeneic and H-2 I region-disparate strain combinations. LC-deficient, avascular central corneal allografts from BALB/c do

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Kraal, G., M. Breel, M. Janse, and G. Bruin. "Langerhans' cells, veiled cells, and interdigitating cells in the mouse recognized by a monoclonal antibody." Journal of Experimental Medicine 163, no. 4 (1986): 981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.163.4.981.

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An mAb, NLDC-145, is described that specifically reacts with a group of nonlymphoid dendritic cells including Langerhans cells (LC), veiled cells (VC), and interdigitating cells (IDC). The antibody does not react with precursor cells in bone marrow and blood. Macrophages are not stained by the antibody, but a subpopulation of Ia+ peritoneal exudate cells is recognized. Possible relationships of the various nonlymphoid dendritic cell (NLDC) types are discussed.

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Gerling, Sonja, Jochen D’Haese, and Hartmut Greven. "Number and distribution of Leydig cells (LC) in the epidermis of the growing axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia: Urodela)." Vertebrate Zoology 62, no. 1 (2012): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.62.e31371.

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The epidermal Leydig cells (LC) of larval and paedomorphic Urodela (= Caudata) are highly specialized cells, which are characterized by a complex peripheral cytoskeleton (Langerhans’ net) and numerous inclusions usually named secretory granules. We studied number, distribution and development of these cells in larvae up to 100 days after hatching and in some adults of the paedomorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). With the exception of a short period after hatching, relation between age and total length of larvae was linear. The tail grew positively, the width of the head negatively allometri

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Gerling, Sonja, Jochen D'Haese, and Hartmut Greven. "Number and distribution of Leydig cells (LC) in the epidermis of the growing axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia: Urodela)." Vertebrate Zoology 62 (April 5, 2012): 97–111. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.62.e31371.

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The epidermal Leydig cells (LC) of larval and paedomorphic Urodela (= Caudata) are highly specialized cells, which are characterized by a complex peripheral cytoskeleton (Langerhans' net) and numerous inclusions usually named secretory granules. We studied number, distribution and development of these cells in larvae up to 100 days after hatching and in some adults of the paedomorphic axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). With the exception of a short period after hatching, relation between age and total length of larvae was linear. The tail grew positively, the width of the head negatively allometri

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Cumberbatch, Marie, Minal Singh, Rebecca J. Dearman, Helen S. Young, Ian Kimber, and Christopher E. M. Griffiths. "Impaired Langerhans cell migration in psoriasis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 4 (2006): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20052367.

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We have examined whether psoriasis is associated with systemic effects on epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) function and, specifically, the migration of LCs from the skin. Compared with normal skin, the frequency and morphology of epidermal LCs in uninvolved skin from patients with psoriasis was normal. However, mobilization of these cells in response to stimuli that normally induce migration (chemical allergen, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) was largely absent, despite the fact that treatment with TNF-α and IL-1β was associated with comparable inflammatory reactions

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Coronel, Roxanne, Sachiko Takayama, Timothy Juwono, and Laura Hertel. "Dynamics of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in CD34+Hematopoietic Cells and Derived Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells." Journal of Virology 89, no. 10 (2015): 5615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00305-15.

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ABSTRACTAcquisition of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually occurs by contact between contaminated bodily fluids, such as urine and saliva, and host mucosal cells. Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LC) are the only type of immune cells found in the outermost layers of the oral mucosae, where they not only provide a first line of defense against CMV but can easily be targeted by orally administered vaccines, while their bone marrow resident progenitors are important sites of virus latency. In this work, we tracked the progress of infection in CD34+progenitor cells, immature LC (iLC), and mature L

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