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Journal articles on the topic 'Langmuir probe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Bhattarai, Shankar, and Lekha Nath Mishra. "CURRENT VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC OF PLANAR LANGMUIR PROBE IN IONOSPHERIC MAXWELLIAN PLASMA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2017): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4.2017.1815.

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Frequently used geometries of Langmuir probes are planar, spherical, and cylindrical shapes. The geometry is chosen depending on the purpose of the measurements and the platform configuration. Planar Langmuir Probes have been installed on satellites and sounding rockets to observe the general characteristics of thermal plasma in the ionosphere for more than five decades. Because of its simplicity and convenience, the Langmuir probe is one of the most frequently installed scientific instruments on spacecraft. The Planar Langmuir Probe is the key plasma diagnostic used by scientists interested in plasma characterization to measure the internal parameters of the bulk of the plasma. This research explores the theoretical study of Planar Langmuir Probe I-V Characteristics. The relationship between first derivative of current verses applied probe voltage is also computed. With the help of the (volt–ampere curves) of Planar Langmuir probes, the different parameters of plasma can be determined such as plasma potential, floating potential, probe currents in different probe voltage and so on. Planar Langmuir probe geometry is easy to construct and equally suitable for plasma characterization.

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2

Amatucci, W. E., M. E. Koepke, T. E. Sheridan, M. J. Alport, and J. J. Carroll. "Self‐cleaning Langmuir probe." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 5 (May 1993): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144074.

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3

Gramatikov, Pavlin, and Boian Kirov. "Langmuir Probes' Secondary Power Supply System for the "Obstanovka" Experiment and Plasma-wave Complex Aboard the Russian Segment of the International Space Station." Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2022.08.10.

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The Plasma-wave complex is scientific instrumentation for plasma and wave parameters measurements in the vicinity of the International Space Station, and is implemented in the “Obstanovka” experiment aboard the Russian segment. The Langmuir probes instruments, developed at the Space Research and Technology Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, measured the following parameters: electron temperature, electron and ion concentration, plasma and the International Space Station’s surface potential. One of the results is that sharp jumps in the surface potential are detected when crossing the terminator and the Equatorial anomaly. The Langmuir probes operate outside the Russian “Zvezda” module. Families of voltage-ampere characteristics of the Langmuir probe are measured – when the voltage changes in a certain range, the value of the current flowing is recorded. There are block and functional diagrams of the instrument Langmuir probes and its secondary power supply system, designed to supply the measuring probe, the analogue and digital circuit boards.

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4

Hopkins, M. B., W. G. Graham, and T. J. Griffin. "Automatic Langmuir probe plasma diagnostic." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 3 (March 1987): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139256.

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5

Rogers, J. H., J. S. De Groot, and D. Q. Hwang. "Validating cylindrical Langmuir probe techniques." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 1 (January 1992): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142743.

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6

Lobbia, Robert B., and Alec D. Gallimore. "High-speed dual Langmuir probe." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 7 (July 2010): 073503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3455201.

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7

Pilling, L. S., E. L. Bydder, and D. A. Carnegie. "A computerized Langmuir probe system." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 7 (July 2003): 3341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1581362.

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8

Oh, Se-Jin, Seung-Ju Oh, and Chin-Wook Chung. "Radio frequency-compensated Langmuir probe with auxiliary double probes." Review of Scientific Instruments 81, no. 9 (September 2010): 093501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3478338.

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9

Holback, B., Å. Jacksén, L. Åhlén, S. E. Jansson, A. I. Eriksson, J. E. Wahlund, T. Carozzi, and J. Bergman. "LINDA – the Astrid-2 Langmuir probe instrument." Annales Geophysicae 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2001): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-19-601-2001.

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Abstract. The Swedish micro-satellite Astrid-2, designed for studies in magnetosperic physics, was launched into orbit on 10 December 1998 from the Russian cosmodrome Plesetsk. It was injected into a circular orbit at 1000 km and at 83 degrees inclination. The satellite carried, among other instruments, a double Langmuir Probe instrument called LINDA (Langmuir INterferometer and Density instrument for Astrid-2). The scientific goals of this instrument, as well as the technical design and possible modes of operation, are described. LINDA consists of two lightweight deployable boom systems, each carrying a small spherical probe. With these probes, separated by 2.9 meters, and in combination with a high sampling rate, it was possible to discriminate temporal structures (waves) from spatial structures. An on-board memory made it possible to collect data also at times when there was no ground contact. Plasma density and electron temperature data from all magnetic latitudes and for all seasons have been collected.Key words. Ionosphere (plasma temperature and density; plasma waves and instabilities; instruments and techniques)

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10

Burden, Conrad J., Yvonne E. Pittelkow, and Susan R. Wilson. "Statistical Analysis of Adsorption Models for Oligonucleotide Microarrays." Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology 3, no. 1 (January 9, 2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1544-6115.1095.

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Recent analyses have shown that the relationship between intensity measurements from high density oligonucleotide microarrays and known concentration is non linear. Thus many measurements of so-called gene expression are neither measures of transcript nor mRNA concentration as might be expected.Intensity as measured in such microarrays is a measurement of fluorescent dye attached to probe-target duplexes formed during hybridization of a sample to the probes on the microarray. We develop several dynamic adsorption models relating fluorescent dye intensity to target RNA concentration, the simplest of which is the equilibrium Langmuir isotherm, or hyperbolic response function. Using data from the Affymerix HG-U95A Latin Square experiment, we evaluate various physical models, including equilibrium and non-equilibrium models, by applying maximum likelihood methods. We show that for these data, equilibrium Langmuir isotherms with probe dependent parameters are appropriate. We describe how probe sequence information may then be used to estimate the parameters of the Langmuir isotherm in order to provide an improved measure of absolute target concentration.

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11

Lin, Huang-bin, Qi-fang Zeng, Hai-yuan Qiu, and Tao Wang. "Structural Analysis of LP-CM Facing Heat Flux in Tokamak and Evaluation of Stress Field and Displacement Field." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/501532.

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Langmuir Probes attached to plasma-facing components in a Tokamak are used to diagnose high-temperature plasma during fusion experiments. In this work, a finite element model of Langmuir Probe-Cooling Monoblock (LP-CM) is established, and structural analysis of the LP-CM is carried out. The maximum von Mises stress during the 400 s incident heat flux has been given in detail, and the relationship between the sliding friction coefficient and thermal stress has been investigated systematically. A contact design is employed between Langmuir Probe and Cooling Monoblock, which is an effective method to lower the thermal stress. The thermal stress reaches the peak on the edge of the aluminium oxide ceramic interlayer. The damaged displacement field of the LP-CM has been examined fully, and the maximum global displacement is 0.444 mm.

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12

Li, Jian-quan, Qing-he Zhang, Zan-yang Xing, and Wen-qi Lu. "Comparative studies of cold/hot probe techniques for accurate plasma measurements." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 40, no. 3 (May 2022): 033001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0001461.

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The emissive probe technique and the cold Langmuir probe technique for the plasma potential measurement are compared in microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasmas. With different results of plasma potential, discrepant results of electron temperature and electron density are obtained from a hot emissive probe I–V curve and a cold Langmuir probe I–V curve, respectively. A comparison of the experimental data shows that the plasma parameters obtained from the cold Langmuir probe I–V curve are always grossly underestimated, while the results determined from the hot emissive probe I–V curve are much more reliable. Additionally, based on the experimental results, a novel emissive probe technique named the hot probe with zero emission limit method is proposed to easily obtain the accurate plasma potential and other reliable plasma parameters.

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13

Wygant, J. R., P. R. Harvey, D. Pankow, F. S. Mozer, N. Maynard, H. Singer, M. Smiddy, W. Sullivan, and P. Anderson. "CRRES electric field/Langmuir probe instrument." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 29, no. 4 (July 1992): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25507.

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14

Bredin, Jerome, Pascal Chabert, and Ane Aanesland. "Langmuir probe analysis in electronegative plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 21, no. 12 (December 2014): 123502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4903328.

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15

Mitov, M., A. Bankova, M. Dimitrova, P. Ivanova, K. Tutulkov, N. Djermanova, R. Dejarnac, J. Stöckel, and Tsv K. Popov. "Electronic system for Langmuir probe measurements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 356 (March 29, 2012): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/356/1/012008.

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16

Rossnagel, S. M., and H. R. Kaufman. "Langmuir probe characterization of magnetron operation." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 4, no. 3 (May 1986): 1822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.573947.

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17

Merlino, Robert L. "Understanding Langmuir probe current-voltage characteristics." American Journal of Physics 75, no. 12 (December 2007): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2772282.

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18

Lee, J. C., K. W. Min, J. W. Ham, H. J. Kim, J. J. Lee, and S. K. Hong. "Langmuir probe experiments on Korean satellites." Current Applied Physics 13, no. 5 (July 2013): 846–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2012.12.011.

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19

Amatucci, W. E., P. W. Schuck, D. N. Walker, P. M. Kintner, S. Powell, B. Holback, and D. Leonhardt. "Contamination-free sounding rocket Langmuir probe." Review of Scientific Instruments 72, no. 4 (April 2001): 2052–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1357234.

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20

Kashevarov, A. V. "Heat analogy in langmuir probe theory." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 68, no. 4 (1996): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00858670.

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21

Loarte, A., A. Chankin, S. Clement, S. J. Davies, K. Günther, J. Lingertat, C. F. Maggi, et al. "Divertor Langmuir Probe Measurements in JET." Contributions to Plasma Physics 36, S1 (1996): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.19960360107.

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22

Niedermeyer, H., M. Endler, L. Giannone, A. Rudyj, and G. Theimer. "Langmuir probe measurements in fluctuating plasmas." Contributions to Plasma Physics 36, S1 (1996): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.19960360120.

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23

Vincent, C., W. McCarthy, T. Golfinopoulos, B. LaBombard, R. Sharples, J. Lovell, G. Naylor, S. Hall, J. Harrison, and A. Q. Kuang. "The digital mirror Langmuir probe: Field programmable gate array implementation of real-time Langmuir probe biasing." Review of Scientific Instruments 90, no. 8 (August 2019): 083504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5109834.

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24

Zhao, Zhendong, Yi Wang, Ying Zhou, Guangfeng Chen, Xiangyu Hu, and Haiyan Zhang. "Design of an Aerospace Langmuir Probe Volt-ampere Characteristic Load Simulator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012067.

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Abstract The development process of space Langmuir probe needs to complete a large number of tests and calibration tests on the ground. Due to the long calibration period, complexity and high cost of plasma environment calibration, calibration tests are usually carried out after the instrument has been developed, in order to conduct preliminary tests on Langmuir probe during the instrument development process to verify the performance, as well as to save the cost of calibration tests and increase the reliability of the instrument, An advanced spatial Langmuir probe volt-ampere(I-V) load simulator was designed in this paper. Based on the positive and negative polarity of the external bias voltage, the I-V characteristic curve of the Langmuir probe was divided into positive and negative characteristic curves, which were realized by the combination of the output characteristic curves of NPN and PNP transistors, and the diode switching selectivity. The laboratory test results were consistent with the theoretical curve, verifying the validity and compliance of the design, which can play an important role in supporting the development of the space Langmuir probe and the calibration of the plasma environment.

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25

Tanışlı, Murat, Nesli̇han Şahi̇n, and Süleyman Demi̇r. "Comments on the Langmuir probe measurements of radio-frequency capacitive argon–hydrogen mixture discharge at low pressure." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 5 (May 2018): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0478.

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In this paper, the current–voltage graphs of discharge in the chamber of capacitive coupled radio frequency (CCRF) at low pressure were presented for Langmuir probe. The Langmuir probe measurements for estimating the electron density and temperature in capacitive coupled discharges at low pressures were presented and the electron temperatures of the Ar–H2 mixture discharge generated at different conditions were reported using the Langmuir probe. The focus of this study is that the CCRF discharge can be determined and explained using the characteristics of plasma by means of Langmuir probe measurements for the different hydrogen rates in Ar–H2 mixture discharge. The measurement results of Langmuir probe gave values around 1015 m−3 for the electron density. The floating potential depended on the electronegative gas amount. It was found that the increase of hydrogen gas amount in the mixture discharge caused the decrease of the floating potential. Also, a decrease in the argon (Ar) metastable with the increase in hydrogen (H2) content was obtained. When the applied radio frequency (RF) power was increased, the thickness and collisionless sheath occurring at lower RF power could transform to thin sheath.

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26

Iankevich, Gleb A. "Registration of an ICP Plasma CV Dependences under Various Pressures in the Plasma-Chemical Deep Etching System." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.587.

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The Langmuir probe plasma parameters diagnostics method was studied based on the ICP plasma chemical processing system. Single Langmuir probe with high-frequency compensation system and the special electrical circuit was designed and constructed. CV dependences in various working pressures were registered.

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27

Ranvier, Sylvain, and Jean-Pierre Lebreton. "Laboratory measurements of the performances of the Sweeping Langmuir Probe instrument aboard the PICASSO CubeSat." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-1-2023.

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Abstract. The Sweeping Langmuir Probe (SLP) is one of the instruments on board the triple-unit CubeSat PICASSO, an ESA in-orbit demonstrator launched in September 2020, which is flying at about 540 km altitude. SLP comprises four small cylindrical probes mounted at the tip of the solar panels. It aims to perform in situ measurements of the plasma parameters (electron density and temperature together with ion density) and of the spacecraft potential in the ionosphere. Before the launch, the instrument, accommodated on an electrically representative PICASSO mock-up, was tested in a plasma chamber. It is shown that the traditional orbital-motion-limited collection theory used for cylindrical Langmuir probes cannot be applied directly for the interpretation of the measurements because of the limited dimensions of the probes with respect to the Debye length in the ionosphere. Nevertheless, this method can be adapted to take into account the short length of the probes. To reduce the data downlink while keeping the most important information in the current-voltage characteristics, SLP includes an on-board adaptive sweeping capability. This functionality has been validated in both the plasma chamber and in space, and it is demonstrated that with a reduced number of data points the electron retardation and electron saturation regions can be well resolved. Finally, the effect of the contamination of the probe surface, which can be a serious issue in Langmuir probe data analysis, has been investigated. If not accounted for properly, this effect could lead to substantial errors in the estimation of the electron temperature.

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28

Bekkeng, T. A., A. Barjatya, U. P. Hoppe, A. Pedersen, J. I. Moen, M. Friedrich, and M. Rapp. "Payload charging events in the mesosphere and their impact on Langmuir type electric probes." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 2 (February 7, 2013): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-187-2013.

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Abstract. Three sounding rockets were launched from Andøya Rocket Range in the ECOMA campaign in December 2010. The aim was to study the evolution of meteoric smoke particles during a major meteor shower. Of the various instruments onboard the rocket payload, this paper presents the data from a multi-Needle Langmuir Probe (m-NLP) and a charged dust detector. The payload floating potential, as observed using the m-NLP instrument, shows charging events on two of the three flights. These charging events cannot be explained using a simple charging model, and have implications towards the use of fixed bias Langmuir probes on sounding rockets investigating mesospheric altitudes. We show that for a reliable use of a single fixed bias Langmuir probe as a high spatial resolution relative density measurement, each payload should also carry an additional instrument to measure payload floating potential, and an instrument that is immune to spacecraft charging and measures absolute plasma density.

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29

BORA, B., M. KAKATI, and A. K. DAS. "Variation of axial and radial temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 5 (January 15, 2010): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990511.

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AbstractThe distribution of temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet is investigated by modified Langmuir probes. The validation of classical probe theory in the entire experimental chamber pressure range of 10–100 mbar is thoroughly established before the measurements. The average temperature of the plasma jet at the nozzle exit was also measured by calorimetric estimation of total heat loss from the plasma upstream of that point. A correlation is made using simple analytical expression in between the average temperature measured from the heat loss data and the centerline temperature at the nozzle exit measured by Langmuir probe. The profile parameter n for the radial distribution of temperature in a plasma jet is calculated for different operating current and gas flow rates.

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30

Chen, Chi, Wenjie Fu, Chaoyang Zhang, Dun Lu, Meng Han, and Yang Yan. "Langmuir Probe Diagnostics with Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) for Coaxial Line Microwave Plasma." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228117.

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The Langmuir probe is a feasible method to measure plasma parameters. However, as the reaction progresses in the discharged plasma, the contamination would be attached to the probe surface and lead to a higher incorrect electron temperature. Then, the electron density cannot be obtained. This paper reports a simple approach to combining the Langmuir probe and the optical emission spectrometry (OES), which can be used to obtain the electron temperature to solve this problem. Even the Langmuir probe is contaminative, the probe current–voltage (I–V) curve with the OES spectra also gives the approximate electron temperature and density. A homemade coaxial line microwave plasma source driven by a 2.45 GHz magnetron was adopted to verify this mothed, and the electron temperature and density in different pressure (40–80 Pa) and microwave power (400–800 W) were measured to verify that it is feasible.

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31

Sidorov, E. N., V. I. Batkin, A. V. Burdakov, I. A. Ivanov, K. N. Kuklin, K. I. Mekler, A. V. Nikishin, V. V. Postupaev, and A. F. Rovenskikh. "Four-electrode probe for plasma studies in the GOL-NB multiple-mirror trap." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): T11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/t11006.

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Abstract A system of four-electrode Langmuir probes developed for the GOL-NB multiple-mirror trap is discussed. The system is used for studies of a low-temperature start plasma (1019–1020 m-3, 5 eV) that fills the device during the initial phase of the experiment. The probe allows simultaneous measurements of plasma density, electron temperature and radial electric field. The accuracy of the probe measurements is also discussed.

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32

Jang, SungHo, MinHyong Lee, and ChinWook Chung. "?Langmuir probe perturbation in inductively coupled plasmas." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 55, no. 5(1) (November 14, 2009): 1869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.55.1869.

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33

Brockhaus, A., C. Borchardt, and J. Engemann. "Langmuir probe measurements in commercial plasma plants." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/3/4/011.

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34

Pilling, L. S., and D. A. Carnegie. "Validating experimental and theoretical Langmuir probe analyses." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 28, 2007): 570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/16/3/016.

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35

Bredin, Jerome, Pascal Chabert, and Ane Aanesland. "Langmuir probe analysis of highly electronegative plasmas." Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 15 (April 15, 2013): 154107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4802252.

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36

Doggett, Brendan, and James G. Lunney. "Langmuir probe characterization of laser ablation plasmas." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 3 (February 2009): 033306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3056131.

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37

Carney, Lynnette M., and Theo G. Keith. "Langmuir probe measurements of an arcjet exhaust." Journal of Propulsion and Power 5, no. 3 (May 1989): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23151.

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38

Taccogna, Francesco, Savino Longo, and Mario Capitelli. "Ion orbits in a cylindrical Langmuir probe." Physics of Plasmas 13, no. 4 (April 2006): 043501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2181971.

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39

Chen, Francis F. "Langmuir probe analysis for high density plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 8, no. 6 (June 2001): 3029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1368874.

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40

Pedrosa, M. A., A. López-Sánchez, C. Hidalgo, A. Montoro, A. Gabriel, J. Encabo, J. de la Gama, et al. "Fast movable remotely controlled Langmuir probe system." Review of Scientific Instruments 70, no. 1 (January 1999): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149350.

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41

Felts, J., and E. Lopata. "Practical Langmuir probe measurements in deposition plasmas." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 5, no. 4 (July 1987): 2273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.574433.

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42

Uckan, Taner. "Asymmetric double Langmuir probe: Small signal application." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 12 (December 1987): 2260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139332.

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43

Hershkowitz, N., M. H. Cho, C. H. Nam, and T. Intrator. "Langmuir probe characteristics in RF glow discharges." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 8, no. 1 (March 1988): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01016929.

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44

Eriksson, A. I., R. Boström, R. Gill, L. Åhlén, S. E. Jansson, J. E. Wahlund, M. André, et al. "RPC-LAP: The Rosetta Langmuir Probe Instrument." Space Science Reviews 128, no. 1-4 (October 11, 2006): 729–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9003-3.

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45

Lunney, James G., Brendan Doggett, and Yitzhak Kaufman. "Langmuir probe diagnosis of laser ablation plasmas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 59 (April 1, 2007): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/59/1/101.

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46

Boedo, J., G. Gunner, D. Gray, and R. Conn. "Robust Langmuir probe circuitry for fusion research." Review of Scientific Instruments 72, no. 2 (2001): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1340023.

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47

Strele, Daniela, Mark Koepke, Roman Schrittwieser, and Patrick Winkler. "Simple heatable Langmuir probe for alkali plasmas." Review of Scientific Instruments 68, no. 10 (October 1997): 3751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148021.

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48

Johnsen, R., E. V. Shun’ko, T. Gougousi, and M. F. Golde. "Langmuir-probe measurements in flowing-afterglow plasmas." Physical Review E 50, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): 3994–4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.50.3994.

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49

Sheridan, T. E. "How big is a small Langmuir probe?" Physics of Plasmas 7, no. 7 (July 2000): 3084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.874162.

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50

Lunk, A., and R. Basner. "Langmuir probe plasma diagnostics during TiNx deposition." Materials Science and Engineering: A 139 (July 1991): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90593-c.

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