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Journal articles on the topic 'Language and culture – Samoa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

Milner, George B., and Elinor Ochs. "Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village." Language 66, no. 4 (1990): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414735.

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2

Goldman, L., and Elinor Ochs. "Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village." Man 25, no. 1 (1990): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804149.

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3

Huebner, Thorn. "Vernacular literacy, English as a language of wider communication, and language shift in American Samoa." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 7, no. 5 (1986): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1986.9994255.

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4

Kernan, Keith. ": Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village . Elinor Ochs." American Anthropologist 91, no. 3 (1989): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.3.02a00750.

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5

MACAULAY, RONALD. "Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village. ELINOR OCHS." American Ethnologist 21, no. 2 (1994): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1994.21.2.02a00130.

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6

Boggs, Stephen. "Elinor Ochs. Culture and language development: language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village. Cambridge: C.U.P., 1988. Pp. 272." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 2 (1990): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001391x.

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7

Burton, Robert S. "CULTURE AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE SOCIALIZATION IN A SAMOAN VILLAGE. Elinor Ochs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp. vii + 255." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, no. 1 (1990): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100008846.

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8

Tamasese, Kiwi, Carmel Peteru, Charles Waldegrave, and Allister Bush. "Ole Taeao Afua, the New Morning: A Qualitative Investigation Into Samoan Perspectives on Mental Health and Culturally Appropriate Services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 4 (2005): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01572.x.

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Objectives: The first objective was to develop a culturally appropriate research method to investigate Samoan perspectives on mental health issues. The second objective was to apply this to identify cultural values and understandings important in the care and treatment of Samoan people with mental health problems. Method: Gender-specific focus groups consisting of Samoan elders and service providers were facilitated by Samoan researchers in the Samoan language. Systematic analysis of the transcripts, adapted to the cultural context, were conducted in Samoan and later translated into English. Results: A culturally derived method, referred to as Fa'afaletui, reflecting Samoan communal values and familiar institutional structures within the community, allowed each focus group to come to a consensual view on issues discussed. The Samoan self was identified as an essential concept for understanding Samoan views of mental health. This self was described as a relational self and mental wellness as a state of relational harmony, where personal elements of spiritual, mental and physical are in balance. Mental ill health was sometimes linked to breaches of forbidden and sacred relationships, which could be addressed effectively only within protocols laid down in the culture. Additional stressors contributing to mental ill-health were identified as low income, unemployment, rising housing costs and the marginalization of Samoan cultural norms in New Zealand. Participants identified the need for a culturally based mental health service for Samoan people to address key cultural factors. Conclusions: The Fa'afaletui method is a new research method which is sensitive and responsive to Samoan cultural norms and is methodologically rigorous. Such an approach may be relevant for other Pacific Island cultures and other cultures, which have a strong emphasis on collectivity. The Samoan concept of self provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the mental health needs of Samoan people and a basis for developing appropriate services.

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9

Harper, Margaret Mills. "South Atlantic Modern Language Association." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115, no. 4 (2000): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900140325.

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SAMLA's seventieth annual convention will be held in Birmingham at the Sheraton Civic Center from 10 to 12 November. William C. Calin will present the keynote address; George Ella Lyon will give the creative address; and French, German, and Spanish plenary addresses will also be featured. Sonia Sanchez will make a special appearance, and other sessions will focus on Birmingham and Alabama writers, gender and race studies, and human rights in literature and culture. Last year's highly successful reading by contemporary writers, sponsored by the literary magazine Five Points, will be repeated. Graduate students will host a poets' circle, and a special performance of Hemingway stories will take place. Among the twenty special sessions are African Influence on Western Literatures; The Holocaust in Literature and Film; Rhetorics, Rhetoricians, and the Teaching of Rhetoric; Early Modern Women of Spain; and Epics and Literature at the Millennium. During the varied program (over 140 sessions), the convention will feature issues of technology, pedagogy, and professional concerns and will offer a number of opportunities to meet and socialize. Cash bars will be held for faculty members in two-year colleges, Feministas Unidas, and gay and lesbian studies. Side trips are planned to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and the Birmingham Museum of Art. A full copy of the program will be available on the SAMLA Web site in July.

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10

Blount, Ben G. "Elinor Ochs, Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village (Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language 6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp. xvii + 255." Language in Society 19, no. 4 (1990): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500014846.

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11

Freeman, N. H. "Book Reviews : Culture and Language Development: Language Acquisition and Language Socialization in a Samoan Village. Elinor Ochs (Cambridge University Press 1988). Pp. xvii + 255. Paperback, £9.95. ISBN 0 52134894 3." First Language 9, no. 27 (1989): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272378900902736.

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12

Taylor-Leech, Kerry, and Eseta Tualaulelei. "Knowing Who You Are: Heritage Language, Identity and Safe Space in a Bilingual Kindergarten." TESOL in Context 30, no. 1 (2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/tesol2021vol30no1art1581.

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Evidence shows that when young children’s diverse language heritages are valued and supported, there are benefits for their linguistic and conceptual development, their sense of identity and their learning. However, there are few early learning settings in Australia which nurture young children’s bilingual repertoires. And, while it is well established that early childhood is a critical period for first and second language acquisition, there is a lack of empirical research available on children’s bilingual development in institutional early childhood education and care. Against this backdrop, our article reports on a study of a bilingual Samoan community kindergarten (a’oga amata) in southeast Queensland. In this paper, we focus on how the a’oga amata supported the maintenance of the children’s heritage language and culture. We explore language use in the a’oga amata, the cultural values underpinning the educators’ practices, and the positive responses of the children and parents in the study. We also examine the constraints on the community leaders and educators’ efforts to create an authentic bilingual experience in this English-dominant environment. Finally, we revisit the notion of safe spaces for young bilingual learners (Conteh & Brock, 2011) and rearticulate the need for clear language policies that support heritage language education.

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Taylor-Leech, Kerry, and Eseta Tualaulelei. "Knowing Who You Are: Heritage Language, Identity and Safe Space in a Bilingual Kindergarten." TESOL in Context 30, no. 1 (2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/tesol2021vol30no1art1581.

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Evidence shows that when young children’s diverse language heritages are valued and supported, there are benefits for their linguistic and conceptual development, their sense of identity and their learning. However, there are few early learning settings in Australia which nurture young children’s bilingual repertoires. And, while it is well established that early childhood is a critical period for first and second language acquisition, there is a lack of empirical research available on children’s bilingual development in institutional early childhood education and care. Against this backdrop, our article reports on a study of a bilingual Samoan community kindergarten (a’oga amata) in southeast Queensland. In this paper, we focus on how the a’oga amata supported the maintenance of the children’s heritage language and culture. We explore language use in the a’oga amata, the cultural values underpinning the educators’ practices, and the positive responses of the children and parents in the study. We also examine the constraints on the community leaders and educators’ efforts to create an authentic bilingual experience in this English-dominant environment. Finally, we revisit the notion of safe spaces for young bilingual learners (Conteh & Brock, 2011) and rearticulate the need for clear language policies that support heritage language education.

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14

Mageo, Jeannette. "Mimesis and developing models of self and other." Culture & Psychology 25, no. 2 (2019): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x19828991.

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Based on literatures of child development, along with data collected in two long-term studies in the American Northwest and Samoa, this article argues that developing children copy images that represent models for self that caretakers mime for them through face and body language and through “attachment practices,” which enact and also affectively charge a self-model. Caretakers enact a cultural model of alterity through “separation practices,” shared ways of distancing children that likewise lend affective force to such models. Parallel practices in adolescence and young adulthood insure ongoing mimicry of these models and the sense of self and other that they entail. Developmental psychologists explore imitative processes as these bear on interpreting emotions, gestures, sights, words and object uses, and the formation of image schemas but have not investigated how culturally specific models of self and other are internalized through early mimicry and through mimetic interactions between little ones and their caretakers. Anthropologists have long investigated both mimesis and cultural models but not how models of self and other are internalized through mimesis. My data imply that to understand development in cross-cultural perspective, studies are needed that compare early and enduring forms of visual interchange between caretakers and little ones.

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15

Gibson, Andy, and Allan Bell. "Performing Pasifika English in New Zealand." English World-Wide 31, no. 3 (2010): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.01gib.

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bro’Town is a popular animated comedy whose language is that of stylized performance. It deals with the adventures of a group of five teenage Pasifika boys growing up in Auckland, New Zealand, and showcases performances of the Englishes spoken by Polynesian immigrants and their descendants. A range of varieties are performed on the show by a handful of actors. We analyzed several linguistic variables in the speech of three of the main characters — the 14-year-old twins Vale and Valea, and their father Pepelo. Pepelo produces high levels of the vernacular features of DH-stopping and TH-fronting, consistent with his biography as a second-language speaker whose pronunciation is influenced by his native language, Samoan. His sons, as second-generation speakers, have these features too but at lower frequencies. The twins also differ from each other, with the streetwise Valea, who is more aligned with Pasifika youth culture, producing higher levels of the variables than the studious Vale. Pepelo produces unaspirated initial /p/s, again a Pasifika language feature, while his sons do not. Linking-/r/, however, appears to index a youth identity but not adult immigrant status. We conclude that performed varieties can reflect the linguistic production of a community in their selection of specific features. The quantitative patterns can be quite variable, but here succeed in indexing salient identities for their audiences.

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16

Bauer, Winifred. "Ulrike Mosel and Even Hovdhaugen: Samoan Reference Grammar. Oslo: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture and Scandinavian University Press. 1992. xxii + 819 pp." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 1 (1994): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000068.

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17

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 159, no. 1 (2003): 189–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003756.

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-Timothy Barnard, J.M. Gullick, A history of Selangor (1766-1939). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1989, vi + 220 pp. [MBRAS Monograph 28.] -Okke Braadbaart, Michael L. Ross, Timber booms and institutional breakdown in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvi + 237 pp. -H.J.M. Claessen, Patrick Vinton Kirch ,Hawaiki, ancestral Polynesia; An essay in historical anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xvii + 375 pp., Roger C. Green (eds) -Harold Crouch, R.E. Elson, Suharto; A political biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, xix + 389 pp. -Kees van Dijk, H.W. Arndt ,Southeast Asia's economic crisis; Origins, lessons, and the way forward. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 1999, ix + 182 pp., Hal Hill (eds) -Kees van Dijk, Sebastiaan Pompe, De Indonesische algemene verkiezingen 1999. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1999, 290 pp. -David van Duuren, Albert G. van Zonneveld, Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. Leiden: Zwartenkot art books, 2001, 160 pp. -Peter van Eeuwijk, Christian Ph. Josef Lehner, Die Heiler von Samoa. O Le Fofo; Monographie über die Heiler und die Naturheilmethoden in West-Samoa. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1999, 234 pp. [Mensch und Gesellschaft 4.] -Hans Hägerdal, Frans Hüsken ,Reading Asia; New research of Asian studies. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, xvi + 338 pp., Dick van der Meij (eds) -Terence E. Hays, Jelle Miedema ,Perspectives on the Bird's head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Proceedings of the conference, Leiden, 13-17 October 1997. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998, xiii + 982 pp. (editors with the assistance of Connie Baak), Cecilia Odé, Rien A.C. Dam (eds) -Menno Hekker, Peter Metcalf, They lie, we lie; Getting on with anthropology. London: Routledge, 2002, ix + 155 pp. -David Henley, Foong Kin, Social and behavioural aspects of malaria control; A study among the Murut of Sabah. Phillips, Maine: Borneo research council , 2000, xx + 241 pp. [BRC Occasional paper 1.] -Gerrit Knaap, Frédéric Mantienne, Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la péninsule Indochinoise (XVIIe siècle). Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2001, 395 pp. -Uli Kozok, James T. Collins, Malay, world language; A short history. Second edition. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan bahasa dan pustaka, 2000, xii + 101 pp. -Nathan Porath, Hoe Ban Seng, Semalai communities at Tasek Bera; A study of the structure of an Orang Asli society. [A.S. Baer and R. Gianno, eds.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xii + 191 pp. -Nathan Porath, Narifumi Maeda Tachimoto, The Orang Hulu; A report on Malaysian orang asli in the 1960's. [A.S. Baer, ed.] Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli concerns, 2001, xiv + 104 pp. -Martin Ramstedt, Raechelle Rubinstein ,Staying local in the global village; Bali in the twentieth century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999, xiii + 353 pp., Linda H. Connor (eds) -Albert M. Salamanca, Thomas R. Leinbach ,Southeast Asia: diversity and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000, xiii + 594 pp., Richard Ulack (eds) -Heather Sutherland, Muhamad Hisyam, Caught between three fires; The Javanese pangulu under the Dutch colonial administration, 1882-1942. Jakarta: Indonesian-Netherlands cooperation in Islamic studies (INIS), 2001, 331 pp. [Seri INIS 37.] -Heather Sutherland, Roderich Ptak, China's seaborne trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200-1750). Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, xii + 366 pp. [Variorum collected studies series CS638.] -Sikko Visscher, M. Jocelyn Armstrong ,Chinese populations in contemporary Southeast Asian societies. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2001, xiv + 268 pp., R. Warwick Armstrong, Kent Mulliner (eds) -Reed Wadley, Clifford Sather, Seeds of play, words of power; An ethnographic study of Iban shamanic chants. Kuching: Tun Jugah foundation, 2001, xvii + 753 pp. [Borneo classic series 5.] -Boris Wastiau, Raymond Corbey, Tribal art traffic; A chronicle of taste, trade and desire in colonial and post-colonial times. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 2000, 255 pp. -Willem G. Wolters, Wong Kwok-Chu, The Chinese in the Philippine economy, 1898-1941. Quezon city: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999, xvi + 279 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Stephen Mansfield, Lao hill tribes; Traditions and patterns of existence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, vii + 91 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jean Michaud, Turbulent times and enduring people; Mountain minorities in the South-East Asian Massif. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2000, xiii + 255 pp. -Volker Grabowsky, Jane Richard Hanks ,Tribes of the northern Thailand frontier. (with a foreword by Nicola Tannenbaum), New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia studies, 2001, xlviii + 319 pp. [Monograph 51.], Lucien Mason Hanks (eds)

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18

Facin, Débora, and Claudia Toldo. "POR UM ESTUDO ENUNCIATIVO DO SAMBA DE RAIZ." Cadernos de Linguagem e Sociedade 19, no. 2 (2018): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/les.v19i2.12786.

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Este texto traz conceitos enunciativos discutidos a partir da obra O que resta de Auschwitz, em que Agamben (2008) define testemunho como a relação íntima entre o dizível e o não dizível pela língua. Trata-se de um duplo movimento, cujo (des) encontro edifica a realidade do testemunho: a impossibilidade de dizer, que se torna existente por uma possibilidade de falar. Assim, é pelas noções de testemunha (AGAMBEN, 2008) e de língua em funcionamento (BENVENISTE, 1970/2006) que este estudo se organiza, mais precisamente, mediante o caráter enunciativo da linguagem que circunscreve uma expressão própria da cultura brasileira: o samba de raiz. Na cultura do samba, questiona-se: qual a relação entre a testemunha e o testemunho do sambista que se marca como sujeito do seu dizer no samba de raiz quando, ao empregar a língua, traz nela os valores de uma sociedade? O que se testemunha nesse samba de raiz? Ao tomar a enunciação como guia desta reflexão, o samba de raiz não se reduz a um enunciado em si que se estrutura apenas com as formas da língua; o que interessa é a sua existência, o fato de o samba de raiz ter um lugar único na cultura brasileira.

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19

Markaki, Vassiliki. "Book review: Samia Bazzi, Arab News and Conflict: A Multi-Disciplinary Discourse Study (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture series, Volume 34). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, 2009. xiv + 224 pp., 115 (pbk)." Discourse Studies 13, no. 1 (2011): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614456110130010603.

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20

Janni, Kevin. "Plants in Samoan Culture. The Ethnobotany of Samoa." Economic Botany 56, no. 1 (2002): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0100:piscte]2.0.co;2.

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21

Lameko, Viali. "Obesity in Samoa: Culture, History and Dietary Practices." Journal of Samoan Studies Volume 10 10, no. 10 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47922/gcri1637.

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This paper provides an overview, from an historical perspective, to identify the structural factors that have created an ‘obesogenic’ environment in contemporary Samoa. The prevalence of obesity among Samoan adults had dramatically increased over the past four decades and is now affecting about 59 % of men and 81 % of women in this small island country, respectively. More alarming is the association of obesity with prevalent non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, stroke, cancer and heart attack. There are multiple factors at work which include, but not limited to, behaviour related to a nutrition transition, limited physical activities, sedentary lifestyle and cultural food practices. The question is why and how the people of Samoa changed their traditional diet, consisting mostly of taro, breadfruit, coconut, and fish, to meals consisting of mainly imported, processed food items laden with sugar, saturated fat and salt. This dietary change has not occurred because Samoan customs and culture of food has changed; it is the food that has changed. Keywords: obesity, culture, dietary practices, nutrition transition.

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22

Macpherson, Cluny, and La'avasa Macpherson. "Culture and the commodification of water in Samoa." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 58, no. 1 (2017): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apv.12139.

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23

Hughes, H. G. A. "Tâtou Tusi Tala/Let’s Write Stories: An Anthology of Samoan Writings2000401Edited by Eveline Woo, Nora Kanemura. Tâtou Tusi Tala/Let’s Write Stories: An Anthology of Samoan Writings. Honolulu, HI: Samoan Language and Culture Program, Department of Hawaiian and Indo‐Pacific Languages and Literature, University of Hawai’i at Mânoa Spring 1999. Vol. 1 No. 1." Reference Reviews 14, no. 8 (2000): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2000.14.8.22.401.

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24

HUEBNER, THOM. "Language and schooling in Western and American Samoa." World Englishes 8, no. 1 (1989): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1989.tb00435.x.

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25

A. Cox, P., and T. Elmqvist. "Rebuttal." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 2 (1994): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940088.

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We appreciate the thoughtful commentary of Graham Baines on our essay on ecocolonialism and indigenous controlled reserves in Samoa. We largely agree with his points, and hope that our experiences in Samoa may prove informative to others. While our discussion of the historical and philosophical roots of ecocolonialism may prove tedious to some readers, such as Dr Baines, we felt it important to attempt to provide some explanatory framework for the course of recent events concerning the Samoan preserves. The supremacy of Western culture to all indigenous cultures is so deeply assumed by some, that there is conservation efforts, let along tender them control of conservation efforts as we have sought to do so in Samoa.

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Sikorski, Michael J., Sachin N. Desai, Siaosi Tupua, et al. "Tenacious Endemic Typhoid Fever in Samoa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, Supplement_2 (2020): S120—S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa314.

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Abstract Background Typhoid fever has been endemic on the island nation of Samoa (2016 population, 195 979) since the 1960s and has persisted through 2019, despite economic development and improvements in water supply and sanitation. Methods Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from the 2 hospitals with blood culture capability and matched patient demographic and clinical data from January 2008 through December 2019 were analyzed. Denominators to calculate incidence by island, region, and district came from 2011 and 2016 censuses and from 2017–2019 projections from Samoa’s Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed to describe typhoid case burden and incidence from 2008 to 2019 by time, place, and person. Results In sum, 53–193 blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases occurred annually from 2008 to 2019, without apparent seasonality. Typhoid incidence was low among children age &lt; 48 months (17.6–27.8/105), rose progressively in ages 5–9 years (54.0/105), 10–19 years (60.7–63.4/105), and 20–34 years (61.0–79.3/105), and then tapered off; 93.6% of cases occurred among Samoans &lt; 50 years of age. Most typhoid cases and the highest incidence occurred in Northwest Upolu, but Apia Urban Area (served by treated water supplies) also exhibited moderate incidence. The proportion of cases from short-cycle versus long-cycle transmission is unknown. Samoan S. Typhi are pansusceptible to traditional first-line antibiotics. Nevertheless, enhanced surveillance in 2019 detected 4 (2.9%) deaths among 140 cases. Conclusions Typhoid has been endemic in Samoa in the period 2008–2019. Interventions, including mass vaccination with a Vi-conjugate vaccine coadministered with measles vaccine are planned.

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27

Alan Cox, Paul, and Thomas Elmqvist. "Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge systems: village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 1 (1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc930006.

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Ecocolonialism, the imposition of European conservation paradigms and power structures on indigenous villagers, is incompatible with the principles of indigenous control of village rainforest preserves. Since 1988, four rainforest reserves in Western Samoa and one US National Park in American Samoa have been created on communal lands using the principles of indigenous control, preserving a total of 30 000 hectares of lowland rainforest and associated coral reef. The reserves in Western Samoa are owned, controlled, administered and managed by the villagers. While these reserves appear to be robust approaches to preserve establishment within the communal land tenure system of Samoa, the concept of indigenous control appears to conflict with ecocolonialist attitudes that disparage the traditional knowledge, culture, political systems, and integrity of indigenous peoples. We discuss problems that have occurred in the Samoan village preserves and offer suggestions for the establishment of future village-controlled preserves in other areas of the South Pacific.

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28

Krek, Janez. "Understanding the Discourse of Early Childhood Education in Coming of Age in Samoa." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (2020): 215824402090208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020902083.

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The apparently readily comprehensible descriptive discourse in Margaret Mead’s famous ethnographic study Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) (CAS) presents a discursive challenge that is greater than one might expect from a book that has gained a wide readership. Through theoretical analysis, and in relation to the notorious Mead/Freeman controversy, we seek to contribute to understanding CAS as discourse, and even more specifically as educational discourse. Three research questions are addressed: How can the account of Samoan culture presented by Mead in CAS be understood as discourse? How can her account of early childhood education be understood in relation to Freeman’s account? Is Mead describing permissive education when describing patterns of early childhood education in Samoa? We argue that Mead produced an overlapping research discourse that has appealed to the wider public because of its cultural suppressed message aimed at the unconscious in culture. Mead’s and Freeman’s contradictory accounts of Samoan cultural patterns in relation to early childhood education can be explained by differences in the perspectives of the social and hierarchical positions of respectable elders and chiefs (Freeman) and of young girls who were caregivers of even younger children (Mead). Finally, we argue that early childhood education in Samoa at that time was clearly not permissive. Young Samoan girls internalized the symbolic Law (Lacan) and were therefore able to act in an authoritative way as caregivers. In the field of education nearly a century later, Mead’s descriptions of early childhood education in Samoa still provide an intricate case study.

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29

Groton, Anne H. "Anger in Menander's Samia." American Journal of Philology 108, no. 3 (1987): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/294666.

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30

Tofaeono, Va’atausili, Lana Sue I. Ka’opua, Angela Sy, et al. "Research Capacity Strengthening in American Samoa: Fa’avaeina le Fa’atelega o le Tomai Sa’ili’ili i Amerika Samoa." British Journal of Social Work 50, no. 2 (2019): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz160.

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Abstract Capacity-building partnerships are central to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), the UN’s blueprint for achieving global health equity. The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues endorses the SDG and underscores the need for global partnerships that respect local leadership and culture. Innovations that weave or integrate Indigenous and Western knowledges are emphasised. These recommendations guided the INdigenous Samoan Partnership to Initiate Research Excellence (INSPIRE). INSPIRE is led by investigators from American Samoa and supported by US co-investigators. In project year one, INSPIRE queried: What weaving approaches are feasible for promoting community access to INSPIRE’s research hub and for training Indigenous researchers? Weaving procedures involved interlacing Samoan and Western knowledges. Cultural tailoring strategies were used to customise communications. Formative evaluation suggests the feasibility of INSPIRE’s efforts. Evidential tailoring provided information on American Samoa (A.S.) social determinants of health; trainees indicated increased research commitment. Linguistic and sociocultural relevance tailoring were positively received; trainees reported increased interest in research praxis and initiated an A.S. research capacity-strengthening model. Social work assured knowledge parity in development/delivery of the training curriculum and culturally safe discussions on social determinants of health, territorial status and Samoan survivance. Findings are context-specific yet offer considerations for capacity-strengthening partnerships seeking to advance health equity.

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Ape-Esera, Luisa, Vili Nosa, and Felicity Goodyear-Smith. "The Pacific primary health care workforce in New Zealand: What are the needs?" Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 2 (2009): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09126.

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AIM: To scope future needs of the NZ Pacific primary care workforce. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with key informants including Pacific primary care workers in both Pacific and mainstream primary health care organisations and managers at funding, policy and strategy levels. Qualitative thematic analysis using general inductive approach. RESULTS: Thirteen stakeholders interviewed (four males, nine females) in 2006. Included both NZ- and Island-born people of Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian and NZ European ethnicities; age 20–65 years. Occupations included general practitioner, practice nurse, community worker, Ministry of Health official and manager representing mainstream and Pacific-specific organisations. Key themes were significant differences in attributes, needs and values between ‘traditional’ and contemporary Pacific people; issues regarding recruitment and retention of Pacific people into the primary health care workforce; importance of cultural appropriateness for Pacific populations utilising mainstream and Pacific-specific primary care services and both advantages and disadvantages of ‘Pacific for Pacific’ services. CONCLUSION: Interviews demonstrated heterogeneity of Pacific population regarding ethnicity, age, duration of NZ residence and degree of immersion in their culture and language. Higher rates of mental disorder amongst NZ-born Pacific signpost urgent need to address the impact of Western values on NZ-born Pacific youth. Pacific population growth means increasing demands on health services with Pacific worker shortages across all primary health care occupations. However it is not possible for all Pacific people to be treated by Pacific organisations and/or by Pacific health workers and services should be culturally competent regardless of ethnicity of providers. KEYWORDS: Pacific Islands, New Zealand, manpower, ethnic groups, Oceanic Ancestry Group, primary health care

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Siose, Taniela K., and Danilo F. Guinto. "Performance of improved sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars under different soil types of Samoa." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 35, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp17001.

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There is need to diversify crop production in Samoa which currently depends mainly on taro crop, that has proved to be susceptible to fungus and other diseases, to as safeguard against risks of crop failures and adapt to climatic changes. The potential of introducing sweetpotato as a second staple food in Samoa is explored in this study. The study analyses the suitability of sweetpotato cultivars in Samoan agro-environment and major soil types. For this purpose a twenty week pot experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three improved sweetpotato cultivars (IB/PR/12, IB/PR/13 and IB/PH/03) on four different types of soils in Samoa (Savaia calcareous sandy loam, Matafa’a red acidic, Faleula silty clay and Saleimoa silty clay) in a factorial arrangement of treatments in randomised complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that soil type had a significant effect on vine growth, and storage root yield with the best yield obtained in the silty clay soils having high K content. Retarded plant growth observed under the acidic soil having low K content resulted in lowest storage root yield. A significant varietal difference was recorded in sweetpotato growth and yield. IB/PH/03 was inferior in vine length, but produced comparatively highest number of vines per plant, and storage root yield attesting its adaptability in all the four tested soil types of Samoa and has potentiality to be promoted for wider adoption. A follow-up field study is needed to verify our preliminary results under pot culture on different soil types of Samoa.

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Butcher, Hayley, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, et al. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (2020): 7356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187356.

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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.

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Forrester, Deanna L., Doug P. VanderLaan, Paul L. Vasey, and Jessica L. Parker. "Male Sexual Orientation and Avuncularity in Canada: Implications for the Kin Selection Hypothesis." Journal of Cognition and Culture 11, no. 3-4 (2011): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853711x591288.

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AbstractAndrophilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to sexual attraction and arousal to adult females. The Kin Selection Hypothesis (KSH) posits that genes for male androphilia can persist if androphilic males offset the fitness costs of not reproducing directly by enhancing indirect fitness. In theory, by directing altruistic behavior toward kin, androphilic males can increase the reproduction of kin, thereby enhancing indirect fitness. Evidence supporting the KSH has been documented in Samoa. Samoan transgendered, androphilic males, known locally as fa’afafine, are socially accepted by the majority of Samoans. In contrast, no supportive evidence has been garnered from other cultures (i.e., USA, UK, Japan) that are characterized by less social tolerance toward male androphiles. Tests of the KSH in Canada might be more likely to yield findings consistent with Samoa because Canadian social and political attitudes toward male androphiles are markedly more tolerant and accepting. Here, we compared the willingness of Canadian androphilic men, gynephilic men, and androphilic women to invest in nieces and nephews as well as in non-kin children. Consistent with the KSH and findings from Samoa, androphilic men exhibited a significantly greater cognitive dissociation between altruistic tendencies directed toward kin versus non-kin children relative to gynephilic men and androphilic women. The present study, therefore, provides some tentative support for the KSH from a culture other than Samoa. Findings and future directions for research are considered within the context of the existing cross-cultural literature.

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van der Elsen, Melanie. "The Paradox of Liminality: American Samoa’s Attenuated Sovereignty in the Twenty-First-Century American Empire." aspeers: emerging voices in american studies 12 (2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54465/aspeers.12-04.

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American Samoa, an unincorporated, unorganized US insular territory in the Pacific, is faced with a ‘paradox of liminality.’ On the one hand, the US unincorporation doctrine denies American Samoans basic rights, such as the right to vote in federal elections, fair representation in government, and American citizenship, in effect subjecting them to what Lea Ypi regards as the primary wrong of colonialism: the refusal of “equality and reciprocity in decision making.” On the other hand, American Samoa’s liminal status as unincorporated, unorganized territory protects indigenous Samoan culture (Fa‘a Sāmoa) and the traditional system of governance (Fa‘amatai) in ways that full legal integration would not. This paradox of liminality creates clear tensions between conditions of subjugation and protection. How do the argument of moral wrongs and the protection of indigenous culture relate to one another? This paper addresses this complexity by tracing the discursive practices and historical roots that comprise the foundation for US rule over American Samoa. By analyzing American Samoa’s idiosyncrasies, this paper shows how its peculiar status problematizes decolonization processes informed by either/or thinking. Ultimately, I call for a rethinking of the process and progress of the dissolution of American empire by encouraging both/and approaches.

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Wutich, Amber, Melissa Beresford, Cindi SturtzSreetharan, Alexandra Brewis, Sarah Trainer, and Jessica Hardin. "Metatheme Analysis: A Qualitative Method for Cross-Cultural Research." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 20 (January 1, 2021): 160940692110199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069211019907.

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In recent years, there has been a florescence of cross-cultural research using ethnographic and qualitative data. This cutting-edge work confronts a range of significant methodological challenges, but has not yet addressed how thematic analysis can be modified for use in cross-cultural ethnography. Thematic analysis is widely used in qualitative and mixed-methods research, yet is not currently well-adapted to cross-cultural ethnographic designs. We build on existing thematic analysis techniques to discuss a method to inductively identify metathemes (defined here as themes that occur across cultures). Identifying metathemes in cross-cultural research is important because metathemes enable researchers to use systematic comparisons to identify significant patterns in cross-cultural datasets and to describe those patterns in rich, contextually-specific ways. We demonstrate this method with data from a collaborative cross-cultural ethnographic research project (exploring weight-related stigma) that used the same sampling frame, interview protocol, and analytic process in four cross-cultural research sites in Samoa, Paraguay, Japan, and the United States. Detecting metathemes that transcend data collected in different languages, cultures, and sites, we discuss the benefits and challenges of qualitative metatheme analysis.

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Symons, Lisa C., Joseph Paulin, and Atuatasi Lelei Peau. "Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2389.

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ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.

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Cahn, Miranda. "Indigenous entrepreneurship, culture and micro-enterprise in the Pacific Islands: case studies from Samoa." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985620701552413.

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Shanahan, Daniel. "Culture, culture and “culture” in Foreign Language Teaching." Foreign Language Annals 31, no. 3 (1998): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1998.tb00588.x.

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Kövecses, Zoltán. "Culture and Language." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55, no. 2 (2010): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sslav.55.2010.2.20.

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Miljkovic, Miljan. "Language and culture." Zbornik radova Uciteljskog fakulteta Prizren-Leposavic, no. 9 (2015): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrufpl1509153m.

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Nida, Eugene A. "LANGUAGE AND CULTURE." Entreculturas. Revista de traducción y comunicación intercultural, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/entreculturasertci.vi1.11815.

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El presente artículo recoge la conferencia plenaria que el profesor Eugene A. Nida pronunció en el V Congreso Internacional “Traducción, Texto e Interferencias” sobre Traducción y mediación cultural, celebrado entre el 13 y el 15 de diciembre de 2006 en la Universidad de Córdoba, donde relata que, a lo largo de su trayectoria como traductor, le resultó crucial conocer los valores de las distintas culturas que visitó para poder comprender cómo se comunicaban entre sí y, por ende, ser capaz de ayudar a los traductores de estas culturas en su labor de traducción de la Biblia.

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Kayam, Orly. "Language and Culture." Studies in English Language Teaching 3, no. 4 (2015): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v3n4p500.

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<p><em>The study focuses on Ethiopian Jewish women’s struggles with language usage and social adaptation. The study aims to (a) evaluate the importance of knowledge and usage of Amharic in their daily lives, (b) evaluate the importance of knowledge and usage of Hebrew in their daily lives and (c) identify the differences in Israeli and Ethiopian Jewish cultures. The study was based on data collected and analyzed from a questionnaire that was distributed to a class of Ethiopian Jewish women who study English at a school in Netanya, Israel. The findings showed that while all of the participants speak Amharic, there are differences in literacy in Amharic among them. All of them have difficulties in Hebrew, but see Hebrew as the vehicle for upward mobility within Israeli society. They view Israeli culture as one that is lacking in politeness, respect and dignity, which is very much part of the fabric of the Ethiopian Jewish lifestyle. There is also a strong desire to preserve the past by preserving their language. This study promotes a new dimension to the study of Ethiopian Jewish women (Kayam </em><em>&amp;</em><em> Hirsch, in press) in that it adds to the study of language acquisition in the immigrant setting.</em><em></em></p>

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NIDA, Eugene A. "Language and Culture." Hikma 5, no. 5 (2006): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v5i5.6690.

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En este trabajo presento mis periplos a lo largo de una serie de países y de una gran variedad de pueblos del mundo, principalmente de África, Filipinas, Asia, el Pacífico Central, América Central, incluido México y Sudamérica. Mi experiencia con las distintas culturas ha hecho que me reafirme en la postura que hoy día mantengo, y que subraya el papel que ha jugado la antropología. El conocimiento cultural tanto como el lingüístico es imprescindible en todos los estudios de traducción. En mi larga experiencia por todo el mundo he llegado a esta convicción.

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Jungrye Chun. "Language and Culture." Korean Language Research ll, no. 24 (2009): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.16876/klrc.2009..24.195.

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Fulford, George. "Language and Culture." Ethnologies 25, no. 2 (2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008045ar.

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Akramova, G., and N. Mullaeva. "Language and culture." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 4 (2021): 1212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01184.8.

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Salzmann, Zdenek, David L. Shaul, and N. Louanna Furbee. "Language and Culture." Language 75, no. 3 (1999): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417077.

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Leontiev, A. A. "Personality, Culture, Language." Journal of Russian & East European Psychology 44, no. 3 (2006): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rpo10610405440304.

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Ponorac, Tatjana. "Culture and language." Defendology 9, no. 29-30 (2011): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5570/dfnd.201101085.

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