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Journal articles on the topic 'Language and languages – Ethiopia'
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1
Hudson, Grover. "Languages of Ethiopia and Languages of the 1994 Ethiopian Census." Aethiopica 7 (October 22, 2012): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.7.1.286.
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The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia gathered considerable information of linguistic interest, notably the number of speakers of seventy-seven languages which it recognized. The Census’s list is largely consistent with lists of languages recognized in current research by Ethiopianist linguists. However, problems of two sorts arise in the Census list: dialects counted as languages and languages counted as dialects. Survey of research in Ethiopian linguistics supports instead the existence of seventy-three Ethiopian languages now spoken, a list of languages and their dialects which includes varieties of speech recognized and unrecognized by the Census.
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Walga, Tamene Keneni. "Prospects and Challenges of Afan Oromo: A Commentary." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1106.03.
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Afan Oromo- the language of the Oromo- is also known as Oromo. The word ‘Oromo’ refers to both the People of Oromo and their language. It is one of the widely spoken indigenous African languages. It is also spoken in multiple countries in Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania among others. Moreover, it is spoken as a native language, second language and lingua-franca across Ethiopia and beyond. Regardless of its scope in terms of number of speakers and geographical area it covers, Afan Oromo as a literary language is only emerging due to perpetuating unfair treatment it received from successive Ethiopian regimes. This commentary sought to examine prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo. To this end, drawing on existing literature and author’s own personal observations, salient prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo have been presented and briefly discussed. Suggestions to confront the challenges foreseen have been proposed by the author where deemed necessary. The paper concludes with author’s concluding remarks concerning the way forward.
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Wolff, H. Ekkehard, Sileshi Berhanu, and Getinet Fulea. "On Visibility and Legitimisation of Languages: The ‘Linguistic Landscape’ in Adaama, Ethiopia." Aethiopica 16 (March 9, 2014): 149–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.16.1.704.
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With a focus on the city of Adaama (formerly: Nazret), the biggest urban agglomeration in Oromia Regional State, the paper addresses the “linguistic landscape” which is indicative of the overall sociolinguistic situation of a polity. Language use in the public space has not only practical-instrumental, but also historical, political, juridical, and most of allpsycho-sociological dimensions, the latter relating to the symbolic value of written language use. The paper deals with multilingual graphic representations on public commercial and private sign-boards, advertisements, and notices in Adaama city, with an additionalfocus on the situation on the campus of Adama Science and Technology University. Under the chosen theoretical framework, it analyses language visibility in terms of language legitimisation, both in terms of peoples’ attitudes and based on official documents regarding language status and language use in present-day Ethiopia, such as the Education and Training Policy (1994), the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995), the Revised Constitution of Oromia Regional State(2001/2006), and the Higher Education Proclamation (2009). The primary focus of the paper is on the status, functions, and representations of AfanOromo, including a review of the major historico-political changes affecting this language from Imperial Ethiopa (before 1974), the Därg period (until 1991), and under the new Constitution of the FDRE (since 1995). The paper also deals with linguistic and graphic issues concerning the “orthographic” representations of the four languages used: Afan Oromo, Amharic, Arabic, and English, involving three different graphic systems: Fidäl (Abugida), Arabic, and Roman.
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Kifleyesus, Abbebe. "The Argobba of Ethiopia are not the Language they Speak." Aethiopica 9 (September 24, 2012): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.9.1.238.
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The Argobba of southeastern Wällo and northeastern Šäwa live amongst and speak the languages of the Amhara and the Oromo with great ease as if they are members of these ethnic groups. For them Amharic and Afaan Oromoo are the languages of administration and market transaction and therefore important for Argobba survival in a region domi-nated by these two ethno-linguistic groups. Yet the Argobba I met in these lands identified themselves as Argobba, and they were known as such, despite the fact that several of them had Amharic or Afaan Oromoo as their first language. The central claim of this article is therefore that the Argobba of this region define themselves as Argobba based on their traditions, customs, beliefs, values, and total cultural practices and not on the basis of who can or cannot speak the Argobba language.
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Dadoo, Yousuf. "LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES: THE CASE OF ARABIC AND ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 700–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2553.
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Multi-faceted relations between Ethiopia and South Arabia existed since the sixth century B.C. During the earlier phase, the Christian Ethiopians networked with their co-religionists. Later they interacted primarily with Muslim Arabs some of whom settled in Ethiopia either in search of religious sanctuary or for trade purposes. The Muslims entrenched themselves and established petty kingdoms between the ninth and fifteenth centuries C.E. Thereafter, they suffered huge reversals at the hands of their Christian compatriots who were assisted by the Portuguese colonial power. Over the last two centuries relations between these two religious groups suffered appreciably. Despite these mammoth problems, testimonies to the linguistic and cultural affinities between Ethiopia and Arabia are evident; illustrations of which are given in this article. They could be used as a springboard for improving relations between the two communities. The Ethiopian socio-political climate has improved since the installation of a new federal and democratically elected government. It behoves all relevant groups to grasp the mettle by doing more intensive and extensive research in topics like this one in order to trace commonalities between them.
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Hailu, Yemserach Legesse. "Language Law and Policy of the Federal Government of Ethiopia: Implications for Fair Trial and the Rights of Non-Amharic Language Speakers Accused." Acta Humana 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32566/ah.2021.1.4.
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Ethiopia is a multilingual country with a federal form of state structure. The 1995 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE Constitution) gave equal recognition for all Ethiopian languages, but has chosen Amharic to become the working language of the Federal Government. In order to accommodate the needs of non-Amharic speakers in the provision of public services, the Constitution and other laws such as the Criminal Procedure Code, require the use of interpreters. Particularly in criminal proceedings, non-Amharic speakers are entitled to be assisted with a ‘qualified’ interpreter to meaningfully participate in the cases. In practice, it is observed that accused people who do not speak the working language of the federal government are unable to effectively understand or get prompt and detailed information regarding the nature and effect of the case brought against them. Even if they know the case, they are not able to effectively explain their defences to the court or associated bodies, and thereby defend their rights. This study reveals that non-Amharic speakers are not effectively served according to the legal standards. This problem subsists mainly due to the absence or limited number of interpreters, as well as the use of untrained interpreters. Despite some efforts to address the problem, the federal government has not yet laid down any formal mechanism by which people with limited and/or no Amharic language proficiency are properly served in criminal proceedings both before and during trial. This study proposes the federal government to establish court interpreter training institutions and to standardise court interpretation by allocating the necessary budget; lay down a formal mechanism such as enacting detailed laws and working manuals for assigning interpreters; providing other local languages the status of working language; consulting interpretation technologies and working in collaboration with different stakeholders.
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Taye, Bekau Atnafu. "The medium of instruction in Ethiopian Higher Education Institutions: Kotebe Metropolitan University Case study." African Journal of Teacher Education 8 (April 1, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v8i0.4367.
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The aim of this article is to examine the medium of instruction in Ethiopian higher education institutions and the perceived consequences of the failure to learn a lingua franca. The study was qualitative and it used interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Five teachers and five students took part in the interviews and six teachers and six students participated in the FGDs. The findings of the study showed that the role of Amharic as a working language has not been given recognition despite the fact that Amharic was constitutionally granted to be a working language. Due to language barriers, students who are speakers of Oromipha and other languages from the Eastern and Western parts of Ethiopia suffer passivity in the classroom because they do not speak Amharic although Amharic has been taught as a subject in all regional states of the country. Increased identity politics seems to have generated a negative attitude towards Amharic, Ethiopia's former official lingua franca. Non-Amharic native speakers appeared to lose interest in learning Amharic while they were in primary and secondary schools. The absence of an official, common language which could be used for wider communication in higher education has resulted in having challenges among the student population.
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Leslau, Wolf. "Inor lullabies." Africa 66, no. 2 (April 1996): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161320.
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AbstractFourteen Gurage lullabies from Ethiopia, in their Inor transcriptions and English translations, are briefly introduced and annotated. Inor belongs to the West Gurage group of languages; this set of lullabies complements those from Eža (another West Gurage language) published earlier by the author.
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Schröder, Helga. "The Syntax and Semantics of Clause-Chaining in Toposa." Studies in African Linguistics 49, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i1.122263.
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Some languages make extensive use of clause-chaining. According to Payne (1997: 312), clause-chaining has been documented for languages in the highlands of New Guinea, Australia and the Americas. In Africa it is found in Ethiopia (Völlmin et al. 2007), in Kiswahili, a Bantu language (Hopper 1979: 213-215, Mungania 2018), in Anuak, a Western Nilotic language (Longacre 1990: 88-90 and 2007: 418) and in Toposa, a VSO language of South Sudan (Schröder 2011). Clause-chaining is characterized by a long combination of non-finite clauses that have operator dependency on a finite clause, and it usually signals foregrounded information in discourse (see also Dooley 2010: 3). Besides its discourse function, clause-chaining exhibits morpho-syntactic and semantic properties as demonstrated in this paper with examples from Toposa, an Eastern Nilotic language.
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Záhořík, Jan. "Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa in a broader socio-political perspective." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2010.3646.
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Charles University This study deals with language policies in Africa with a special focus on multi-ethnic and multi-lingual states including Sudan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Democratic Republic of Congo. The study will thus examine relations between state and minorities, the status of major and marginalized languages, the roles of European languages in politics as well as theoretical frameworks. Sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a remarkable process from linguistic imperialism to linguistic pluralism and revivalism. Until the 1960s the superior position of the European languages (English, French, and Portuguese) was evident, but after the Africanization of politics and society in many African countries, a strong accent on linguistic emancipation was initiated. Nowadays, many African countries follow the principle of linguistic pluralism where several languages enjoy the same rights and space in the media, administrative, education, etc. This study will discuss some important case studies and their specific language policies.
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Treis, Yvonne. "Switch-reference and Omotic-Cushitic Language Contact in Southwest Ethiopia." Journal of Language Contact 5, no. 1 (2012): 80–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740912x624469.
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Africa has up until now been considered a continent where switch-reference systems are extremely rare. This study shows that there is a confined area in the South of Ethiopia where many Omotic languages and a few Cushitic languages have fully grammaticalised switch-reference systems on dependent (co-)subordinate non-final verbs, so-called converbs. The paper describes in detail the switch-reference system of Kambaata (Cushitic) and gives an overview of the distribution of switch-reference systems in Ethiopia in general. It is argued that switch-reference marking in Cushitic languages is the result of contact with neighbouring Omotic languages.
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Kelly, Samantha. "The Curious Case of Ethiopic Chaldean: Fraud, Philology, and Cultural (Mis)Understanding in European Conceptions of Ethiopia." Renaissance Quarterly 68, no. 4 (2015): 1227–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685125.
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AbstractAn intriguing mystery in early modern intellectual history is how and why European scholars came to designate Ethiopic, the sacred language of Ethiopia, as Chaldean. This article locates the designation’s origins in a deduction made by Vatican library personnel, partially inspired by a hoax perpetrated a quarter-century earlier. It then traces the influence of this designation on the progress of historical linguistics, where theories defending the appellation of Ethiopic as Chaldean, although often erroneous, nevertheless contributed to the accurate categorization of Ethiopic as a Semitic language, and on attitudes to Ethiopian Christianity that played a role in Catholic-Protestant polemic.
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Wu, Tong. "Prenominal relative clauses in Ethiopian languages: From inside and from outside." Studies in African Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 213–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v41i2.107277.
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The main objective of this data-oriented study is to give a synchronic typological overview of Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses, both from the inside and from the outside. By “inside”, I mean to compare prenominal relative clauses in the Ethiopian area in order to show how they are different from and/or similar to each other. By “outside”, I extend the comparison to beyond Ethiopian languages and include other African languages with or without prenominal relative clauses and languages from elsewhere with prenominal relative clauses. These comparisons will show to what extent Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses are typologically marked or ordinary. However, the inside comparison will be given more attention. Furthermore, synchronic comparison naturally leads us to questions concerning language evolution and language contact. These questions have always been in the center of studies of the Ethiopian Language Area and will be discussed here.
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Tesfaye, Ashenafi, and Klaus Wedekind. "Characteristics of Omotic tone Shinasha Borna." Studies in African Linguistics 21, no. 3 (December 1, 1990): 347–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v21i3.107432.
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The article provides some phonological background and outlines the tonal system of Shinasha (Borna), an isolated North Omotic language of Ethiopia. There are two contrasting tones. Their behaviour shows characteristics which have also been observed for other Omotic languages: stability of lexical tone, limited use of tone in the syntax, and absence of sandhi. The article provides new evidence that vowel quality can have a strong influence on the tonetic realisation: Shinasha is not the only Omotic language where high vowel quality is associated with extra high pitch.
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Vatvedt Fjeld, Ruth E., Elsa Kristiansen, Marianne Rathje, Veturlidi Oskarsson, Natalia Konstaninovskaia, Inayat Gill, and Fekede Menuta. "The worldwide use and meaning of the f-word." Intercultural Pragmatics 16, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2019-0004.
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Abstract This article documents the increasing use of the English curse word fuck worldwide, as well as its degree of adaption into the host language, its syntactic function, and its meaning and its strength as taboo. Comparing the use of fuck with a special focus on the Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, and Iceland) with its use in Eurasia and Africa (with different alphabets, namely Cyrillic in Russia, Devanāgarī in India and Ge’ez script in Ethiopia), we found some similar developmental patterns, but also differences, for example to what degree the English loan word has replaced local curses and in what ways among social groups within a country. Comparing the terms used for the same concept was challenging because some countries have better text corpora and more research on written languages and especially on taboos, and those without such resources required additional minor investigations for a baseline. Findings revealed that fuck has spread worldwide from English, and it is commonly used in Nordic languages today. In Russian fuck is also adopted into the heritage language to a relatively high degree, and it has further gained importance in the vocabulary of India, where English has become the most used language by the higher and middle classes, but less so by lower classes. In contrast, the study of Amharic language in Ethiopia shows that the f-word is rarely used at all, and only by youngsters. We found a pattern starting from the outer North with Icelandic having adapted and adopted the word fuck the most, a slight decline in use in Norwegian and Danish, with less adaption and use in Russian, even less in Indian-English or Hindi, and being more or less absent in the African language Amharic. Formally though it is used conceptually both in Hindi and Amharic.
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Hailay, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Guesh Mebrahtom, Kidane Zereabruk, Guesh Gebreayezgi, and Teklehaimanot Haile. "Burnout among Nurses Working in Ethiopia." Behavioural Neurology 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814557.
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Background. Burnout is a condition of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity. Nursing is a stressful profession that deals with human aspects of health and illness and can ultimately lead to job dissatisfaction and burnout. Although burnout among nurses has been addressed in previous research, the heterogeneous nature of the result findings highlights the need for a detailed meta-analysis in Ethiopia. Thus, this review is aimed at identifying the prevalence of burnout among nurses in Ethiopia. Methods. A search strategy was implemented using electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Africa-Wide Information, and African Index Medicus) which were systematically searched online to retrieve related articles using keywords. Studies which were included in this review were written in the English language because writing articles in other languages in Ethiopia is uncommon. The combination of key terms including “burnout”, “nurse” and “Ethiopia”, “systematic review” and protocols was used. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist guideline was followed stepwise. All published articles starting from inception to February 2020 were included, and we did not find unpublished studies. Heterogeneity across the included studies was evaluated by the inconsistency index. All statistical analysis was done using R and RStudio software for Windows, and a random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall prevalence of burnout among nurses in Ethiopia. It is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188092). Results. The database searched produced 1060 papers. After adjustment for duplicates and inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles with 1654 total nurses were found suitable for the review. Except for one cohort study, all studies were cross-sectional. The overall pooled prevalence of burnout among Ethiopian nurses was estimated to be 39% (95% CI: 27%-50%). Conclusions. Burnout affects two out of five nurses in Ethiopia. Therefore, effective interventions and strategies are required to reduce burnout among nurses.
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Scheinfeldt, Laura B., Sameer Soi, Charla Lambert, Wen-Ya Ko, Aoua Coulibaly, Alessia Ranciaro, Simon Thompson, et al. "Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 19, 2019): 4166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817678116.
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Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome-wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and speaking languages belonging to four language families. In addition to agriculturalists and pastoralists, our study includes 16 populations that practice, or until recently have practiced, a hunting-gathering (HG) lifestyle. We observe that genetic structure in Africa is broadly correlated not only with geography, but to a lesser extent, with linguistic affiliation and subsistence strategy. Four East African HG (EHG) populations that are geographically distant from each other show evidence of common ancestry: the Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania, who speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan; the Dahalo in Kenya, whose language has remnant clicks; and the Sabue in Ethiopia, who speak an unclassified language. Additionally, we observed common ancestry between central African rainforest HGs and southern African San, the latter of whom speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan. With the exception of the EHG, central African rainforest HGs, and San, other HG groups in Africa appear genetically similar to neighboring agriculturalist or pastoralist populations. We additionally demonstrate that infectious disease, immune response, and diet have played important roles in the adaptive landscape of African history. However, while the broad biological processes involved in recent human adaptation in Africa are often consistent across populations, the specific loci affected by selective pressures more often vary across populations.
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Ukoyen, Joseph. "La littérature africaine moderne en traduction." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.04uko.
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Résumé La question linguistique constitue à l'heure actuelle un des problèmes fondamentaux auxquels font face les Etats-Nations d'Afrique. Faut-il conserver intégralement les langues d'origine coloniale, dites langues officielles, non seulement comme moyens d'enseignement mais aussi comme véhicules de communication dans tous les autres domaines de la vie, y compris le gouvernement, ou faut-il remplacer les langues exogènes par une ou plusieurs langues indigènes dans chaque territoire national? A l'exception de la Tanzanie, du Kenya et de l'Ethiopie, qui ont su résoudre avec succès le problème épineux de choix d'une langue nationale unique, tous les autres pays d'Afrique adoptent des solutions de compromis qui laissent une grande place à la traduction. Abstract The language question constitutes one of the fundamental problems confronting the modern Nation-States of Africa today. Should the languages of the erstwhile colonial masters be retained wholesale as the media of educational instruction and for all other purposes, including government business, or should they be replaced with one or more indigenous languages in each national territory? With the exception of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia, which have successfully resolved the thorny problem of selecting only one, single national language, all the other African countries adopt compromise solutions in which translation activity looms large.
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Meyer, Ronny. "December 13–14, 2007 in Mainz: Workshop on “Language contact in Ethiopia: Examples from Cushitic, Omotic and Semitic languages”." Aethiopica 11 (April 26, 2012): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.11.1.186.
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Lusini, Gianfrancesco. "Lingua letteraria e lingua di corte: diglossia e insegnamento tradizionale in Etiopia fra Tardo Antico e Medio Evo." AION (filol.) Annali dell’Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” 41, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17246172-40010020.
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Abstract The Ethiopian literary tradition extends over a time frame beginning even before the christianization of the Country (first half of the 4th cent.) up to modern times. In this long period we frequently register phenomena of interference both among different languages (Greek, Gǝ‘ǝz, Arabic, Amharic, agaw languages and so on) and between various registers of the same language, produced or conditioned by specific cultural or religious contexts. Particularly, in the Middle Ages the differentiation between Gǝ‘ǝz as the language of the clergy and the written discourse, and Amharic as the language of the court and the verbal communication, had momentous reflexes on the traditional teaching, related to Gǝ‘ǝz liturgical texts, but orally transmitted in Amharic. This development proved to be crucial for the start of the literarization process of Amharic, to be dated back to the second half of the 16th cent., as an effect of the missionary propaganda of the Portuguese Jesuits and of their polemics against the Ethiopian Orthodox clergy.
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Driessen, Miriam. "Pidgin play: Linguistic subversion on Chinese-run construction sites in Ethiopia." African Affairs 119, no. 476 (July 2020): 432–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa016.
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Abstract The Chinese-run construction sites that have emerged across the Ethiopian landscape over the past two decades have given rise to a pidgin—a contact language that facilitates communication between Chinese managers and the Ethiopian labourers under their direction. By unravelling the nature of this pidgin, including its lexicon, syntax, and semantics, this article discusses the power dynamics in Ethiopian–Chinese encounters through the lens of language. A prototypical contact language at first blush, the pidgin spoken on Chinese road projects in Ethiopia is different from pidgins that emerged in colonial Africa. Its structure and use reveal that power relations between Chinese management and Ethiopian rank and file are less asymmetrical than often portrayed. As a site of contestation as much as collaboration, pidgin has in fact become one of the domains in which power is negotiated. By hijacking words and manipulating their meanings, Ethiopian workers play with pidgin in an attempt to confront expatriate management and challenge the sociopolitical asymmetries that the growing Chinese presence in their country has brought forth.
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Getahun, Amare. "The structure of Argobba nominal phrase." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 39, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2018-0011.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the internal structure of Argobba nominal phrase in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) formalism. Argobba is a seriously endangered Semitic language in Ethiopia. Unlike its sister languages in the Ethio-Semitic subfamily, Argobba nouns qualified by a demonstrative, possessive pronoun and genitive NP bear a definite article. It is argued in this paper that the definite article is not an independent syntactic element, but an affix, which is attached to indefinite nouns lexically. It is argued that the derivation of Argobba definite common nouns is captured by the Definite Lexical Rule (DLR). The paper also claims that the NP internal agreement of specifiers and modifiers with the head noun is accounted for by the SPEC and MOD features that impose certain constraints on the morphosyntactic features of the head noun.
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Pandžić, Zvonko. "Von Coimbra nach Tobol’sk." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 72–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.03pan.
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Summary Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg (Bochorizh 1584) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kašić (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum (Kašić 1604). Kašić’s choice of the što-dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the “refinement” of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.
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McNab, Christine. "Language Policy and Language Practice: Implementing Multilingual Literacy Education in Ethiopia." African Studies Review 33, no. 3 (December 1990): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524187.
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Shany, Michal, Esther Geva, and Liat Melech-Feder. "Emergent literacy in children of immigrants coming from a primarily oral literacy culture." Written Language and Literacy 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2010): 24–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.13.1.02sha.
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This study examined emergent literacy skills of 61 kindergarten children whose families had immigrated to Israel from a primarily oral society (Ethiopia). Three complementary perspectives were examined: developmental patterns, individual differences, and the contribution of parent literacy. The emergent literacy skills of children whose families were from Ethiopia were compared to those of 52 children coming from a primarily literate culture. The groups had acquired less complex Hebrew literacy skills in the same order, including phonological awareness, letter naming and consonant writing. However, the Ethiopian Israeli children were less proficient on various aspects of Hebrew language proficiency, and less familiar with aspects of cultural and environmental literacy. Most were also unable to speak or comprehend Amharic. In both groups, phonological awareness explained individual differences in letter naming, but vocabulary and syntactic knowledge added to the explained variance only in the Ethiopian Israeli group. Letter naming was associated with consonant writing in both groups. Hebrew oral and written language proficiency of Ethiopian Israeli mothers was positively correlated with literacy skills in their children. The results underscore the importance of distinguishing between less complex, modularized, aspects of emergent literacy and more complex literacy skills. Here the cumulative effects of poverty, oral home culture, parental inability to mediate language and literacy, and non-optimal conditions for becoming bilingual place young immigrant children at risk for academic failure early on.
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Drewes, A. J. "Amharic as a language of Islam." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 70, no. 1 (February 2007): 1–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x07000018.
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Amharic, the native language of a large group of the population of central Ethiopia, also functions as a lingua franca among the neighbouring peoples, and has done so for a long time. The language is usually associated with the culture of the politically dominant part of the population, the Christian culture. But it is certain that from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, and probably even before that time, Amharic was used also for Islamic religious texts: poetry composed to spread the basic religious concepts of Islam and songs to be chanted in religious meetings. The first foreign scholar to become aware of this was Enrico Cerulli, who published some examples of Islamic songs in Amharic in 1926. Much more has since been published by Ethiopians. In the 1960s I obtained a small collection of such texts which are discussed in this article.
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Banti, Giorgio. "Joachim Crass – Ronny Meyer (eds.), Language Contact and Language Change in Ethiopia." Aethiopica 17 (December 19, 2014): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.17.1.869.
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Dege-Müller, Sophia. "Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia." Entangled Religions 6 (April 17, 2018): 247–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v6.2018.247-308.
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The Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jews, have suffered from a negative or complete misrepresentation in the written and oral sources of pre-modern Ethiopia. The term “Jew” was deliberately chosen to stigmatize heretic groups, or any other group deviating from the normative church doctrine. Often no difference was made between Jewish groups or heretic Christians; they were marginalized and persecuted in the harshest way. The article illustrates how Jews are featured in the Ethiopian sources, the apparent patterns in this usage, and the polemic language chosen to describe these people.
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Fesseha, Awet, Shengwu Xiong, Eshete Derb Emiru, Moussa Diallo, and Abdelghani Dahou. "Text Classification Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and Word Embedding for Low-Resource Languages: Tigrinya." Information 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020052.
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This article studies convolutional neural networks for Tigrinya (also referred to as Tigrigna), which is a family of Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Tigrinya is a “low-resource” language and is notable in terms of the absence of comprehensive and free data. Furthermore, it is characterized as one of the most semantically and syntactically complex languages in the world, similar to other Semitic languages. To the best of our knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on the state-of-the-art embedding technique that is shown here. We investigate which word representation methods perform better in terms of learning for single-label text classification problems, which are common when dealing with morphologically rich and complex languages. Manually annotated datasets are used here, where one contains 30,000 Tigrinya news texts from various sources with six categories of “sport”, “agriculture”, “politics”, “religion”, “education”, and “health” and one unannotated corpus that contains more than six million words. In this paper, we explore pretrained word embedding architectures using various convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict class labels. We construct a CNN with a continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) method, a CNN with a skip-gram method, and CNNs with and without word2vec and FastText to evaluate Tigrinya news articles. We also compare the CNN results with traditional machine learning models and evaluate the results in terms of the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scoring techniques. The CBOW CNN with word2vec achieves the best accuracy with 93.41%, significantly improving the accuracy for Tigrinya news classification.
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Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė, Jurgita, and Senait Gebremichael Tesfagergish. "Part-of-Speech Tagging via Deep Neural Networks for Northern-Ethiopic Languages." Information Technology And Control 49, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.49.4.26808.
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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have proven to be especially successful in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging—which is the process of mapping words to their corresponding POS labels depending on the context. Despite recent development of language technologies, low-resourced languages (such as an East African Tigrinya language), have received too little attention. We investigate the effectiveness of Deep Learning (DL) solutions for the low-resourced Tigrinya language of the Northern-Ethiopic branch. We have selected Tigrinya as the testbed example and have tested state-of-the-art DL approaches seeking to build the most accurate POS tagger. We have evaluated DNN classifiers (Feed Forward Neural Network – FFNN, Long Short-Term Memory method – LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, and Convolutional Neural Network – CNN) on a top of neural word2vec word embeddings with a small training corpus known as Nagaoka Tigrinya Corpus. To determine the best DNN classifier type, its architecture and hyper-parameter set both manual and automatic hyper-parameter tuning has been performed. BiLSTM method was proved to be the most suitable for our solving task: it achieved the highest accuracy equal to 92% that is 65% above the random baseline.
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Dobson, Teresa M., Marlene Asselin, and Alemu Abebe. "Considerations for Design and Production of Digital Books for Early Literacy in Ethiopia." Language and Literacy 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29414.
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This paper considers the implications of digital text production models for the development of reading materials for emergent and early readers in the Ethiopian context. We draw from several theoretical frameworks and also from comments of Ethiopian academics, writers, and publishers to ground descriptions of Ethiopian contexts of language and literacy. We then present three different models for the production and curation of digital stories for children and contemplate how these models align with existing literacy traditions and practices. We also raise questions about the potential effects on the development of literary culture and children’s literature in Ethiopia of projects aimed at rapidly producing large corpora of literature for children. Ultimately, we pose complicated cultural and linguistic questions that need to be taken into consideration to provide appropriate and original early literacy materials in Ethiopia.
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Ali, Mohammed Hassen. "Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v31i3.286.
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Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo was a perceptive Oromo Muslim scholar who used traditional Oromo wisdom to make Islam intelligible to his people and part of their cultural heritage. A gifted poet who wrote in Arabic, Oromo, and Somali, he was persecuted by two successive Ethiopian regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. As an activist scholar, he sought to spread knowledge among the Oromo, who constitute about 40 percent of Ethiopia’s population. Due to the government’s tight control and distance, as well as the lack of modern communication and technology, his effort was limited mainly to the Oromo in Hararghe, eastern Ethiopia. For over six decades Shaykh Bakrii sought to uplift his people and secure respect for their language, culture, human dignity, and national identity. 1 Motivated by his desire to develop the Oromo language, which at that time was banned, he struggled to develop written literature in it. But despite all of these accomplishments, he has been largely forgotten.
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Ali, Mohammed Hassen. "Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i3.286.
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Shaykh Bakrii Saphalo was a perceptive Oromo Muslim scholar who used traditional Oromo wisdom to make Islam intelligible to his people and part of their cultural heritage. A gifted poet who wrote in Arabic, Oromo, and Somali, he was persecuted by two successive Ethiopian regimes during the 1960s and 1970s. As an activist scholar, he sought to spread knowledge among the Oromo, who constitute about 40 percent of Ethiopia’s population. Due to the government’s tight control and distance, as well as the lack of modern communication and technology, his effort was limited mainly to the Oromo in Hararghe, eastern Ethiopia. For over six decades Shaykh Bakrii sought to uplift his people and secure respect for their language, culture, human dignity, and national identity. 1 Motivated by his desire to develop the Oromo language, which at that time was banned, he struggled to develop written literature in it. But despite all of these accomplishments, he has been largely forgotten.
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Smith, Lahra. "The Politics of Contemporary Language Policy in Ethiopia." Journal of Developing Societies 24, no. 2 (June 2008): 207–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x0802400206.
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Awol, Ousman Shafi. "Intensifiers, Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns in Argobba Language, Ethio-Semitic." English Linguistics Research 9, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v9n1p25.
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Argobba is a South Ethio-Semitic language which is predominantly used in day-to-day communication by a population of about 140, 134 people in the Argobba Zone (Central Statistical Agency (2008:59), Ethiopia, whose linguistic features were not well described. The Argobba lives in the escarpment slopes of northeastern Shewa and southeastern Wollo, a minority of them are live in the adjoining settlements of the town of Harar in eastern Ethiopia.The Argobba make their living by cultivating plants, by breeding animals, weaving and by trade (Hussein, 2006:416). Most of the Argobba people are followers of Islam. As a result, the Islamic religion greatly influences the culture as well as the living style of the society. The central aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive description and features of Intensifiers, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns of the Argobba language. The paper is descriptive in natureonly in Argobba language not comparing with other languages, since the study is mainly concerned with describing what is actually being in, and mainly relies on primary linguistic data. The linguistic data, i.e. the elicited grammatical data concerning Intensifiers, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, was collected from native speakers of the language during 6 months of fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2016 in five Kebeles and the administrative center of the Argobba. Intensifiers in Argobbaare derived from the noun ‘self’, which has the meaning ‘self’ as intensifier, or its reduplicated form ‘self with self’. Reflexive pronouns are formed by combining ‘self’ with the possessive suffixes while reciprocal pronouns can be formed through a construction consisting of the comitative morpheme, which intersects between the reduplicated noun ‘self’, and the plural possessive suffixes.
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Woldemariam, Hirut, and Elizabeth Lanza. "Imagined community." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 1, no. 1-2 (June 19, 2015): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.1-2.10wol.
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In this article, we investigate how the linguistic landscape serves as an important strategy among a diaspora community not only to maintain a transnational identity but also to construct a unique identity in the recipient society. We examine the linguistic landscape in the Ethiopian diaspora of Washington DC, referred to as “Little Ethiopia”, which provides an interesting site to investigate the role of the linguistic landscape in constructing an imaginary community built on the myth of the old homeland, including a unique African identity in a new homeland with other Africans as well as African Americans. Serving as a rich source of data for investigating language, culture and identity, the linguistic landscape in “Little Ethiopia” encompasses many semiotic resources. This Ethiopian transnational community engages in (re)constructing socio-cultural and political ideologies through the linguistic landscape.
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Diriba, Chala, Million Meshesha, and Debela Tesfaye. "Developing a Knowledge-Based System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 15, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649216500362.
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Malaria is a serious and fatal disease caused by a parasite that can infect a certain type of mosquito which feeds on human blood. It is a public health problem in Ethiopia and a major cause of illness and death. More than 75% of the total land of Ethiopia is malarious affecting more than 68% of the population, making malaria the leading public health problem in Ethiopia. In an effort to address such problems, it is important to develop knowledge-based system (KBS) that can provide advice for health professionals and patients to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of malaria patients. Experimental research design was used to developed prototype system. Purposive sampling technique was used to select domain experts for knowledge acquisition. The domain experts are selected from Jimma special hospital, Adama hospital and Agaro health centre. The knowledge was acquired using both structured and unstructured interviews from domain experts and represented by production rule, (if- then method). The user's acceptance of the prototype system by visual interaction method that by showing the prototype system to the domain experts was conducted result is 83.21%. In addition, performance of the prototype system was evaluated using case testing method and produce result of 82.3%. It is promising to save the life of people in rural area where there is scarcity of health professionals and apparatus. In addition, it is possible to reduce time and cost of diagnosis and treatment in health centre by implementing intelligent systems. Developing in local languages, good interface programming language and in other techniques are the future works of the study.
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Getahun, Dawit Asrat, Waheed Hammad, and Anna Robinson-Pant. "Academic writing for publication: Putting the ‘international’ into context." Research in Comparative and International Education 16, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17454999211009346.
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There is a growing body of research on the impact of English-medium publication and associated higher education regimes on knowledge construction. However, not much is known about how academics outside the Global North make decisions about how and where to publish. Through a comparative case study, this article sets out to explore how academics in Ethiopia and Oman engage in writing for publication. Taking an academic literacies lens, the analysis reveals that their decisions were shaped by institutional values at the local level, as well as global hierarchies around knowledge construction. However, issues around identity, languages and disciplinary cultures also influenced how academics chose to position themselves in relation to local and international journals. The findings point to the need for new partnerships between journals in the Global North and South to prevent ‘publication drain’, and for universities to explore ways to address inequalities perpetuated through journal ranking and language hierarchies.
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Bright, William. "A Matter of Typology." Written Language and Literacy 2, no. 1 (July 23, 1999): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.2.1.03bri.
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The typology of writing systems includes such well known categories as the alphabet (e.g. that of English), the syllabary (e.g. Japanese kana), and the logosyllabary (such as Chinese characters). An additional type, exemplified by writing systems of India and Ethiopia, shows features of both the alphabet and the syllabary; it has sometimes been called an alphasyllabary, sometimes an abugida (borrowing an Ethiopic term). These terms can be distinguished in several Asian writing systems, depending on whether priority is given to the presence of an inherent vowel or to the graphic arrangement of symbols.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Scripting methods in topographic data processing on the example of Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.9.
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This study evaluates the geomorphometric parameters of the topography in Ethiopia using scripting cartographic methods by applying R languages (packages 'tmap' and 'raster') and Generic Mapping Tools (gmt) for 2D and 3D topographic modelling. Data were collected from the open source repositories on geospatial data with high resolution: gebco with 15 arc-second and etopo1 with 1 arc-minute resolution and embedded dataset of srtm 90 m in 'raster' library of R. The study demonstrated application of the programming approaches in cartographic data visualization and mapping for geomorphometric analysis. This included modelling of slope steepness, aspect and hillshade visualized using dem srtm90 to derive geomorphometric parameters of slope, aspect and hillshade of Ethiopia and demonstrate contrasting topography and variability climate setting of Ethiopia. The topography of the country is mapped, including Great Rift Valley, Afar Depression, Ogaden Desert and the most distinctive features of the Ethiopian Highlands. A variety of topographical zones is demonstrated on the presented maps. The results include 6 new maps made using programming console-based approach which is a novel method of cartographic visualization compared to traditional gis software. The most important fragments of the codes are presented and technical explanations are provided. The presented series of 6 new maps contributes to the cartographic data on Ethiopia and presents the methodology of scripting mapping techniques.
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Savà, Graziano, and Mauro Tosco. "A sketch of Ongota a dying language of southwest Ethiopia." Studies in African Linguistics 29, no. 2 (June 15, 2000): 60–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v29i2.107366.
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The article provides a grammatical sketch of Ongota, a language on the brink of extinction (actively used by eight out of an ethnic group of nearly one hundred) spoken in the South Omo Zone of Southwestern Ethiopia. The language has now been largely superseded by Ts'amakko, a neighboring East Cushitic language, and code-switching in Ts'arnakko occurs extensively in the data. A peculiar characteristic of Ongota is that tense distinctions on the verb are marked only tonally. Ongota's genetic affiliation is uncertain, but most probably Afroasiatic, either Cushitic or Omotic; on the other hand, it must be noted that certain features of the language (such as the almost complete absence of nominal morphology and of inflectional verbal morphology) point to an origin from a creolized pidgin.
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Rouaud, Alain. "De quand date le Manuale d'Afä-Wärq Gäbrä-Iyäsus?" Aethiopica 1 (September 13, 2013): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.1.1.653.
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At the end of his life when he was the Ethiopian ambassador in Italy, Afä-Wärq (1868–1947) published a short handbook of Amharic language for Italians. Several chronological cross-checkings make us sure that the book has been published in 1934 or 1936. But most probably we may trace back the grammatical and ideological contents to the beginning of this century. It shows that Afä-Wärq had kept fidelity to his first ideas in favour of a modern Ethiopia.
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Bell, Nancy. "Transforming faces: Supporting second language learners studying speech-language therapy in global contexts." Applied Linguistics Review 11, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2018-0071.
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AbstractThe Transforming Faces project is a partnership of speech-language therapy (SLT) educators and practitioners that is co-creating a computer-based series of lecture modules for use in Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs). The initial series of lectures is in English, for use by English speaking instructors and students whose first language is not English. Making the technically challenging and content-specific language of the lectures more accessible and comprehensible to students was the focus of this study. A review of literature from three areas of language learning led to recommendations for consideration in the development of the computer-based lectures modules, and the subsequent piloting of the modules in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Following the three-week pilot project, analysis of feedback from the instructor and the students resulted in a number of recommendations for the continued development and implementation of the dysphagia lectures, as well as potential future SLT courses in other global contexts.
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Midega, Milkessa. "Official Language Choice in Ethiopia: Means of Inclusion or Exclusion?" OALib 01, no. 07 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100932.
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Frantsouzoff, Serge A. "The First Step to Apostasy? (An Ethiopian Ruler’s Missive to the Sultan Baybars Re-interpreted)." Scrinium 16, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00160p25.
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Abstract A majority of the sources on medieval Ethiopia are written in the Gǝ‘ǝz language in the “genre” of history. However, some texts written in Arabic remain equally important. Among such texts the missive addressed by a ruler of Ethiopia to the Mamluk Sultan Baybars (known as al-Malik al-Ẓāhir) in AH 673 / AD 1274-75 is of considerable interest. The Ethiopian ruler can be identified as the founder of the Ethiopian Solomonic dynasty Yǝkunno Amlak. The text of this missive survived in three Arabic versions: in the Islamic “encyclopaedias” by al-Nuwayrī and al-Qalqashadī (resp. AH 730 / AD 1330 and AH 814 / AD 1412) and in the dhayl (continuation) to the Universal history by al-Makīn, compiled by the Coptic author al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abī’l-Faḍā’il in AH 759 / AD 1358. All three versions are almost identical, however, the version by al-Nuwayrī is the longest one and the closest to the original. The detailed analysis of this version supplied by the full translation into English made for the first time by the present author clearly shows that the person who wrote it was the amīr (commander) of the Amhara and not yet the king of Ethiopia. However, he had an intention to become himself with his people a subject of Baybars to obtain help from him against the Zagwe dynasty. As a consequence, the Ethiopian Christians would have been under the Muslim power. However, the Mamluk Sultan was less interested in that affair.
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Ahlberg, Aija Katriina, Kenneth Eklund, Suzanne C. S. A. Otieno, and Lea Nieminen. "From abugida to alphabet in Konso, Ethiopia." Written Language and Literacy 22, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00018.ahl.
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Abstract This study examines the interplay between phonological awareness and orthography in Konso, a Cushitic language in Southwest Ethiopia. Thirty-two adults reading the Konso abugida but with minimal exposure to alphabetic literacy completed an orally administered phoneme deletion task. The responses were then examined using the minimal edit distance hypothesis (Wali, Sproat, Padakannaya & Bhuvaneshwari, 2009) as a framework for the analysis. The results suggest that the difficulty of a deletion was related to the way the phoneme was represented in the Konso abugida. Content-based error analysis of the incorrect responses gave indications of how Konso abugida readers’ processing of sounds is linked to Konso abugida sound-symbol relationships. The Konso language community is undergoing a change in their writing system from abugida to alphabetic writing. As abugida symbols primarily denote consonant-vowel sequences, the change requires learning new sound-symbol mappings. By examining Konso abugida readers’ phonemic awareness the study contributes to developing transfer literacy teaching methods from abugida to alphabetic writing in Konso and elsewhere.
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van Aswegen, Kobus. "The maintenance of Maale in Ethiopia." Language Matters 39, no. 1 (July 2008): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228190802321012.
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Churko, Chuchu, Mekuria Asnakew Asfaw, and Zerihun Zerdo. "Exploring barriers for trachomatous trichiasis surgery implementation in gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e0009780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009780.
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Background Trachomatous trichiasis is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization recommends eyelid surgery to reduce the risk of visual impairment from trichiasis. Unfortunately, the number of cases operated has grown less than expected. An understanding of barriers is fundamental for instituting measures to increase surgical uptake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore barriers of TT surgery implementation. Methods A qualitative study design was employed in December 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three districts from Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. We conducted 9 FGDs and 12 in-depth interviews. Data was collected by audio tape recorder in Amharic and Gamogna languages and then transcribed to English language. The recorded interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed to verbatim (written text) and thematic analysis was done manually and reported accordingly. Findings we explored a number of barriers that hindered implementation of trichiasis surgery. The recurrence of trichiasis after surgery was the main challenges faced by operated individuals. The other barriers reported are negative perception towards trichiasis surgery, lack of logistic and supplies, transportation access problem for remote communities, inadequate trained health professional, less commitment from higher officials, lack of interest of integrated eye care workers due to incentive issues, believes of patients waiting supernatural power for healing service and carelessness of patients to undertake operation. Conclusion and recommendation Post-surgical trichiasis, lack of commitment from government officials and negative perception of patients towards the disease were considered as the reported barriers for implementation of trachomatous trichiasis. Closely supervising the integrated eye care workers would be the first task for district health offices to increase the uptake and improve the quality of service. Logistics and supplies should be made available and adequate to address all affected people in the community.
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Barnes, Lawrie, and Kobus van Aswegen. "An investigation into the maintenance of the Maale language in Ethiopia." African Identities 6, no. 4 (November 2008): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840802417984.
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ullendorff, edward. "a tigrinya letter from an eritrean notable." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68, no. 2 (June 2005): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x05000145.
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tigrinya (t[schwa]gr[schwa]ňňa) is, next to amharic, the most widely spoken semitic language in ethiopia, mainly in the tigre province and in eritrea. in most respects it is closer to the orthodox semitic typology than amharic. in terms of the number of semitic language speakers in general it follows arabic and amharic and surpasses hebrew by those who speak that language indigenously.