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1
Junttila, Santeri, Sampsa Holopainen, and Juho Pystynen. "Digital Etymological Dictionary of the Oldest Vocabulary of Finnish." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 46, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.46.2.15.
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This paper presents the new project Digital etymological dictionary of the oldest vocabulary of Finnish (University of Helsinki, funded by the Kone Foundation) and discusses the present state and challenges of the (especially digital) etymological resources of the Finnic languages and Uralic languages in general. It is also shown how crowdsourcing of etymology can work, and how the present platform could be used in the etymological lexicography of other languages and language families.
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Subbiondo, Joseph L. "Lexicography and the Evolution of Consciousness." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 3 (December 31, 2003): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.3.07sub.
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Summary Owen Barfield (1898–1997), a cultural critic and historian, has been appreciated by literary scholars and artists including C. S. Lewis, T. S. Eliot, and W. H. Auden, but he has been relatively unnoticed by linguists despite the fact that he advanced a thoughtfully reasoned and documented theory of language history throughout his many writings. In his theory of etymological semantics, Barfield asserted that the etymology of words reveals an evolution of human consciousness. Barfield’s relationship between language and consciousness is significant to the history of linguistics because he not only described what changed in a language’s history, but he also explained why it changed. In his seminal History in English Words (1926), a book written at the beginning of his nearly 70-year career as a scholar and writer, Barfield initially presented his theory with examples from the history of English beginning with its origins in Indo-European. This theory became a central and unifying theme in all of his work – a theory which he refined and expanded in many later writings, especially in Poetic Diction (1928), Speaker’s Meaning (1967), and History, Guilt, and Habit (1979).
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Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz. "Teoria i praktyka etymologiczna Samuela Bogumiła Lindego na tle jego komparatystyki językoznawczej." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 74/1 (June 15, 2018): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2017.74.2.
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Linde’s theory and practice of etymology must not be evaluated solely through the lens of modern linguistics, but also from the point of view of late 19th century language (especially Slavic language) studies. Against the general background of late 18th/early 19th century linguistics, his theory of etymology may be granted tentative approval, even though it contains many mistakes and nonsensical conclusions. Linde compiled the views of many of his predecessors (such as de Brosses, de Gébelin, Adelung, Ihre, Wachter and Dobrovský), but also attempted to modify some of their thoughts and add his own. It is not true (as stated in Zwoliński 1981) that no connection exists between the etymological theories of Dobrovský and Linde. The Polish lexicographer did indeed partially utilise the Czech’s work. Such approval cannot, however, be extended to Linde’s etymological practices as regards comparing Polish and Polish-Slavic lexical material: even though 65% (i.e. 547) of etymological fields contain correctly compiled vocabulary, mistakes occur in 35% (i.e. 292) of them. That Linde’s etymology-deriving principles were ineffective is evidenced by the fact that each of these 292 etymological fields should – based on the state of knowledge in the late 19th/early 20th century – be split into from 2 to 19 etymological fields. On the other hand, his etymological lists that cite words from many Indo-European languages, such as Polish and other Slavic languages, Latin, Greek, German and Baltic languages, and Sanskrit, should be viewed with some approval. Most of the comparisons found in Linde’s etymological treatise, which contains about 1,300 entries, bear similar marks of plausibility. The possibility of Bopp, Rask and Grimm being familiar with the inquiries of the Polish lexicographer and amateur linguist cannot be excluded. In the 19th century, Linde’s etymological principles influenced the so-called inspired linguists, including J. Kamiński, J. Lelewel, A. Mickiewicz and C.K. Norwid.
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Nowowiejski, Bogusław. "Słowniczek tykociński Zygmunta Glogera – źródła i dokumentacja." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 24, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.2.9.
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The article focuses on lexicographic means and methods used in the 19th century dialectal lexicography. Zygmunt Gloger in Tykocin Dictionary refers not only to dialect but also to other sources, which makes his work unique. It contains numerous references, especially to literary and historical texts, but also specialised papers. They serve either to prove the presence of a particular word/phrase in the Polish language in the past or in the times of Gloger, or to document the use of selected units in various syntactic and semantic contexts. Scientific references enable to define and to deepen etymology of selected words, or to provide an alternative variation. Referring to various sources in order to show historically or/and geographically determined phonetic, morphological and semantic-lexical forms that differ from forms in Tykocin Dictionary is rare.
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Yarovikova, Y. V. "A Lexicographic Description of the Concept “Anger”." Язык и текст 7, no. 1 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2020070112.
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The paper seeks to outline the content of the concept “anger” as it is represented both in print and online lexicographic resources. The study is based upon the data gained directly from mono- and bilingual thesauruses, dictionaries of etymology, phraseology and idioms. The subject of the study is the semantic structure of the lexeme “anger” that names the corresponding concept in the English language. Etymological, definitional and contextual analyses revealed the lexeme’s diachronic transformations that underlie its semantics in Modern English. The data obtained in the analyses also contributed to identifying a wide range of usual cognitive characteristics that constitute the notional component of the concept. The choice of this issue is determined primarily by linguists’ continuing interest in representing a person’s interior by language means. The findings of the study make a contribution to the further development of issues relating to the linguistic expression of the human inner world in Modern Germanic languages from linguocognitive and anthropological perspectives.
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Donlan, Lisa. "Researching the Etymology of Australian English Colloquialisms in the Digital Age: Implications for 21st Century Lexicography." English Today 32, no. 3 (April 19, 2016): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078416000079.
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In the December 2012 issue of English Today, Philip Durkin argues that lexis is currently a ‘Cinderella’ subject: he suggests that the methodological problems generated by the study of lexis have led to it being marginalised in contemporary linguistic research (2012: 3). Nevertheless, Durkin notes that ‘lexis (or vocabulary) is probably the area of linguistics that is most accessible and most salient for a non-specialist audience’ (2012: 3). Thus, one cannot overestimate the importance of lexical research with regards to engaging a wider audience in linguistic discourses. Prior to the advent of the internet, however, researching etymology was a laborious process for English language enthusiasts, especially when the lexical items of interest were considered to be colloquialisms or slang. Indeed, ‘non-standard’ lexis, historically, has been marginalised and sometimes even excluded from dictionaries (Durkin, 2012: 6); however, the rise of the internet and social media has led to the increased visibility of ‘non-standard’ lexis, making information about language use more accessible to researchers outside of the local speech community (Browne & Uribe-Jongbloed, 2013: 23). Moreover, the internet has given language enthusiasts unprecedented access to a range of historical and contextual information which proves invaluable when considering etymology. This article demonstrates how more conventional language resources such as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) can be used alongside a variety of other online resources and fictional and nonfictional texts to identify the etymologies of contemporary English lexical items. Specifically, this essay explores the etymologies of three Australian colloquial nouns (bogan, cobber, and sandgroper) taken from travel website TripAdvisor's (2011) user-generated glossary of Australian English colloquialisms.
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Gomez Gane, Yorick. "Ital. ammazzare (con considerazioni su stramazzare, mattare, mazzare)." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 134, no. 2 (June 8, 2018): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2018-0034.
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AbstractThe Italian verb ammazzare ‘to kill (someone), usually in a violent way’ is explained by Italian historical and etymological lexicography as a verb originally indicating a homicide committed with a club (Italian mazza). On the basis of historical linguistic examples it is instead here ascribed to the act of striking animals with a club during slaughter, where the verb would then assume (for the immediate correspondence between the action and its purpose) the general meaning of ‘killing (an animal)’ (subsequently being referred to people). The article then briefly discusses the etymology of the Italian verb stramazzare ‘to strike down to the ground violently’, which may also be ascribed to animal slaughter, and finally the origin of the ancient Italian verbs mattare and mazzare ‘to kill’, as well as their possible Latin bases *mattare/*mattiare.
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Yadav, Manoj Kumar, and Meenakshi Sharma Yadav. "An Overview on the Impacts and Strategies of Morphology in English Language Teaching to the L2 Learners." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v3i1.550.
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This article presents a scientific-discourse and overview systematically on the word-formation that how the impacts and strategies of morphology produce the significant enrolment in the productive-pedagogies to teach and enhance the different parameters and paradigms of vocabulary’s re-structure and lexicography. The determinations of researchers define and describe the mechanism of affix morphemes (derivational and inflectional) in the formation of new words with the complete lexical-semantic meaning and syntactic-structure, which are developed through the general morphological processes in the morphosyntax. This research attempt intends to specify the strategies, knowledge, and information employed by L2 students of tertiary level when they face new words while reading the texts. Even learners have a tendency to ignore a large amount of new vocabulary they encountered due to poor enhancement of the weak vocabulary awareness and immature and traditional pedagogical course policies at their schooling. They must beware of morphological misanalysis and false-etymology. Therefore, the article advocates instructors that L2 students to individual’s phonological awareness, knowledge of orthography (sound-symbol relationships, letter patterns and spelling regularities), knowledge of vocabulary, and visual memory skills. Learners are advised to aware of the enhancement of word theories and all kind of word formations and processes for their productive reading performances, creative writing drafts, figurative expressions and critical thinking lexicologically at the course level.
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Бирагова, Б. М. "Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev and his contribution to modern Caucasus studies (on the IV International Guriev readings)." Kavkaz-forum, no. 5(12) (March 23, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2021.12.5.007.
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В статье представлен научный отчет о IV Международных Гуриевских чтениях – одной из флагманских конференций Северо-Осетинского института гуманитарных и социальных исследований им. В.И. Абаева (г. Владикавказ), посвященной памяти известного ученого-языковеда, доктора филологических наук, профессора, заслуженного деятеля науки Российской Федерации Тамерлана Александровича Гуриева (1929 – 2016). Трудно определить сферу научных изысканий Т.А. Гуриева: он внес весомый вклад в целый ряд направлений современного кавказоведения. Его исследования носили системный характер, что особенно актуализирует его творческое наследие, к которому все чаще обращаются в своих работах историки, этнологи, антропологи, филологи и лингвисты, фольклористы, литературоведы, культурологи, чья деятельность связана с изучением народов Кавказа. В своих трудах он осуществляет сравнительные исследования, обращает внимание на межъязыковые связи, работает над систематизацией грамматики осетинского языка. Ученый является автором базовых изысканий по кавказской и иранской ономастике, лексикографии и лексикологии, этимологии. Являясь знатоком иранских, славянских языков, санскрита, а также английского, французского языков, он трудился над составлением словарей. Неоценим его вклад в современное нартоведение: к его трудам обращаются специалисты в данной области во всем мире. Он был постоянным автором и редактором нескольких сборников научных трудов («Осетинская филология», «Проблемы осетинского языкознания», «Культура осетинской речи и стилистика»). «Гуриевские чтения» проходят в этом году уже в четвертый раз, и с каждым годом эта площадка для научного диалога только расширяется, привлекая все большее количество участников, для которых научное наследие Т.А Гуриева является важной ступенью в их исследованиях. The article presents a scientific report on the IV International Guriev Readings - one of the flagship conferences of the North Ossetian Institute of Humanitarian and Social Research named after V.I. IN AND. Abaev (Vladikavkaz), dedicated to the memory of the famous scientist-linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev (1929 - 2016). It is difficult to define the scope of T.A. Guriev: he made a significant contribution to a number of areas of modern Caucasian studies. His research was of a systemic nature, which especially actualizes his creative heritage, which is increasingly being addressed in their works by historians, ethnologists, anthropologists, philologists and linguists, folklorists, literary critics, culturologists, whose activities are related to the study of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his writings, he carries out comparative research, draws attention to interlanguage connections, works on the systematization of the grammar of the Ossetian language. The scientist is the author of basic research on Caucasian and Iranian onomastics, lexicography and lexicology, etymology. Being a connoisseur of Iranian, Slavic languages, Sanskrit, as well as English, French, he worked on compiling dictionaries. His contribution to modern nartology is invaluable: specialists in this field all over the world refer to his works. He was a regular author and editor of several collections of scientific works ("Ossetian philology", "Problems of Ossetian linguistics", "Culture of Ossetian speech and stylistics"). "Guriev's Readings" are being held this year for the fourth time, and every year this platform for scientific dialogue is only expanding, attracting an increasing number of participants for whom the scientific heritage of T.A. Guriev is an important step in their research.
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Soosaar, Sven-Erik. "About a fashion-related Estonian-Swedish loanword krunn." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2012): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2012.3.1.08.
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The word krunn in the meaning of a certain hairdo first occurs in lexicographic sources as late as 1960. It had no etymology proposed until now. A source for this word is proposed – the Estonian-Swedish krún‘a crown; a cockscomb’. Although the short vowel and long consonant in the end is not strictly regular development, the etymology is confirmed with the original geographical distribution of the word in Estonian subdialects and parallel developments in other stems with a similarly affective meaning.
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Nikolaienko, L. "DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIVE MEANING IN DERIVATIVES OF THE COMMON SLAVIC ROOT * VIDĚTI AND * ZЬRĚTI IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 35 (2019): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2019.35.10.
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The article is devoted to the study of the etymology and development of the semantics of the names of emotions of envy in the Polish language. The article focuses on nouns and verbs. In modern Polish, the nouns zawiść, zazdrość and the verb zazdrościć are used to denote envy. The names of envy in Polish were formed from semantically close Common Slavic verbs, meaning visual perception *viděti ‘see’ and *zьrěti ‘look’. To explore the semantic evolution of the names of envy, we turned to lexicographic sources that fix lexical composition of the Polish language of previous centuries. Analysis of the lexicographic material suggests that from the point of view of the diachrony, the names of envy in the Polish developed mainly in the direction from polysemantic to narrowing and concretization of semantics.
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Grachev, Mikhail. "The Lexicographic Problems of Compiling Argot Dictionaries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (April 2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.1.5.
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The article argues for the need to compile a new fundamental argotic dictionary on a scientific basis. Using the comparative and historical method, the paper provides the criticism of the previous lexicons reflecting the language of the criminal world. With respect to the mistakes and inaccuracies made by compilers of the available dictionaries, the author develops the principles of lexicographic representation of the Russian argot, determines the sources of the language material included in the dictionary (folklore, old Russian literature, speech of modern representatives of the criminal subculture), proposes criteria and methods of the qualifying a lexical unit as argot. The article describes the new dictionary structure that reflects complex characteristics of its constituent units (a headword with stress, reference articles, meaning interpretation, context of use, phraseological units, grammatical characteristics, etymology). It also identifies tendencies of the modern Russian argot evolution caused by the influence of changes in the Russian society in general and in the criminal world in particular, as well as the reasons for penetrating argot in the spoken language and media texts. Besides, the paper shows the possibilities of using the new qualitative linguistic dictionary to study the linguistic picture of the world of argot speakers, to form an objective evaluation of this phenomenon and to improve the speech culture of Russian society.
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Ульянова, Ульяна Александровна. "THE FUNCTIONING OF YIDDISH BORROWINGS IN AMERICAN ENGLISH." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 1(213) (January 11, 2021): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-1-50-56.
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Введение. Рассматриваются заимствования из языка идиш в американском варианте английского языка. Данный пласт заимствований представляет особый интерес, так как вопрос о систематизации заимствованных идишизмов и их комплексном описании является до сих пор нерешенным. Цель – описать структурные и функциональные особенности заимствований из языка идиш в американском варианте английского языка. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужили заимствованные глаголы kibitz и schmooze из языка идиш, которые относятся к разговорной лексике. Основные методы исследования – метод лексикографического и контекстуального анализа, а также описательный и сопоставительный метод. Результаты и обсуждение. Заимствованные лексемы schmooze и kibitz, являющиеся элементами лексико-семантического поля «Вербальная коммуникация», в современном английском языке обладают отрицательной коннотацией. Анализ словарных дефиниций и этимологии показал, что значение заимствованного глагола в английском языке не совпадает со значением глагола в идише, так как в процессе заимствования произошло постепенное изменение в семантике заимствованных слов. Исследуемые глаголы исторически связаны с семантикой информирования (передачи информации). Значения заимствованных глаголов объединены общей видовой семой «вербальное воздействие» (скрытое или явное). У глагола to schmooze было выделено несколько вариантов значений: беседовать, манипулировать, воздействовать, устанавливать полезные связи. Значения глагола to kibitz также были разделены на предметные области: делать иронические замечания, комментировать, следить за игрой, поучая играющих. Сдвиг в значении глагола schmooze основан на фоносемантическом эффекте, который производит звукосочетание schm-. Изменение значения глагола kibitz связано с высокой частотой его употребления в момент его появления в американском английском языке. На основе данных толковых словарей и словарей сленга было установлено точное время появления лексемы schmooze (1897 г.) и приблизительное время для лексемы kibitz (1910–1927 гг.) Несоблюдение норм литературного языка идиш, особенно если идишизмы используются не евреями, является причиной существования разных вариантов написания заимствованных лексем в английском языке. Заключение. Выделены особенности лексикографирования заимствований в академических толковых словарях и словарях сленга, проанализированы варианты значений заимствованных слов. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости разработки комплексного подхода к описанию заимствований из языка идиш и их регистрации в разнообразных словарях. Introduction. Borrowings from Yiddish language in the American English are considered. This layer of borrowings is of special interest in the English language as the question of systematization of borrowed words from Yiddish and their complex description has not been solved yet. The aim is to describe the structural and functional features of borrowings from the Yiddish language in the American English. Material and methods. The research material is borrowed verbs from the Yiddish language, which belong to the colloquial vocabulary (to kibitz and to schmooze). The research methods are lexicographical and contextual analysis, as well as descriptive and comparative methods. Results and discussion. The borrowed lexemes schmooze and kibitz which are elements of the lexico-semantic field «Verbal communication» have negative connotation in modern English. The analysis of vocabulary definitions and etymology has shown that the meaning of borrowed verbs in English does not coincide with the meaning of the verbs in Yiddish, as in the process of borrowing there was a gradual change in the semantics of borrowed words. The initial meaning of the verbs in Yiddish is connected with information (communication of information). The meanings of the borrowed verbs are based on the common seme «verbal influence» (hidden or obvious). The verb to schmooze has several different meanings: to talk, to manipulate, to influence, to network. The meaning of the verb to kibitz has been divided into several categories: to make ironic comments, to comment, to give intrusive and unrequested advice while watching a game, performance. The shift in the meaning of the verb to schmooze is based on the phonosemantic effect, which is produced by the sound combination schm-. The change in the meaning of the verb to kibitz can be explained by high frequency of use when it appeared in American English. Taking into account the information from academic and slang dictionaries, the exact time of appearance of the lexeme schmooze (1897) and the approximate time for the lexeme kibitz (1910-1927) has been established. Non-conformity with norms of the Yiddish language when the Yiddish borrowings are used by non-Jewish English speakers is the reason of multiple variants of spelling of borrowed words in the English language. Conclusion. The research has focused on the peculiarities of lexicography of borrowed words in academic and slang dictionaries. The results prove that it is necessary to develop an integrated approach to the description of borrowings from the Yiddish language and their description in various dictionaries.
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Muratova, Rimma T. "Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках." Oriental Studies 13, no. 3 (December 24, 2020): 714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-49-3-714-727.
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Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.
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Klosa-Kückelhaus, Annette, and Ilan Kernerman. "Converging Lexicography and Neology." International Journal of Lexicography 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecab018.
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Abstract: This introduction summarizes general issues combining lexicography and neology in the context of the Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology series. We present each of the six papers composing this Special Issue, featuring two Slavic languages (Czech and Slovak) and two Romance ones (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in its European and Latin American varieties) and their diverse lexicographic research and representation, in specialized dictionaries of neologisms or general language ones, in monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexical resources, and in print and digital dictionaries.
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Ogilvie, S. "Linguistics, Lexicography, and the Revitalization of Endangered Languages." International Journal of Lexicography 24, no. 4 (August 27, 2011): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecr019.
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Malmgren, S. G., and E. Skoldberg. "The Lexicography of Swedish and other Scandinavian Languages." International Journal of Lexicography 26, no. 2 (March 29, 2013): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ect008.
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Rocchi, Luciano. "Turkish as a Mediterranean language." Lexicographica 33, no. 2017 (August 28, 2018): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2017-0005.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on linguistic contacts between Turkish as the receiving language and other languages of the Mediterranean area (Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, French, Greek, Ibero-Romance varieties, Italian, Serbo-Croatian). In the first part, a general overview is given of the contact situation and historical background; in the second, the treatment of loanwords from the above-mentioned languages in Turkish lexicography is sketched and briefly discussed.
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Rocchi, Luciano. "Turkish as a Mediterranean language." Lexicographica 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2017-0005.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on linguistic contacts between Turkish as the receiving language and other languages of the Mediterranean area (Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, French, Greek, Ibero-Romance varieties, Italian, Serbo-Croatian). In the first part, a general overview is given of the contact situation and historical background; in the second, the treatment of loanwords from the above-mentioned languages in Turkish lexicography is sketched and briefly discussed.
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Margalitadze, Tinatin. "Language and ecology of culture." Lexicographica 36, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0012.
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AbstractIn one of his articles, an outstanding Georgian linguist Thomas Gamkrelidze discusses ecological problems from the standpoint of social sciences and humanities and introduces a very important term – ecology of culture. The present paper discusses the importance of preservation of our languages and cultures and the role of lexicography and lexicographers in this process. Issues of linguistic change, influence of a foreign tongue, defilement of a language, normativity and the normalizing function of lexicography, the role of a language in the development and preservation of national identity, as well as some other questions are addressed in the paper.
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Sagyndykuly, B., and B. Kenges. "NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF THE ETYMOLOGY: MATHEMATIC-LOGICAL METHOD." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.83.
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The article gives a new mathematical-logical method in linguistics. B. Sagyndykovich–the founder of a new mathematical-logical method in the study of etymology. Using a mathematical and logical method, you can establish a clear and precise etymology of the word. However, he noted that on the basis of the "theory of archetypes" we can prove not only the etymology of the word, but also the theory of "the origin of all languages from one language", using the basic vocabulary of some languages. The paper gives the etymology of some native words using this method. From the article, you can see the vulnerability of the comparative-historical method in determining the origin of the word. Moreover, when revealing the etymology of words, you can find almost all the laws and phenomena of the language. In addition, in the disclosure and research of the etymology of the word, etymologists need to know the phonetic, semantic, historical, morphological and geneological principles in a comprehensive manner.
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Kosmin, V. V., and A. A. Kosmina. "Transport lexicography: history and the present." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.2021.1.105-113.
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The development of transport lexicography in retrospect, starting with the first transport technical dictionaries (railway and others), shown. An almost exhaustive list (55 titles) of the dictionaries that have been published so far that make up the transport lexicography with Russian as the main language or one of the languages included in the transport dictionaries given. The multilingual form of the first dictionaries noted, covering the languages of those countries where, by the time of the constitution of the railway network in Russia, railways had advanced development. The stage of updating transport technical dictionaries by the middle of the XX century considered. The characteristics of the current state in the field of foreign-language and Russian-language terminological transport dictionaries, including terminological dictionaries, as well as their new types, such as dictionaries of abbreviations, are given. The coverage of the transport lexicography of the main types of transport (except for pipeline transport) shown. The tendency of specialization of dictionaries in the field of one type of transport and the revival of multilingual dictionaries, including the use of ‘new’ languages for transport lexicography (Kazakh, Mongolian, Ukrainian), where Russian is not the state language after the collapse of the USSR, noted. Recommendations for the further development of transport lexicography, including the continuation and expansion of the practice of issuing highly specialized dictionaries along with universal transport dictionaries, as well as specialization of electronic dictionaries as a way to improve their quality and speed up work with them formulated.
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Koroleva, Inna A. "Regional toponymy: toponymic system commonality of the Smolensk-Vitebsk borderland." Neophilology, no. 27 (2021): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2021-7-27-425-433.
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The issues of studying regional toponymic vocabulary are currently among the priority areas of onomastic research. The particular interest is the consideration of borderland toponymic systems, since the base of toponyms that exist in border zones contain voluminous linguocultural information that reflects the interaction of languages and cultures of neighboring ethnic groups. We analyze a fragment of Smolensk-Vitebsk borderland toponymic system, a territory that historically reflects the commonality of Russian and Belarusian peoples, their languages and cultures. We describe in detail the names of settlements (oikonyms), marked on both sides of the state border. We consider their frequency, distribution by lexico-semantic groups, toponyms etymology, the presence of toponyms in lexicographic sources. Based on a comprehensive analysis of common geographical names, we prove that the commonality of toponymic systems fragment, Russian (Smolensk) and Belarusian (Vitebsk), generated by historical and geographical unity, also testifies to the deep historical commonality of two peoples – Russian and Belarusian, as well as Eastern Slavs in the whole. The material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Nikitina, Tatiana G., and Elena I. Rogaleva. "Modern Educational Phraseography: Innovative Parameters of a Paper Dictionary." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 20 (2021): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/20/4.
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The article aims to solve the problem of inducing interactivity in the text of a printed educational phraseological dictionary. The relevance of the problem is justified by the user request of today’s school students and confirmed by psychologists’ conclusions about the features of children’s memory and perception in the postindustrial infor-mation society. The features of innovative interactive dictionaries prepared by the Pskov Laboratory of Educational Lexicography are shown against the background of the achievements of Russian and foreign educational phraseography. The authors pre-sent to students the linguistic properties of idioms and their cultural background identi-fied by the methods of historical-etymological, functional-semantic and linguocultural analysis in a series of interactive phraseological dictionaries, including: an entertaining etymological dictionary, a dictionary-workshop, a plot phraseological dictionary, and a game dictionary-quest. This variety of phraseographic genres is explained by the need to form a genre perception of the text and the role of phraseology in this text, which is also facilitated by the implementation of the principle of interactivity in the construc-tion of dictionary entries. The text interactivity in educational phraseological dictionaries of all these genres is achieved through techniques of dialogization of a lexicographic text, its hypertext structuring and game manipulation. Methods of dialogization of a phraseographic text (lexical-syntactic and compositional) ensure the inclusion of the child-recipient in the study of the origin of phraseology together with the characters of plot dictionary entries and their authors, motivate the student to perform cognitive creative tasks and give real feedback with the authors of the dictionary in the format of e-mail communication. Hypertextuality as an integral property of an interactive dictionary, which also stimulates the reader’s cognitive activity, is implemented in the paper format of the dictionary by referring to various external sources of infor-mation, cross-references in dictionary entries, and the use of surprise navigators. Game technologies of a lexicographic text construction are used at all levels of phra-seological units’ representation – from including phraseological game transforma-tions in the characters’ dialogues, which is typical of modern speech, to structuring the entire information and cognitive field of the dictionary as a search and etymolo-gical game-quest. Thus, the feasibility of developing innovative educational dictiona-ries in accordance with the concept of their interactivity is proved: this will ensure the availability of the material and, at the same time, the completeness and academic reliability of the representation of phraseological units as units of language and facts of Russian culture.
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Rodríguez, Rebeca Fernández. "Lexicography in the Philippines (1600–1800)." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.1.01rod.
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Summary Spanish missionary lexicography in America and the Philippines is extensive and deserving of detailed research. In the Philippines, from 1600 up to 1898, more than fifty vocabularies were published in thirteen different languages. Alongside these are numerous vocabularies preserved only as manuscripts and others that are known to be lost. Following some recent publications on Philippine lexicography, in particular bibliographic surveys and studies of specific vocabularies (García-Medall 2004, 2009; Sueiro Justel 2003; Fernández Rodríguez 2009, 2012), as well as Smith-Stark’s (2009) work on Mexican lexicography, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of the lexicographic styles of seven Philippine vocabularies of five different languages: Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango, Bicol and Ilokano. Through examination of the lexicographic characteristics of the most important vocabularies written in the first two centuries of Spanish presence in the Philippines (1600–1800), the present writer tries to establish the lexicographical models used by the missionaries: whether they followed the existing models (mainly Nebrija, Molina and Calepino) or if they created a novel Philippine model. The authors of these vocabularies were missionaries of different Orders: Augustinian, Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuits. All these vocabularies are bilingual and bidirectional, with the sole exception of the unidirectional Ilokano vocabulary.
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Truhlarova, Oxana G., and Simona Korycankova. "The History and Main Avenues of Historical Lexicography in the Comparative Aspect (On the Example of Historical Dictionaries of the Russian and Czech Languages)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/4.
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The aim of the present article is to trace the establishment of the Russian and Czech historical lexicography and conduct a comparative study of the features of historical dictionaries of these languages. Historical dictionaries of the Czech and Russian languages served as the subject matter of the study. The dictionaries are reviewed chronologically and analyzed according to several lexicographical criteria: time of creation, pool of sources, extent of vocabulary, entry structure, manner of representation of a word’s lexical meaning. Historical lexicography is distinguished by a certain terminological vagueness and ambiguity. Thus, the term “historical dictionary” can mean, on the one hand, a lexicographical study that represents the history of words in the course of a certain epoch in a language’s evolution. On the other hand, dictionaries that explain the meaning of words used in ancient writings can also be termed historical. Such ambiguity signifies that the subject of historical lexicography has not received sufficient attention, either in regards to individual languages, or the Slavic lexicography as a whole. This study has isolated the following stages in the development of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: (1) 17th–18th centuries – scientific study of vocabulary gives rise to predecessors of historical dictionaries (wordlists, lexicons), (2) 19th century – descriptions of vocabulary stress diachronic changes, giving rise to the first historical dictionaries, (3) 20th century – historical lexicography joins linguistics as a distinct branch of scientific study. A methodology for the compilation of historical dictionaries is developed, many new historical dictionaries are compiled that encompass the entire span of a language’s history, as well as only certain formative stages of the Russian or Czech language. (4) Late 20th – early 21st centuries – conceptual changes to the editorial approach to the structure and compilation of historical dictionaries, the relevance of publishing the dictionaries in the printed form is debated. The introduction of IT into the linguistic science has enabled an expansion of the dictionary database. The practice of creating language corpora has given historical lexicography a new direction and made the material accessible to a wide circle of users. The following can be counted among the distinctive features of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: a keen interest in the history of language on the part of Czech researchers at even the early stages of the linguistic science, adherence to Western European examples by Czech lexicographers, most historical dictionaries of the Czech language have never been published in full because the work on them has either been suspended or discontinued altogether. In the Russian historical lexicography, on the other hand, there is an intense ongoing effort to create new dictionaries.
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Huseynova, H. "On Some Words of Azerbaijani-Turkish Origin." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/66/71.
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The study of the dialectal features of languages, which are means of communication between people, is very valuable in terms of studying the historical development of the language, its nationality, its relationship with other languages, the historical development of its people. Taking into account these aspects, we tried to study the dialects of the Azerbaijani language, to identify the examples preserved in the dialect lexicon of our language and considered archetypes of modern language units, to talk about their contacts with other languages, etymology of some Turkic words. In this regard, the article in Russian “cups, yogurt, pies, paints, etc.” Opinions were expressed on the etymology of the words, and it was proved that they were of Turkic origin.
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Petrov, Sergey Yu. "Vectors of language contacts: on the etymology of the “horse” lexeme." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-21.011.
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Being out to make his own attempt to etymologize the Russian word конь ‘a male horse, a steed’, and applying the theory of alteration of matres lectionis the author defined the ways of borrowing of the word from the Slavic to other languages, and revealed its lexical transformations in them. Using this theory which apparently opposes the commonly accepted PIE-based hypothesis of Indo-European languages vocabulary formation, and giving examples of vocabulary derivation from the word конь within the Slavic and other IE languages, the author found quite different ways of lexical formation in the languages which no one before had attempted. The results showed dramatic differences of the new etymologies from those suggested by national and foreign etymological dictionaries. Forasmuch as formal etymology of a significant part of the Russian core vocabulary in many ways remains inadequate and unsatisfying whereby resulting in wrong scientific conclusions and implications, the study is all too timely.
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Chen, Wenge. "Lexicography, discourse and power." Pragmatics and Society 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.06che.
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Abstract This paper conceptualizes dictionary bilingualization as a recontextualizing practice and explores how ideology and power play out in the recontextualization of lexicographic discourse across languages and cultures to result in the transformation of meaning. It first proposes viewing the (bilingualized) dictionary as discourse and emphasizes bilingual lexicography as a site of an asymmetrical linguistic and cultural power dynamics. The paper then argues that a synergy of critical discourse analysis and postcolonial studies can reveal the inter-cultural ideological struggle implicit in the bilingualizing lexicographic practice. The body of the study is devoted to the analysis of those shifts taking place in the entries, definition, illustrative examples and pragmatic labels in a bilingualized English-Chinese dictionary, which, when viewed cumulatively, significantly reshape the ideological positioning of the dictionary. The paper discusses the implications for critical lexicographic studies and for research into the interplay between power and resistance between dominating and dominated cultures. It concludes that Periphery English dictionary compilers are able to negotiate the different subjectivities and ideologies inherent in dictionary making and to adopt a subject position favorable to their empowerment in the international English lexicography, although such resistance is far from capable of restructuring the order of lexicography.
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Mbogho, Kalumbo. "Observations on Bilingual Lexicography Involving Bantu and Indo-European Languages." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 31, no. 3 (January 1, 1985): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.31.3.07mbo.
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Green, Jonathon. "Some thoughts on slang." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 24 (November 15, 2011): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2011.24.06.
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Slang is a self-sufficient, subversive, oppositional subset of the English language. It has given a tongue, by no means inarticulate, to the marginal, the criminal and the dispossessed for at least half a millennium. But it is hard to pin down: even the etymology of the word ‘slang’ remains unsubstantiated. Perhaps inevitably it challenges concrete linguistic definition, remaining a source of argument: is it a full scale language or simply a lexis of synonymy. And what exactly constitutes a ‘slang’ word, what qualifies it for inclusion in that lexis? Whatever the ‘truth’ it remains a flourishing and endlessly self-inventive channel of communication. As a slang lexicographer of thirty years’ experience, I have come to ask another question: to what extent does any of this matter? Slang is important, slang dictionaries are important, even slang lexicographers are important. But this need to pin down, to categorise, to set in place: is it vital? Does it not run almost perversely in the face of slang’s own imperatives: to represent without compromise – through its obsessions and its relentlessly negative, cynical take on the world – a side of humanity that some, including myself, see as our most human.
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Sayers, William. "ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES FROM THE POPULAR REGISTER (III)." Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 134, no. 1 (2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20834624sl.17.001.6916.
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Difficulties in tracing the etymology of lexical isolates and loans from other languages are exemplified in the discussion of a gathering of English words previously without satisfactory explanations of origin.
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Özdemir, Elif Derya, and Cemal Özdemir. "The Advance of Turkish and Kazakh Lexicography." Journal of Research in Turkic Languages 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34099/jrtl.311.
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In terms of containing the vocabulary of a language, dictionaries stand in a very important place in terms of revealing and preserving the cultural values of nations. The vocabulary contained in the dictionaries is mainly composed of internal items and external items. Dictionaries are one of the main sources in which these internal and external items of the language are writtentogether.The lexicography works, which started in the first century BC, continue to develop. In this development, it is seen thatTurkic languages and historical dialects have been included in the works initiated by Mahmud al-Kashgari in the 11th century. In this research, the dictionary types, the purpose of the dictionary studies, the development of the lexicography studies in Turkish and Kazakh languages have been mentioned in the chronological order and the methodology of the valuable dictionaries, which have been put forward in this field, has been emphasized.
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Du, James Xianxing. "Bilingual Biblical Etymology - Origin of Language." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 5 (September 20, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i5.17716.
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Multilingual mutual match in biblical etymology is a secret of civilization and definitive evidence for creation, presented for the first time in history. 恐terror is error to carry ark by two poles工to battlefield, 謬mistake is to take ark marked by cherubim to shed blood , 奉 dedication has two dactyl hands to offer cattle as tithe, 祝blessing is sibling兄, 嬰Infant is financial貝to fiancé and fiancée, 音Sound has Son童, sonic is in prison , 辨to distinguish digital hands is related to Jonah’s debate辯, 諒to forgive is related to whale鲸and capital京, and黥criminal label has capital after殳killing Abel from穀grain offering. Biblical books such as Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus and Jonah are astonishingly validated by bilingual mutual match in biblical etymology. Bilingual mutual match links退quit to quite很, 骄pride to bridge桥, 宴banquet to bank堰, 霉mould to plum blossom梅, 園garden to garment衣, 悛repent to paternal公Adam, 悔remorse to maternal母Eve, 濁opacity to optic目, 稠dense to seeds禾on altar口, 脯sausage to use用, 恿urge to courage勇, religion to grill and logged legal book, 忿anger and rage to revenge in segregation分, and朝morning to mourn悼. Many affixes are presented, such as nat+vowel of native, innate and nation as tone, wh as human near water, 乍restricted motion in炸explosion, migration to circumvent giant巨, a motion affix , 夭human to flee, 匽to hide Moses in basket near Nile bank堰, 兆water and fire, co-carriage of ark and altar, 用/甬/甫as altar’s service, and as star. Known affixes such as com, tech, 巴, , 貝and曼curtain also match biblical etymology. 爸father is to thaw fat肥in faith at thermal altar, 疤scar has sacred worshiper巴, and relative is related to altar. Creatures have biblical etymology. Clove is created to resemble cloud, tendril resembles spilled blood lines on tent’s curtain, 藤vine has vineyard , vessel舟, fire and Noah’s hands , dolphin has phonic ultrasound, and elephant has elevated sound. The systematic bilingual match in biblical etymology spans all categories. Wednesday is water condensation and seed day, 奥/謎 mystery has star , 樂music, smile and laugh have semi and halves, 球sphere/globe is ephod/robe裘’s pomegranate, textile has to exit in exile, filament has flame, fiber has fire, desperation is to tear apart dress, inheritance and heritage繼are to tear attire and fragment斷garment, 亵blasphemy is to take执divided clothes for military to humiliate Son, satire has attire, mock is blocked sunlight, Corpse is sacred Sarco on cross, 讽sarcasm is Sarco and crazy疯to validate Jesus, oath is to heat theological offering cut with hatchet, family has flame for kin to kindle, meal in flame is alumni, to incite is to incinerate, to instigate is to ignite, to stimulate is meal at flame of altar, health is to heat wheat at altar, tomb is mobility, and town is own tone and own tower, solving the etymology of numerous words. In conclusion, the entire languages of English and China and also words in additional ancient languages must have been divinely created in etymology to predestinedly and mutually match each other, and equally astonishingly, match bible, as the origin of language.
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Xianxing Du, James. "Biblical Etymology of Prophet and Priest." English Literature and Language Review, no. 64 (April 20, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.64.54.63.
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Regarding the origin of language, Genesis claims that ancient languages were divinely diversified. This testimony presents systematic evidence for biblical etymology related to prophet and priest. Priesthood was pivotal in ancient culture, and religious worship is central to civilization. This testimony presents systematic and surprising evidence for relationship of prophet and priest to biblical etymology, indicating that the old testament culture and method of worship are extensively reflected by etymology of words.
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Johnston, Trevor, and Adam C. Schembri. "On Defining Lexeme in a Signed Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 115–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.2.2.03joh.
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In this paper we attempt to define the notion of ‘lexeme’ in relation to signed languages. We begin by defining signs as a distinct kind of visual-gestural communicative act, different from other communicative uses of gesture. This is followed by a discussion of the most important categories of productive forms in signed languages, referred to simply as signs. The close relationship between the formational aspects of these signs and their meaning is also discussed and exemplified. We then describe the criteria for recognizing lexemes as a subset of signs, and distinguishing variant and modified forms. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications the notion of lexeme has for our understanding of the lexicon of signed languages and for signed language lexicography.
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Zhunussova, Zh, and М. Tulegenova. "MODERN STRATIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM: SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.09.
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This article examines issues related to the functioning of non-standard vocabulary in the language system. One of the tasks of sociolinguistics is the study of the social stratification of language and its variability on the basis of languages of different structures. The article is devoted to the analysis of the most productive and effective ways of forming non-standard vocabulary in Russian and English, such as: formal modifications, abbreviations, borrowings, education without external modification, reverse and middle slang, reduplication. In the research of modern languages, scientists pay special attention to the classification of substandard vocabulary based on motivation/non-motivation. The relevance of the study of these phenomena is caused by the growing interest in the study of a new direction – sociolectology in modern linguistics, to the issues of non-standard vocabulary, the language situation. Many of the most important theoretical issues of Russian-foreign substandard lexicography, the lexicographicization of sociolects in bilingual dictionaries, their contrastive research, the development of which is an urgent need, still remain unexplored. The change in theoretical and methodological guidelines was reflected in the development of the theory and practice of bilingual lexicography.
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Weninger, Stefan. "Sounds of Gǝʿǝz – How to Study the Phonetics and Phonology of an Ancient Language." Aethiopica 13 (June 14, 2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.39.
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The phonology belongs to the basic structures of a language. Knowing the sounds of the phonemes of a language is essential for the grammar, etymology or classification of a given language. For ancient languages (extinct or classical), phonology is always problematic, for obvious reasons. In this paper, various approaches are evaluated and combined that can shed light on how Gəʿəz might have sounded in Aksumite times: transcriptions in contemporary language, transcriptions and loanwords from contemporary languages, traditional pronunciation, the phonology of the daughter languages, and comparative evidence.
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Carballido, Xurxo Fernández. "ABOUT DIDACTIC BOUNDARIES OF SPANISH-PORTUGUESE FALSE FRIENDS." Diacrítica 32, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.450.
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The so-called false friends are a very frequent question in the works on the relationship between Portuguese and Spanish language. The possible approaches change according to the interests and the focus: lexicography, lexicography, semantics, traductology or foreign languages teaching. This article aims to be a contribution but it does not want to compile or classify false friends, but to establish some limits on the educational use of false friends.
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García Rodríguez, Joseph. "FRAESCAT: propuesta de un diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe español‑catalán." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 137, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 514–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2021-0020.
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Abstract Phraseography, understood as the discipline that deals with phraseological units in general or specialized dictionaries of one or more languages, is still an area to be discovered, especially in bilingual contexts. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to propose an electronic lexicographical work of phraseology in Spanish‑Catalan, given that currently there is no such dictionary for the two mentioned languages. Based on the previous studies on phraseology and electronic phraseology, we reflect on the characteristics that these works should contain, and we examined the dictionaries already published in this format in the Hispanic context. Taking into account the above, the study that follows will focus on the proposal of a dictionary that combines the most significant novelties in both current lexicography and computational linguistics, in order to create a work that collects efficiently, novel and dynamic, the information corresponding to the phraseological units of the two languages concerned here. In short, the contribution of this article aims to fill a gap in the field of lexicography, in general, and bilingual phraseography, in particular.
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Afonina, Maria Mikhailovna. "Lexical peculiarities of French language of Switzerland in the context of linguistic worldview (based on the materials of the thematic group “Horticulture”)." Litera, no. 11 (November 2020): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.11.34338.
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The goal of this research is the analysis of linguistic aspect of the fragment of linguistic worldview of the francophone part of Switzerland. Due to the fact that linguistic worldview is a mental-lingual formation, it incorporates linguistic and extralinguistic side of reality, as well as reflects correlation between them. Analysis is conducted on the specific lexical units of the Swiss French language; they are compared to analogues in the language of metropolitan country for the purpose of revealing the features that convey extralinguistic information. The subject of this research is the ethnolinguistic characteristics of helvetisms – linguistic peculiarities that reflect national-cultural specificity of Swiss ethnic group and are absent in the French language of France. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of the fragment of linguistic worldview of French-speaking Switzerland related to horticulture, using a set of methods for the analysis of various characteristics of the word or phrase as an independent linguistic unit. In the course of study, the author applies semantic analysis of the word, analysis of etymology of the word, analysis of inner form of the word. The acquired results contain information on ethnocultural content of such characteristics helvetisms, as external form of the word, inner form of the word, origin and meaning of the word. It was established in majority of cases, ethnocultural information is usually conveyed by such characteristics of lexical unit as external form of the word or phrase, or separate components of the structure of word meaning. The presented results can find practical implementation in cross-cultural communication, lexicographic, and cognitive linguistics.
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Fricke, Hanna. "The rise of clause-final negation in Flores-Lembata, Eastern Indonesia." Linguistics in the Netherlands 34 (November 23, 2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.34.04fri.
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Abstract The Austronesian languages of Flores-Lembata in eastern Indonesia show all three stages of a Jespersen Cycle: some have a negator in pre-predicate position, others in clause-final position, and yet others have embracing double negation. In this article the various negation patterns in the Flores-Lembata languages are described using a sample of nine closely related languages of the region. It examines not only the negative constructions but also the etymology of the negators used, showing historical connections between some of the languages, as well as independent developments in others. On the basis of cross-linguistic evidence, and taking into account the non-Austronesian (Papuan) structures found in these Flores-Lembata languages, it is argued that the clause-final negation in several of these languages was caused by contact with speakers of Papuan languages during an earlier stage.
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Gorpennikova, Yulia G., and Anastasia A. Levchenko. "Etymology of the Color in Linguistics." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-48-57.
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The article deals with the concept of color in linguistic. There are opinions of scientists who analyzed the concept “shade”. The color must be seen from different points. The article presents the history of the color’s learning. There are some scientists’ points from the different countries. Linguists have opinion that the color in different languages may have the same meaning. There were many scientific experiments, which showed that the color can be a fixed lexeme and can have an alternative equivalent. Other linguists say that the color in different languages cannot have common features. The article emphasizes the need to focus on linguistic and cultural nuances. The color can reflect the culture of the country, man’s mental world. Some linguists underline that the color category is various. The article describes that the visual reception of people consists of the ability to recognize the color. It is impossible to say, what area of men’s interests can be without color. Particular attention is paid to the etymology of colors in the examples. There are many colors, which are very important in the German language.
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Friedman, Victor A., and Radovan Lucic. "Lexical Norm and National Language: Lexicography and Language Policy in South-Slavic Languages after 1989." Slavic and East European Journal 47, no. 1 (2003): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3220139.
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Goutsos, Dionysis. "Translation in Bilingual Lexicography." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.02gou.
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Abstract Greek bilingual dictionaries have long been marked by lack of naturalness and inadequate semantic and stylistic discrimination between the various equivalents suggested in translation. Although this is a general problem of bilingual dictionaries, which necessarily deal with decontextualized instances of language in the construction of the lemma, translationese is common in English-Greek dictionaries as a result of the idiosyncratic history of Greek applied linguistic practice. The paper discusses issues of translation equivalence that came into view in the editing of the new Collins English-Greek Dictionary (1997). Specific problems relating to the translation from English to Greek are pointed out, with reference to the areas of lexical, grammatical and discourse equivalence. In particular, the occurrence of 'false friends' and register couplets, the categories of definiteness, countability and verb aspect and the varying Theme-Rheme structures constitute points of divergence between the two languages. The word-for-word translation of these linguistic aspects is mainly accountable for the lack of naturalness. Dictionary editing involves a multitude of detailed decisions along these parameters, which shape the lemmas and influence the quality of the final text. The help from both English and Greek corpora has been indispensable at defining the parameters of naturalness for each lemma and at solving problems specific to Greek bilingual lexicography. Résumé Les dictionnaires bilingues grecs ont été longtemps marqués par un manque de naturel, par une discrimination sémantique et stylistique inadéquate entre les différentes équivalences suggérées dans la traduction. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un problème général propre aux dictionnaires bilingues, qui, nécessairement se fondent sur des exemples hors de leur contexte linguistique lors de la construction du vocable, des traductions trop influencées par la langue de sortie sont communes dans les dictionnaires anglais-grec à la suite de l'histoire idiosyncratique de la pratique de la linguistique appliquée grecque. L'article se penche sur les problèmes de l'équivalence traductionelle lors de la rédaction du nouveau dictionnaire anglais-grec (Collins - 1997). Des problèmes spécifiques relatifs à la traduction de la langue anglaise à la langue grecque sont mis en évidence relativement aux domaines de l'équivalence lexicologique, grammaticale et du discours. Plus spécialement, l'émergence de "faux amis" et de couples dans le registre, les catégories de précision, la comptabilité des substantifs et l'aspect des verbes ainsi que les structures variables thème-rhème constituent des points de divergence entre les deux langues. La traduction mot-à-mot de ces aspects linguistiques est surtout due au manque de naturel. La rédaction de dictionnaires implique une multitude de décisions détaillés suivant ces paramètres, qui régissent les vocables et influencent la qualité du texte final. L'aide des corpus anglais et grecs a été indispensable lors de la définition des paramètres du naturel pour chaque vocable et lors de la solution des problèmes spécifiques à la lexicographie bilingue grecque.
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González-Jover, Adelina Gómez. "Meaning and anisomorphism in modern lexicography." Terminology 12, no. 2 (November 13, 2006): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.12.2.04gon.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss two issues inherently related to terminology management and its representation in the bilingual dictionary, i.e., meaning and anisomorphism. It is universally acknowledged that one of the most slippery concepts in linguistics is meaning. Thus, its representation will always present problems and, from an operational point of view, will require the assistance of some parameters (such as definition, context, synonyms or cross-references). Anisomorphism, which roughly speaking means “asymmetry,” refers to the losses and gains that always occur in interlinguistic transfer processes, and which may be taken into account when comparing two different language systems. The reflections contained in this paper have been tackled in the framework of several research projects carried out within the IULMA (Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages of Alicante) and supervised by Prof. Dr. Enrique Alcaraz Varó.
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Antonenko, W. I., and O. O. Pavlychko. "PHRASEOLOGICAL PARALLELS OF GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 66 (2) (2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2019.2.01.
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The article focuses on issues associated with German and Ukrainian comparative phraseology. It provides comparative analyses of phraseological units in the German language with respect to their equivalents in the Ukraine language. The importance of phraseology is examined when forming communicative competencies in multicultural educational processes. Practically oriented research of contrastive phraseology includes three aspects: compilation of bilingual (multilingual) dictionaries (lexicography), translation and teaching of a foreign language. In this article we consider the phraseological parallels of the German and Ukrainian languages, focusing on the third aspect, namely the study of phraseology as one of the components of the study of a foreign language. In the study of the material of the German and Ukrainian languages in terms of their comparison (translation), the following groups of phraseological units can be distinguished: phraseological units with phraseological equivalents in German and Ukrainian languages – full equivalents that coincide in meaning, lexical composition, figurativeness, grammatical structure and stylistic coloring. In such units, the lexical and grammatical meaning fully coincide. Phraseological units with partial phraseological equivalents in the German and Ukrainian languages. The third group includes the phraseological units of the German language, which have no phraseological equivalents in the Ukrainian language. The transfer of the value of similar phraseological units is carried out in the following ways: Literal translation. This applies primarily to idioms denoting realities and which are absent in other languages. Descriptive translation. The phraseological meaning is transmitted using ordinary words or phrases of a non-phrasal nature. In a descriptive translation, phraseological units lose their figurativeness, and only the general phraseological meaning (that is, the figurative meaning) is transmitted. The analysis showed that most of the phraseological units of the German and Ukrainian languages are either equivalent, partially equivalent, or similar language units. The second most productive group of phraseological units refers to language units that are not equivalent in both languages. Comparison of the studied units of both languages belongs to the most important problems of general lexicography and phraseography. When studying the phraseology of a foreign language, a very important role is played by the native language. It is advisable to build on comparative (contrastive) phraseology. Comparison of German and Ukrainian phraseological units makes it possible to investigate the inter-lingual and foreign-language aspects of the phraseology of these languages. The knowledge gained in comparative phraseology is necessary in translation, as well as in teaching German.
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Sayyid Megawer Sakran, Megawer. "المستويات اللغوية في المعاجم الحديثة بين المحافظة والتطوّر." Jurnal CMES 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.11.1.25996.
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<p>Arabic scholars from the classical to the modern period paid attention to the disciplines of Arabic lexicography. A great attention was given to lexicography, which was fundamentally helpful for active users and speakers of the Arabic language since the era of Khalil bin Ahmad (786 AD) who wrote the Al-‘Ain dictionary to Ahmad Mukhtar Umar's (2003) period with his dictionary Muʻjamu al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Muʻāshirah. Modern linguistic studies then produce language levels found in Arabic dictionaries. This level of language is certainly different in the view of Arab lexicographers. Some see it from the perspective of a language level that includes syntax, morphology and phonology, mostly referred to by classical and modern dictionaries. Some others see the language levels typically a variety of languages ammiyyah (al-‘āmmī/colloquial Arabic) and various foreign languages (al-aʻjamī/foreign language). Both of these varieties have seized the attention of Arabic dictionaries through a number of explanations either explicitly or implicitly in these dictionaries. Language levels <br />additionally includes the treasure of language (turāts) literary works are assessed as the basic foundation for language users and reviewers. In addition to turāts, the level of spoken language used daily is also found in Arabic dictionaries. This language level undergoes articulation changes in a number of vocabularies in the form of changes at the vowel marks (charakat). This article outlines these four levels of language by modern Arabic dictionaries which aim to show the extent to which modern Arabic dictionaries make use of the classical Arabic lexicography paradigm and its contribution to the development of descriptions of language vocabulary for current language speakers and modern Arabic dictionary users.</p>
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Maripova, Khurshidakhon. "SEMANTIC-SIGMATIC ETYMOLOGY OF SOME GERMAN PHRASEOLOGISMS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION IN RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 5, no. 3 (May 30, 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-5-6.
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This article considered the interpretation of some German phraseological units in Russian and Uzbek languages. The article was written not only for teachers of the German language, but also for the general public, directly interested in cultural history, etymological and semantic aspects of the German language, in order to compare these aspects with the corresponding counterparts of their native language. Therefore, the article simplifies the logical content of phraseological units and explains the expression of some words and phrases using synonyms or phraseological units available in Russian and Uzbek languages
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. "TRANSLATORS’ TOOLS: LATVIAN AND LITHUANIAN BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHICAL TRADITION COMPARED." Vertimo studijos 3, no. 3 (April 6, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2010.3.10595.
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Translation needs tools, the oldest and most widespread of which are (bilingual) dictionaries. In the absence of the necessary language pair dictionary, translators seek advice in foreign language dictionaries. Translators have frequently been the authors of dictionaries themselves. Latvian and Lithuanian nations and languages, though kindred, have had a rather different history. Both historically and politically, developments in Latvian have been more parallel to Estonian than Lithuanian as both fell under German and Lutheran influence while Lithuanian had a Polish-bound Catholic history. Yet the development of their writing, translation and lexicography has followed a remarkably similar process and testifies to the common space of knowledge (Wissensraum). As with their lexicography, their bilingual dictionaries grew out of a connection between translation and religion. Both countries underwent a national awakening/awareness in the 19th century that led to a greater variety of translations and dictionaries. Notably, monolingual Latvian and Lithuanian dictionaries appeared only in the 20th century, testifying to the importance of bilingual lexicography in ensuring language contact. Bilingual dictionaries have dominated the lexicography scene of Latvia and Lithuania from the start until the present day. The twentieth century, with its expanding translation needs, produced an even greater variety of translations and bilingual dictionaries in both countries.