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DOVIER, AGOSTINO, ANDREA FORMISANO, and ENRICO PONTELLI. "Multivalued action languages with constraints in CLP(FD)." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2010): 167–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068410000013.
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AbstractAction description languages, such asand ℬ (Gelfond and Lifschitz,Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 193—210), are expressive instruments introduced for formalizing planning domains and planning problem instances. The paper starts by proposing a methodology to encode an action language (with conditional effects and static causal laws), a slight variation of ℬ, usingConstraint Logic Programming over Finite Domains. The approach is then generalized to raise the use of constraints to the level of the action language itself. A prototype implementation has been developed, and the preliminary results are presented and discussed.
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Chun, Seok-Ju, Yunju Jo, and Seungmee Lee. "The Effect of Programming Classes with Tangible Scratch Blocks on the Programming Interest of 6th Grade Elementary School Students." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 11, no. 9 (2021): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.9.1542.
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In this paper, we introduce an original, classroom-based approach for teaching Scratch programming to 6th grade elementary school students. Scratch is a programming language that involves assembling icon-based command blocks. It was designed to avoid the complex syntax errors seen in other programming languages, making it especially accessible for younger learners. While Scratch does provide a visual programming environment in which potentially just about anyone can learn to read and write programming code, there can still be a reduced overall interest in learning programming, because younger learners in particular can find it difficult to intuitively understand or be stimulated by abstract concepts of programming such as sequences, conditions, and repetition, which are present in Scratch. Our research involves the development of a tangible, electronic block system that allows students to manipulate physical objects with their hands to perform programming tasks. The system consists of a Scratch simulator and physical, Scratch electronic blocks embodying Scratch user interface shapes. We devised and delivered a programming course to 6th grade Korean elementary school students using our block system. The results are encouraging.
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INCLEZAN, DANIELA, and MICHAEL GELFOND. "Modular action language." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 16, no. 2 (July 6, 2015): 189–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068415000095.
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AbstractThe paper introduces a new modular action language,${\mathcal ALM}$, and illustrates the methodology of its use. It is based on the approach of Gelfond and Lifschitz (1993,Journal of Logic Programming 17, 2–4, 301–321; 1998,Electronic Transactions on AI 3, 16, 193–210) in which a high-level action language is used as a front end for a logic programming system description. The resulting logic programming representation is used to perform various computational tasks. The methodology based on existing action languages works well for small and even medium size systems, but is not meant to deal with larger systems that requirestructuring of knowledge.$\mathcal{ALM}$is meant to remedy this problem. Structuring of knowledge in${\mathcal ALM}$is supported by the concepts ofmodule(a formal description of a specific piece of knowledge packaged as a unit),module hierarchy, andlibrary, and by the division of a system description of${\mathcal ALM}$into two parts:theoryandstructure. Atheoryconsists of one or more modules with a common theme, possibly organized into a module hierarchy based on adependency relation. It contains declarations of sorts, attributes, and properties of the domain together with axioms describing them.Structuresare used to describe the domain's objects. These features, together with the means for defining classes of a domain as special cases of previously defined ones, facilitate the stepwise development, testing, and readability of a knowledge base, as well as the creation of knowledge representation libraries.
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Puhan, Janez, Árpád Bűrmen, Tadej Tuma, and Iztok Fajfar. "Teaching Assembly and C Language Concurrently." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 47, no. 2 (April 2010): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.47.2.3.
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The paper discusses whether (and how) to teach assembly coding as opposed to (or in conjunction with) higher programming languages as part of a modern electrical engineering curriculum. We describe the example of a very simple cooperative embedded real-time operating system, first programmed in C and then in assembler. A few lines of C language code are compared with the slightly longer assembly code equivalent, and the advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The example affords students a much deeper understanding of computer architecture and operating systems. The course is linked to other courses in the curriculum, which all use the same hardware and software platform; this lowers prices, reduces overheads and encourages students to reuse parts of a written code in subsequent courses. A student learns that badly written and poorly documented code is very difficult to reuse.
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Kaczmarek, Wojciech, Bartłomiej Lotys, Szymon Borys, Dariusz Laskowski, and Piotr Lubkowski. "Controlling an Industrial Robot Using a Graphic Tablet in Offline and Online Mode." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072439.
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The article presents the possibility of using a graphics tablet to control an industrial robot. The paper presents elements of software development for offline and online control of a robot. The program for the graphic tablet and the operator interface was developed in C# language in Visual Studio environment, while the program controlling the industrial robot was developed in RAPID language in the RobotStudio environment. Thanks to the development of a digital twin of the real robotic workstation, tests were carried out on the correct functioning of the application in offline mode (without using the real robot). The obtained results were verified in online mode (on a real production station). The developed computer programmes have a modular structure, which makes it possible to easily adapt them to one’s needs. The application allows for changing the parameters of the robot and the parameters of the path drawing. Tests were carried out on the influence of the sampling frequency and the tool diameter on the quality of the reconstructed trajectory of the industrial robot. The results confirmed the correctness of the application. Thanks to the new method of robot programming, it is possible to quickly modify the path by the operator, without the knowledge of robot programming languages. Further research will focus on analyzing the influence of screen resolution and layout scale on the accuracy of trajectory generation.
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Pushpa, S. Paul, D. Angeline Ranjithamani, and S. Sowmiya. "Online Electrical Goods and Crew." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2021.100218.
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The Online Shopping is a web based application intended for online retailers. The main objective of this application is to make it interactive and its ease of use. Electronic Commerce is process of doing business through computer networks. A person sitting on his chair in front of a computer can access all the facilities of the Internet to buy or sell the products. Unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go & get products, ecommerce has made it easier for human to reduce physical work and to save time. It Provide full electrical work for home and shops etc... We are full responsibility for the work and the website was also include employee allocation details for admin only. In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If their customers wish to see our business online and have instant access to your products or services. Using asp .net for creating this website , Developing Language is C#, Designing languages are CSS and Html. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client side scripting techniques, implementation technologies such as ASP.NET, programming language (such as C#) and relational databases. The search engine provides an easy and convenient way to search for products where a user can Search for a product interactively and the search engine would refine the products available based on the user’s input.
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Mauw, S., and G. J. Veltink. "A Process Specification Formalism1." Fundamenta Informaticae 13, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 85–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1990-13202.
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Traditional methods for programming sequential machines are inadequate for specifying parallel systems. Because debugging of parallel programs is hard, due to e.g. non-deterministic execution, verification of program correctness becomes an even more important issue. The Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP) is a formal theory which emphasizes verification and can be applied to a large domain of problems ranging from electronic circuits to CAM architectures. The manual verification of specifications of small size has already been achieved, but this cannot easily be extended to the verification of larger industrially relevant systems. To deal with this problem we need computer tools to help with the specification, simulation, verification and implementation. The first requirement for building such a set of tools is a specification language. In this paper we introduce PSFd (Process Specification Formalism – draft) which can be used to formally express processes in ACP. In order to meet the modern requirements of software engineering, like reusability of software, PSFd supports the modular construction of specifications and parameterization of modules. To be able to deal with the notion of data, ASF (Algebraic Specification Formalism) is embedded in our formalism. As semantics for PSFd a combination of initial algebra semantics and operational semantics for concurrent processes is used. A comparison with programming languages and other formal description techniques for the specification of concurrent systems is included.
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LYU, MICHAEL R., JIA-HONG CHEN, and ALGIRDAS AVIŽIENIS. "EXPERIENCE IN METRICS AND MEASUREMENTS FOR N-VERSION PROGRAMMING." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 01, no. 01 (March 1994): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539394000052.
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The N-Version Programming (NVP) approach applies the idea of design diversity to obtain fault-tolerant software units, called N-Version Software (NVS) units. The effectiveness of this approach is examined by the software diversity achieved in the member versions of an NVS unit. We define and formalize the concept of design diversity and software diversity in this paper. Design diversity is a property naturally applicable to the NVP process to increase its fault-tolerance attributes. The baseline design diversity is characterized by the employment of independent programming teams in the NVP. More design diversity investigations could be enforced in the NVP design process, including different languages, different tools, different algorithms, and different methodologies. Software diversity is the resulting dissimilarities appearing in the NVS member versions. We characterize it from four different points of view that are designated as: structural diversity, fault diversity, tough-spot diversity, and failure diversity. Our goals are to find a way to quantify software diversity and to investigate the measurements which can be applied during the life cycle of NVS to gain confidence that operation will be dependable when NVS is actually employed. The versions from a six-language N-Version Programming project for fault-tolerant flight control software were used in the software diversity measurement.
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Behmanesh, Ali, Nasrin Sayfouri, and Farahnaz Sadoughi. "Technological Features of Internet of Things in Medicine: A Systematic Mapping Study." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9238614.
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Nowadays, applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) have been introduced in different fields of medicine to provide more efficient medical services to the patients. A systematic mapping study was conducted to answer ten research questions with the purposes of identifying and classifying the present medical IoT technological features as well as recognizing the opportunities for future developments. We reviewed how cloud, wearable technologies, wireless communication technologies, messaging protocols, security methods, development boards, microcontrollers, mobile/IoT operating systems, and programming languages have been engaged in medical IoT. Based on specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, 89 papers, published between 2000 and 2018, were screened and selected. It was found that IoT studies, with a publication rise between 2015 and 2018, predominantly dealt with the following IoT features: (a) wearable sensor types of chiefly accelerometer and ECG placed on 16 different body parts, especially the wrist (33%) and the chest (21%) or implanted on the bone; (b) wireless communication technologies of Bluetooth, cellular networks, and Wi-Fi; (c) messaging protocols of mostly MQTT; (d) utilizing cloud for both storing and analyzing data; (e) the security methods of encryption, authentication, watermark, and error control; (f) the microcontrollers belonging to Atmel ATmega and ARM Cortex-M3 families; (g) Android as the commonly used mobile operating system and TinyOS and ContikiOS as the commonly used IoT operating systems; (h) Arduino and Raspberry Pi development boards; and finally (i) MATLAB as the most frequently employed programming language in validation research. The identified gaps/opportunities for future exploration are, namely, employment of fog/edge computing in storage and processing big data, the overlooked efficient features of CoAP messaging protocol, the unnoticed advantages of AVR Xmega and Cortex-M microcontroller families, employment of the programming languages of Python for its significant capabilities in evaluation and validation research, development of the applications being supported by the mobile/IoT operating systems in order to provide connection possibility among all IoT devices in medicine, exploiting wireless communication technologies such as BLE, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, NFC, and 5G to reduce power consumption and costs, and finally uncovering the security methods, usually used in IoT applications, in order to make other applications more trustworthy.
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Makarych, M. V., Y. B. Popova, and M. O. Shved. "Linguistic database and software for english-belarusian-russian dictionary of technical terms." «System analysis and applied information science», no. 4 (February 6, 2019): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-4923-2018-4-74-82.
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The central object of computer lexicography is a computer or electronic dictionary, which must have a sufficiently large vocabulary, provide the consistent extraction of information depending on the user’s need and provide complete grammatical information about the words of input and output languages. Taking into account the current trend in the development of special terminological dictionaries, the authors propose an English-Belarusian-Russian dictionary of technical terms. At the initial stage of the work the dictionary was named TechLex and covers the following subject areas: architecture and construction, water supply, information technology, pedagogy, transport communications, economics, energy-supply. Currently, each subject area of the dictionary is located in the Internet GoogleTable and contains about 1000 terms. It has the possibility to be simultaneously filled by several teachers. The linguistic database of the dictionary is not created by the traditional way of processing a large number of paper dictionaries and combining the received translations. Lexis from sequential processing of scientific and technical English periodicals of particular subject areas is the base of it. The software of the proposed electronic dictionary is designed taking into account the analysis of modern electronic multilingual translation dictionaries and is a client-server application in Java programming language. The client part of the system contains a mobile application for the Android operating system, which was tested on tablets and smartphones with different screen diagonals. The interface of TechLex dictionary is designed in such a way that only a single zone is activated according to the query, so there is no need to view all the subject areas of the dictionary. The proposed TechLex dictionary is the first technical multilingual electronic dictionary with an English-Belarusian-Russian version.
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Mantler, Michael. "The electronic age: energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and other modern techniques to the present and beyond." Powder Diffraction 29, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715614000219.
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This paper summarizes an oral presentation of the same title presented at the occasion of recognizing the “The 100th Anniversary of X-ray Spectroscopy” at DXC 2013. It gives an overview of the development in electronics with focus on (mainly) energy-dispersive X-ray detectors and related data processing. Naturally this has its origin in the early transistors and the first semiconductor junction detectors of the late 1940s. It was followed by refinement of semiconductor detector technology in general and particularly by the invention of Li-drifting and employment of low-noise field effect transistors until such devices matured sufficiently to be marketed by the late 1960s. Further improvement followed in resolution, speed, operability at room temperature, and development of junction arrays with imaging capabilities. An important aspect is the development of related software requiring affordable laboratory computers, programming languages, and databases of fundamental parameters. Today x-ray fluorescence analysis (and not only the energy-dispersive variant) is widely employed as an analytical tool for the traditional technical and industrial applications but notably also, at an expanding rate as well as variety, in other fields including environmental, medical, archaeological, space, arts, and many more.
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Methorst, Henri W. "Overeenkomsten En Verschillen - Zowel Psychische Als Intellektu-Ele - Tussen(Schriftelijk)Vertalen En (Kongres)Tolken ; Programmering Van Mensenbrein En Computerbrein." Vertalen in theorie en praktijk 21 (January 1, 1985): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.21.08met.
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Similarities.Both are mediators, both remain in the background,. They speak or write in the target-language as if the author/speaker had spoken that language .Identification,no censorship - a calling.The transition from one"génie de la langue"into another. Interpreters,like psychologists and psychiatrists:originally a very Jewish profession. The role of a minority group,sociologically, in a masculine majority.- therefore:social programming. Similarity with the role of pianist accompanying a soloist. Bilingualism of children under ten , bilingual interpreters. The necessary distinction:only those who have the gift succeed. The difference between cerebral hemisphere functions in language between Westerners and Japanese-born Japanese - a total difference. American/Cuban born Japanese are bilingual, have the Western hemisphere function: linguistic-cultural programming,no genetic difference.Why possibly Japanese are not gifted for Western languages ,but are remarkable in Western music. Similarity between speed and complexity of data-collection and -processing in human_brain and computer-brain.The difference being: the .human brain can mentally/emotionally grasp and interpret underlying subtle implications and motivations that computer can not. Future possibilities of using jointly electronics and interpretation; possible future needs of communication between Russia and China and other nations.
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Masic, Izet. "The History and New Trends of Medical Informatics." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 3 (2013): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1298.
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ABSTRACT The breakthrough of the computer and information technologies in all the segments of the society, led to the needs for the computer and information technologies. The knowledge of information technology is now part of general literacy. The computer literacy does not require comprehensive and detailed knowledge of the electronics or programming. Although with the electronic computer which is the invention of our age, the attempts of the construction of the first machine for the processing of the information reach far in the history of human civilization. The only and global function of a computer data processing can be naturally separated into the series of the other elementary operations, as for examples are: ‘the followup of the data, their registration, reproduction, selection, sorting, and comparison’ and so on. The computers are being classified according to ‘the purpose, type and computer size’. According to the purpose the computers it can be of the general and specific purposes. The computers for the general purpose serve for the commercial applications or any other application that is necessary. If medical informatics is regarded as a scientific discipline dealing with theory and practice of information processes in medicine, comprising data communication by information and communication technologies (ICT), with computers as an especially important ICT, then it can be stated that the history medical informatics is connected with the beginnings of computer usage in medicine. The medical informatics is the foundation for understanding and practice of the up-to-day medicine. Its basic tool is the computer, subject of studying and the means by which the aspects and achieve the new knowledge in the studying of a man, his health and disease, and functioning of the total health activities. Current network system possesses the limited global performance in the organization of health care, and that is especially expressed in the clinical medicine, where the computer technology has not received the wanted applications yet. In front of us lies the brilliant future of the medical informatics. It should expect that the application of terminal and personal computers with more simple manners of operation will enable routine use of computer technology by all health professionals in the fields of telemedicine, distance learning (DL) (web-based medical education), application of ICT, medical robotics, genomics, etc. The development of nature languages for communication with the computers and the identification of input voice will make the work simpler. Regarding the future of medical informatics education there are numerous controversies. Everybody agrees that the medical informatics is very significant for the whole health care and for the needs for personnel. However, there is not yet the general agreement regarding the teaching programs, because the medical informatics is very involved and propulsive, what makes the performance of the stable education programs more difficult. There are also not general agreement in which year of studding should transfer the knowledge from medical informatics. The majority of the experts still agree that the priority should be given in later study years, since more and more students enroll the faculties with prior informatics illiteracy, and the comprehension of some medical informatics fields is not possible without prior clinical knowledge. How to cite this article Masic I. The History and New Trends of Medical Informatics. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(3):301-312.
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Zhang, Weini. "Research on Recognition Method of Basketball Goals Based on Image Analysis of Computer Vision." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5269431.
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Moving target detection is involved in many engineering applications, but basketball has some difficulties because of the time-varying speed and uncertain path. The purpose of this paper is to use computer vision image analysis to identify the path and speed of a basketball goal, so as to meet the needs of recognition and achieve trajectory prediction. This research mainly discusses the basketball goal recognition method based on computer vision. In the research process, Kalman filter is used to improve the KCF tracking algorithm to track the basketball path. The algorithm of this research is based on MATLAB, so it can avoid the mixed programming of MATLAB and other languages and reduce the difficulty of interface design software. In the aspect of data acquisition, the extended EPROM is used to store user programs, and parallel interface chips (such as 8255A) can be configured in the system to output switch control signals and display and print operations. The automatic basketball bowling counter based on 8031 microprocessor is used as the host computer. After the level conversion by MAX232, it is connected with the RS232C serial port of PC, and the collected data is sent to the workstation recording the results. In order to consider the convenience of user operation, the GUI design of MATLAB is used to facilitate the exchange of information between users and computers so that users can see the competition results intuitively. The processing frame rate of the tested video image can reach 60 frames/second, more than 25 frames/second, which meet the real-time requirements of the system. The results show that the basketball goal recognition method used in this study has strong anti-interference ability and stable performance.
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Rodríguez, Santiago, José L. Pedraza, Antonio García, Francisco Rosales, and Rafael Méndez. "Computer-Assisted Assembly Language Programming Laboratory." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 44, no. 3 (July 2007): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.44.3.2.
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This paper presents a new approach for managing laboratory work mini-projects that is used in the Computer Architecture Department of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM). The approach is based on a chain of tools (a Delivery Agent; an Automatic Project Evaluator; and a Plagiarism Detection Assistant) that a small number of teachers can use to efficiently manage a course with a large number of students (400 each year). Students use this tool chain to complete the Assembly Language Programming laboratory assignments using an MC88110 simulator built in our department. Jointly, these tools have demonstrated over the last decade what important benefits can be gained from the exploitation of a global laboratory work management system. Some of the benefits may have a continuation in an area of growing importance that we have not yet explored, such as distance learning environments for technical subjects.
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Nofre, David. "The Politics of Early Programming Languages." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 51, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2021.51.3.379.
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There probably has never been such a controversial programming language as Algol. In the early 1960s the disciplinary success of the so-called Algol project in helping to forge the discipline of computer science was not matched by a significant adoption of the Algol language, in any of its three versions. This contrast is even more striking when considering the contemporary success of IBM’s Fortran, a language that, like Algol, was also conceived for scientific computation, but unlike Algol, initially only available for IBM computers. Through extensive archival research, this article shows how the relentless pursuit of a still better language that came to dominate the agenda of the Algol project brought to the fore the tension between the research-driven dimension of the project and the goal of developing a reliable programming language. Such a strong research-oriented agenda increased IBM’s doubts about a project that the firm already felt little urge to support. Yet IBM did not want to appear as obstructing the development of either Algol or Cobol, even if these “common languages” posed a clear risk to the firm’s marketing model. The US Department of Defense’s endorsement of Cobol and the rising popularity of Algol in Europe convinced IBM to push for the use of Fortran in Western Europe in order to protect the domestic market. IBM’s action in support of Fortran reminds us of the power imbalances that have shaped computer science.
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Cheng, Chin-Chuan. "Language and Computers." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 7 (March 1986): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026719050000163x.
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Language, writing, and the computer, as Wang (1986) states, must rank among the highest of our most important inventions since each has profoundly determined the development of the human species. There have been numerous interactions among these three types of human institutions. Writing, of course, is largely a reflection of language. Since its inception four decades ago, the computer has depended on various forms of language and writing to communicate with its human creators. Some of these forms were specially invented programming languages for a small breed of people.
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Skalka, C. "Programming Languages and Systems Security." IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 3, no. 3 (May 2005): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2005.77.
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Alkaria, Ahmed, and Riyadh Alhassan. "The Effect of In-service Training of Computer Science Teachers on Scratch Programming Language Skills Using an Electronic Learning Platform on Programming Skills and the Attitudes towards Teaching Programming." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 11 (September 20, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i11.2608.
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This study was conducted to examine the effect of in-service training of computer science teachers in Scratch language using an electronic learning platform on acquiring programming skills and attitudes towards teaching programming. The sample of this study consisted of 40 middle school computer science teachers. They were assigned into two groups; 20 teachers were in the control group and 20 teachers in the experimental group. The study tools consist of an achievement test in Scratch programming language and a measure of attitudes toward programming instruction. After the experimental treatment at the end of the second semester, the teachers were examined and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the achievement test mean scores in favor of the experimental group that trained using an electronic training platform. The results also showed a positive effect on attitudes toward teaching programming for the experimental group.
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Galassi, Giuseppe, and Richard V. Mattessich. "Some Clarification to the Evolution of the Electronic Spreadsheet." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51114.
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ABSTRACT As early as 1961 Mattessich suggested (in an article in The Accounting Review) to use budget simulation in form of a computerized spreadsheet. This was followed up by him in a mathematical model, outlined in his book Accounting and Analytical Methods (Mattessich 1964a) with a corresponding computer program (in FORTRAN IV on mainframe computers), including illustrations in a companion volume (Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program, Mattessich 1964b). Five years later (in 1969) Rene Pardo and Remy Landau co-presented “LANPAR” (LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random) at Random Corporation. This electronic spreadsheet type was also used on mainframe computers for budgeting at Bell Canada, AT&T, Bell operating companies, and General Motors. In 1978, Dan Bricklin and Robert Frankston introduced VisiCalc, the first commercialized spreadsheet program for personal desktop (Apple) computers. This program became the trailblazer for future developments of electronic spreadsheets.
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EBERBACH, EUGENIUSZ. "SEMAL: A COST LANGUAGE BASED ON THE CALCULUS OF SELF-MODIFIABLE ALGORITHMS." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 04, no. 03 (September 1994): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194094000192.
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The design, specification, and preliminary implementation of the SEMAL language, based upon the Calculus of Self-modifiable Algorithms model of computation is presented. A Calculus of Self-modifiable Algorithms is a universal theory for parallel and intelligent systems, integrating different styles of programming, and applied to a wealth of domains of future generation computers. It has some features from logic, rule-based, procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming. It has been designed to be a relatively universal tool for AI similar to the way Hoare’s Communicating Sequential Processes and Milner’s Calculus of Communicating Systems are basic theories for parallel systems. The formal basis of this approach is described. The model is used to derive a new programming paradigm, so-called cost languages and new computer architectures cost-driven computers. As a representative of cost languages, the SEMAL language is presented.
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Et. al., Syed Abdul Basit Andrabi,. "A Review of Machine Translation for South Asian Low Resource Languages." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 10, 2021): 1134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.1777.
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Machine translation is an application of natural language processing. Humans use native languages to communicate with one another, whereas programming languages communicate between humans and computers. NLP is the field that involves a broad set of techniques for analysis, manipulation and automatic generation of human languages or natural languages with the help of computers. It is essential to provide access to information to people for their development in the present information age. It is necessary to put equal emphasis on removing the barrier of language between different divisions of society. The area of NLP strives to fill this gap of the language barrier by applying machine translation. One natural language is transformed into another natural language with the aid of computers. The first few years of this area were dedicated to the development of rule-based systems. Still, later on, due to the increase in computational power, there was a transition towards statistical machine translation. The motive of machine translation is that the meaning of the translated text should be preserved during translation. This research paper aims to analyse the machine translation approaches used for resource-poor languages and determine the needs and challenges the researchers face. This paper also reviews the machine translation systems that are available for poor research languages.
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Plata-Cesar, Nely, Jose Raymundo Marcial-Romero, and Jose Antonio Hernandez-Servin. "Reversibility for Quantum Programming Language QML." IEEE Latin America Transactions 18, no. 10 (October 2020): 1692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2020.9387639.
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Perrott, R. H., and Adib Zarea-Aliabadi. "Languages for programming distributed memory systems." Computing & Control Engineering Journal 4, no. 6 (1993): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cce:19930061.
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KISHKAN, VLADIMIR, and KONSTANTIN SAFONOV. "DEADLOCK ALGORITHM FOR ADVANCED SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES FOR QUANTUM COMPUTERS." Computational nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2020-7-2-42-48.
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When developing promising programming languages designed to support the work of supercomputers, including quantum ones, there is a need for research related to testing the developed language under conditions when parsers do not yet exist for it. In particular, in the process of developing a programming language for a quantum computer, it becomes necessary to parse a certain program written in a new programming language, which, like all programming languages, belongs to the class of context-free languages (cf-languages). The problem of syntactical analysis of the monomials of cf-languages was posed in the 50-60s of the last century, however, there are some discrepancies in its formulation, and therefore there is a need to clarify the formulation of this problem. In this regard, we will call the expanded problem of parsing the problem of developing a stupid (non-stop, irrevocable) algorithm that allows establishing whether a given monomial can be deduced using a system of products that form a cf-language grammar, and also find all the conclusions of this monomial at once if the latter exists. The description of the monomial inference is understood as follows: it is necessary to determine for which products from the grammar of the cf-language, how many times and in what order they are used to derive this monomial, which is equivalent to constructing all the output trees. The article has developed a deadlockless algorithm for solving the extended problem of parsing, based on the method of hierarchy of marked brackets. The marked brackets order shows what products they are assigned to, and allows you to trace the order of its use. The algorithm uses the method of successive approximations to solve the Chomsky-Schützenberger system of equations associated with the cf-language grammar. The developed algorithm has a simple software implementation; an assessment of the complexity of the algorithm is also given.
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de Freitas, Aparecido Valdemir. "Programming Languages adherent to the Adaptive Paradigm." IEEE Latin America Transactions 5, no. 7 (November 2007): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-la.2007.4445751.
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Lohr, K. P. "Book reviews - Programming languages-A grand tour." IEEE Communications Magazine 24, no. 2 (February 1986): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1986.1093024.
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Estrada, Leonel, Nimrod Vázquez, Joaquín Vaquero, Ángel de Castro, and Jaime Arau. "Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Simulation Methodology for Power Converters Using LabVIEW FPGA." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020373.
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Nowadays, the use of the hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation has gained popularity among researchers all over the world. One of its main applications is the simulation of power electronics converters. However, the equipment designed for this purpose is difficult to acquire for some universities or research centers, so ad-hoc solutions for the implementation of HIL simulation in low-cost hardware for power electronics converters is a novel research topic. However, the information regarding implementation is written at a high technical level and in a specific language that is not easy for non-expert users to understand. In this paper, a systematic methodology using LabVIEW software (LabVIEW 2018) for HIL simulation is shown. A fast and easy implementation of power converter topologies is obtained by means of the differential equations that define each state of the power converter. Five simple steps are considered: designing the converter, modeling the converter, solving the model using a numerical method, programming an off-line simulation of the model using fixed-point representation, and implementing the solution of the model in a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This methodology is intended for people with no experience in the use of languages as Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) for Real-Time Simulation (RTS) and HIL simulation. In order to prove the methodology’s effectiveness and easiness, two converters were simulated—a buck converter and a three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)—and compared with the simulation of commercial software (PSIM® v9.0) and a real power converter.
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Zieliński, Cezary. "Description of semantics of robot programming languages." Mechatronics 2, no. 2 (April 1992): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4158(92)90030-r.
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NAKAMURA, M. "A Behavioral Specification of Imperative Programming Languages." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E89-A, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e89-a.6.1558.
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Kargar, Masoud, Ayaz Isazadeh, and Habib Izadkhah. "Multi-programming language software systems modularization." Computers & Electrical Engineering 80 (December 2019): 106500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.106500.
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Bastiaens, K., and J. M. Van Campenhout. "A visual real-time programming language." Control Engineering Practice 1, no. 1 (February 1993): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0661(93)92103-b.
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Chrysafiadi, Konstantina, and Maria Virvou. "Dynamically Personalized E-Training in Computer Programming and the Language C." IEEE Transactions on Education 56, no. 4 (November 2013): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.2013.2243914.
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Lippman, G. "Operating systems programming: the SR programming language [Book Reviews]." IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Applications 4, no. 3 (1996): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/m-pdt.1996.532145.
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van Oorschot, Paul C. "Toward Unseating the Unsafe C Programming Language." IEEE Security & Privacy 19, no. 2 (March 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msec.2020.3048766.
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Bell, I. "More than a programming language [virtual instrumentation]." Computing and Control Engineering 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cce:20070106.
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Derisma, Derisma. "Analyzing User Experience of Website for the Learning of Programming Language." Jurnal Edukasi dan Penelitian Informatika (JEPIN) 6, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jp.v6i1.40000.
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User experience is a term for the experience of users in having an easiness and efficiency in the interaction between humans and computers. CodeSaya is an easy, fun, and free place to learn about coding. There are some Programming Languages which can be learned. This research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the codesaya.com website to learn the basics of programming by using a measurement method of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). There are six examined scales, namely attractiveness, perspicuity, efficiency, dependability, stimulation, and novelty. The testing results showed that those six scales positively affected the students' attentions to use the programming framework with 1.722 of attractiveness score, 1.456 of perspicuity score, 1.718 of efficiency score, 1.46 of dependability score, and 1.44 of stimulation score, these scores showed that the five scales were at a high level, while novelty was at a moderate level with 1.147 of the score. According to the whole data processing and analysis were done in this study, it can be concluded that CodeSaya Website can improve the learning effectiveness of Programming Languages.
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Carbone, A., P. Schendzielorz, and J. D. Zakis. "Electronic Assessment and Self-Paced Learning on the Web Using a Multiple-Choice Quiz Generator." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 37, no. 2 (April 2000): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.37.2.1.
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This paper describes the work of an advanced first-year student in the Department of Computer Science, Monash University, who developed a Web-based multiple-choice quiz. It highlights the unique quiz features, and its use by students and staff. The paper describes how the quiz was incorporated into the first-year computer programming unit, which is based on the C programming language, and presents a conduit of attitudes useful to those who are planning to use the Web as a resource for educational assessment. It also describes some aspects of introduction of the quiz into engineering and Java.
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ALMENDROS-JIMÉNEZ, J. M., A. BECERRA-TERÓN, and F. J. ENCISO-BAÑOS. "Querying XML documents in logic programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 8, no. 3 (May 2008): 323–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068407003183.
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AbstractExtensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML. Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. XPath language is the result of an effort to provide address parts of an XML document. In support of this primary purpose, it becomes in a query language against an XML document. In this paper we present a proposal for the implementation of the XPath language in logic programming. With this aim we will describe the representation of XML documents by means of a logic program. Rules and facts can be used for representing the document schema and the XML document itself. In particular, we will present how to index XML documents in logic programs: rules are supposed to be stored in main memory, however facts are stored in secondary memory by using two kind of indexes: one for each XML tag, and other for each group of terminal items. In addition, we will study how to query by means of the XPath language against a logic program representing an XML document. It evolves the specialization of the logic program with regard to the XPath expression. Finally, we will also explain how to combine the indexing and the top-down evaluation of the logic program.
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De Silva, Lavindra. "An Operational Semantics for True Concurrency in BDI Agent Systems." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 7119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6199.
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Agent programming languages have proved useful for formally modelling implemented systems such as PRS and JACK, and for reasoning about their behaviour. Over the past decades, many agent programming languages and extensions have been developed. A key feature in some of them is their support for the specification of ‘concurrent’ actions and programs. However, their notion of concurrency is still limited, as it amounts to a nondeterministic choice between (sequential) action interleavings. Thus, the notion does not represent ‘true concurrency’, which can more naturally exploit multi-core computers and multi-robot manufacturing cells. This paper provides a true concurrency operational semantics for a BDI agent programming language, allowing actions to overlap in execution. We prove key properties of the semantics, relating to true concurrency and to its link with interleaving.
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Chan, T. F. "Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generators Using Symbolic Programming." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 29, no. 4 (October 1992): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099202900409.
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Analysis of self-excited induction generators using symbolic programming Using the symbolic programming language MACSYMA, the self-excited induction generator may be analysed in a straightforward manner with a high degree of accuracy. Very little manual effort need be spent on algebraic manipulation, numerical analysis and computer programming. Typical program sessions are cited to illustrate the elegance of this approach.
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Salama, Ramiz, Huseyin Uzunboylu, and Bashar Alkaddah. "Distance learning system, learning programming languages by using mobile applications." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 9, 2020): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v7i2.5015.
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E-learning involves the use of a computer or electronic device (e.g., a mobile phone) in some way to provide training, educational or learning material. E-learning can involve a greater variety of equipment than online training or education, for as the name implies, ‘online’ involves using the Internet or an Intranet. CD-ROM and DVD can be used to provide learning materials. Distance education provided the base for e-learning’s development. E-learning can be ‘on demand’. It overcomes timing, attendance and travel difficulties. Today, colleges and university students find themselves with obligations beyond that of getting a degree. Jobs and family commitments make equal demands on their time. Having the option of taking online classes and studying on their own time is critically important. At the same time, many state institutions are unable to accommodate all those who want to take classes on campus, escalating the demand for online learning. The aim of this project is the development of learning management system for all purpose and all courses. You can be as a teacher and upload your course materials to all students in our e-learning system, you can write an article to all students and teachers also. With our e-learning system you are online every time, you can get messages from all students and teacher, without e-mail, just by your username in our system. If you are a student, our e-learning system will be your school. You can study any course that is available. You can make a discussion with another student and your teacher by using comments, you can compile your code and share the result with others by social media links. You can upload any file like quizzes answers and share the link in comment with other students. This system provides you with knowledge about our e-learning system and which tools that we used. The online courses may be unfamiliar to many students and teachers;threfore,this system may be help you to try a new teaching technology with learning management system.In this e-system, we have mentioned about Teacher and student features, these features will make you more attractive to go on and create your courses and start teaching your student, or to join other teacher classes and start learning, this e-system will help you to understand how we make the e-learning system by messages or comments, also how you can compile your code with built-in online compiler. Finally, lifelong learning must now be a part of everyone’s career plans. In today’s job market, taking online courses help workers remain competitive and they don’t need to take time off from their jobs to do this. Therefore, our e-learning system provide all facilities to taking online course and be in your community to learn without boring.
Keywords: Online learning, digital ocean, android studio, Paiza. IO, mobile app.
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Lavrischeva, Ekaterina Mikhailovna, and Igor Borisovich Petrov. "Modeling Technical and Mathematical Tasks of Applied Knowledge Areas on Computers." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 32, no. 6 (2020): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2020-32(6)-13.
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The paper considers modeling of technical problems and problems of applied mathematics, their algorithms and programming. The characteristics of the numerical modeling of technical problems and applied mathematics are given: physical and technical experiments, energy, ballistic and seismic methods of I.V. Kurchatov, starting with mathematical methods of the 17-20th centuries, the first computers and computers. The analysis of the first technical problems and problems of applied mathematics, their modeling, algorithmization and programming using the A.A. Lyapunov graph-schematic language, address language and programming languages is given. Numerical methods are presented, implemented under the guidance of A.A. Dorodnitsyn, A.A. Samarsky, O.M. Belotserkovsky and other scientists on modern supercomputers. Examples of mathematical modeling of the biological problem of eye treatment and the subject of «Computational geometry» on the Internet are given.
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Jo, Yunju, Seok-Ju Chun, and Jungwoo Ryoo. "Tactile Scratch Electronic Block System: Expanding Opportunities for Younger Children to Learn Programming." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 11, no. 7 (2021): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.7.1529.
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This paper introduces our work on the development of a novel system for applying MIT’s Scratch to teaching classes of four to eight-years-old students. Scratch is a visual, block-based programming language designed for anybody to create a computer program without the worry of syntax errors by assembling icon-like command blocks. However, four to eight-year-old students have trouble using a computer mouse or keyboard and face difficulties when trying Scratch programming. This research developed a tactile, electronic block system that allows students to manipulate physical objects in a tangible way to conduct their programming tasks. The system consists of a Scratch simulator and physical, electronic blocks embodying the Scratch user interface shapes. We taught programming to the classes of second-grade elementary school students (eight-years-old) using our system. The results are encouraging. Our subjects’ interest in programming improved from 3.23 to 4.0 out of the scale of 5, and fifteen students out of twenty five were able to solve nine questions on sequence, loop, and control structure successfully, which are fundamental concepts of programming.
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Bonnieux, Sébastien, Dorian Cazau, Sébastien Mosser, Mireille Blay-Fornarino, Yann Hello, and Guust Nolet. "MeLa: A Programming Language for a New Multidisciplinary Oceanographic Float." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 6081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216081.
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At 2000 m depth in the oceans, one can hear biological, seismological, meteorological, and anthropogenic activity. Acoustic monitoring of the oceans at a global scale and over long periods of time could bring important information for various sciences. The Argo project monitors the physical properties of the oceans with autonomous floats, some of which are also equipped with a hydrophone. These have a limited transmission bandwidth requiring acoustic data to be processed on board. However, developing signal processing algorithms for these instruments requires one to be an expert in embedded software. To reduce the need of such expertise, we have developed a programming language, called MeLa. The language hides several aspects of embedded software with specialized programming concepts. It uses models to compute energy consumption, processor usage, and data transmission costs early during the development of applications; this helps to choose a strategy of data processing that has a minimum impact on performances. Simulations on a computer allow for verifying the performance of the algorithms before their deployment on the instrument. We have implemented a seismic P wave detection and a blue whales D call detection algorithm with the MeLa language to show its capabilities. These are the first efforts toward multidisciplinary monitoring of the oceans, which can extend beyond acoustic applications.
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Halang, Wolfgang A., and Alexander D. Stoyenko. "Comparative evaluation of high-level real-time programming languages." Real-Time Systems 2, no. 4 (November 1990): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01995678.
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Taranchuk, V. B. "FEATURES OF FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING OF INTERACTIVE GRAPHICAL APPLICATIONS." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 21, no. 6 (May 17, 2017): 178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2015-21-6-178-189.
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In the article methodical and technical solutions which essentially expand capabilities of creation of the electronic intelligent educational resources contain- ing mathematical notation of any level of complexity and graphics illustrations of all types and categories are discussed. Base units of program modules, key constructions of codes, functions and options of language of the system of com- puter algebra Mathematica are explained. Main rules of preparation of freely distributed interactive program applications of CDF format are noted. Exam- ples from practice of preparation of teaching materials of discipline ”Computer Graphics” are given. User interface and results of execution of program modules are illustrated.
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Putra, Yeviki Maisyah. "PENERAPAN SISTEM INFORMASI PERPUSTAKAAN PADA SMA NEGERI 2 MUARA BUNGO MENGGUNAKAN BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN JAVA DAN DIDUKUNG DATABASE MARIADB." INTECOMS: Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/intecoms.v1i2.293.
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Computers are an electronic device that is not strange to every human being because it serves as a tool in all things. The computer has an application program capable of processing various types of data quickly, precisely and accurately. Therefore, many agencies that use computer services as a tool that can help in the activities of the company. Based on the research that has been done in the Library of SMA Negeri 2 Muara Bungo by using field research methods, libraries and laboratories, it is known that the system used in borrowing and returning books is still done manually and simply. With the design of Library information systems supported by Java programming language will provide better solutions to the problems encountered. The level of error in doing the calculations can be minimized, the information produced more accurately and the data can be stored safely
Keywords : Library, SMA Negeri 2 Muara Bungo, Java, MariaDB, Library Information System
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Johanson, Roger P. "Computers, Cognition and Curriculum: Retrospect and Prospect." Journal of Educational Computing Research 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5wmc-4kbj-rgg4-3khh.
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Spearheaded by the writings of Seymour Papert, many educators have looked to computer use in education to usher in a new era in which the development of higher-order thinking skills would be promoted in schools. Early research aimed at showing the positive effects of programming instruction on students' thinking skills was not encouraging. More recent research is only somewhat more promising. This article begins with a summary and critique of the research, advancing eight hypotheses regarding the general failure of the research to confirm the expectations. Two major claims are made. The first is that the principle weakness of research on the cognitive consequences of programming instruction very likely has been its inadequate consideration of curricular issues. The second claim is that a relatively new programming language, Prolog, which is radically different from procedural languages like BASIC and LOGO, merits serious consideration for educational use. The article concludes with a brief introduction to Prolog.
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Dejanović, Igor, Mirjana Dejanović, Jovana Vidaković, and Siniša Nikolić. "PyFlies: A Domain-Specific Language for Designing Experiments in Psychology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177823.
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The majority of studies in psychology are nowadays performed using computers. In the past, access to good quality software was limited, but in the last two decades things have changed and today we have an array of good and easily accessible open-source software to choose from. However, experiment builders are either GUI-centric or based on general-purpose programming languages which require programming skills. In this paper, we investigate an approach based on domain-specific languages which enables a text-based experiment development using domain-specific concepts, enabling practitioners with limited or no programming skills to develop psychology tests. To investigate our approach, we created PyFlies, a domain-specific language for designing experiments in psychology, which we present in this paper. The language is tailored for the domain of psychological studies. The aim is to capture the essence of the experiment design in a concise and highly readable textual form. The editor for the language is built as an extension for Visual Studio Code, one of the most popular programming editors today. From the experiment description, various targets can be automatically produced. In this version, we provide a code generator for the PsychoPy library while generators for other target platforms are planned. We discuss the language, its concepts, syntax, some current limitations, and development directions. We investigate the language using a case study of the implementation of the Eriksen flanker task.