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1
Bancu, Ariana. "Language profile and syntactic change in two multilingual communities." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4364.
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This paper explores variables that can explain contact-induced linguistic variation and change in a situation where diachronic data is lacking and number of speakers is small. For example, in contexts involving language endangerment traditional sociolinguistic variables such as age, gender, and social class will not apply due to small number of participants. Furthermore, additional sociolinguistic variables such as degree of language use, language attitudes, etc. are needed to explaining contact-induced variation. The target language is Transylvanian Saxon (hereafter TrSax), an endangered language that coexists with German and Romanian in Romania and in émigré communities in Germany. I collected sociolinguistic and questionnaire data from two groups of trilingual speakers of TrSax, German, and Romanian. Six participants are from Viscri, Romania and six participants are part of a community of Transylvanian Saxons from Viscri, who moved to Nuremberg, Germany approximately 30 years ago. I illustrate the methodology I used for identifying the variables that distinguish the two groups and I discuss how these variables can be applied to analyze contact-induced variation in TrSax on hand of preliminary production data.
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Wu, Ru Yang. "Analysis on Contact Stress after Gear Meshing and Finite Element of Stiffness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.670.
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According to APDL language of ANSYS, this paper establishes the ideal identity model of tooth profile and gear based on ideal tooth profile equation, and it gets the ideal gear profile in meshing period and change curve of maximum contact stress with position of gear meshing. The result indicates that the contract stress distribution of ideal gear profile presents certain regularity with meshing state of double gear. Gear module can not change the stiffness value of gear meshing; increasing the number of driving wheel can reduce meshing stiffness. Finally, this paper gets the curve of meshing stiffness changes with load. The result indicates that the effect of load on deviation and tooth profile and gear meshing is larger than that on idea tooth profile and stiffness of gear meshing.
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Simonet, Miquel. "Intonational convergence in language contact: Utterance-final F0 contours in Catalan–Spanish early bilinguals." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 2 (July 12, 2011): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000120.
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This study investigates utterance-final pitch accents in declaratives in two contact languages (Catalan and Spanish) as produced by two groups of Catalan–Spanish bilinguals (Catalan-dominant and Spanish-dominant). It contributes to a growing body of research showing that bilinguals transfer the intonational patterns of their native language to their non-native language, and it provides a sociolinguistic profile of an intonational variable in a language contact situation. We also examine the interaction of native and non-native patterns within the performance of the bilinguals. Evidence is presented for the existence of a process of phonetic category assimilation of non-native pitch contrasts to native pitch contours, as well as for phonetic new-category formation in second language learning.
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Forker, Diana. "Sanzhi–Russian code switching and the Matrix Language Frame model." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 6 (September 24, 2018): 1448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918798971.
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Purpose: The study represents the first attempt to analyze intrasentantial code switching in an indigenous language from the Caucasus (the Nakh- Daghestanian language Sanzhi Dargwa) in contact with Russian. It also tests borrowing/code switching hierarchies that target parts of speech. Methodology: The study applies the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton to data from Sanzhi. Data and analysis: The analyzed data consist of around 6,000 tokens of natural texts (monologues) produced by six male speakers and recorded in the main settlement of the Sanzhi speech community in Daghestan (Russian Federation). The original data are compared to published data from other languages in contact with Russian. The Sanzhi data are analyzed by means of the Matrix Language Frame model, focusing on intraclausal code switching. Findings: The Sanzhi data can largely be analyzed within the Matrix Language Frame model, confirming thus the ‘Uniform Structure Principle’ posed by Myers-Scotton. However, there are also a few instances of code switching in which embedded language and matrix language cannot be identified, which prevents application of the model. Furthermore, the study replicated findings on borrowing/code switching hierarchies for parts of speech, that is, the preference for insertions of nouns and other parts of speech from the open classes in comparison with the relative scarcity of inserted pronouns or adpositions (closed classes). Originality: This is the first attempt to apply the Matrix Language Frame model to code switching between a Caucasian language and Russian and constitutes a new approach to the study of language contact in the Caucasus and, more generally, to the impact on Russian of minority languages in the Russian Federation. Implications: The results suggest that the Matrix Language Frame model could also be applied to other languages in contact with Russian and with a similar sociolinguistic profile, such as Sanzhi.
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Romasanta, Raquel P. "Contact-induced variation in clausal verb complementation: the case of REGRET in World Englishes." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 30 (December 15, 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2017.30.05.
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It has been argued that in language contact situations both transfer processes from the substrate languages (Thomason, 2008) and cognitive effects derived from the language contact situation itself (Schneider, 2012, 2013) can constitute important catalysts for language variation and change. Regarding the verbal complementation system, Steger and Schneider (2012: 172), for example, notice a preference for finite patterns over non-finite structures in World Englishes (WEs), that is, a preference for more explicit forms (hyperclarity and isomorphism). On the contrary, Schneider’s study (2012) does not confirm such a preference for more explicit forms in WEs in the competition between finite and non-finite patterns. This article intends to shed some light on the differences between the distribution of finite and nonfinite complementation patterns in WEs by exploring the complementation profile of the verb REGRET in two metropolitan varieties, British and American English, and comparing them to three geographically distant varieties with different substrate languages, historical contexts, and degrees of language contact: on the one hand, two ESL varieties, Hong Kong English and Nigerian English, and on the other, one ESD variety, Jamaican English, where contact is more pronounced. The main aim of this paper is, therefore, to investigate whether potential differences in the verbal complementation systems between varieties of English are product of cognitive processes derived from the language contact situation, a matter of transfer-induced change, or a combination of both.
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Fernández Rei, Elisa. "Galician and Spanish in Galicia." Prosodic Issues in Language Contact Situations 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 438–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00046.fer.
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Abstract The current study analyses the intonation of three types of utterances (broad focus statements, information-seeking yes-no questions and information-seeking wh-questions) in Galician and Spanish, in order to research the effects on the intonation of the prolonged contact between these two languages in Galicia. The main aims are to detect possible hybridisation processes in the intonation of these varieties and determine whether the intonation behaviour is different depending on the language used or on the language profile of the speakers. To that end, this study presents an empirical study which analyses these three types of utterances in Spanish and Galician, produced by 22 informants with different linguistic profiles. The results indicate little variability in the intonation based on the initial and habitual languages of the speakers or the language in which they produce the corpus. However, the existence of some hybrid patterns in wh-questions has been detected. The theoretical implications of these results will be discussed within the framework of hybridisation.
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Peyrot, Michaël. "The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence." Indo-European Linguistics 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 72–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22125892-00701007.
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Abstract Tocharian agglutinative case inflexion as well as its single series of voiceless stops, the two most striking typological deviations from Proto-Indo-European, can be explained through influence from Uralic. A number of other typological features of Tocharian may likewise be interpreted as due to contact with a Uralic language. The supposed contacts are likely to be associated with the Afanas’evo Culture of South Siberia. This Indo-European culture probably represents an intermediate phase in the movement of speakers of early Tocharian from the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Eastern European steppe to the Tarim Basin in Northwest China. At the same time, the Proto-Samoyedic homeland must have been in or close to the Afanas’evo area. A close match between the Pre-Proto-Tocharian and Pre-Proto-Samoyedic vowel systems is a strong indication that the Uralic contact language was an early form of Samoyedic.
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Adelaar, Willem. "Reconstruction Beyond Proto-Languages In the Middle Andes." Cadernos de Linguística 1, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2020.v1.n1.id274.
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The perception that the numerous similarities in lexicon, phonology and structure which unite the Quechuan and Aymaran language families in the Middle Andes region are due to intensive language contact prior to the stage of their proto-languages, rather than to a common genetic source as was previously assumed, has made it possible to visualize some of the originally inherited characteristics of each of the two linguistic lineages. This new perspective opens up multiple fields of further investigation, for instance, (a) determining the directionality of loan words (mainly from Quechuan to Aymaran, and rarely the other way around); (b) reconstructing the the structural profile of each of the two lineages prior to the beginning of their contact relation; and (c) creating the conditions for a separate external comparison of each lineage with other language families and isolates in the wider surroundings. In more general terms, it now appears possible to access earlier stages in the historical development of the Quechuan and Aymaran than that of the two proto-languages, to locate the original homeland of each lineage in relation to the newly established chronology, and to speculate on the societal context of the initial contact.
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Hyemi Lee and 김영주. "Aspects of Acculturation Strategies and Language Contact Profile of French L2 Korean Learners in Korea." Journal of Korean Language Education 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18209/iakle.2016.27.3.261.
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Pyper, Marcie J., and Cynthia Slagter. "Competing priorities: Student perceptions of helps and hindrances to language acquisition during study abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 26, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v26i1.360.
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Multiple studies have investigated the effect of language contact on language proficiency, testing the assumption that the study abroad context means greater contact with the target language (L2). Other studies have examined the context of L2 interactions, considering host families, contact with community members, and interactions with non-native-speaking peers. While these studies are helpful, larger scales studies are needed to determine how students are interacting with native and non-native speakers during study abroad. The current study examines student perceptions of helps and hindrances to L2 gain during semester-long study abroad of more than 100 students studying Spanish in Spain, Honduras, and Peru. Participants completed surveys patterned after the Language Contact Profile of Freed, Dewey, Segalowitz, and Halter (2004) and took the Versant Language Test before and after their study abroad experience. They also participated in a post-program interview which was subsequently transcribed, encoded and analyzed. Results suggest that students experience competing priorities in decisions governing L1 vs L2 use and that student intentionality is key to successful language learning.
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Fernandez, Julieta, and Anna M. Gates Tapia. "An appraisal of the Language Contact Profile as a tool to research local engagement in study abroad." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2016): 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.1.2.05fer.
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Assessing the type and quantity of out-of-class foreign language (L2) interaction that learners engage in is crucial in study abroad research. This assessment has commonly been performed with the Language Contact Profile (LCP). This article critically appraises the LCP as a measure for providing reliable data to correlate language interaction with language gains. Information about the L2 use of U.S. university students studying in Argentina was obtained using quantitative (LCP) and qualitative (interview, authentic interaction, and observation) measures. The results suggest that some LCP items were ambiguous and limited in their ability to capture fluctuations in students’ local engagement throughout the semester. The LCP also provided internally inconsistent participant reports of out-of-class L2 use. Notably, the results highlight the importance of considering discourse quality when comparing hours of interaction reported by different students, suggesting that numerical comparisons across participants cannot be interpreted to necessarily lead to comparable language gains.
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Wang, Xuan Zhi, and S. H. Masood. "Optimisation of Die Radius Geometry in Sheet Metal Stamping." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.350.
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Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are increasingly utilised in sheet metal stamping in the automotive manufacture. In comparison with conventional steels, AHSS stampings produce higher contact pressures at the interface between the tool-workpiece interface, leading to more severe wear conditions, particularly at the draw die radius. To minimise tool wear using this approach it would be necessary to optimise the shape for a particular combination of circular and high elliptical profiles. This paper presents a methodology to optimise a die radius profile. For this, a specialised software routine is developed and compiled for optimisation of die radius profiles to minimise or achieve uniform contact pressure (wear distribution) using Python computer programming language supported by Abaqus software. A detailed algorithm for the optimisation is explained. A case study based on the algorithm is also discussed.
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Guzzo, Natália Brambatti, and Guilherme Duarte Garcia. "Phonological Variation and Prosodic Representation: Clitics in Portuguese-Veneto Contact." Journal of Language Contact 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 389–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-bja10021.
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Abstract In a variety of Brazilian Portuguese in contact with Veneto, variable vowel reduction in clitic position can be partially accounted for by the phonotactic profile of clitic structures. We show that, when phonotactic profile is controlled for, vowel reduction is statistically more frequent in non-pronominal than in pronominal clitics, which indicates that these clitic types are represented in separate prosodic domains. We propose that this difference in frequency of reduction between clitic types is only possible due to contact with Veneto, which, unlike standard BP, does not exhibit vowel reduction in clitic position. Contact thus provides speakers with the possibility of producing clitic vowels without reduction, and the resulting variation is used to signal prosodic distinctions between clitic types. We show that the difference in frequency of reduction is larger for older speakers, who are more proficient in Veneto and use the language regularly.
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Schreier, Daniel. "Terra incognita in the anglophone world." English World-Wide 23, no. 1 (June 13, 2002): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.23.1.02sch.
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This paper examines the development of a distinct contact-based variety on the island of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. It outlines the sociohistorical context of the community as well as its linguistic and sociolinguistic implications, speculating on the original input varieties and processes of contact dynamics, new-dialect formation as well as feature selection and retention that occurred since the island was colonised in 1816. It provides a structural profile and discusses selected grammatical variables of this variety, with the aim of investigating feature selection from the relevant donor sources and identifying differential evolution patterns that occurred in this particular setting, even though it is not always possible to keep these two questions apart.
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Kim, Hyunjin. "Effects of the Language Contact Profile on Korean proficiency and the academic achievement of international students in Korea." Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15652/ink.2018.15.2.125.
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Hernandez, Todd A. "Acquisition of L2 Spanish requests in short-term study abroad." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2016): 186–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.1.2.03her.
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The aim of this investigation was to examine the pragmatic development of 20 students during a short-term study abroad program in Spain. Request strategies were assessed with a written request production questionnaire. A language contact profile (LCP) was used to measure the relationship between pragmatic performance ratings and target language contact. Pretest and posttest mean scores on the request production questionnaire indicated that the students improved their request performance as rated by two native speakers. In looking at the specific request strategies used on the pretest and posttest vignettes, it is clear, however, that the students improved some aspects of their request production while other aspects remained unchanged. Further, LCP scores indicated that the students had little contact with native speakers during their time in Spain. No significant relationships were found between the LCP and request performance ratings. Results suggest that study abroad leadership should support students’ L2 pragmatic development before, during, and after study abroad.
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Heath, Jeffrey. "Innovation of head-marking in Humburi Senni (Songhay, Mali)." Diachronica 28, no. 1 (May 26, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.1.01hea.
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Humburi Senni (HS), the Songhay language spoken in the town of Hombori in Mali, has innovated not one but two suffixal pronominal-possessor paradigms for nouns (inalienable vs. alienable), a suffixal pronominal-complement paradigm for (original) postpositions, and a suffixal Imperative Singular for verbs. These are absent (with one very limited, but important, exception) in other Songhay languages, including HS’s nearest genetic neighbor. The effect is that HS has veered sharply toward head-marking, which is virtually absent in other Songhay languages. However, its specific typological profile is unusual, with head-marking well-developed for nouns and adpositions but absent from nonimperative verbs/clauses. We can reconstruct the sequence of events (crucially involving the encliticization of opportunistically appended independent pronouns) that result in the attested paradigms. As a result of these innovations, plus another innovation involving the morphology of unpossessed nouns, an original Definite Singular suffix *-òó now has four reflexes — none of which is now definite. Neither language contact nor demographic disruption played a role in the innovations; instead, the initial catalyst for the head-marking was probably the monophthongization of 1sg proclitic *ay to *i, merging segmentally with 3pl proclitic *i.
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Hartzler, Andrea L., Megan N. Taylor, Albert Park, Troy Griffiths, Uba Backonja, David W. McDonald, Sam Wahbeh, Cory Brown, and Wanda Pratt. "Leveraging cues from person-generated health data for peer matching in online communities." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 3 (February 5, 2016): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv175.
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Objective Online health communities offer a diverse peer support base, yet users can struggle to identify suitable peer mentors as these communities grow. To facilitate mentoring connections, we designed a peer-matching system that automatically profiles and recommends peer mentors to mentees based on person-generated health data (PGHD). This study examined the profile characteristics that mentees value when choosing a peer mentor. Materials and Methods Through a mixed-methods user study, in which cancer patients and caregivers evaluated peer mentor recommendations, we examined the relative importance of four possible profile elements: health interests, language style, demographics, and sample posts. Playing the role of mentees, the study participants ranked mentors, then rated both the likelihood that they would hypothetically contact each mentor and the helpfulness of each profile element in helping the make that decision. We analyzed the participants’ ratings with linear regression and qualitatively analyzed participants’ feedback for emerging themes about choosing mentors and improving profile design. Results Of the four profile elements, only sample posts were a significant predictor for the likelihood of a mentee contacting a mentor. Communication cues embedded in posts were critical for helping the participants choose a compatible mentor. Qualitative themes offer insight into the interpersonal characteristics that mentees sought in peer mentors, including being knowledgeable, sociable, and articulate. Additionally, the participants emphasized the need for streamlined profiles that minimize the time required to choose a mentor. Conclusion Peer-matching systems in online health communities offer a promising approach for leveraging PGHD to connect patients. Our findings point to interpersonal communication cues embedded in PGHD that could prove critical for building mentoring relationships among the growing membership of online health communities.
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Patel, Rita R., and Sten Ternström. "Quantitative and Qualitative Electroglottographic Wave Shape Differences in Children and Adults Using Voice Map–Based Analysis." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 2977–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00717.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the extent to which various measurements of contacting parameters differ between children and adults during habitual range and overlap vocal frequency/intensity, using voice map–based assessment of noninvasive electroglottography (EGG). Method EGG voice maps were analyzed from 26 adults (22–45 years) and 22 children (4–8 years) during connected speech and vowel /a/ over the habitual range and the overlap vocal frequency/intensity from the voice range profile task on the vowel /a/. Mean and standard deviations of contact quotient by integration, normalized contacting speed, quotient of speed by integration, and cycle-rate sample entropy were obtained. Group differences were evaluated using the linear mixed model analysis for the habitual range connected speech and the vowel, whereas analysis of covariance was conducted for the overlap vocal frequency/intensity from the voice range profile task. Presence of a “knee” on the EGG wave shape was determined by visual inspection of the presence of convexity along the decontacting slope of the EGG pulse and the presence of the second derivative zero-crossing. Results The contact quotient by integration, normalized contacting speed, quotient of speed by integration, and cycle-rate sample entropy were significantly different in children compared to (a) adult males for habitual range and (b) adult males and adult females for the overlap vocal frequency/intensity. None of the children had a “knee” on the decontacting slope of the EGG slope. Conclusion EGG parameters of contact quotient by integration, normalized contacting speed, quotient of speed by integration, cycle-rate sample entropy, and absence of a “knee” on the decontacting slope characterize the wave shape differences between children and adults, whereas the normalized contacting speed, quotient of speed by integration, cycle-rate sample entropy, and presence of a “knee” on the downward pulse slope characterize the wave shape differences between adult males and adult females. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15057345
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Romera, Magdalena, and Gorka Elordieta. "Information-Seeking Question Intonation in Basque Spanish and Its Correlation with Degree of Contact and Language Attitudes." Languages 5, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040070.
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The present study analyzes the prosodic characteristics of the variety of Spanish in contact with Basque (in the Basque Country, Spain). We focus on information-seeking yes/no questions, which present different intonation contours in Spanish and Basque. In Castilian Spanish, these sentences end in a rising contour, whereas in Basque, they end in a falling or rising–falling circumflex contour. In our previous work, this topic was investigated among the urban populations of Bilbao and San Sebastian. The results were that 79% of information-seeking yes/no questions had final falling intonational configurations. All the speakers presented a substantial presence of final falls regardless of their linguistic profile, but there were differences among speakers in the degree of presence of such features. A correlation was observed between the dependent variable of ‘frequency of occurrence of final falls in absolute interrogatives’ and social factors, such as ‘degree of contact with Basque’ and ‘attitudes towards Basque and the Basque ethnolinguistic group’. The correlation was that the higher the degree of contact with Basque and the more positive the attitudes towards Basque and the Basque ethnolinguistic group, the greater the frequency of occurrence of final falling intonational contours in information-seeking absolute interrogatives. The interpretation of this correlation was that the adoption of the characteristic Basque prosody allows speakers to be recognized as members of the Basque community. In the present study, we focused on rural areas. Falling intonational contours at the end of information-seeking absolute interrogatives were even more common than in urban areas (93.4%), and no correlation was found with degree of contact with Basque and with attitudes towards Basque. Our interpretation is that in rural areas the presence of Basque in daily life is stronger, and that there is a consolidated variety of Spanish used by all speakers regardless of their attitudes. Thus, the adoption of intonating features of this language is not the only indicator belonging to the Basque ethnolinguistic group. Our study reveals the great relevance of subjective social factors, such as language attitudes, in the degree of convergence between two languages.
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Vonog, Vita V., Olga V. Gryadunova, and Vadim V. Kolga. "COMPUTER-ASSISTED TEACHING MATERIALS AS PART OF THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERING PROFILE STUDENTS." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 117, no. 6 (2020): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2020-6-117-70-78.
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The processes of globalization and informatization have a significant impact on all spheres of human life, including engineering education at higher school. The popularity of information technologies is due to a number of factors, among which one can underline their effectiveness and the possibilities they offer. One of the most common forms in the system of higher professional education is the development of computer-assisted teaching materials (CATM), the active use of which is due to a number of their advantages, in comparison with the difficulties that arise for teachers at the stage of their development and implementation, and for students when performing assignments. In this article the authors consider the features of computer-assisted teaching materials of the discipline, as well as the principles taken into account when creating it in terms of teaching «Foreign language» to students taking engineering programs courses at higher school. Teaching materials structure contains interactive tools for communication between the teacher and students, including information forums, thanks to which students track changes in the course of the educational process and, if necessary, contact the teacher. The organization of successful educational activities is also facilitated by such components of CATM as the «Implementation Scheme», «Training Mode», syllabus and student performance assessment system, which provide monitoring of the results of mastering the discipline on time and allow you to make adjustments to the individual trajectory of student learning. According to the authors’ observations, the implementation of interactive tasks in a foreign language, including watching authentic lectures and online resources, contributes to the development of communication in a foreign language for solving the problems of professional field, as well as the education of competitive engineers of a new generation capable of independent learning, thanks to which the process of learning a foreign language becomes more efficient.
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Lee, Sunjin, and Youngjoo Kim. "Investigating research on the relationship between L2 acquisition and learners' social variables : Focusing on learning context, language contact profile, and social interaction." Language and Culture 14, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18842/klaces.2018.14.2.4.
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Salgado-Robles, Francisco, and Angela George. "The Sociolinguistic Impact of Service-learning on Heritage Learners Sojourning in Spain." Heritage Language Journal 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.16.1.4.
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Over the past three decades, a considerable number of studies have investigated the connection between study abroad and second language acquisition to the exclusion of another emerging language profile, that of heritage language learners who study abroad to enhance their home language skills. The few studies on heritage language learners’ development of local features abroad have focused on phonological ones, concluding that more in-depth exposure to the varieties abroad was related to increased production of the local features (Escalante, 2018; George & Hoffman-González, in press). Research on the effects of international service learning have also been limited to second language learners, demonstrating increased second language use and proficiency (Martinsen, Baker, Dewey, Bown, & Johnson, 2010) along with the development of geographically-variable patterns of use (Salgado-Robles, 2018). The current study combines these two fields and investigates the development of a variable local feature (vosotros versus ustedes) by 20 U.S. Spanish-speaking heritage language learners of Mexican descent studying abroad for four months in Spain. The experimental group (N = 10) participated in a service learning course in addition to traditional coursework, while the control group (N = 10) completed traditional coursework and no service learning course. The results of the Oral Discourse Completion Task demonstrated that all participants significantly increased their use of vosotros from the beginning to the end of the semester; however, the change by the experimental group was two times higher than the control group. This could be explained by the results of the Language Contact Profile, which revealed more use of Spanish and less use of English by participants in the experimental group. This study offers implications for future study abroad programs, the linguistic impacts of service-learning, and the development of sociolinguistic competence.
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Bhatta, Dharm Dev. "Adjacent Consonants and the Universality of Sonority Sequencing Principle in Dotyali Dialects: Syllable Contact Analysis." Jadila: Journal of Development and Innovation in Language and Literature Education 1, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jadila.v1i3.118.
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This paper presents on all the possible adjacent consonant letters in Dotyali, one of the descendant language of Sanskrit, mainly spoken in Shudoor Paschim Nepal [sʊdʊrə-pəssɪmə] (Far-western) and compares the results of their phonological changes in seven local contemporary speech (dialects)：Doteli，Dadeldhuri，Bajhangi，Achhami，Baitadeli，Darchuli and Bajureli. Based on the corpus data from the field survey conducted in between July-September 2017 on a list of 1000 frequently used Dotyali words, this paper comes with a conclusion that even the onset clusters with rising sonority profile (except glides) are broken up by vowel epenthesis or simplify the clusters by deletion. It is revealed that dialects, except from the Achhami and Bajureli, the consonants with different degree of sonority across the syllable boundary tend to be changed due to syllable contact to meet Sonority hierchy, but the sonority distance between two consonants (coda and onset consonants) varies, therefore phonological changes like assimilation, dissimilation, desonorization, contact anaptyxis, contact methasis etc. goes differently. The phonological changes in Bajureli occurs maily due to other separate independent constraints.
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Szyszka, Magdalena. "Good English Pronunciation Users and Their Pronunciation Learning Strategies." Research in Language 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2015-0017.
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The study investigates pronunciation learning strategies (PLS) deployed by those with good English pronunciation, as well as their beliefs concerning the variables that affect pronunciation competence. In order to collect data for analysis this study surveyed 61 participants who had learned English as a foreign language. They comprised 28 higher education teachers and scholars specialising in English phonetics and phonology, who were defined as good pronunciation users (GPU), and 33 EFL teacher training students, viewed as average pronunciation learners (APL). This cohort responded to a survey on pronunciation learning strategies and expressed their views on several aspects affecting the L2 pronunciation learning process. These aspects were: age of the first contact with L2 (age of onset), motivation, exposure to the target language, the teacher’s pronunciation model, and learning strategies. The study used both open- and close-ended question formats to collect data from both GPU and APL. The analyses of the data helped to create a tentative profile of a successful L2 pronunciation learner.
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Devlin, Anne Marie. "Towards an understanding of the impact of intensity and diversity of contact with the TL during study abroad on the construction of identity." EUROSLA Yearbook 13 (August 2, 2013): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.13.10dev.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the correlation between diversity and intensity of interactions with the target language in a Study Abroad context, duration of SA and the construction of identity. In order to determine such a correlation, a two-fold study is conducted. The first stage is the completion of a highly detailed language contact profile (LCP) questionnaire. This provides extensive information regarding language learning history and is a powerful tool in illuminating the intensity and diversity of exposure to a range of loci of learning that learners experience during study abroad. Following completion of the LCP, the informants take part in two role plays which require the construction of differential identities when engaged in a speech event of asking for advice. The construction of identities then undergoes linguistic analysis in order to investigate if and how differences in the construction of compound identities are indexed. In brief, results indicate that highly-intense, symmetrical exposure to a range of loci of learning is probable only after an accumulated duration of more than one year and that only after such a period, the learner acquires agency over identity construction.
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Nichols, Johanna. "The Origin and Dispersal of Uralic: Distributional Typological View." Annual Review of Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030405.
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Recent progress in comparative linguistics, distributional typology, and linguistic geography allows a unified model of Uralic prehistory to take shape. Proto-Uralic first introduced an eastern grammatical profile to central and western Eurasia, where it has remained quite stable. Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic had no connection, either genealogical or areal, until the spreading Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European came into contact with the already-diverged branches of Uralic about 4,000 years ago. A severe and widespread drought beginning about 4,200 years ago cleared the way for a rapid spread of Uralic-speaking people along the Volga and across southwestern Siberia. It also contributed to the sudden rise of the Seima-Turbino bronze-trading complex, one component of the Uralic spread mechanism. After the initial spread, the Uralic daughter languages retained their Volga homelands remarkably stably while also extending far to the north in a recurrent Eurasian pattern.
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Razky, Abdelhak, Regis José da Cunha Guedes, and Eliane Oliveira da Costa. "A Pesquisa Geolinguística em Áreas Indígenas Brasileiras: desafios e estratégias." Signum: Estudos da Linguagem 21, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/2237-4876.2018v21n1p126.
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This paper points to the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the subproject on Portuguese Language Atlas in Indigenous Areas (ALiPAI) part of the project GeoLinTerm coordinated by Abdelhak Razky (UFPA/UnB). The first results of ALiPAI are part of the doctoral thesis of Guedes (2017), which mapped the geosociolinguistic profile of Portuguese in contact with Tupí-Guarani languages in indigenous areas of Pará and Maranhão. The first experiences in the geolinguistic field research in Brazilian indigenous areas provided a confluence of research methodologies, especially Geosociolinguistics (RAZKY, 1998), Pluridimensional and Relational Dialectology (THUN, 1998) and Anthropological Linguistics (RODRIGUES, CABRAL, 2012). Ten informants were selected from each of the five network of points investigated (Suruí Aikewára, Asuriní do Tocantins, Tembé, Guajajára and Guaraní Mbyá). The questionnaires applied in these areas were developed by the National committee of the Linguistic Atlas of Brazil - ALiB: Phonetic-Phonological questionnaire (QFF) and Semantic Lexical Questionnaire (QSL). These questionnaires were adapted to include the correspondence request in the indigenous language for each one of the answers obtained in Portuguese. In addition, a complementary QFF and a Sociolinguistic Questionnaire were used. The paper also reflects on the necessary adaptations made in the methodology of geolinguistic research, to account for the geosociolinguistic characteristics of the ALiPAI target communities.
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Formentelli, Maicol, and John Hajek. "Address practices in academic interactions in a pluricentric language." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.26.4.05for.
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Following the recent development of address research in pluricentric languages (Clyne et al. 2006), the present study describes address practices in English-speaking academic settings and pursues two main objectives: (a) to provide a profile of address patterns in academic interactions in Australian English; and (b) to compare address practices in higher education across the three dominant varieties of English, namely American English, Australian English, and British English. The data on Australian English are drawn from 235 questionnaires completed by students, who reported on the address strategies adopted by students and teaching staff in classroom interactions in an Australian university. Data on American and British academic settings were retrieved from the research literature on the topic. The findings show a high degree of informality and familiarity in student-teacher relations in Australia, where reciprocal first names are the default pattern of address at all levels. By contrast, in American academia the hierarchical organization of roles and the different professional positions are foregrounded and reinforced through an asymmetrical use of titles, honorifics and first names. Finally, the British university setting displays a non-reciprocal usage of first names and titles between lecturer and students, which gradually evolves into a more generalised reciprocal use of first names, usually after extended contact and collaboration. We argue that the distinctive patterns of address observed in the three varieties of English reflect diverse social and cultural values systems at work in different speech communities.
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Gatt, Daniela, and Barbara Dodd. "Preschoolers’ lexical skills in two majority languages: Is there evidence for the onset of sequential bilingualism?" International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919826408.
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Aims and objectives: This study measured bilingual lexical skills in children just starting preschool and in others who had been attending preschool for one year. It aimed to investigate how children’s lexical abilities were influenced by length of contact with structured bilingual input at school, in a context where two majority languages are taught through the educational system. Methodology: The participants were 72 children starting their first and second year in preschool, aged 2;11–3;4 ( N = 35) and 3;11–4;4 years ( N = 37), respectively. The children came from Maltese-dominant homes and attended the same state preschool where, in line with established bilingual educational policy, they were expected to receive systematic oral exposure to English. Receptive picture name judgement and picture naming tasks in Maltese and English were employed to measure receptive and expressive lexical abilities. Data and analysis: Correct receptive judgement and naming responses were analysed as a function of age group and language of testing. Findings: Comparison of 3- and 4-year-old performance revealed marked growth in Maltese but limited improvement in English for the older group. This profile was inconsistent with lexical outcomes expected for children receiving significant exposure to a second language (L2) in preschool. The findings call for reconsideration of the assumption that preschool entry for Maltese-dominant children and the sequential bilingual exposure associated with it bring about an improvement in L2 lexical abilities. School and home bilingual input, children’s learning demands and Malta’s sociolinguistic context were considered as possible contributing factors. Originality: To our knowledge, a focus on preschoolers’ lexical skills in two typologically distant, majority languages against a backdrop of stable bilingualism is novel. Significance: Given the bilingual stability and socio-cultural uniformity of the broader context for this study, the findings are proposed as a point of reference for evaluating preschoolers’ bilingual lexical skills.
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Arnold, Michael A., and Christine D. Townsend. "Implications of an Analysis of Job Newsletter Content, Readership, and Perceived Value for Student Advisement and Curriculum Development." HortTechnology 7, no. 1 (January 1997): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.1.84.
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Recipients of a monthly horticultural job opportunities newsletter and firms or organizations listing positions in the newsletter were surveyed to determine the perceived value of the newsletter as a job search and recruitment tool, respectively. Survey information was used to develop a profile of the individuals and organizations using the newsletter. Original position descriptions on which the briefer newsletter listings were based were used to develop a profile of the industry segment, degree and/or experience requirements, geographic location, and starting salaries and benefits of positions listed from January 1993 to December 1994. While the newsletter generated contact between prospective employees and employers, only 20% of the prospective employees received job offers by responding to newsletter listings. The newsletter was valued more by individual recipients as a job search tool than by institutional recipients or private industry as a recruitment tool. Starting salaries of listed positions were comparable to those previously reported in industry and academic surveys. Foreign language skills and previous work experience were requested more frequently than above-minimum (typically 2.00) grade point averages or completion of government or industry certification programs. Landscape-related disciplines constituted most BS or BA positions listed, whereas advanced degree positions were distributed more evenly over horticulture-related disciplines. Data supported the inclusion of internship programs and foreign language requirements in horticulture curricula.
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Al-Sad, Hythem Wanas, and Kamariah Yunus. "GENDERS PATTERNS ON FACEBOOK: A JORDANIAN SOCIOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.312001.
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The emergence of social media has demonstrated impacts on Jordanian males' and females' culture and language. These impacts highlighted the differences between women's and men's usage patterns on social media that have been a subject of interest to scholars. Jordanian culture is bounded by values, traditions, and norms from Islam and Arabic values. Thus, the present study aims to figure out gender prototypes on social networking sites, namely Facebook, taking Jordan society as the norm. It also investigates how much Fakebook’s use has changed males' and females' social, cultural, and linguistic behaviors. The study is a mixture of sociolinguistic and anthropological research as both language and culture are studied. Discourse and thematic analysis were performed to analyze the collected data from 80 Facebook active users whose ages range from 19 to 45 (40 male and 40 female). The results showed the differences between males and females users at different levels. Females tend to use informal language to comment on females' posts and formal language to comment on males' posts. Further, most males explicitly use their real images as profile pictures, while females hide their real pictures. Females disclose their real names on their profiles just as males, but females tend to hide their contact information due to privacy concerns. Females and males are almost the same in using Facebook for social purposes, either in topics or groups. The results can be interpreted as reflections of Jordanian culture and social values that shape women's and men's positions and attitudes in Jordanian communities. This study recommends further research on social networks, considering other social variables such as education, age, and geography to pinpoint the exact patterns of users that are relatively diverse according to the speech communities.
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Comblain, Annick, and Mouna Elbouz. "The Fragile-X Syndrome: What about the Deficit in the Pragmatic Component of Language?" Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 2, no. 3 (January 2002): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/194589502787383227.
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The language profile of individuals with fragile-X syndrome looks like that of individuals with Down syndrome, except for phonological and pragmatic abilities. Whereas the pragmatic aspect of language is relatively preserved in Down syndrome, it is one of the most impaired language components in fragile-X syndrome. Discourse of persons with fragile X generally contains repetitions, perseverations, and stereotypies. These behaviors are well documented in the literature but we do not know, for now, the reasons for these repetitions and perseverations. Are they the consequence of a real pragmatic disorder or the consequence of motor difficulties? Another aspect of the pragmatic component of language (in this pathology) remains almost unexplored: the common ground management and the organization of the old and the new information in conversation. It is this last point that we explore. We conducted a preliminary study with four boys with fragile-X aged from 6 to 12 years. Pairs of boys worked together on referential communication tasks. We presented traditional experimental situations in a non-eye contact condition between participants. We compared the results of our subjects with those of typically developing children matched for lexical age. Boys with Fragile-X were less efficient than were typically developing children when the message to give or receive contained spatial terms or “ordinal” attributes. They also managed less efficiently with an incomplete message, especially when it was given by an adult.
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Schander de Almeida, Izabel Cristina, and Helena Ribeiro Charko. "Health Tourism and Alternative Medicine: a Study on the Offer and Profile of Establishments nearby Two Hospitals in the City of Porto Alegre-Brazil." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejmn.v2i1.p18-22.
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Alternative medicine is a term that describes medical treatments that are used instead of traditional therapies. About 40% of adults in the United States say they use some form of alternative medicine. We analyze establishments that offer alternative treatments and are located in the vicinity of hospitals that receive health tourists. We found 10 establishments (through Google search) but only 04 responded to the survey. The reason for not performing in the other 06 was: 01 was not in attendance, in 03 it was not possible to contact, 01 was not found and 01 refused to respond. Among those who answered, 03 were not aware of health tourism. All attend patients from outside Porto Alegre and 03 from other states and countries. The percentage of out-of-town patient visits ranged from 0 to 10% in two establishments and 31 to 40% in two others. Chiropractic and Reike were the most commonly offered therapies, followed by Bach Flowers and others such as Orthomolecular Medicine, Chromotherapy and Aromatherapy. All the establishments have pages in the internet but only in 01 it is possible to obtain information in another language (in English, in the page of the parent company). We conclude that health tourism is still unknown by alternative medicine establishments and that even among those who receive patients from other sources, the movement can be considered small in half of them. Lack of sites in other languages may be a barrier to foreign tourists.
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Viguer, Paz, Juan Carlos Meléndez, Sandra Valencia, Mª José Cantero, and Esperanza Navarro. "Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships from the Children's Perspective: Shared Activities and Socialization Styles." Spanish journal of psychology 13, no. 2 (November 2010): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002377.
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The objective of this study is to describe the relationships between grandchildren and their favourite grandparents, by studying the socialization styles used by latter and the shared activities undertaken. The participants were 360 children between 10 and 12 years old, who completed the grandparent-grandchild relationship questionnaire of Rico, Serra and Viguer (2001) and the socialization questionnaire of Rey and Ruiz (1990). The results demonstrate the importance of gender and family line in the selection of the favourite grandparent, differences being shown in the types of shared activities and in socialization styles. It is concluded that in the majority of cases the profile of the favourite grandparent is the maternal grandmother, retired or a house wife, aged between 60-70, who lives in the same city as his/her grandchild, and who has contact with them several times a week. Furthermore, favourite grandparents get more involved with granddaughters than with grandsons, both in support and care activities and in cultural-recreational activities, and they primarily employ a democratic style. However, there are differences depending on the gender of the grandchild, with democratic principles being used more with girls and authoritarian ones with boys.
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Arroyo, José Luis Blas. "The variable expression of future tense in Peninsular Spanish: The present (and future) of inflectional forms in the Spanish spoken in a bilingual region." Language Variation and Change 20, no. 1 (March 2008): 85–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439450800001x.
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AbstractIn line with trends observed in other Spanish and Romance-speaking regions, the morphological future tense MF (cantaré) is declining in the Castellón speech community (Spain) in favor of the periphrastic variant PF (voy a cantar) for the expression of future events. The multivariate analysis shows the relevance of some linguistic factors in this process, mainly the degree of proximity of the act of speech, the sentence and epistemic modality, the degree of adverbial specification, the class of verbs and, to a lesser extent, the semantic category of the subject (agency), and the types of clause and text. All in all, MF still enjoys a substantial vitality in this Spanish region unknown in other Hispanic areas and that can be related to a convergence process with Catalan, the other language of the region which shares a single variant for expressing the future, namely, the morphological form. Some additional data obtained from 191 interviews of the Sociolinguistic Corpus of Castellón (CSCS) point out the relevance of social factors related with the density of the bilingual population in the speech community, both at the collective and individual levels. The vernacular profile of this MF, favored and retained for the most autochthones elements of society, also clashes with the sociolinguistic profile of this variant in other Spanish-speaking areas where the process of substitution has been described in many cases as a change for below. In sum, language contact can slow down and alter some linguistic change much more advanced in monolingual communities.
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Arnold, Michael A., and Christine D. Townsend. "PROFILING THE TEXAS A&M HORTICULTURE JOB OPPORTUNITIES NEWSLETTER: CONTENT, READERSHIP, AND PERCEIVED VALUE." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 754c—754. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.754c.
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A sample of individual and institutional recipients of a monthly horticultural job opportunities newsletter and firms/organizations listing positions in the newsletter were surveyed to determine the perceived value of the newsletter as a job search tool and recruitment tool, respectively. Survey information was also used to develop a profile of the individuals and organizations using the newsletter. Original position descriptions on which the briefer newsletter listings were based were used to develop a profile of the industry segment, degree/experience requirements, geographic location, and starting salaries/benefits of positions listed between Jan. 1993 and Dec. 1994. While the newsletter generated contact between prospective employees and employers, only 20% of the prospective employees received job offers by responding to newsletter listings. Individual recipients valued the newsletter as a job search tool more than institutional recipients, or private industry as a recruitment tool. Starting salaries of listed positions were comparable to those previously reported in industry and academic surveys. Foreign language skills and previous work experience were more frequently requested than above minimum grade point averages or completion of government/industry certification programs. Landscape-related disciplines constituted the majority of BS/BA positions listed, where advanced degree positions were more evenly distributed over horticulture-related disciplines.
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Papadakaki, Maria, Nikoleta Ratsika, Lina Pelekidou, Brigitte Halbmayr, Christiana Kouta, Katrin Lainpelto, Miran Solinc, et al. "Migrant Domestic Workers’ Experiences of Sexual Harassment: A Qualitative Study in Four EU Countries." Sexes 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 272–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030022.
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Sexual harassment against female migrant domestic workers is a public health problem, which remains hidden and largely underreported. The current paper presents the results of a qualitative research study on sexually victimized migrant domestic workers in four European countries (Austria, Cyprus, Greece, and Sweden). The study aimed at exploring the profile and experiences of victimised individuals. Data were gathered via 66 semi-structured interviews with victimised female migrant domestic workers. Key findings of the current study indicate that the victims: (a) were usually undocumented and had low local language skills; (b) identified domestic work as the only way into the labour market; (c) suffered primarily psychological, economic, and social consequences; (d) had poor social support networks; (e) were poorly connected to governmental support services. This is the first study to explore this hidden problem via direct contact with victims. Addressing barriers of migrants’ social integration seems important. Better regulation and monitoring of this low-skilled occupation could minimise risks for vulnerable employees.
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Obojska, Maria Antonina. "“Are you so ashamed to come from Poland and to speak your mother tongue?” – metalinguistic talk, identities and language ideologies in teenagers’ interactions on ASKfm." Multilingual Margins: A journal of multilingualism from the periphery 4, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14426/mm.v4i1.52.
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This article applies the concept of metasociolinguistic stance specifically to investigate and analyse how identities and competing discourses can be (re)constructed in metalinguistic talk. In particular, the article analyses how stancetaking can serve as a vessel for constructing language ideologies and identities in metalinguistic talk between a Polish teenager based in Norway and her followers on a social media platform. Inspired by online ethnography, this study combines the observation of online activities, the analysis of screendata, as well as data obtained through direct online and offline discussions with the profile owner. The study showed that the focal participant and her predominantly Polish followers took different metasociolinguistic stances towards the use of Polish and Norwegian in communication between people of Polish origin. While the homeland-based followers constructed an indexical link between ethnic origins and obligatory practice of speaking Polish, the focal participant contested these ideological assumptions and oriented towards a more flexible understanding of the relationship between language and belonging. This contribution shows how social media can serve as a rich research site where the members of diasporic communities and the members of the homeland societies come into contact and interact with each other bringing in different discourses and ideologies into the conversations.
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Barthe, Gilles, Peter Dybjer, and Peter Thiemann. "Special issue on Dependent Type Theory Meets Programming Practice CALL FOR PAPERS." Journal of Functional Programming 11, no. 4 (July 2001): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796801004105.
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Modern programming languages rely on advanced type systems that detect errors at compile-time. While the benefits of type systems have long been recognized, there are some areas where the standard systems in programming languages are not expressive enough. Language designers usually trade expressiveness for decidability of the type system. Some interesting programs will always be rejected (despite their semantical soundness) or be assigned uninformative types.There are several remedies to this situation. Dependent type systems, which allow the formation of types that explicitly depend on other types or values, are one of the most promising approaches. These systems are well-investigated from a theoretical point of view by logicians and type theorists. For example, dependent types are used in proof assistants to implement various logics and there are sophisticated proof editors for developing programs in a dependently typed language.To the present day, the impact of these developments on practical programming has been small, partially because of the level of sophistication of these systems and of their type checkers. Only recently, there have been efforts to integrate dependent systems into intermediate languages in compilers and programming languages. Additional uses have been identified in high-profile applications such as mobile code security, where terms of a dependently typed lambda calculus to encode safety proofs.A special issue of the Journal of Functional Programming will be devoted to the interplay between dependent type theory and programming practice. We welcome technical contributions in the field, as well as position papers that:[bull ] make researchers in programming languages aware of new developments and research directions on the theory side;[bull ] point out to theorists practical uses of advanced type systems and urge them to address theoretical problems arising in emerging applications.Authors who are concerned about the appropriateness of a topic are welcome to contact the guest editors. Manuscripts should be unpublished works and not submitted elsewhere. Revised and enhanced versions of papers published in conference proceedings that have not appeared in archival journals are eligible for submission. All submissions will be reviewed according to the usual standards of scholarship and originality.Submissions should be sent to Gilles Barthe (Gilles.Barthe@inria.fr), with a copy to Nasreen Ahmad (nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript format, preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title, abstract and contact information.The submission deadline is December 1st, 2001.
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Panjikaran, Lloyd Devassy, and Aju Mathew. "Using effective web-based tools to address cancer health care disparities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.7_suppl.76.
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76 Background: Most of the World’s cancer patients live in non-English speaking world. However, there is a lack of authentic web-based cancer informational tools in non-English language, especially in low and middle-income countries. With increasing access to internet, there is an emergent need to democratize health information in native languages. The senior author was sensitive to this unmet need and created a comprehensive cancer website in Malayalam, a language spoken by more than 35 million people (www.keralacancercare.com). We describe the steps in creating the web resource and provide data on its use across various web and social media platforms. Methods: The senior author produced educational video sessions and cancer literature in Malayalam language. The website had three main sections – cancer basics, cancer A-Z and cancer FAQs. Cancer basics section contained sections on various basic cancer information such as types of malignancies, definitions, staging, symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic tests and screening. It also included sections on various treatment modalities, treatment side effects and information on cancer risk reduction, genetics and prevention. Cancer A-Z section contained instructional videos on major cancers. Cancer FAQs addressed common cancer myths and questions. A social media profile along with contact information through email service was also launched. The total cost incurred for development of such a web-based tool with presence on social media was less than USD 1500. Results: Since the launch of the web resource in May 2017, the website has now been accessed by more than 5000 unique visitors from 84 countries. More than 50 cancer related questions have been addressed since the launch. The web views of some of the brief informational videos such as ‘how to reduce risk for cancer’ has been viewed more than 150,000 times in social media pages. Conclusions: Creating authentic cancer informational web-based tools will have an immediate impact on addressing cancer healthcare disparities around the world. National and regional cancer societies must foster and encourage creation of novel healthcare informational tools that can truly democratize and empower people.
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COSTA, FRANCESCA. "Content Teachers’ Written Comments on Their Life-long English Language Profiles." Issues and Ideas in Education 5, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/iie.2017.52009.
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Bakker, Peter. "Three Dutch Creoles in Comparison." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542714000063.
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Three Dutch creoles, all of them extinct, have been documented, but not all to the same extent. Negerhollands of the Virgin Islands has been documented throughout a 250-year period, Berbice Dutch of Guyana during two decades of solid fieldwork in the 1970s and 1980s, and Skepi Dutch is only known through a handful of sentences and some 200 words collected in the 1970s. In this article, the lexical and grammatical data from the three creoles are compared, to the extent that they are available and comparable. The lexicons are compared on the basis of the etymological sources (from Dutch and other languages, and when the source is Dutch, whether the same or different words provide source for the same meanings), and the phonological and phonotactic patterns of the roots. The grammatical comparison is done initially on the basis of the 10 grammatical traits deductible from the scarce Skepi material, and then on the basis of a larger set of 22 traits, where Skepi could not be taken into account. Typologically, Berbice Dutch appears closer to Dutch than the other two creoles, but lexically it is farthest from Dutch. For some of the analyses, phylogenetic software was used to visualize connections and distances between each of the creoles and Dutch. The conclusion is that the three creoles came into being independently, with some areal contact between Skepi Dutch and Berbice Dutch. It is also argued that the varieties of the 20th-century Negerhollands had become so typologically distinct from those of the 18th century that they should be treated as varieties of two separate languages. The documented forms of the language show a gradual move away from Dutch and toward a more creole-like profile in the 20th century.*
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Garrington, Catherine, Peter Chamberlain, Debra Rickwood, and Douglas P. Boer. "Risk assessment of online child abuse material (CAM) offenders: a review of existing tools." Journal of Criminal Psychology 8, no. 2 (May 9, 2018): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-05-2017-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarise the available risk and assessment tools for child abuse material (CAM) offenders. Noting the rise of internet-based offences surrounding CAM, it has been proposed that there may be substantial differences between internet only (IO) offenders, contact only and mixed profile sexual offenders. Design/methodology/approach Through online searches, risk assessment tools for sexual offenders were identified. Scoring manuals were consulted for applicability to IO offenders. Findings Nine risk assessment tools for sexual offenders were included. Risk assessment tools for sexual offenders use cautionary language regarding the application of sexual offence risk assessment tools to IO offenders. An additional five tools were identified specifically addressing IO offenders. Three of these tools address risk assessment and two assess cognitions and behaviours. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the identification of static and dynamic risk factors and the application of structured professional judgement. Practical implications By drawing together existing tools and recommendations for use with the IO offender population, a gap is identified for CAM specific risk assessment tools. Originality/value Appropriate risk assessment, case planning and treatment will contribute to the appropriate management and treatment of the IO offender population.
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Ongarbaeva, А., and K. Aitmukhametova. "THE USE OF CLICHED FORMULAS IN TEACHING RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TO STUDENTS OF ECONOMIC PROFILE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.34.
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In this article, we will try to show the use of cliched formulas in teaching Russian to a national audience, namely, specialists in the economic sphere. We have taken as a basis the principle of interconnected learning when teaching Russian to Kazakh-speaking students of Economics in the system of trilingual education. It should be noted that the principle of interconnected learning involves a coordinated selection and presentation of educational material. This principle is significant because each concept is considered from the perspective of three languages that provide greater efficiency in understanding, understanding and memorizing scientific concepts. In Kazakhstan, as is known, trilingual education is provided. Language contacts of Kazakh, Russian and English languages occur in our country in the sphere of economy and education. As a result of this process is the transposition (a positive impact of languages) and interference (negative influence of the native, first language learning, second, language) and languages in General possible convergence (convergence or coincidence of two or more linguistic entities). As you know, a competitive specialist should know not only the features of the socio-cultural and sociolinguistic situation in the country, but also the features of perception, understanding and generation of speech in the second and third languages, be competent in the field of interrelated language learning.
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Kozyrev, N. A., R. A. Shevchenko, A. A. Usol’tsev, A. N. Prudnikov, and L. P. Bashchenko. "Welding of differentially heat-strengthened rails. Industrial testing." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-5-305-312.
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The article describes the study of welding processes with the subsequent control of cooling of full-profile rail joints, produced by passing alternating electric current pulses after welding. The influence of welding modes on the quality of welded joint was investigated. Welding was carried out on a resistance butt welding machine MCP-6301 in conditions of the rail welding company LLC “RSP-M” (RSP-29). For research, the samples of P65 type full-profile rails of DT350 category 600 mm long were cut out. The isothermal holding conditions after welding were controlled using a personal computer with a change in the program of the SIMATIC S7-300 industrial controller and the software SIMATIC STEP 7, which allows modes of controlled cooling to be set. The control program was written in the LAD graphic language. To search for optimal modes of controlled cooling, a complete factor experiment N = 2k was carried out. Non-heat-treated joints were tested for three-point static bending according to the state standard STO RZD 1.08.002 – 2009 “Railway rails, welded by electric contact method”. Static bending tests were carried out on the press of PMS-320 type. Values of the force arising during bending Pbend and the bend deflection fpr at which the control sample is destroyed, were determined, as well as maximum values of these indicators if the sample was not destroyed during the tests. During the experiments, regression models were obtained for output parameters of the bending force and bend deflection. Macrostructure of the samples and distribution of the metal hardness on rolling surface of the rails welded joint were studied. A new method of resistance butt welding was developed, which makes it possible to obtain a welded connection of P65 type rails of DT350 category with properties that exceed the technical requirements of the mentioned state standard.
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Chaudhuri, Susmita, Rekha Dutt, Shweta Goswami, Pritam Benerjee, and Mahuya Lahiri. "Morbidity profile of 2 months-5years children according to IMNCI classification in paediatrics outpatient department of tertiary care hospital, Joka, Kolkata, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 5 (April 26, 2017): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171869.
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Background: Every year, more than 10 million children die in developing countries before they reach their fifth birthday. Seven in 10 of these deaths are due to acute respiratory infections mostly pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles, malnutrition & combination of these illnesses. The rationale of our study is to assess the profile of childhood illness in the paediatrics out- patient department at ESI-PGIMSR and MC, Joka, Kolkata, India so that the same burden can be minimised & to promote healthy upbringing of children below five years of age.Methods: This was an observational study of cross-sectional design conducted among the mother-child pair (child belonging to the age group of 2 months-5 years) visiting Pediatrics OPD during the study period i.e. 4 weeks. Convenience sampling method was used. The participants whose guardians did not give consent for the study & were seriously ill were excluded from this study. A pre-designed and pre-tested interview schedule was used. After giving a brief introduction about the topic, verbal consent was taken & face to face interview was conducted in local language. Data was compiled & computed in SPSS software version 20.Results: According to the IMNCI classification, 15.9% of the study subjects had severe pneumonia, 17.8% had pneumonia. 1.9% of the study subjects had severe dehydration. None of the respondents presented with some dehydration. Only 1% of the respondents presented with anemia. 4.9% of the respondents presented with severe malnutrition, 13.8% of them had malnutrition according to IMNCI classification.31.7% of the respondents had primary immunisation.67.3% of them had been breastfed. Among them 41.2% of them were breastfed 8 times & more a day.92% of them had supplementary feeding as rice, 33.3% of them had supplementary feeding as baby food. 69.3% of them had complained of change in food habit during illness.Conclusions: Proper counselling to parents regarding prevention of common morbidities like pneumonia, diarrhoea, malnutrition etc. should be provided at each and every possible hospital contact. Awareness about danger signs & symptoms of urgent hospitalisation should be imparted using pamphlets or other health educational materials. Health workers also should undergo proper training so that proper classification of the conditions as well as efficient management could be provided.
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Bancu, Ariana. "Two case studies on structural variation in multilingual settings." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4760.
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In this article, I report on two analyses of variation in Transylvanian Saxon (TrSax), an endangered Germanic language in contact with German and Romanian, used in settings predictive of structural influences among languages. My goals are to document the structural properties of the target variables and to evaluate if processes of language contact have an effect on synchronic variation in TrSax. I identified two areas of TrSax that display variation at the morphosyntactic level, and in each case one of the variants has a corresponding structure in German, while the other variant has a corresponding structure in Romanian. To tease apart contact-induced variation from internally motivated variation, I compare data from multilingual speakers with different linguistic profiles and assess the effect of sociolinguistic factors on variation through mixed effects analyses. Variation that patterns similarly across these two groups can provide a clearer account of the structure of TrSax, while differences between the groups can shed light on trajectories of change in TrSax. Furthermore, results of this study have implications for borrowing hierarchies in language contact.
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Winters, Katherine L., and Courtney T. Byrd. "Pediatrician Referral Practices for Children Who Stutter." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 1404–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00058.
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Purpose Given the marked increase in evidence-based information regarding the nature/treatment of stuttering, coupled with the fact that pediatricians tend to be one of the initial points of contact for parents who suspect their preschool-age child may stutter, this study explored pediatricians' (a) accuracy in identifying children who may stutter and (b) likelihood of referring children who present with a profile indicative of stuttering to speech-language pathologists. Method Pediatricians recruited nationally through professional organizations completed a 5- to 7-min online survey that probed stuttering identification and referral practices via responses to experimental case vignettes. Each vignette featured a 4-year-old boy with a family history of stuttering whose mother reported signs of stuttering and manipulation of two factors: stuttering during the pediatrician visit (or not) and negative communication attitude (or not). Results Our findings suggest pediatricians' identification and referral of children who may stutter is largely prompted by observation of overt speech behaviors and/or negative communication attitude. Participants' gender, years in practice, and experience working with children who stutter did not influence likelihood of referral. Conclusions Results indicate pediatricians are less likely to implement a “wait and see” approach with young children who stutter today than in the past. Unlike other common child onset diagnoses, however, parent report of atypical behavior does not yield pediatrician referral to a specialist. Future education and advocacy efforts directed toward pediatricians should emphasize inclusion of factors other than direct observation of stuttering behavior that may warrant referral (e.g., parent report).
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Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Sandeep Moola, Jyoti Tyagi, Devaki Nambiar, and Misimi Kakoti. "Community health workers for pandemic response: a rapid evidence synthesis." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 6 (June 2020): e002769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002769.
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IntroductionCoronavirus disease (COVID-19), affects 213 countries or territories globally. We received a request from National Health Systems Resource Centre, a public agency in India, to conduct rapid evidence synthesis (RES) on community health workers (CHWs) for COVID-19 prevention and control in 3 days.MethodsWe searched PubMed, websites of ministries (n=3), public agencies (n=6), multilateral institutions (n=3), COVID-19 resource aggregators (n=5) and preprints (n=1) (without language restrictions) for articles on CHWs in pandemics. Two reviewers screened the records independently with a third reviewer resolving disagreements. One reviewer extracted data with another reviewer cross-checking it. A framework on CHW performance in primary healthcare not specific to pandemic was used to guide data extraction and narrative analysis.ResultsWe retrieved 211 records and finally included 36 articles. Most of the evidence was from low-and middle-income countries with well-established CHW programmes. Evidence from CHW programmes initiated during pandemics and for CHW involvement in pandemic response in high-income countries was scant. CHW roles and tasks change substantially during pandemics. Clear guidance, training for changed roles and definition of what constitutes essential activities (ie, those that must to be sustained) is required. Most common additional activities during pandemics were community awareness, engagement and sensitisation (including for countering stigma) and contact tracing. CHWs were reported to be involved in all aspects of contact tracing - this was reported to affect routine service delivery. CHWs have often been stigmatised or been socially ostracised during pandemics. Providing PPE, housing allowance, equal training opportunities, transportation allowance, improving salaries (paid on time and for a broad range of services) and awards in high-profile public events contributed to better recruitment and retention. We also created inventories of resources with guiding notes on guidelines for health workers (n=24), self-isolation in the community (n=10) and information, education and counselling materials on COVID-19 (n=16).ConclusionsCHWs play a critical role in pandemics. It is important to ensure role clarity, training, supportive supervision, as well as their work satisfaction, health and well-being. More implementation research on CHWs in pandemics is required.