Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Language diffusion'

Background: Stroke-induced aphasia is associated with adverse effects on quality of life and the ability to return to work. However, the predictors of recovery are still poorly understood. Anatomical variability of the arcuate fasciculus, connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, has been reported in the healthy population using diffusion tensor imaging tractography. In about 40% of the population the arcuate fasciculus is bilateral and this pattern is advantageous for certain language related functions, such as auditory verbal learning (Catani et al. 2007). Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, anatomical predictors of post-stroke aphasia recovery were investigated using diffusion tractography and arterial spin labelling. Patients An 18-subject strong aphasia cohort with first-ever unilateral left hemispheric middle cerebral artery infarcts underwent post stroke language (mean 5±5 days) and neuroimaging (mean 10±6 days) assessments and neuropsychological follow-up at six months. Ten of these patients were available for reassessment one year after symptom onset. Aphasia was assessed with the Western Aphasia Battery, which provides a global measure of severity (Aphasia Quotient, AQ). Results: Better recover from aphasia was observed in patients with a right arcuate fasciculus [beta = .730, t(2.732), p = .020] (tractography) and increased fractional anisotropy in the right hemisphere (p < 0.05) (Tract-based spatial statistics). Further, an increase in left hemisphere perfusion was observed after one year (p < 0.01) (perfusion). Lesion analysis identified maximal overlay in the periinsular white matter (WM). Lesion-symptom mapping identified damage to periinsular structure as predictive for overall aphasia severity and damage to frontal lobe white matter as predictive of repetition deficits. Conclusion: These findings suggest an important role for the right hemisphere language network in recovery from aphasia after left hemispheric stroke.

This project uses corpus linguistics and geostatistics to test the sociolinguistic typological theory put forward by Peter Trudgill on the history of Norwegian. The theory includes several effects of societal factors on language change. Most discussed is the proposal that ‘intensive’ language contact causes simplification of language grammar. In the Norwegian case, the claim is that simplificatory changes which affected all of the Continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian) but not the Insular North Germanic Languages were the result of contact with Middle Low German through the Hanseatic League. This suggests that those simplificatory changes arose in the centres of contact with the Hanseatic League: cities with Hansa trading posts and kontors. The size of the dataset required would have made it impossible for previous scholars to test this prediction, but digital approaches render the problem tractable. I have designed a 3.5m word corpus containing nearly all extant Middle Norwegian, and developed statistical methods for examining the spread of language phenomena in time and space. The project is made up of a series of case studies of changes. Three examine simplifying phonological changes: the rise of svarabhakti (epenthetic) vowels, the change of /hv/ > /kv/ and the loss of the voiceless dental fricative. A further three look at simplifying morphological changes: the loss of 1.sg. verbal agreement, the loss of lexical genitives and the loss of 1.pl. verbal agreement. In each case study a large dataset from many documents is collected and used to map the progression of the change in space and time. The social background of document signatories is also used to map the progression of the change through different social groups. A variety of different patterns emerge for the different changes examined. Some changes spread by contagious diffusion, but many spread by hierarchical diffusion, jumping first between cities before spreading to the country at large. One common theme which runs through much of the findings is that dialect contact within the North Germanic language area seems to have played a major role: many of the different simplificatory changes may first have spread into Norwegian from Swedish or Danish. Although these findings do not exactly match the simple predictions originally proposed from the sociolinguistic typological theory, they are potentially consistent with a more nuanced account in which the major centres of contact and so simplifying change were in Sweden and Denmark rather than Norway.

La diffusion de l'anglais peut être associée à de nombreux facteurs historiques mais elle relève aussi de la rencontre de la langue avec des phénomènes mondiaux. Ainsi, l'anglais a acquis un statut de langue globale sans précédent. Les évolutions de la configuration linguistique mondiale soulèvent de nombreuses questions sur l'avenir des langues en général et celui de l'anglais en particulier. La diffusion de l'anglais dans le monde n'est pas un phénomène homogène et elle relève de processus complexes générés par la rencontre de la dimension globale et locale. La thèse soutenue prend appui sur cet aspect fondamental pour montrer, à travers le cas de l'Algérie, que la diffusion de l'anglais dépend de la configuration sociolinguistique de son environnement d'implantation d'un point de vue quantitatif et qualitatif. L'environnement algérien compte deux langues d'envergure internationale - l'arabe et le français - qui jouent un rôle important dans la distribution des langues au niveau national. Par ailleurs, l'histoire de l'Algérie, son héritage colonial et les politiques d'arabisation appliquées dans le pays ont forgé une culture linguistique qui influence la dimension symbolique de la diffusion de l'anglais dans le contexte algérien. Une enquête de terrain menée dans les universités d'Oran et de Mascara a permis d'évaluer les attitudes linguistiques d'un groupe d'étudiants et de montrer que la langue globale n'est pas dénuée d'une certaine valeur symbolique qui favorise sa diffusion<br>The spread of English can be associated with many historical factors, but it also finds its roots in the meeting of the language with global phenomena. Thus, English has become a global language with an unprecedented status. The modern developments in the global linguistic situation raise many questions about the future of languages in general and English in particular. The spread of English in the world is not a homogeneous phenomenon and falls within complex processes generated by the meeting of the global and local dimensions. The present thesis relies on this fundamental aspect to show, through the case of Algeria, that the spread of English depends on the sociolinguistic environment in which it is implemented, from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. The Algerian environment has two major international languages ​​- Arabic and French - that play an important role in the distribution of languages​​ at a national level. Moreover, the history of Algeria, its colonial heritage and the language policies in the country have forged a linguistic culture that influences the symbolic dimension of the spread of English in the Algerian context. A fieldwork conducted in universities of Oran and Mascara enabled to assess the languistic attitudes of a group of students and show that the global language is not devoid of a symbolic value that favors its spread

The present study characterized two fiber pathways important for language, the superior longitudinal fasciculus/arcuate fasciculus (SLF/AF) and the frontal aslant tract (FAT), and related these tracts to speech, language, and literacy skill in children five to eight years old. We used Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) to characterize the fiber pathways and administered several language assessments. The FAT was identified for the first time in children. Results showed no age-related change in integrity of the FAT, but did show age-related change in the left (but not right) SLF/AF. Moreover, only the integrity of the right FAT was related to phonology but not audiovisual speech perception, articulation, language, or literacy. Both the left and right SLF/AF related to language measures, specifically receptive and expressive language, and language content. These findings are important for understanding the neurobiology of language in the developing brain, and can be incorporated within contemporary dorsal-ventral-motor models for language.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier « l’enseignement et la diffusion du français en Afghanistan : bilan et perspective ». L’enseignement du français s’est développé depuis presque un siècle en Afghanistan. La langue française est enseignée au niveau secondaire, au niveau universitaire, à l’Institut français d’Afghanistan ainsi qu’aux centres privés en Afghanistan. Le présent travail a tenté très modestement de montrer quelles sont les démarches mises en œuvre pour l’enseignement et la diffusion de français en Afghanistan. Tout au long de ce travail, nous nous sommes fixées comme but fondamental d’explorer la situation d’enseignement/apprentissage du français, sa situation, les motivations des étudiants afghans pour l’apprentissage de cette langue, les représentations qu’ont ces étudiants de cette langue ainsi que les soutiens et les dispositifs mises en place pour l’enseignement, la promotion et la diffusion de cette langue en Afghanistan. La méthodologie de ce travail est basée sur des enquêtes menées à Kaboul (entretiens semi-directifs et questionnaires). Nos enquêtes ont été réalisées à l’aide des données recueillies par l’intermédiaire de deux outils de données : des enquêtes par questionnaires réalisées auprès des enseignants et d’apprenants (les élèves et les étudiants) du français et un entretien semi-directif auprès des professeurs du département de français de l’Université de Kaboul. Nos échantillons sont constitués par les étudiants du département de français (les étudiants spécialistes du français), les étudiants hors-département (les étudiants non-spécialistes du français), et les élèves des deux lycées francophones afghans (lycées Istiqlal et Malalaï), ainsi que par les enseignants de ces institutions : département de français et lycées Istiqlal et Malalaï. D’après le résultat de ces enquêtes, les étudiants afghans apprennent le français pour plusieurs raisons : instrumentales et personnelles. Le français est considéré comme une langue importante du point de vue professionnel d’une part et d’autre part, c’est la valeur culturelle et le prestige de cette langue qui donnent la possibilité aux Afghans d’accéder à une culture riche. Il est également perçu, d’après ces étudiants, comme une langue d’ouverture sur le monde, c’est pourquoi le français possède d’un statut privilégié en Afghanistan. Bien que les Afghans n’utilisent pas le français pour écrire, parler et pour la communication quotidienne et professionnelle, la persistance de cette langue est due aux raisons positives et les représentations qu’ont ces étudiants de cette langue<br>This thesis proposes to study the "teaching and diffusion of French language in Afghanistan: review and perspective". The teaching of French has been developed for almost a century in Afghanistan; the French language is taught at the secondary level, at the university level, in the French Institute of Afghanistan as well as at in the private centers in Afghanistan. The present research has tried very modestly to show what are the approaches implemented for the teaching and the diffusion of French in Afghanistan. Throughout this work, we have set ourselves the fundamental goal of exploring the teaching and learning situation of French, the motivations of Afghan students for learning this language, the representations these students have of this language as well as the supports put in place for the teaching, the promotion and the diffusion of this language in Afghanistan. The methodology of this work is based on surveys conducted in Kabul (semi-structured interviews and questionnaires). Our surveys were conducted using data collected through two data tools: questionnaire surveys of teachers and students of French and a semi-structured interview with professors of the French Department of Kabul University. Our interviewees are made up of students from the French department (students specializing in French), students learning French as second language, and students from two French-speaking Afghan high schools (Istiqlal and Malalaï), and the French teachers of these institutions: Department of French and Istiqlal and Malalaï high schools. According to the results of these surveys, Afghan students learn French for several reasons: instrumental and personal. French is considered an important language from a professional point of view on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is the cultural value and prestige of this language that gives Afghans access to a rich culture. It is also perceived, according to these students, as a language of openness to the world, which is why French has a privileged status in Afghanistan. Although Afghans do not use French for writing, speaking and for daily and professional communication, the persistence of this language in afghan society is due to the positive reasons and the representations that these students have of this language

Language is a unique human ability influenced by genetic, cultural and social factors. Decades of research in the field have identified those brain networks that have made the development of language in humans possible. This PhD thesis introduces three studies that aim to explore the anatomy of the perisylvian language pathways (three segments of the arcuate fasciculus) both in healthy and pathological condition, using dffusion tensor imaging tractography. First study examined typical developmental trajectories of the perisylvian language network in a normative data of 101 subjects (age range: 9-49 years). After observing how these pathways mature across life span, second study investigated how these are influenced by genes and environment in a sample of 43 adult twin pairs (26 monozygotic and 17 dizygotic pairs). The results showed that perisylvian language pathways exhibit distinct maturational patterns and vary in respect to genetic control that guides this process. Familial effects played an important role for those tracts that lateralised early in life (frontal lobe connections), whereas those tracts that continue to remodel throughout adolescence (temporo-parietal connections) were driven more by unique environmental effects. While the first two studies explored anatomy of perisylvian language pathways in healthy population, third study examined neural correlates in a pathological condition that affects language processing. This study included 61 adults with autism spectrum disorder and 61 matched neurotypical controls. Localised abnormalities were identified in the left perisylvian language pathways in people with autism spectrum disorder and an association was found between these white matter abnormalities and severity of past language deficits. In conclusion, these findings may be important to furthering our knowledge of the anatomy of the perisylvian language pathways in healthy population. Also, they may facilitate our understanding of possible biological mechanisms that underpin language dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, and lead to new approaches for early diagnosis and treatment.

The present research attempts to develop a general model of the diffusion of Western loanwords in contemporary Japanese within the variationist framework. It describes and predicts, based on empirical evidence from apparent- and real-time data, the elaborate process of changes in favor of loanwords as opposed to their existing native equivalents. First, people's self-reporting shows a consistent tendency for a younger generation to show a stronger preference for loanwords than an elder one. This indicates changes in favor of loanwords are in progress in apparent time (Chapter 4). Second, the above-mentioned age gradient is attested to by corpus-based data. It also reveals that the occurrence of loanwords is accounted for multi-dimensionally by a wider range of language-external factors such as generation, education, register and style (Chapter 5). Third, an in-depth study of the individual loanword keesu (< case) reveals that not only external factors but also internal ones, e.g., usage and collocation of the word, have impacts on its occurrence (Chapter 6). Fourth, an investigation of the loanword sapooto (< support) shows that a stylistic variable comes into play in its diffusion in interaction with an educational variable. The loanword is disfavored when the speech setting shifts to formal in particular by the most educated speakers (Chapter 7). Fifth, a real-time approach to loanword adoption verified that individuals can change their language attitude or behavior throughout their lifetime. It highlights importance of longitudinal observation of the phenomenon in making a more accurate prediction of change (Chapter 8). The present research confirms that the occurrence of loan variants is bound by various social and linguistic contexts. The above empirical findings contribute to the field of variationist study by opening up the possibility of analyzing linguistic variation in Japanese at the lexical level.

Rapid and important cerebral developmental changes occur between the third trimester of gestation and the first postnatal months (Sidman and Rakic, 1982). Assessment of these changes in term and preterm infants is of great interest, as it provides insights into early brain development but also how early birth may affect normal brain development (Mewes et al. 2006).<p>Conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful technique to provide structural information on brain development, and several studies have correlated brain structure modifications with specific learning or behavioral problems (Peterson et al. 2003, Woodward et al. 2005, Kapellou et al. 2006, Woodward et al. 2006). Nevertheless, this technique is not sensitive enough to evidence subtle microstructural changes. <p><p>Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which assesses and quantifies water diffusion in biological tissues at a microstructural level, may provide unique clues to the structure and geometric organization of the cerebral tissues (Le Bihan et al. 2001). DTI takes advantage of the fact that, in the brain, water molecules diffuse more easily in the direction of the fibers than orthogonally to study cortex and white matter (WM). DTI indices like fractional anisotropy (FA), which expresses the fraction of the magnitude of the diffusion tensor attributable to anisotropic diffusion, mean diffusivity (MD), which corresponds to the directionally averaged magnitude of water diffusion, and longitudinal and transverse diffusivity (λ// and λ⊥), which express respectively the parallel and perpendicular diffusion of water molecules, are used to indirectly quantify brain microstructure and evaluate brain damage (Hüppi et al. 1998, Miller et al. 2002, Ment et al. 2009, Liu et al. 2012). <p><p>Most previously published studies in neonates limited their analysis to particular zones of the WM, using regions of interest (ROI) to select regions where DTI values are expected to change. Approaches on the basis of ROIs have well-known limitations because strong a priori hypotheses about localization and extent of the effects of interest have to be made (Giuliani et al. 2005). Voxel-based methods of neuroimaging data analysis, such as statistical parametric mapping (SPM), do not have such limitations and have been successfully applied to study age-related DTI changes in adults, DTI differences between preterm and infants at term equivalent age, and brain structural asymmetries in infants (Ashtari et al. 2007, Snook et al. 2007, Gimenez et al. 2008, Dubois et al. 2010).<p>Studies correlating DTI indices at term equivalent age with later neurodevelopment are scarce and their analysis is limited to the WM, without exploring the cortex (Arzoumanian et al. 2003). Moreover, they use neuropsychological testing where language evaluation is combined with cognitive and motor scales to give an overall cognitive score (Krishnan et al. 2007, Rose et al. 2007, Rose et al. 2009).<p>The aims of this work were, using a voxel-based analysis of DTI sequences, 1) to evidence new brain regions that experience microstructural modifications along post-menstrual age (PMA) during early development of the human brain, and 2) to correlate regional brain microstructure at term equivalent age with subsequent cognitive, motor and language development at two years corrected age in a population of preterm infants.<p>We first investigated DTI changes in a population of 22 healthy preterm and 6 term infants covering the life period between 34 and 41 weeks PMA, and found that, besides the already-evidenced FA increase in the corticospinal tract (CST) and callosal radiations, the thalami and the thalamic radiations experienced linear microstructural changes. These changes were interpreted as a marker of regression of cytoplasmic arborization and proliferation of immature oligodendrocytes that wrapped around the axons well before the appearance of myelin (Aeby et al. 2009). Then we looked for nonlinear DTI changes, considering that many of biological processes that occur during development follow a nonlinear course. This yielded negative results, probably due to the small sample size. Therefore, in a second study, we searched for regional linear and nonlinear microstructural changes with PMA throughout the brain in a larger population (65 patients) composed exclusively of preterm neonates scanned between 35 and 43 weeks PMA. This study confirmed the linear FA changes with age previously described and, more importantly, evidenced nonlinear changes in brain structures around the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) and in the right lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (LOTG), with FA decrease between 34 and 39 weeks followed by FA increase from 40 weeks to 43 weeks. The right STS belongs to the speech-processing network and is implicated in prosody but also in inter-individual communicative behavior and face processings in close association with the right LOTG. We suggest that the microstructural modifications in brain structures around the right STS and in the LOTG observed between 35 and 43 weeks of gestation in preterm infants could contribute to the functional maturation of these brain regions with increasing age, in a period of life where voices, prosody and faces represent extremely salient stimuli (Aeby et al. 2012).<p>In the second part of the thesis, we tested the hypothesis that abnormal local brain microstructure of preterm infants at term equivalent age would affect neurodevelopmental abilities at age 2 years. Therefore, we searched throughout the whole brain to correlate changes of the Bayley-III scores (cognitive, motor and language composite scores) with the regional distribution of MD, FA, λ// and λ⊥. We found that language abilities are negatively correlated to MD, λ// and λ⊥ in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) in preterm infants. These findings suggest that higher MD, λ// and λ⊥ values at term- equivalent age in the left STG are associated with poorer language scores in later childhood. Consequently, this highlights the key role of the left STG for the development of language abilities in children and suggests that brain DTI might be an interesting tool to assess on an individual basis the development of language in the preterm.<p><p>To sum up, in this thesis, we showed that, besides the already-evidenced FA increase in the CST and corpus callosum, the thalami and the thalamic radiations experience linear microstructural changes in the early development of the human brain. We further showed that FA changes nonlinearly with age in brain structures around the right STS and in the right LOTG, which are key regions in verbal and non-verbal communicative behavior. We also showed that voxel-based DTI analysis is able to evidence microstructural changes in the lSTG that are negatively correlated with language development at two years in the preterm at the group level. These results highlight the key role of the lSTG in the development of language in the preterm and suggest that brain DTI might be an interesting tool to predict the development of language on an individual basis.<p><br>Doctorat en Sciences médicales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Due to a long history of contact with other tongues, Algerian Arabic and Maltese have massive borrowings from French and Italian respectively. In the aim of exploring the influence of linguistic contact on the types of loan adaptation in these two historically related dialects, this study analyzed a linguistic corpus of noun loans. The effect of language contact is better observed through a comparative study of the phonological and morphological change each language has undertaken. The study investigated French noun loans in Algerian Arabic, and Italian noun loans in Maltese. It specifically focused on gender, number (singular and plural) and the definite article as a means of defining the noun loans. The analysis has revealed that Maltese and Algerian Arabic both adapted the loans phonologically but also borrowed new foreign phonemes. Morphologically, they mostly preserved the noun loans genders, used the native patterns to make them plural and the article -al in the case of Algerian Arabic ,-il in the case of Maltese to make them definite. Algerian Arabic used the native patterns / a:t/, the broken plural or the collective /-ja/ plural. Maltese used the native /-jiet/ and the broken plural, however, contrary to Algerian Arabic, Maltese has also borrowed Italian plural patterns making the loan plural patterns unpredictable. The linguistic consequences of borrowing on these languages have made of Algerian Arabic a case of diffusion and of Maltese a case of diffusion and loss. Maltese has borrowed new phonemes but has lost a few native ones, notably the emphatic and velar fricative sounds, still in use in the other Arabic dialects. Algerian Arabic borrowed new phonemes but retained the native phonemes. Borrowing could not be the only factor that has ultimately rendered Maltese to be no longer considered an Arabic dialect and has made Algerian Arabic not obvious to other Arabic speakers, yet it has reinforced it. Contact with the foreign language Italian and loss of contact with the mainstream Arabic dialects was another major factor that rendered Maltese a unique Semitic variety alien even to the closest North African dialect.

This thesis addresses the issue of the publication of translations, specifically the under-representation of literary works in one language of limited diffusion (LLD), the Malay language, in English translation. It sets out to examine the role of two parties which are thought to play a vital role in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption: publishers in the United Kingdom and the translation organisation in Malaysia. The aim of the research, more specifically, is to investigate how both parties bear upon the translation of Malay literary works into English. Some of the questions which are central to the issue of the publication of Malay literary works in English translation include: To what extent are the two parties involved in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation for international consumption? What are the policies of these organisations where the translation of Malay literary works and other literary works in LLD are concerned? Who decides what to translate? What factors are taken into account in deciding what to publish in English translation? Given that this thesis sets out to examine the role of the two parties mentioned above, two main strategies have been employed: surveys and case studies. Drawing on responses from individuals from publishing companies, translation organisations, and other organisations which support translation, I have been able to show that the problem in the publication of Malay literary works in English translation is not merely a translation problem but also a problem of image and promotion. This study thus details the different forces working against the translation of Malay literary works into English for international consumption.

Research has indicated accredited, U.S. higher education-governed intensive English programs (IEPs) often struggle financially due to a scarcity of resources (namely students) because of political and global economic factors and increased competition (ICEF Monitor, 2017; IIE, 2017; Ladika, 2018; Soppelsa, 2015). However, few IEPs advertise online language acquisition (OLA) courses despite the increase in online study methods at the higher education institutes governing the programs and its use by competitors. The purpose of this study was to determine the status and extent of OLA diffusion in U.S. IEPs, how IEP directors and faculty perceived OLA, and whether they perceived themselves to be the leaders in its diffusion. Drawing on Rogers’ (1962) diffusion of innovation framework to inform the instrument methodology, this study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional survey. The study used the Rasch measurement model (1960) as the framework informing the instrument’s design and analysis. All 249 executive directors and 2,492 faculty in the 249 accredited, higher education-governed IEPs were invited to participate in the study, and 328 directors and faculty from 121 IEPs opted to do so. Major findings revealed 40.5% had experimented with online courses within the last five years, and 24.8% offered it currently. The Winsteps dimensionality analysis showed each of the six innovation characteristics performed as a separate strand supporting the dimension of OLA adoption potential. The Wright map and item measures revealed respondents perceived OLA visibility (1.52 logits) as the most difficult-to-endorse characteristic followed by complexity (0.48 logits). The least challenging characteristic was articulated benefits (-0.39 logits), and the easiest item was technology confidence (-1.21 logits) followed by technology clusters (-0.65 logits). Regarding leadership in promoting OLA adoption, 53.2% of the sample claimed they were involved in its leadership at some level, and 31.1% reported leadership involvement at institutes currently lacking online English courses. This study suggests respondents found OLA to be beneficial for their IEP with articulable results. Cost and technology confidence were not viewed as prohibitive, but respondents lacked confidence that OLA would lead to increased enrollment. Because of the high level of OLA leadership in their IEP, the adoption of online language courses appears to be moving in an upward trajectory.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-17T18:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) phd_efsb_FINAL_BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 7882904 bytes, checksum: df094c44eb4ce5be12596263047790ed (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T18:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) phd_efsb_FINAL_BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 7882904 bytes, checksum: df094c44eb4ce5be12596263047790ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29<br>FACEPE<br>Context: In Software Engineering, technology transfer has been treated as a problem that concernsonly two agents (innovation and adoption agents) working together to fill the knowledge gap between them. In this scenario, the transfer is carried out in a “peer-to-peer” fashion, not changing the reality of individuals and organizations around them. This approach works well when one is just seeking the adoption of a technology by a“specific client”. However, it can not solve a common problem that is the adoption of new technologies by a large mass of potential new users. In a wider context like this, it no longer makes sense to focus on “peer-to-peer” transfer. A new way of looking at the problem is necessary. It makes more sense to approach it as diffusion of innovations, where there is an information spreading in a community, similar to that observed in epidemics. Objective: This thesis proposes a paradigm shift to show the adoption of programming languages can be formally addressed as an epidemic. This focus shift allows the dynamics of programming language adoption to be mathematically modelled as such, and besides finding models that explain the community’s behaviour when adopting programming languages, it allows some predictions to be made, helping both individuals who wish to adopt a new language that might seem to be a new industry standard, and language designers to understand in real time the adoption of a particular language by a community. Method: After a proof of concept with data from Sourceforge (2000 to 2009), data from GitHub (2009 to January 2016), a well-known open source software repository, and Stack Overflow (2008 to March 2016), a popular Q&A system for software developers, were obtained and preprocessed. Using cumulative biological growth functions, often used in epidemiological contexts, we obtained adjusted models to the data. Once with the adjusted models, we evaluated their predictive capabilities through repeated applications of hypothesis testing and statistical calculations in different versions of the models obtained after adjusting the functions to samples of different time frames from the repositories. Results: We show that programming language adoption can be formally considered an epidemiological phenomenon by adjusting a well-known mathematical function used to describe such phenomena. We also show that, using the models found, it is possible to forecast programming languages adoption. We also show that it is possible to have similar insights by observing user data, as well as data from the community itself, not using software developers as susceptible individuals. Limitations: The forecast of the adoption outcome (asymptote) needs to be taken with care because it varies depending on the sample size, which also influences the quality of forecasts in general. Unfortunately, we not always have control over the sample size, because it depends on the population under analysis. The forecast of programming language adoption is only valid for the analysed population; generalizations should be made with caution. Conclusion: Addressing programming languages adoption as an epidemiological phenomenon allows us to perform analyses not possible otherwise. We can have an overview of a population in real time regarding the use of a programming language, which allows us, as innovation agents, to adjust our technology if it is not achieving the desired “penetration”; as adoption agents, we may decide, ahead of our competitors, to adopt a seemingly promising technology that may ultimately become a standard.<br>Contexto: Em Engenharia de Software, transferência de tecnologia tem sido tratada como um problema pontual, um processo que diz respeito a dois agentes (os agentes de inovação e adoção) trabalhando juntos para preencher uma lacuna no conhecimento entre estes dois. Neste cenário, a transferência é realizada “ponto a ponto”, envolvendo e tendo efeito apenas nos indivíduos que participam do processo. Esta abordagem funciona bem quando se está buscando apenas a adoção da tecnologia por um “cliente” específico. No entanto, ela não consegue resolver um problema bastante comum que é a adoção de novas tecnologias por uma grande massa de potenciais novos usuários. Neste contexto mais amplo, não faz mais sentido focar em transferência ponto a ponto, faz-se necessária uma nova maneira de olhar para o problema. É mais interessante abordá-lo como difusão de inovações, onde existe um espalhamento da informação em uma comunidade, de maneira semelhante ao que se observa em epidemias. Objetivo: Esta tese de doutorado mostra que a adoção de linguagens de programação pode ser tratada formalmente como uma epidemia. Esta mudança conceitual na maneira de olhar para o fenômeno permite que a dinâmica da adoção de linguagens de programação seja modelada matematicamente como tal, e além de encontrar modelos que expliquem o comportamento da comunidade quando da adoção de uma linguagem de programação, permite que algumas previsões sejam realizadas, ajudando tanto indivíduos que desejem adotar uma nova linguagem que parece se apresentar como um novo padrão industrial, quanto ajudando projetistas de linguagens a entender em tempo real a adoção de uma determinada linguagem pela comunidade. Método: Após uma prova de conceito com dados do Sourceforge (2000 a 2009), dados do GitHub (2009 a janeiro de 2016) um repositório de projetos software de código aberto, e Stack Overflow (2008 a março de 2016) um popular sistema de perguntas e respostas para desenvolvedores de software, from obtidos e pré processados. Utilizando uma função de crescimento biológico cumulativo, frequentemente usada em contextos epidemiológicos, obtivemos modelos ajustados aos dados. Uma vez com os modelos ajustados, realizamos avaliações de sua precisão. Avaliamos suas capacidades de previsão através de repetidas aplicações de testes de hipóteses e cálculos de estatísticas em diferentes versões dos modelos, obtidas após ajustes das funções a amostras de diferentes tamanhos dos dados obtidos. Resultados: Mostramos que a adoção de linguagens de programação pode ser considerada formalmente um fenômeno epidemiológico através do ajuste de uma função matemática reconhecidamente útil para descrever tais fenômenos. Mostramos também que é possível, utilizando os modelos encontrados, realizar previsões da adoção de linguagens de programação em uma determinada comunidade. Ainda, mostramos que é possível obter conclusões semelhantes observando dados de usuários e dados da comunidade apenas, não usando desenvolvedores de software como indivíduos suscetíveis. Limitações: A previsão do limite superior da adoção (assíntota) não é confiável, variando muito dependendo do tamanho da amostra, que também influencia na qualidade das previsões em geral. Infelizmente, nem sempre teremos controle sob o tamanho da amostra, pois ela depende da população em análise. A adoção da linguagem de programação só é válida para a população em análise; generalizações devem ser realizadas com cautela. Conclusão: Abordar o fenômeno de adoção de linguagens de programação como um fenômeno epidemiológico nos permite realizar análises que não são possíveis de outro modo. Podemos ter uma visão geral de uma população em tempo real no que diz respeito ao uso de uma linguagem de programação, o que nos permite, com agentes de inovação, ajustar a tecnologia caso ela não esteja alcançando o alcance desejado; como agentes de adoção, podemos decidir por adotar uma tecnologia aparentemente promissora que pode vir a se tornar um padrão.

The focus of the present PhD thesis is to compare the brain correlates associated to bimodal bilingualism with respect to unimodal bilingualism. The overarching aim is to identify which are the common neuronal substrates between signed and spoken languages, with respect to the neural substrates that are specific for each linguistic modality, i.e., signed versus spoken. This is a relevant issue as it allows to better explore (i) to what extent and for which function the two language modalities might interact; (ii) for which function they might interfere, and (iii) whether the two language modalities are supported by independent neuronal systems. In addition, this project explores the organization of the bilingual brain in a broader view, assessing whether the neural structures underlying the first language (L1) can be separated from structures mainly devoted at handling the second language (L2). Measures of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography will be assessed in a group of unimodal bilinguals of Italian (L1) and English (L2) and in a group of bimodal bilinguals of Italian (L1) and Italian Sign Language (L2), with variable level of proficiency in the second language. Together with the tract-specific measures, both demographical and behavioral data will be collected in order to assess the level of performance for both L1 and L2. Tract-specific data will be correlated with behavioral data, revealing how the degree of expertise with signed or spoken language and the relative modality are capable of shaping the neural circuitry at the service of specific linguistic functions.<br>Il lavoro svolto durante i miei tre anni di Dottorato, si propone di individuare possibili somiglianze e differenze, a livello neuroanatomico, in Bilingui Unimodali Italiano-Inglese e Bilingui Bimodali Italiano-lingua italiana dei segni (LIS). La particolarità di queste due popolazioni sta nella diversa modalità di processare la seconda lingua. Se per i bilingui unimodali entrambe le lingue sono processate dagli stessi sistemi sensoriali di input e di output (apparato uditivo e vocalico), nei bilingui bimodali le due lingue si appoggiano su due sistemi sensoriali differenti: un canale uditivo-vocalico delle lingue verbali e un canale visivo-motorio (le vista e le mani) per la lingua segnata. Nonostante stiano crescendo in letteratura studi che confrontano queste due popolazioni, sia a livello puramente comportamentale sia a livello funzionale e strutturale, non ci sono, ad oggi, lavori che indaghino quali strutture cerebrali siano comuni o differiscono tra i due tipi di bilingui. Quindi, come la differente modalità linguistica influenzi lo sviluppo di specifiche connessioni cerebrali, in termini di direzionalità dei tratti di materia bianca, numerosità di connessioni tra le aree, volume dei fasci di fibre, etc., è ancora da approfondire. La trattografia è una tecnica avanzata che, partendo da dati di diffusione, “ricostruisce” indirettamente in vivo, le connessioni di materia bianca nel cervello, permettendo di rappresentare specifici tratti di interesse che potranno poi essere analizzati in congiunzione a dati comportamentali. In una prima sessione, 24 bilingui bimodali e 25 bilingui unimodali, con diversi livelli di competenza nella seconda lingua, sono stati sottoposti ad una sessione di risonanza magnetica della durata di 40 minuti circa, presso l’Istituto di Radiologia dell’Università di Padova. In una seconda sessione, tutti i partecipanti hanno svolto una serie di compiti comportamentali, per valutare il livello di comprensione e di produzione, prima in italiano e poi nella rispettiva seconda lingua (Inglese-LIS). Nello specifico, i compiti utilizzati sono stati: un compito di fluenza verbale (sia semantica che fonologica), un compito di picture naming e uno di comprensione di frasi. Questa seconda sessione ha avuto luogo all’interno dei laboratori interdipartimentali dell’Università di Psicologia. I tratti che abbiamo deciso di approfondire, formano la via ventrale del sistema linguistico e sono stati identificati in Fascicolo Fronto-Occipitale Inferiore (IFOF), Fascicolo Uncinato (UF) e Fascicolo Longitudinale Inferiore (ILF). Un volta estratti i tratti di materia bianca in entrambi gli emisferi, indici qualitativi e quantitativi (HMOA e Volume) sono stati correlati con le prestazioni ottenute nei compiti linguistici, sia in L1 che in L2. In questo modo è stato possibile indagare come il grado di esperienza con una lingua verbale e/o una lingua segnata può modellare i circuiti neurali al servizio di specifiche funzioni linguistiche. I risultati sembrano essere coerenti con l'ipotesi che la via ventrale sia coinvolta nel recupero di significato come proposto nella letteratura disponibile. Inoltre, i risultati suggeriscono una forte interazione tra il sistema linguistico e il sistema sensoriale coinvolto nella produzione e nella comprensione, facendo emergere dati molto interessanti relativi ad un effetto della modalità linguistica utilizzata.

Incorporating technology into learning has brought major benefits to learners and has greatly changed higher education. Since there is limited number of experimental research investigating the effectiveness of applying wikis, this study collected experimental data to investigate its effectiveness. The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of applying wikis in terms of students' learning outcomes, to investigate the changes regarding students' attitude towards language learning, to explore the communication channels in wikis that facilitate students' interaction in the e-learning environment as well as students' experience of using wikis. Results showed that there existed statistically significant difference between the group with and without wikis, which means the group applying wikis performed better in listening and reading abilities. When compared with the non-wiki group, the wiki group had a more favorable attitude towards the class, their English ability improvement, and cooperative learning. Moreover, the students agreed that wikis helped them complete their assignment, they felt comfortable in the wiki environment, and it was easy for them to use wikis. From the experiences of using wikis shared by the students, they provided recommendations about the interface and the edit functions in the wiki environment. Their interaction with other team members and the course material increased but they expressed that the main interaction was through face-to-face and instant message software. Finally, the wiki environment allowed students to fulfill their role duties, cooperate, negotiate, manage their contribution, and modeling from each other.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Educational Research, Technology and Leadership<br>Education<br>Education PhD

Dans le contexte de la globalisation et de la course « à la part de marché » des langues internationales, nous assistons à un fort essor d'une politique linguistique institutionnelle de diffusion de la langue espagnole dans le monde. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la planification linguistique du statut et du corpus de l’espagnol est devenue une priorité pour l’Espagne qui s’est donné les moyens de mettre en place un dispositif de politique linguistique panhispanique dont les pièces maîtresses sont l’Académie royale de la langue espagnole et l’Institut Cervantès. Cette nouvelle politique linguistique panhispanique cherche, d’une part, à positionner l’espagnol en tant que langue internationale ou globale aux côtés de l’anglais, et d’autre part, à renforcer les liens existants entre les pays hispanophones. Cette politique linguistique institutionnelle répond à une stratégie géopolitique et économique globale et dont les soubassements idéologiques sont analysés dans cette thèse. Certains marchés, de par leur poids économique et démographique, s'avèrent plus attrayants pour les représentants de la politique linguistique étrangère espagnole. Cela est notamment le cas du Brésil où l'espagnol jouit d'une forte présence facilitée par l'installation de nombreuses entreprises multinationales d'origine espagnole et par la création du Mercosur. La politique linguistique panhispanique a également des retombées sur le domaine normatif, car elle implique, du moins discursivement, un passage d’un modèle de standardisation monocentrique vers un modèle pluricentrique qui prendrait en considération toutes les normes « cultivées » de l’espagnol. Se pose alors la question du modèle de langue à transmettre aux apprenants d’espagnol langue étrangère, une question qui peut s’avérer problématique dans certains contextes géographiques et institutionnels complexes comme celui du Brésil.À partir d’une enquête par entretiens réalisés auprès des enseignants des centres Cervantès au Brésil, ce travail explore, entre autres, leurs représentations de la norme linguistique de l’espagnol, tout en essayant d’établir un dialogue entre les discours épilinguistiques institutionnels, scientifiques et médiatiques et les discours épilinguistiques de ces enseignants sur les enjeux de la promotion de l’espagnol actuellement<br>In the context of globalization and in the race among international languages for conquering new "market shares", we can observe the rise of strong institutional language policies for the promotion of the Spanish language all over the world. Since the late 1990s, the ‘corpus’ and ‘status’ planning of the Spanish language has become a priority for Spain: it aims to provide the means which are necessary to implement a Pan-Hispanic language policy device whose masterpieces are the Royal Spanish Academy and the Cervantes Institute. This new Pan-Hispanic language policy seeks firstly, to position the Spanish language as an international or global language next to English, and secondly, to strengthen the links among the Spanish-speaking countries. This institutional language policy responds to a global geopolitical and economic strategy whose ideological foundations are analyzed in this thesis.Due to their economic and demographic weight, some markets are more attractive to the Spanish foreign language policymakers. This is the case of Brazil where Spanish has a strong presence facilitated by the setting up of many Spanish multinational companies and by the creation of Mercosur.The Pan-Hispanic language policy also tends to have an impact on the linguistic norms. While involving, at least in discourse, a transition from a monocentric model of standardization to a pluricentric one that takes into account all the regional standards of Spanish, this transition raises the very question of the language model that should be chosen for Spanish language teaching. This question may be problematic in some complex geographical and institutional contexts as this study endeavors to show with the case of Brazil.Based on interviews conducted with the teachers of the Cervantes Institute in Brazil, this thesis aims at identifying teachers’ representations of the Spanish linguistic norm while trying to establish a dialogue between institutional, scientific and journalistic epilinguistic discourses and teachers’ epilinguistic discourses about the Spanish linguistic promotion

Uvod: Dijabetes melitus (DM) je oboljenje koje poprima karakteristike globalne epidemije. Sve ţe&scaron;&scaron;e oboljevaju pacijenti mlaŤeg ţivotnog doba. Simptomi DM tip 2 su blagi, ţesto neprimetni, te se oboljenje otkriva kada se ve&scaron; manifestuju komplikacije. Dijabetesna nefropatija (DN) je jedna od mnogobrojnih komplikacija dijabetes melitusa tip 2, koja se zavr&scaron;ava terminalnom bubreţnom insuficijencijom. DN se ţesto neblagovremeno dijagnostikuje, zbog ţega se kasno zapoţinje leţenje. Rano otkrivanje DN od kljuţnog je znaţaja, jer omogu&scaron;ava primenu terapijskih postupaka usmerenih na oţuvanje preostalih zdravih nefrona i prevenciju terminalne bubreţne slabosti. Cilj: Prikazati poreme&scaron;aj difuzije molekula vode unutar bubrega kod DN, kori&scaron;&scaron;enjem mapa prividnog koeficijenta difuzije, kvantifikacijom vrednosti prividnog koeficijenta difuzije (ADC) i frakcione anizotropije (FA). Materijal i metode: U prospektivnu studiju bilo je ukljuţeno 10 zdravih dobrovoljaca i 91 pacijent oboleo od DM tip 2. Pacijenti oboleli od DM tip 2 podeljeni su u ţetiri grupe na osnovu vrednosti procenjene jaţine glomerularne filtracije (JGF) (grupe: I JGF &ge; 90, II 89-60, III 59-30, IV &le; 29 ml/min/1,73m&sup2;). Svim ispitanicima uraŤen je MR pregled bubrega, uz primenu DWI (b=0 i b=400 s/mm&sup2;) i DTI (b=1000 s/mm&sup2;) sekvence, na aparatu jaţine 1.5T. ADC i FA vrednosti raţunate su u &scaron;est regija od interasa, po tri u korteksu i meduli svakog bubrega. Dobijene vrednosti komparirane su sa laboratorijskim parametrima bubreţne funkcije (urea, kreatinin, mokra&scaron;na kiselina) i procenjenom JGF. Rezultati: Ne postoje statistiţki znaţajne razlike ADC i FA vrednosti parenhima, korteksa i medule levog i desnog bubrega kod zdravih dobrovoljaca i DM pacijenata. Kod DM pacijenata ADC je ve&scaron;a u korteksu nego u meduli (p=0,00), a FA vrednost je ve&scaron;a u meduli nego u korteksu (p=0,284). Urea, kreatinin i cistatin C imaju negativnu korelaciju sa ADC korteksa, medule i parenhima (p&lt;0,05), a JGF ima pozitivnu korelaciju sa ADC korteksa, medule i parenhima, kao i sa FA medule (p&lt;0,05) kod DM pacijenata. Na osnovu Post hoc testa za ADC, kod DM pacijenata postoje razlike izmeŤu I i IV grupe, izmeŤu II i IV grupe i III i IV grupe (p&le;0,05). IzmeŤu godina ţivota, teţine, BMI, JGF, HbA1c, uree i &Scaron;UK-a, postoji razlika DM pacijenata i zdravih dobrovoljaca (p&lt;0,05). Niţa je vrednost FA medule DM pacijenata u odnosu na zdrave dobrovoljce (p&lt;0,05). Postoji razlika ADC korteksa, medule i parenhima izmeŤu zdravih dobrovoljaca i DM pacijenata IV grupe, kao izmeŤu DM pacijenata I i II grupe u odnosu na IV grupu. TakoŤe postoji razlika izmeŤu FA medule zdravih dobrovoljaca i DM pacijenata I i IV grupe (p&lt;0,05). Regresiona analiza pokazala je uticaj kreatinina na ADC desnog bubrega i ADC oba bubrega, dok procenjena JGF i cistatin C imaju uticaj na ADC desnog i levog bubrega, ADC oba bubrega i FA levog bubrega (p&lt;0,05). Traktografija je prikazala naru&scaron;enu arhitektoniku kod pacijenata sa o&scaron;te&scaron;enom bubreţnom funkcijom. Zakljuţak: Postoji korelacija laboratorijskih parametara bubreţne funkcije i procenjene JGF sa ADC i FA vrednostima bubrega, &scaron;to ukazuje na ulogu funkcionalnog magnetno rezonantnog imidţinga u dijagnostici dijabetesne nefropatije. Neophodna su dalja istraţivanja koja &scaron;e doprineti standardizaciji MR protokola i potvrdi znaţaja MR biomarkera u dijagnostici DN. Na osnovu na&scaron;ih rezultata vrednost FA medule osetljiviji je parametar od ADC vrednosti u otkrivanju ranog o&scaron;te&scaron;enja bubrega u sklopu dijabetes melitusa.<br>Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that takes on the characteristics of a global epidemic. Patients of younger age are more and more commonly affected. Symptoms of type 2 DM are mild, often imperceptible, and therefore the disease is usually detected when complications are already manifested. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the many complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus that leads to terminal renal failure. Diagnosis of DN is often late, causing the delay of the treatmen. Early detection of DN is crucial because it allows the application of therapeutic procedures aimed at preserving the remaining healthy nephrons and preventing terminal renal failure. Objective: To investigate a diffusion of water molecule within a kidney in DN using apparent diffusion coefficient maps, by quantification of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values in diabetic patients with DM type 2. Material and methods: The prospective study comprised 10 healthy volunteers and 91 DM type 2 patients. DM patients were divided into four groups based on the values of the estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) (groups: I eGFR &ge; 90, II 89-60, III 59-30, IV &le; 29 ml/min/1.73m&sup2;). All subjects were scanned by 1.5T MR using DWI (b=0 and b=400 s/mm&sup2;) and DTI (b=1000 s/mm&sup2;) sequences. ADC and FA values were calculated in six regions of interest, three in cortex and three in medulla of each kidney. Obtaned values were compared to laboratory parameters of renal function (urea, creatinine, uric acid) and eGFR. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between ADC and FA values of parenchyma, cortex and medulla of the left and the right kidney in healthy volunteers and DM patients. In DM patients, the ADC value was higher in the cortex than in the medulla (p=0.00) and the FA value was higher in the medulla than in the cortex (p=0.284). The negative correlation was found between urea, creatinine and cystatin C with ADC cortex, medulla and parenchyma (p&lt;0.05), and the eGFR was positively correlated with ADC cortex, medulla and parenchyma, and with FA medulla (p&lt;0.05) in DM patients. Based on the Post hoc test for ADC, in DM patients there were differences between I and IV group, between II and IV group, III and IV group (p&le;0,05). Regarding age, weight, BMI, GFR, HbA1c, urea, and glucose in the serum, there was a difference between DM patients and healthy volunteers (p&lt;0.05). The FA of medulla in DM patients was lower than of healthy volunteers (p&lt;0.05). There were differences in ADC of cortex, medulla, and parenchyma between healthy volunteers and DM patients of IV group, as well as between DM patients of I and II group compared to IV group. There were differences of medulla FA values between healthy volunteers and group I, accompanied by healthy and IV group of DM patients (p&lt;0.05). Regression analysis showed the influence of creatinine on ADC of right kidney and ADC of both kidneys, while eGFR and cystatin C have an effect on ADC of right and left kidney, ADC of both kidneys and FA of left kidney (p&lt;0.05). The tractography showed the disturbed architectonics in patients with impaired renal function. Conclusion: There is correlation of laboratory parameters of renal function and eGFR with ADC and FA values of the kidney, indicating the role of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of DN. Further research that will contribute to standardizing the MR protocol and confirming the importance of MRI biomarker in the diagnosis of DN are needed. Based on our results, the values of medulla FA is more sensitive parameter than the ADC value in detecting early kidney damage in the context of diabetes mellitus.

La conception classique de l'organisation des réseaux cérébraux participant au langage décrit deux zones corticales, l'une frontale (Broca), l'autre temporale intervenant respectivement dans la production et la compréhension du langage, unies par un faisceau de substance blanche: le faisceau longitudinal supérieur. L'imagerie par résonance magnétique d'activation (IRMf) a rendu possible la visualisation de zones d'activation corticales, et l'imagerie en tenseur de diffusion avec la tractographie celle des faisceaux de substance blanche. Ces données nouvelles permettent de repenser l'organisation corticale et sous-corticale du langage. L'ensemble des travaux en imagerie d'activation étaye l'hypothèse d'une dissociation dorso-ventrale du traitement du langage. Les zones de traitement de l'information phonétique étant dorsales, et les centres impliqués dans le traitement sémantique plus ventraux. Imagerie d'activation, imagerie du tenseur de diffusion, stimulations corticales et sous-corticales ont permis d'aboutir à un modèle de réseau du langage impliquant une voie dorsale, essentiellement phonologique et une voie ventrale, sémantique présentant deux composantes. La première est directe, par le faisceau fronto-occipital inférieur connectant les aires temporales postérieures à la région orbito-frontale. La seconde est une voie indirecte qui connecte successivement la région occipito-temporale au pôle temporal par l'intermédiaire du faisceau longitudinal inférieur puis le pôle temporal aux aires basifrontales par le faisceau unciné. Cette dernière voie est compensée après résection ou lors des stimulations per-opératoires, suggérant la possibilité de réseaux de suppléance parallèles et bilatéraux. Dans cette vision d'une voie ventrale sémantique bilatérale, notre travail a pour objet par l'utilisation de l'imagerie fonctionnelle d'activation, d'une part, et de l'imagerie en tenseur de diffusion d'autre part, 1) de vérifier le nombre de faisceaux qui sous-tendent cette voie et en particulier de la part attribuable au faisceau longitudinal moyen; 2) de caractériser les réorganisations de la connectivité fonctionnelle du réseau du langage après une chirurgie de tumeur gliale hémisphérique gauche. Dans la première partie de ce travail, après avoir rappelé la filiation phylogénétique de l'homme et du primate non-humain, en insistant sur les dissemblances qui existent dans leur anatomie corticale et sous-corticale, nous exposons comment ces données ont permis d'aboutir à la découverte du faisceau longitudinal moyen chez l'homme. Nous confirmons la visibilité en imagerie du tenseur de diffusion de ce faisceau et nous précisons ses rapports avec les différents faisceaux de substance blanche constitutifs des voies ventrales et dorsales du langage. Enfin nous discutons ces données tractographiques à la lumière de la dissection et discutons du rôle présumé du faisceau dans le langage. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons les concepts de connectivité anatomique, fonctionnelle et effective. Puis nous appliquons un outil d'analyse de la connectivité fonctionnelle à des données périopératoires en tâches de fluence afin de réaliser une cartographie de la plasticité périopératoire de la composante sémantique du langage. Les résultats de cette deuxième étude suggèrent un recrutement de l'hémisphère ipsilatéral à la lésion au décours de la chirurgie. Enfin, nous évoquons la possibilité d'induire une désynchronisation (i.e. une altération de la connectivité) du réseau du mode par défaut par une stimulation peropératoire de la partie postérieure du faisceau cingulaire, induisant une sensation de dépersonnalisation, ces résultats suggérant qu'une des fonctions du noeud le plus postérieur du réseau soit de maintenir un état de conscience du monde extérieur<br>According to classical conception of the anatomo-functional organization of language, there are two main cortical areas: a frontal area (Broca) and a temporal one (Wernicke) respectively involved in language production and comprehension. Functional magnetic resonance Imaging (fMRI) reveals cortical areas of activation and diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography (DTI) makes feasible the visualization of white-matter tracts in the human brain. On the basis of these techniques, a new conception of language cortical and sub-cortical organization arose, supporting the hypothesis that language processing network is dissociated in an dorso-ventral way. Dorsal areas of the brain being devoted to phonologic processing and its ventral areas to semantic processing of speech. Different techniques such as fMRI, DTI, intraoperative cortical and subcortical mapping made possible to describe two pathways involved in the language network: a dorsal stream and a ventral stream respectively involved in phonologic and semantic processing. As the dorsal route is composed of a unique pathway, the superior longitudinal fasciculus, the ventral stream appears to be composed of two different pathways. First a direct pathway, the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, connecting the posterior temporal areas to the orbitofrontal region. The second one, an indirect pathway, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus links the posterior occipitotemporal to the temporal pole, then relayed by the uncinate fasciculus connecting the temporal pole to the basifrontal areas. According to these observations the aim of our work is In the present work, we aim (1) to confirm that the MdLF is constantly found in control subjects and that it can be delineated from the other fiber tracts that constitute language pathways, (2) to characterize the reorganization of language network's functional connectivity follmowing surgical removal of left hemisphere low grade gliomas. In this study, we confirmed that the MdLF is constantly found in healthy volunteers and we clearly delineate the MdLF from the other fascicles that constitute language pathways, especially the ventral pathway. Considering language plasticity, our findings suggest that in the postoperative period, brain plasticity occurs with an ipsilateral recrutment and increased fonctional connectivity in the left hemisphere. Finally, we report a collaborative work observing that intraoperative electrostimulations of the white matter underlying the left posterior cingulate, while performing a naming task, systematically induced an unresponsive state for few seconds in relationship with a dream-like state. This result provides direct evidence that connectivity underlying the posterior node of the default mode network permits maintained consciousness of the external world

Georgia has invested millions of dollars for technology and teacher technology training in order to prepare students for a technological society (Brackett, Henry, & Weathersby, 1999; Hinton, 2003). While technology affects all teachers, language arts teachers are also challenged to teach multiple literacies (Leu, Kinzer, Coiro, & Cammack, 2004). This study investigated the extent that professional development programs impact the language arts teachers’ classroom practice (Bebell, Russell, & O’Dwyer, 2004; Young & Bush, 2004). This case study research explored three high school language arts teachers’ experiences with integrating technology after having participated in a state-mandated professional development course on technology. Rogers’ (1995) Adoption and Diffusion Model was used as a framework in order to understand the factors that influence adoption of innovations and to explore factors that act as barriers or enhance the adoption process. An emergent qualitative research design was used to investigate the following research questions: (1) In what ways do high school language arts teachers integrate technology into their curriculum after completion of said course? (2) To what extent are these practices representative of the experiences addressed in the professional development course? (3) What are teachers’ perceptions of technology integration in the language arts classroom? Data sources included formal interviews, video-taped lessons, observational field notes, teacher portfolios, and other written communications to supplement face to face interviews. A constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1985) was used throughout the study by assigning each piece of data a code and category, which was revised and modified as new data were incorporated (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). Rigor was established through member checks and triangulation of the data. Four themes emerged from the data: (a) technology was adopted as a tool, (b) TAFT resulted in engagement and enthusiasm for using technology, (c) restrictions on time impacted technology integration, and (d) available technology sat idle. Although technology was not used to its fullest potential, the discussion emphasizes that technology training led to technology implementation and impacted classroom practice. The teachers’ perceived attributes of the technologies, and their stance and perceptions of literacy and technology affected their technology integration and determined their adoption and adaptation of technologies.

Internet content and Internet users are becoming more linguistically diverse as more people speaking different languages come online and produce content on user-generated content platforms. Several platforms have emerged as truly global platforms with users speaking many different languages and coming from around the world. It is now possible to study human behavior on these platforms using the digital trace data the platforms make available about the content people are authoring. Network literature suggests that people cluster together by language, but also that there is a small average path length between any two people on most Internet platforms (including two speakers of different languages). If so, multilingual users may play critical roles as bridges or brokers on these platforms by connecting clusters of monolingual users together across languages. The large differences in the content available in different languages online underscores the importance of such roles. This thesis studies the roles of multilingual users and platform design on two large, user-generated content platforms: Wikipedia and Twitter. It finds that language has a strong role structuring each platform, that multilingual users do act as linguistic bridges subject to certain limitations, that the size of a language correlates with the roles its speakers play in cross-language connections, and that there is a correlation between activity and multilingualism. In contrast to the general understanding in linguistics of high levels of multilingualism offline, this thesis finds relatively low levels of multilingualism on Twitter (11%) and Wikipedia (15%). The findings have implications for both platform design and social network theory. The findings suggest design strategies to increase multilingualism online through the identification and promotion of multilingual starter tasks, the discovery of related other-language information, and the promotion of user choice in linguistic filtering. While weak-ties have received much attention in the social networks literature, cross-language ties are often not distinguished from same-language weak ties. This thesis finds that cross-language ties are similar to same-language weak ties in that both connect distant parts of the network, have limited bandwidth, and yet transfer a non-trivial amount of information when considered in aggregate. At the same time, cross-language ties are distinct from same-language weak ties for the purposes of information diffusion. In general cross-language ties are smaller in number than same-language ties, but each cross-language tie may convey more diverse information given the large differences in the content available in different languages and the relative ease with which a multilingual speaker may access content in multiple languages compared to a monolingual speaker.

This study was undertaken to examine the influence that a set of Professional Development (PD) initiatives had on faculty use of Moodle, a well known Course Management System. The context of the study was a private language university just outside Tokyo, Japan. Specifically, it aimed to identify the way in which the PD initiatives adhered to professional development best practice criteria; how faculty members perceived the PD initiatives; what impact the PD initiatives had on faculty use of Moodle; and other variables that may have influenced faculty in their use of Moodle. The study utilised a mixed methods approach. Participants in the study were 42 teachers who worked at the university in the academic year 2008/9. The online survey consisted of 115 items, factored into 10 constructs. Data was collected through an online survey, semi-structured face-to-face interviews, post-workshop surveys, and a collection of textual artefacts. The quantitative data were analysed in SPSS, using descriptive statistics, Spearman's Rank Order correlation tests and a Kruskal-Wallis means test. The qualitative data was used to develop and expand findings and ideas. The results indicated that the PD initiatives adhered closely to criteria posited in technology-related professional development best practice criteria. Further, results from the online survey, post workshop surveys, and follow up face-to-face interviews indicated that while the PD initiatives that were implemented were positively perceived by faculty, they did not have the anticipated impact on Moodle use among faculty. Further results indicated that other variables, such as perceptions of Moodle, and institutional issues, had a considerable influence on Moodle use. The findings of the study further strengthened the idea that the five variables Everett Rogers lists in his Diffusion of Innovations model, including perceived attributes of an innovation; type of innovation decision; communication channels; nature of the social system; extent of change agents' promotion efforts, most influence the adoption of an innovation. However, the results also indicated that some of the variables in Rogers' DOI seem to have more of an influence than others, particularly the perceived attributes of an innovation variable. In addition, the findings of the study could serve to inform universities that have Course Management Systems (CMS), such as Moodle, about how to utilise them most efficiently and effectively. The findings could also help to inform universities about how to help faculty members acquire the skills necessary to incorporate CMSs into curricula and teaching practice. A limitation of this study was the use of a non-randomised sample, which could appear to have limited the generalisations of the findings to this particular Japanese context.

Nata a Pavlovi&#263;<br/><br/>Direccionalidad en procesos de traducción colaborativa <br/>Un estudio de traductores novicios<br/><br/>Resumen<br/><br/>La traducción hacia la segunda lengua (traducción L2) es una realidad en muchos ámbitos alrededor del mundo, en especial - aunque no exclusivamente - en aquellas culturas que utilizan una "lengua de difusión limitada". Incluso a los traductores cuyo idioma materno es una de las lenguas "mayores" se les está exigiendo cada vez con mayor frecuencia el trabajar a partir de su primera lengua (L1) hacia el inglés, el idioma que predomina en el mundo globalizante. Esto hace que la traducción L2 constituya una cuestión de creciente importancia para el profesional, convirtiendo asimismo la investigación sobre la traducción hacia la segunda lengua en un tema de mayor relevancia en la Traductología. <br/>El propósito del presente estudio era comparar los procesos de traducción L1 y L2 realizados por traductores novicios, con el fin de aislar las características que difieran en forma significativa según la dirección, con el propósito de desarrollar la enseñanza de la traducción. Con este objetivo en mente, el estudio pretende probar la siguiente hipótesis general: "Las traducciones L1 y L2 muestran algunas diferencias que pudieran ser atribuidas a la dirección de la traducción". En forma más específica, se ha planteado la hipótesis de que las traducciones L1 y L2 difieren no sólo en los productos, sino también en algunos aspectos importantes de los procesos de traducción. Por ello se han seleccionado las siguientes características como potencialmente significativas:<br/>· La cantidad y el tipo de problemas a los que se van a enfrentar los sujetos;<br/>· Las soluciones que van a considerar;<br/>· Las maneras en que van a evaluar las soluciones y tomar las decisiones finales;<br/>· Los recursos que van a consultar;<br/>· Las acciones/interacciones que van a llevar a cabo;<br/>· Los argumentos que van a utilizar para tomar decisiones;<br/>· La calidad de sus productos finales.<br/>El estudio fue concebido como un conjunto de experimentos que involucraban a traductores novicios - estudiantes universitarios que acababan de presentar su examen final de traducción. Todos los sujetos tenían el croata como primera lengua (L1) y habían estudiado inglés como segunda lengua previamente durante 12 años por lo menos. Se utilizaron para los experimentos dos textos de origen comparables de lenguaje general, uno en inglés y el otro en croata.<br/>El método para la recolección de los datos utilizados en los experimentos fue el "protocolo de traducción colaborativa", un tipo de informe verbal obtenido de las sesiones de traducción colaborativa (grupal). Las sesiones de traducción fueron grabadas con cámara de vídeo digital y posteriormente transcritas, mientras que para complementar los datos obtenidos de las sesiones de traducción, se utilizaron cuestionarios previos y posteriores a los experimentos. Para procesar los datos se utilizaron tanto el análisis cuantitativo como el cualitativo.<br/>Se pueden resumir los resultados de este estudio de la siguiente manera:<br/>· En las traducciones L1 y L2 de textos específicos de tipo general de dificultad comparable, se encontró que los traductores novicios se enfrentaban a cantidades y tipos de problemas similares en ambas direcciones de traducción.<br/>· La "fluidez" en la traducción L1 era mayor que en la L2, es decir, los traductores novicios se apoyaban más en recursos internos en el caso de la traducción L1 que en la traducción L2.<br/>· Los traductores novicios lograban productos de mejor calidad en sus traducciones hacia L1 que hacia L2.<br/>· El monitoreo del producto era más estricto en las traducciones hacia L1 que en las traducciones hacia L2.<br/>· La construcción del significado del texto de partida desempeña un papel importante en ambas direcciones de traducción.<br/>· Los traductores novicios preferían una cierta combinación de acciones/interacciones característica de su estilo de trabajo, sin importar la dirección de traducción.<br/>Se espera poder aplicar los resultados en la formación en traducción, en especial en aquellos ámbitos donde la traducción L2 se enseña a nivel universitario. Asimismo se espera que este estudio sea de utilidad para futura investigación sobre la direccionalidad, sobre la traducción colaborativa y - en forma más general - sobre los procesos de traducción.<br/><br/><br/><br/>Abstract<br/>Translation into the second language (L2 translation) is a reality in many settings<br/>around the world, especially - but not exclusively - in those cultures that use a<br/>"language of limited diffusion". Even translators whose mother tongue is one of the<br/>"major" languages are more and more frequently required to work out of their first<br/>language (L1) into English, the dominant language of the globalizing world. This makes<br/>L2 translation an increasingly important issue for the practitioner, and research on L2<br/>translation a very relevant topic for Translation Studies.<br/>In the past, prescriptive approaches to translation denounced the practice of L2<br/>translation as unprofessional or even impossible. As a result, L2 translation was until<br/>recently largely neglected both in translation theories and in research. Over the past ten<br/>to fifteen years, however, the number of studies dealing with L2 translation has been on<br/>the increase, with translation into the non-mother tongue even becoming the main topic<br/>of forums and conferences, and their subsequent publications (e.g. Kelly et al. 2003;<br/>Grosman et al 2000).<br/>The aim of this study is to compare L1 and L2 translation processes by novice<br/>translators, in order to isolate the features that differ significantly according to direction,<br/>with a view to improving translation teaching. To this end, the study sets out to test the<br/>following general hypothesis: "L1 and L2 translation display some differences that can<br/>be attributed to direction of translation". More specifically, it is hypothesized that L1<br/>and L2 translation differ not only in products, but also in some important aspects of<br/>translation processes. The following features are therefore selected as likely to be<br/>relevant:&#61472;The number and type of problems the subjects encounter;The solutions they consider;<br/>The ways in which they assess the solutions and make final decisions;The resources they consult; The actions/interactions they take; The arguments they use in making decisions; The quality of their final products.<br/><br/>The study is set up as a set of experiments involving novice translators -<br/>university students who have just passed their final translation exam. All the subjects<br/>have Croatian as their first language L1, and have been learning English as their second<br/>language for at least 12 years. Two comparable general- language source texts, one in<br/>English and the other in Croatian, are used in the experiments.<br/>The method of data collection used in the experiments is the "collaborative<br/>translation protocol," a type of verbal report obtained from collaborative (group)<br/>translation sessions. Four groups of three subjects are asked to translate the two texts,<br/>one into their L1 (L1 translation task) and the other into their L2 (L2 translation task).<br/>Collaborative translation (cf. Kiraly 2000a), albeit not typical of professional translation<br/>practice, is nevertheless used in educational settings, and has been part of the subjects'<br/>translation training. The translation sessions are recorded by a digital video camera, and<br/>transcribed. Pre- and post-experiment questionnaires complement the data from the<br/>translation sessions. Control experiments aimed at comparing collaborative and<br/>individual translation are carried out with comparable subjects and involve choice<br/>network analysis (cf. Campbell 2001) and integrated problem and decision reports (cf.<br/>Gile 2004).<br/>Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are used to process the data. The<br/>findings are expected to be applicable in translation training, especially in settings<br/>where L2 translation is taught at university level.

Cette recherche analyse respectivement les politiques linguistiques de la langue chinoise et française menées sous la République populaire de Chine et la Ve République française. En adoptant une approche comparative, nous essayons de voir si les expériences vécues par la France pourront servir de modèle à la Chine qui, en matière de travaux de l’aménagement linguistique de la langue chinoise, cherche à la moderniser et diffuser à l’ère d’information tant au niveau national qu’à l’échelle internationale. La simplification des caractères chinois, la romanisation de transcription des caractères chinois et la généralisation du putonghua constituent les trois préoccupations majeures des affaires linguistiques de la Chine. À cela s’ajoute que la multiplication des échanges internationaux fait en sorte que la promotion de la langue chinoise sur la scène internationale figure dans l’ordre du jour. D’autant que l’initiative stratégique les nouvelles Routes de soie terrestre et maritime demande davantage la diffusion de la langue chinoise le long de ces régions et une construction du Vivre ensemble des langues dans cette configuration multilingue. En partant du constat que, en France existe une société multilingue riche en culture et que ce pays d’influence internationale, face à la puissance de la langue anglaise, veut renforcer la vitalité et l’influence de la langue française, la présente étude examine les travaux linguistiques menés sous la Ve République française. Que ce soit sur le statut ou le corpus de la langue, nous notons que les mesures d’interventions de la France dont les suivis de contrôles, la démarche coopérative et participative en terminologie et néologie, la promotion de la langue française appuyée sur le réseau francophone seront profitables à la Chine. Mais en Chine, un pays tellement étendu, la mise en place d’une politique linguistique sera plus scrupuleuse en tenant compte de la disparité régionale et la différence entre le corpus des deux langues exige alors un aménagement spécifique<br>This study analyses respectively the Chinese and the French language policies adopted by the People’s Republic of China and France. As China intends to modernize and to promote Chinese throughout the country and abroad, we will use the comparative study to figure out if France could serve as an example in terms of language policy and language planning. The simplification of the Chinese characters, the romanization of the transcription of the Chinese characters and the promotion of the putonghua were considered as the major issues of the language affairs. With the opening and reform policy, the Chinese language is influenced by the foreign languages, especially English. Meanwhile, the authority try to promote the Chinese language over the world and reinforce its soft power, especially after the action plan the Belt and the Road Initiative was put forward. The French government does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and work place communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as la Francophonie. We will adopt the diachronic method to demonstrate how the French government regulates its French language affairs both in language status and language corpus (language itself) and the evolution of the ideology of the language policy makers. By comparing the language affairs of the two countries in language status and corpus, the measures taken by France as the legal mechanism, the cooperation initiatives, the language promotion are of benefit to China, who shall also learn the lessons taken by France. As for the language system, the language policy and planning should take account of the specialty of the language to carry out appropriate measures favoring the use of the Chinese language

Nous avons étudié les contextes et les domaines d’interventions de l’Attaché de Coopération pour le Français qui exercerait en Colombie. Afin de mieux comprendre la redoutable complexité de cette fonction et afin de mieux nous guider dans nos investigations, nous avons opté, dans une perspective sociolinguistique et didactique, pour une appréhension systémique de cette fonction [introduction]. Une fois cette méthodologie expliquée, nous avons décrit et analysé les cadres administratifs ministériels [MAEE] et locaux [SCAC] des missions d’un ACPF sans oublier les programmes ministériels et les budgets dans les cadres desquels ces attachés d’Ambassades agissent [première partie]. Ensuite, nous avons présenté les curiosités et les évolutions du le statut administratif de l’ACPF, ses difficultés quotidiennes ainsi que les savoirs indispensables à l’exercice de ses fonctions [deuxième partie]. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons commencé à expliquer les cadres juridiques et diplomatiques des missions de coopération bilatérale et multilatérale. Nous avons poursuivi notre étude en analysant les différents types de coopérations culturelles dont l’ACPF peut être responsable : coopération linguistique, coopération éducative, coopération universitaire et culturelle ainsi que les instruments qu’il pourrait avoir à utiliser pour mieux les réaliser [analyse des systèmes éducatifs locaux, analyse du réseau local des Alliances Françaises, enquêtes d’opinion auprès des apprenants et des francophiles] [troisième partie]. Dans la conclusion générale de notre travail nous avons proposé un panorama des problématiques de la coopération culturelle française sans oublier d’insister sur les apports de nos enquêtes dans la problématique de la diffusion de la langue et de la culture françaises [conclusion]<br>We studied contexts and potential fields of participation for a French Language Cooperation to operate in Colombia. In order to gain a better understanding of the formidable complexity of this appointment and to obtain guidance for our research, we opted, in a sociolinguistic and didactic perspective, for a systemic approach of this job [introduction]. Once this methodology was explained, we described and analyzed the ministerial [MAEE] administrative frameworks as well as the local [SCAC] frameworks for an ACPF mission, not forgetting the ministerial program and the budget frameworks within which Embassy Attachés operate [first part]. We then explained the particularities and evolution of the administrative statute applying to the ACPF, the daily difficulties as well as the indispensable knowledge required for this appointment [second part]. In the third part, we explained the legal and diplomatic frameworks for bilateral and multilateral cooperation missions. We continued our study by analyzing the different types of cultural cooperation areas for which the ACPF can be responsible : linguistic cooperation, educational cooperation, university and cultural cooperation as well as the instruments available to implement these tasks effectively : analysis of local educational systems, analysis of the local Alliance Française network, opinion polls from students and Francophiles [third part]. In the general conclusion of our work, we suggested a panorama of the problematics of French cultural cooperation, not forgetting to emphasize the input from our surveys in this panorama for the diffusion of the French language and French culture [conclusion]

The independent, complex role of a school nurse requires accurate documentation of assessments, interventions, and outcomes. Consistent documentation by all school nurses is crucial to study the impact of nursing interventions on children's health and success in school. While standardized nursing languages are available, the actual use of these languages is in the infancy stages of implementation. This national survey of school nurses reveals diverse practices in school nursing documentation. Using Everett Rogers' (2003) Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, a web-based survey allowed respondents to identify their knowledge and attitude towards the use of standardized languages, including NANDA International (NANDA-I), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Respondents also rated barriers to adopting the use of NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC (NNN). The results of this survey serve as a foundation for moving the practice of school nursing towards consistent documentation. Ultimately, the implementation of NNN will allow school nurses to document more consistently, base practice decisions on evidence, and improve the health and academic success of children in schools.

Prédire la récupération après un Accident Vasculaire Cérébral (AVC) est un défi de la recherche. En plus de la valeur prédictive de la sévérité initiale d’un déficit, de l’âge et du volume de l’infarctus, les faisceaux de substance blanche jouent aussi un rôle pour chacune de ces fonctions. L’imagerie par tenseur de diffusion (DTI) peut quantifier l’intégrité de la substance blanche. Les travaux de cette thèse reposent sur une cohorte de patients thrombolysés ayant eu une IRM à 24 heures post-AVC. Les objectifs sont de (1) investiguer les stratégies de normalisation spatiale afin de mieux traiter les données, (2) établir quel paramètre du modèle DTI prédit le mieux la récupération globale, et (3) déterminer si le DTI peut fournir des biomarqueurs de la récupération de la motricité et du langage. Les résultats majeurs de cette thèse sont les suivants : (1) la normalisation basée sur les cartes de distribution d’orientation de fibres donnent des résultats similaires à la normalisation basée sur les cartes scalaires au stade aigu, mais fournit de meilleures corrélations anatomo-cliniques au stade subaigu-chronique, (2) la diffusivité axiale (AD) de la couronne rayonnante contribue à la prédiction de l’autonomie d’un patient et (3) l’AD du faisceau corticospinal et arqué constitue des biomarqueurs de la récupération de la motricité et de l’aphasie. Ces travaux mettent en avant l’usage de l’AD pour la quantification de la sévérité de l’ischémie aigüe dans la substance blanche. Ces marqueurs pourraient servir à informer les patients, à monitorer l’efficacité de thérapies neuroprotectrices au stade aigu ou bien à stratifier les patients pour des essais cliniques<br>Predicting motor, language, and global outcome after ischemic stroke is a major research concern. While initial impairment, age, and lesion volume have proven indicators of future outcome, the preservation of major white matter structures also play a role in these outcome domains. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to acute ischemic damage and can evaluate the integrity of important white matter bundles. Using a large cohort of patients who underwent a DTI protocol at 24 hours post-stroke and a clinical evaluation 3 months afterwards, the current thesis sought to (1) investigate spatial normalization strategies to optimally analyze imaging data, (2) establish which DTI parameter best predicts global outcome, and (3) determine if DTI can provide independent biomarkers of motor and language outcome. The major findings of the current thesis were: (1) fiber orientation distribution (FOD)-based spatial normalization performed similarly to scalar normalization for acute stroke data but yielded stronger anatomo-clinical correlations in subacute-chronic stroke patients, (2) axial diffusivity (AD) in the corona radiata highly contributes to the prediction of autonomy in patients, and (3) the AD of the corticospinal tract and arcuate fasciculus are independent markers of motor and aphasia outcome, respectively. These results support the use of AD for quantifying early brain damage in important white matter structures, such as the corona radiata, corticospinal tract, and arcuate fasciculus. These markers could be used for patient information, as surrogates of neuroprotective therapies at the hyperacute stage, or as stratification means for rehabilitative therapies

Y a-t-il un point de rencontre entre l’anthropologie et la sémiotique ? C’est la question à laquelle cette thèse essaye de répondre, à la recherche notamment du dialogue entre les disciplines en question et en interrogeant leurs objets de recherche : la culture et le sens. La découverte d’un « ancêtre commun » des idées, fondant leurs domaines théoriques, ouvre à la possibilité d’une vision commune qui est celle d’une science de la signification à vocation scientifique. Le problème de la culture en sémiotique et celui du sens en anthropologie ne sont pas résolus par de nouveaux paradigmes théoriques à étiqueter selon les modes académiques,mais ils constituent l’occasion pour réfléchir sur les fondements théoriques et sur le statut épistémologique de l’ancienne sémiotique structurale et de l’hypothèse générative. Cette sémiotique archaïque et oubliée, à côté de la réflexion anthropologique, peut-elle dire encore quelque chose de sensé sur le sens ?<br>Does it exists an interaction point between antropology and semiotics? This is the question this thesis tries to aswer to and it tries to do it by looking for a way of communication between these two disciplines and their main subjects of research: culture and sense. Discovering a common ancestor for the fundamental ideas of these two theoretical areas allows the possibility of a common vision that is the cornerstone of a discipline of meaningwith a scientific vocation. The problem of semiotics culture and the one of sense for anthropology don't need new theoretical paradigms, maybe following academic trends, butthey are themselves the chance to think about the fundamental theoretical principles and theepistemological statute of the ancient structural semiotics and of the generative hypothesis.Does this forgotten archaic semiotics, maybe together with the anthropological thought, still say something reasonable about sense and culture?

Réalisée à partir d’archives diplomatiques, cette thèse propose une lecture de l’histoire de l’enseignement du français en Palestine depuis le point de vue diplomatique. Elle propose d’étudier les objectifs politiques et symboliques qui ont guidé l’évolution de ce réseau d’enseignement du français. A la croisée de questionnements communs à la didactique du français langue étrangère et à la sociolinguistique, il s’agit de s’intéresser aux conceptions de la langue et de l’altérité sous-jacentes à la politique de diffusion du français. La thèse s’attache également à caractériser les politiques de diffusion du français dans un espace particulier : la Palestine. Ces questionnements permettent de formuler une certaine continuité dans le type de relations entretenues à travers l’enseignement du français et de poser la question de ce que serait non plus une politique de diffusion mais une politique de l’appropriation<br>Based upon the interpretation of diplomatic archives, this doctoral thesis presents an understanding of the history of French language teaching in Palestine, from the diplomatic point of view. It aims at studying the political and symbolical goals guiding the evolution of the French teaching network. At the crossroads of issues common to the fields of French as a second language and sociolinguistics, it will focus on the conceptions of language and of alterity underlying the French language spread policy. The thesis also seeks to characterize language planning policy in a specific territory: Palestine. Those questions allow us to formulate the hypothesis of continuity in the type of relationships established through French language teaching and to put in perspective the spreading policy with an appropriation policy

The aim of this thesis is to examine and elucidate the introduction of new first names and the patterns of name giving from a social perspective based on material from baptismal registers. The region I have chosen to examine is Skellefteå and its surroundings 1791-1890. The point of departure is that the name giving may be considered a symbolic indication of the division between "us" and "them", based on constantly changing taste. During the period under examination, 1791-1890, 71 149 first names occur and 582 of which has been defined as new, i.e. first names that, as far as I know, did not exist in the area before the first example. Seen as the percentage of names occurring within different social groups the largest portion of new first names is introduced by the bourgeoisie and the smallest by the agrarian group. The new first names have been categorised as either a name choice or a name formation, with the former category containing more names than the latter. As regards categories of new names the bourgeoisie predominantly utilize name choice while for the agrarian group name formation predominates. The new pattern of name giving I have examined is the polyname system, which expands from the 18th Century onwards. The custom first grows in the name giving of girls, especially if born into the bourgeoisie. This social group also introduces the custom for the boys. When the custom of giving two names becomes too common in the region the bourgeoisie returns increasingly to one first name for the children, or to three or four names for each child. As regards the order of the new or old names, for boys the old name is generally placed first, especially among the agrarian group, if the two names are even in other respects e.g. have the same number of syllables. Once a new first name has been introduced it has to spread to survive. Of the 582 new names 422 spread and 160 do not. To examine the initial diffusion process from both a social and a geographical perspective 23 names have been chosen as representatives of different patterns of diffusion. The diffusion is described in terms of influence spreading from district to district or influence in the immediate surroundings. These two geographical aspects have been treated from a social perspective, in terms of a heterogeneous or homogenous social diffusion respectively.<br>digitalisering@umu

UVOD: Maligni tumori reproduktivnih organa nalaze se među vodećim uzrocima obolevanja i umiranja od malignih bolesti žena, kako u svetu, tako i u Srbiji. Jedan od najvažnijih puteva &scaron;irenja ovih bolesti je limfogeni, a konvencionalna radiolo&scaron;ka dijagnostika limfnih čvorova kod ovih pacijentkinja je neprecizna. Funkcionalna radiolo&scaron;ka dijagnostika, uključujući i magnentno rezonantnu sekvencu difuzionog kretanja (DWI) i iz nje izvedenu ADC mapu koja omogućava kvantitativnu analizu difuzionih osobina unutar limfnog čvora, daju obećavajuće rezultate u mogućnosti razlikovanja benignih od maligno izmenjenih limfnih čvorova male karlice i ingvinuma kod pacijentkinja obolelih od malignih tumora ženskih polnih organa. CILJ: Cilj studije je 1. utvrđivanje dijagnostičkih mogućnosti magnetnorezonantne sekvence difuzionog kretanja (DWI) u razlikovanju benignih od maligno izmenjenih limfnih čvorova male karlice i ingvinuma kod pacijentkinja obolelih od malignih tumora ženskih polnih organa, poređenjem preoperativno načinjenog magnetnorezonantnog pregleda i postoperativnog patohistolo&scaron;kog nalaza; 2. analiza povezanosti osobina metastatski izmenjenih limfnih čvorova na sekvenci difuzionog kretanja (DWI) i gradusa primarnog tumora, i 3. utvrđivanje uticaja tehničkih karakteristika sekvenci difuzinonog kretanja (DWI) na magnetnorezonantu procenu metastatske infiltracije karličnih i ingvinalnih limfnih čvorova i postoperativnog patohistolo&scaron;kog nalaza. MATERIJAL I METODE: Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu od 2013. do 2016.godine, kao prospektivna klinička studija u Centru za radiologiju, na Operativnom odeljenju Zavoda za ginekologiju, Klinike za ginekologiju i aku&scaron;erstvo i u Zavodu za patologiju Kliničkog Centra Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Studija je obuhvatila 80 pacijentkinja obolelih od malignih tumora vulve, vagine, grlića materice, tela materice i jajnika. Na osnovu lokalizacije malignog tumora sve ispitanice su razvrstane u 5 grupa: grupa A- 3 žene obolele od carcinoma vulve, grupa B- 1 žena obolela od karcinoma vagine, grupa C-32 pacijentkinje obolele od karcinoma grlića materice, grupa D- 30 pacijentkinja obolelih od malignih tumora tela materice i grupa E- 14 žena obolelih od malignih tumora jajnika. Procena stadijuma bolesti definitivno je izvr&scaron;ena posle operacije na osnovu histopatolo&scaron;kog pregleda kompletnog hirur&scaron;kog materijala uključujući i pregled uklonjenih limfnih čvorova na osnovu aktuelne FIGO klasifikacije stadijuma bolesti zasebno za svaku pojedinačnu lokalizaciju malignog tumora. Svim pacijentkinjama je preoperativno načinjen magnetnorezonantni pregled male karlice na uređaju za magnetnu rezonancu 1.5 T General Electric Signa HDx u Centru za radiologiju, Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Kod istih pacijentkinja naknadno je sprovedeno standardno hirur&scaron;ko lečenje po protokolu hirur&scaron;kog lečenja za dato maligno ginekolo&scaron;ko oboljenje sa karličnom i/ili ingvinalnom limfadenektomijom. Postoperativno je izvr&scaron;ena patohistolo&scaron;ka analiza hirur&scaron;ki uklonjenog materijala i limfnih čvorova razdvojenih po anatomskim grupama u karlici i ingvinalnoj regiji. REZULTATI: Ukupno 2320 limfnih čvorova je mapirano i patohistolo&scaron;ki pregledano kod 80 pacijenata. Metastaze u limfnim čvorovima patohistolo&scaron;ki su verifikovane kod 28 pacijenata (35%). Kod ovih 28 (35%) pacijentkinja, 152 (27,28%) od ukupno 557 limfnih čvorova bilo je metastatski izmenjeno na patohistolo&scaron;kom pregledu. Metastaze u limfnim čvorovima utvrđene su kod 2 pacijentkinje (7,14%) sa karcinomom vulve, 11 (39,28%) sa karcinomom cerviksa, 9 (32,14%) sa tumorima tela materice, te 6 (21,42%) sa tumorima jajnika. Od 28 pacijentkinja kod kojih su utvrđeni pozitivni limfni čvorovi, 14 pacijentkinja (50%) imalo je dobro diferentovan primarni tumor, 8 (28,57%) srednje diferentovan, dok je 6 (21,42%) imalo lo&scaron;e diferentovan primarni tumor. Od ukupno 152 metastatski izmenjena limfna čvora u na&scaron;oj studiji, 8 limfnih čvorova (5,26%) pripadalo je ingvinalnoj grupi od čega 5 (3,289%) povr&scaron;noj ingvinalnoj, a 3 ( 1,97%) dubokoj ingvinalnoj grupi, 8 (5,26%) parametrijalnoj grupi, 48 (31,58%) opturatornoj grupi, 40 (26,31%) spolja&scaron;njoj ilijačnoj grupi, 36 (23,684%) unutra&scaron;njoj ilijačnoj grupi, dok je 12 (7,89%) pripadalo zajedničkoj ilijačnoj grupi karličnih limfnih čvorova. Kraći prečnik limfnog čvora nije pokazao značajnu razliku između metastatskih ( mean &plusmn; SD, 8,3 &plusmn; 5.4 mm, raspon , 4.5-30 mm ) i limfnih čvorova koji nisu bili metastatski izmenjeni ( 6,3 mm &plusmn; 1,5 , 4,5-9,6 mm ; P= 0,191 ). Izmerena ADC vrednost bila je značajno niža kod metastatski izmenjenih limfnih čvorova (mean &plusmn; SD , ADC: 0,8725 x 10-3 mm2/s &plusmn; 0,0125) nego kod limfnih čvorova koji nisu bili metastatski izmenjeni (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC: 1,116 x 10- 3 mm2/s &plusmn; 0,1848; P=0,001). Prosečne vrednosti ADC kod b =800 s/mm2 i b =1200 s/mm2 nisu se značajno razlikovale između metastaski izmenjenih limfnih čvorova (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC: 0,8575 &plusmn; 0,0125 x 10-3 mm2/s, ADC:0,8859 &plusmn; 0,0125 x 10-3 mm2/s) i limfnih čvorova koji nisu metastatski izmenjeni (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC:1,0345 &plusmn; 0,1222 x 10-3 mm2/s, ADC:1,1125 &plusmn; 1638 x 10-3 mm2/s; P =0,657 i P = 0,877). Ako se koristi vrednost ADC od 0,860 x 10- 3 mm2 / s kao kritična vrednost za razlikovanje metastatskih od limfnih čvorova koji nisu metastatski izmenjeni, senzitivnost DWI MR iznosila je 89%, specifičnost 85% i ukupna tačnost 86%. Pozitivna prediktivna vrednost (PPV) DWI MR u detekciji limfnih metastaza u karličnoj i ingvinalnoj regiji iznosila je 30%. Negativna prediktivna vrednost (NPV) testa iznosila je 99%. Pozitivna prediktivna vrednost (PPV) MR zasnovana na kriterijumu ADC vrednosti značajno je veća u odnosu na sve kriterijuma veličine (P &lt; 0,001). Negativna prediktivna vrednost MR zasnovanoj na kriterijumima veličine limfnog čvora i na ACD vrednosti nisu se međusobno statistički značajno razlikovali (P&lt;0,05). Performanse dijagnostičke metode (MR) bile su značajno bolje za minimalnu ADC vrednost od svih kriterijuma baziranih na veličini limfnih čvorova ( P=0.001 za minimalnu ADC vrednost u odnosu na sve druge kriterijume). MRI na osnovu definisanog modela koji kombinuje kriterijum ADC vrednosti sa kriterijumom veličine ima sledeće dijagnostičke performanse za diferencijaciju malignih od benignih limfnih čvorova: senzitivnost od 95%, specifičnost 92%, sveukupna tačnost od 92,5%, pozitivnu prediktivnu vrednost od 46% i negativnu prediktivnu vrednost od 99.6%. ZAKLJUČAK: Kriterijum veličine limfnog čvora nije dovoljno precizan pokazatelj metastatske invazije limfnih čvorova. Sekvenca difuzionog kretanja (DWI) uvek se mora analizirati zajedno sa ADC mapom i visoko rezolutivnim T1 i T2 otežanim magnetnorezonantnim sekvencama. Studijom je dokazan visok stepen povezanosti između preoperativnog određivanja metastaske infiltracije karličnih i ingvinalnih limfnih čvorova malignih tumora ženskih polnih organa primenom sekvence difuzionog kretanja (DWI) i postoperativnog patohistolo&scaron;kog nalaza. Uz graničnu ADC vrednost od 0,860 x 10-3 mm2/ s, senzitivnost MRI DWI u otkrivanju metastatskih limfnih čvorova iznosi 89%, a specifičnost 85%. Kombinacija ADC vrednosti i morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika limfnih čvorova konvencionalnim magnentno rezonantnim pregledom je najprecizniji prediktor postojanja metastatske infiltracije karličnih i ingvinalnih limfnih čvorova kod pacijentkinja sa malignim tumorima ženskih polnih organa. Tehničke karakteristike sekvenci difuzionog kretanja (DWI) u smislu razlike u visokim b vrednostima ne utiču na magnentno rezonantnu procenu metastatske infiltracije karličnih i ingvinalnih limfnih čvorova kod pacijentkinja sa malignim tumorima ženskih polnih organa. Studijom nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između preoperativno utvrđenih ADC vrednosti metastatski izmenjenih limfnih čvorova i stepena histolo&scaron;ke diferencijacije ovih tumora. Sekvenca difuzionog kretanja (DWI) je brza, jednostavna, neinvazivna metoda koja značajno doprinosi dijagnostičkim mogućnostima magnetne rezonance u razlikovanju benignih od malignih limfnih čvorova male karlice i ingvinuma.<br>INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors of reproductive organs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in women, both in Serbia and worldwide. Lymphatic spread is one of the most important pathways of tumor dissemination. However, conventional lymph node imaging in these patients is imprecise. Functional imaging, including diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI MRI) and derived ADC map which allows quantitative analysis of diffusion parameters within a lymph node, provide promising results in discrimination benign from malignant pelvic and inguinal lymph nodes in patients with gynecological malignancies. AIM: Aim of the study was: 1. To assess diagnostic performances of DWI MRI in differentiation between benign and malignant pelvic and inguinal lymph nodes in patients with gynecological malignancies, by comparison of preoperative magnetic resonance and postoperative histopathological findings. 2. To analyze correlation between DWI characteristics of metastatic lymph nodes and grade of the primary tumor, and 3. To evaluate the influence of technical characteristics of DWI sequences on MR assessment of metastatic pelvic and inguinal lymph node and postoperative histopathological findings. MATERIAL and METHODS: The prospective clinical study was conducted in Center for Radiology, Surgery Department of Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pathology Department of Clinical Center of Vojvodina from 2013 to 2016. It comprised 80 patients with malignant tumors of vulva, vagina, uterine cervix and body and ovaries. Based on the localization of the tumor, all patients were divided into 5 groups: group A-3 patients with vulvar cancer, group B- 1 patient with vaginal cancer, group C- 32 patients with cervical cancer, group D- 30 patients with uterine body tumors and group E- 14 patients with malignant ovarian tumors. Staging of the disease was performed after surgery based on histopathological examination of complete surgical specimen, including examination of removed lymph nodes, based on current FIGO classification separately for each primary tumor location. Preoperatively, all patients underwent MRI examination (1.5 T General Electric Signa HDx) at Center for Radiology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina. The same patients underwent standard surgical treatment according to the treatment protocol regarding the tumor type and stage, with complete pelvic and/or inguinal lymphadenectomy. Histopathological examination of surgically removed material and lymph nodes separated in pelvic and inguinal anatomic groups was performed after the surgery. RESULTS: The total of 2320 of lymph nodes were mapped and histopathologically examined in 80 patients included in the study. Metastases in lymph nodes were histopathologically confirmed in 28 patients (35%). In these 28(35%) patients, in 152 (27,28%) out of 557 lymph nodes histopathological examination confirmed metastases. Lymph node metastases were confirmed in 2 patients (7.14%) with vulvar cancer, 11 (39.28%) with cervical cancer, 9 (32.14%) with uterine body tumors and 6 (21.42%)patients with ovarian tumors. In 28 patients with positive lymph nodes, 14 patients (50%) had well differentiated primary tumor, 8 (28.57%) moderately differentiated, while 6 (21.42%) patients had poorly differentiated primary tumor. Out of 152 metastatic lymph nodes in our study, 8 lymph nodes (5.26%) were inguinal ( 5 (3.289%) superficial inguinal and 3 ( 1.97%) deep inguinal group), 8 (5.26%) were parametrial, 48 (31. 58%) obturatory, 40 (26.31%) external iliac, 36 (23.684%) internal iliac, while 12 (7. 89%) belonged to common iliac pelvic lymph nodes group. Shorter lymph node axis did not show significant difference between metastatic ( mean &plusmn; SD, 8.3 &plusmn; 5.4 mm, range , 4.5-30 mm ) and benign lymph nodes ( 6.3 mm &plusmn; 1.5 , 4.5-9.6 mm ; P= 0.191 ). Measured ADC values were significantly lower in metastatic (mean &plusmn; SD , ADC: 0.8725 x 10-3 mm2/s &plusmn; 0.0125) than benign lymph nodes (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC: 1.116 x 10-3 mm2/s &plusmn; 0.1848; P=0.001). Mean ADC values at b =800 s/mm2 and b =1200 s/mm2 did not differ significantly between metastatic (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC: 0.8575 &plusmn; 0.0125 x 10-3 mm2/s, ADC:0.8859 &plusmn; 0,0125 x 10-3 mm2/s) and benign lymph nodes (mean &plusmn; SD, ADC:1.0345 &plusmn; 0.1222 x 10-3 mm2/s, ADC:1.1125 &plusmn; 1638 x 10-3 mm2/s; P =0.657 i P = 0.877). If ADC value of 0.860 x 10- 3 mm2 / s is determined as a cut off value for discrimination of benign and malignant lymph nodes, DWI MRI sensitivity was 89%, specificity 85% and overall accuracy was 86%. Positive predictive value (PPV) of DWI MR in detection of pelvic and inguinal lymph node metastases was 30%. Negative predictive value (NPV) of the test was 99%. MRI PPV based on ADC value criteria was significantly higher compared to all size-based criteria (P &lt; 0,001). MRI NPV based on size based and ADC values criteria did not differ significantly (P&lt;0,05). Performances of diagnostic method (MRI) were significantly better for minimal ADC value compared to all lymph node size-based criteria ( P=0.001 for minimal ADC value compared to all other criteria). Combination of ADC value criteria and size-based criteria yields MRI the following diagnostic performances in discrimination between benign and malignant lymph nodes: sensitivity 95%, specificity 92%, overall accuracy 92.5%, positive predictive value 46% and negative predictive value 99.6%. CONCLUSION: Lymph node size is not sufficiently precise criteria for determination of metastatic lymph node involvement. DWI sequence always needs to be evaluated together with ADC map and high resolution T1W and T2W magnetic resonance sequences. The study shows high correlation between preoperative assessment of pelvic and inguinal lymph node metastases from gynecological malignancies using MRI DWI and postoperative histopathological findings. With a cut off ADC value of 0.860 x 10-3 mm2/ s, sensitivity of MRI DWI in metastatic lymph node detection is 89%, while specificity is 85%. Combination of ADC values and morphological lymph nodes characteristics assessed by conventional MRI is the most precise predictor of metastatic pelvic and inguinal lymph node invasion in patients with gynecological malignancies. Technical characteristics of DWI i.e. different high b-values do not influence MR assessment of metastatic pelvic and inguinal lymph node involvement in patients with gynecological malignancies. The study did not confirm statistically significant difference between preoperatively measured ADC valued of metastatic lymph nodes and histological grade of primary tumors. DWI MRI sequence is fast, simple, noninvasive method which aids significantly to MRI diagnostic performances in discrimination between benign and malignant pelvic and inguinal lymph nodes.

Alchajmerova bolest je najče&scaron;ća demencija od svih demencija i karakteri&scaron;e je depozicija senilinih plakova i neurofibrilarnih klubadi u kortikalnim moždanim regionima, koje daljim razvojem bolesti postaju atrofične. Klinički se karakteri&scaron;e smetnjma na planu pamćenja, egzekutivnih funkcija, pažnje i ostalih kognitivnih funkcija uz odustsvo sposobnosti samostalnog funkcionisanja u svakodnevnom životu. Blagi kognitivni poremeća (BKP) je klinički entitet koji se smatra početnim stadijumom demencije u kom se registruju smetnje na planu pamćenja, ali i drugih kognitvnih funkcija, uz očuvanu funkcionalnost u svakodnevnom životu. Kod obe bolesti je utvrđeno da pored kortikalnog zahvatanja, patolo&scaron;kim procesom je zahvaćena i bela masa mozga. U dana&scaron;nje vreme se mirkostrukturno o&scaron;tećenje bele mase mozga može ispitati difuzionim tenzorskim imidžinogom (DTI) na magnentoj rezonanci mozga (MR). Cilj: Utvrditi razlike neuropsiholo&scaron;kih skorova i razlike DTI parametara između obolelih od AB, BKP i kontrolne grupe zdravih ispitanika, kao i utvrditi da li postoji korelacija između neuropsiholo&scaron;kih skorova i DTI parametara kod BKP i AB.&nbsp; Metode: U istraživanje je uključeno tri ispitivane grupe od po 30 ispitanika: oboleli od AB u blagom stadijumu bolesti, oboleli od amnestičkog multi-domen BKP i kontrolna grupa zdravih ispitanika. Dijagnoza kod obolelih u obe grupe je postavljena na osnovu kliničkih kriterijuma aktuelnih dijagnostičkih kriterijuma iz 2011. godine. Kod svih ispitanika je sprovedeno detaljno neuropsiholo&scaron;ko testiranje u cilju procene kognitivnih funkcija (smetnji na planu pamćenja, egzekutivnih funkcija, pažnje, govora, vizuospacijalnih i vizuokonstrukcionih sposobnosti), depresivnosti i drugih neuropsihijatrijskih simptoma i kvaliteta života. Samo je kod obolelih od AB dopunski vr&scaron;ena procena sposobnosti svakodnevnog funkcionisanja. Kognitivne funkcije su ispitane formiranjem kognitivnih domena, na osnovu pretpostavke o zajedničkom predmetu merenja kori&scaron;ćenih testova. Potom je načinjen MR mozga, u okviru koje je analiziran i DTI. Dalja obrada DTI je sprovedena primenom TBSS metode, čime su dobijene vrednosti DTI parametara: frakcione anizotropije (FA), srednje difuzivnosti (SD), radijalne difuzivnosti (RD) i aksijalne difuzivnosti (DA). Nakon toga je načinjena korelacija neuropsiholo&scaron;kog postignuća i DTI parametara kori&scaron;ćenjem Pirsonovog, odnosno Spirmanovog koeficijenta korelacije. Rezultati: Oboleli od AB su imali lo&scaron;ije postignuće na planu vizuelnog pamćenja, verbalnog pamćenja, neposrednog upamćivanja, odloženog prisećanja, pažnje, govora, egzekutivnih funkcija, mi&scaron;ljenja, radne memorije i vizuospacijalnih i vizuokonstrukcionih sposobnosti u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu zdravih. Oboleli od BKP su imali lo&scaron;ije postignuće u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu zdravih u domenima vizuelno pamćenje, neposredno upamćivanje, odloženo prisećanje, govor, mi&scaron;ljenje i vizuospacijalne i vizuokonstrukcione sposobnosti. Obe grupe obolelih su ispoljile vi&scaron;e depresivnih simptoma u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu zdravih ispitanika. Takođe, obe grupe obolelih ispoljavaju statistički značajno vi&scaron;e neuropsihijatrijskih simptoma u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike, gde se kod obolelih od AB registruju sumanute ideje, halucinacije, agitacija, euforija, dezinhibicija, ritabilnost i apatija, dok se kod obolelih od BKP registruju anksioznost i iritabilnost. Oboleli od AB imaju lo&scaron;iji kvalitet života u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike, dok između oboleli od BKP i zdravih ispitanika nema razlike u proceni kvaliteta života. &Scaron;to se tiče DTI parametara, oboleli od AB imaju niži FA i vi&scaron;u SD, RD i DA u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike na vi&scaron;e puteva bele mase: prednji krak kapsule interne, prednja korona radijata, telo korpusa kalozuma, cingulum, kapsula eksterna, fornix-strija terminalis, koleno korpusa kalozuma, donji fronto-okcipitalni fascikulus, zadnja korona radijata, gornji fronto-okcipitalni fascikulus, gornji longitudinalni fascikulus i fascikulus uncinatus. Oboleli od BKP imaju sniženu FA i povi&scaron;enu SD, RD i DA u regiji forniksa u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike. Kod obolelih od AB registrovane su značajne povezanosti mikrostrukturnog o&scaron;tećenja bele mase i o&scaron;tećenja svih kognitivnih domena, izuzev domena mi&scaron;ljenje, dok su kod obolelih od BKP registrovane značajne povezanosti mikrostrukturnog o&scaron;tećenja bele mase i o&scaron;tećenja svih kognitivnih domena, izuzev domena egzekutivne funkcije. U grupi obolelih od BKP je bilo vi&scaron;e registrovanih korelacija o&scaron;tećenja domena verbalno pamćenje, odloženo prisećanje i govor sa o&scaron;tećenjem bele mase mozga, dok je kod AB bilo vi&scaron;e registrovanih korelacija o&scaron;tećenja domena vizuelno pamćenje, neposredno upamćivanje, pažnja, radna memorija i vizuospacijalne i vizuokontrukcione sposobnosti sa o&scaron;tećenjem bele mase mozga. Depresivnost je jedino u grupi BKP značajno korelirala sa o&scaron;tećenjem određenih puteva bele mase mozga. Zaključak: U blagom stadijumu obolelih od AB se registruje kognitivno o&scaron;tećenje svih ispitivanih domena, vi&scaron;e su ispoljeni depresivni simptomi, utvrđen je veliki broj neuropsihijatrijskih simptoma i naru&scaron;en je kvalitet života u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike. Kod obolelih od BKP je registrovano kognitivno o&scaron;tećenje vi&scaron;e od pola procenjivanih kognitivnih funkcija, vi&scaron;e su ispoljeni depresivni simptomi i utvrđeno prisustvo anksioznosti i iritabilnosti, dok kvalitet života nije naru&scaron;en u ovoj fazi bolesti u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike. Rezultati vezani za mikrostrukturno o&scaron;tećenja mozga u najranijim fazama AB ukazuju da je neuronska mreža značajno o&scaron;tećena u najranijim kliničkim fazama bolesti, dok je u stadijumu BKP izolovana na o&scaron;tećenje u regiji forniksa. U grupi obolelih od BKP je bilo vi&scaron;e registrovanih korelacija o&scaron;tećenja domena verbalno pamćenje, odloženo prisećanje i govor sa o&scaron;tećenjem bele mase mozga, dok je kod AB bilo vi&scaron;e registrovanih korelacija o&scaron;tećenja domena vizuelno pamćenje, neposredno upamćivanje, pažnja, radna memorija i vizuospacijalne i vizuokontrukcione sposobnosti sa o&scaron;tećenjem bele mase mozga. Stepen depresivnosti i o&scaron;tećenje bele mase mozga je povezano isključivo na nivou BKP.<br>Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) is the most common dementia of all dementia with deposition of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in cortical brain regions, which become atrophic in the further disease development. It`s main clinical characteristics are impairment of memory, executive function, attention and other cognitive functions with impairment in daily living activities. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical entity considered as an initial stage of dementia with present memory impairment, as well as other cognitive functions, while maintaining the functionality of the everyday life. In both diseases, pathological processes affect also the white matter of the brain. Nowadays, microstructural damage of the brain white matter is diagnosed by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MR). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine differences in neuropsychological scores and differences in DTI parameters between patients with AD, MCI and control groups of healthy subjects, as well as to determine whether there is a correlation between scores and DTI parameters in MCI and AD.&nbsp; Methods: The study included three groups of 30 patients each: of AD patients in the mild stage of the disease, patients with multi-domain amnestic MCI, and healthy controls. The patient&rsquo;s diagnosis are based upon clinical criteria of current diagnostic criteria proposed in 2011. All patients had assessment of cognitive functions (impairment of memory, executive function, attention, language, visuospatial and construction abilities), depressive symptoms and other behavioral disorders and quality of life. Only in patients with AD, we also assessed ability of daily living activities. Cognitive functions were tested by forming cognitive domains, based on the assumption of a common object of measurement of analyzed tests. Further, participants had MRI scan, in which DTI was analyzed. DTI post-processing was carried out by using TBSS method, whereby the values of DTI parameters were: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (DA). We conducted correlation analysis of the neuropsychological achievements and DTI parameters using Pearson or Spearman&rsquo;s correlation coefficient, dependent on variable distribution. Results: The patients with AD had lower scores in the field of visual memory, verbal memory, immediate and delayed recall, attention, language, executive functions, reasoning, working memory and visuospatial and construction abilities compared to the control group. Patients with MCI had lower scores compared to the control group in the domains of visual memory, immediate and delayed recall, language, reasoning, and visuospatial and construction abilities. Both groups of patients have more depressive symptoms in relation to the control group of healthy subjects. In addition, both groups of patients exhibited a significantly higher degree of behavioral disorders as compared to healthy subjects, where AD patients experienced delusions, hallucinations, agitation, euphoria, disinhibition, irritability and apathy, while MCI patients experienced anxiety and irritability. Patients with AD had a poor quality of life compared to healthy subjects, whereas people with MCI did not. As for the parameters of DTI, AD patients had decrease of FA and increase of MD, RD, and DA compared to the healthy subjects in the multiple white matter tracts: anterior limb of internal capsule, anterior part of corona radiata, the body of the corpus callosum, cingulum, external capsule, fornix- striae terminalis, genu of the corpus callosum, inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus, posterior corona radiata, superior frontal-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus and fasciculus uncinatus. Patients with MCI had decreased FA and increased MD, RD and DA in the fornix compared to healthy subjects. In AD patients, there was significant association between microstructural white matter brain damage and all cognitive domains, except domain reasoning, while in patients with MCI significant association was evident between microstructural white matter damage and all cognitive domains, except the domain of executive function. Results related to the microstructural white matter brain damage in mild AD indicates that wide neural network is significantly damaged at the earliest clinical stages of the disease, while in MCI stage only fornix shows microstructural white matter brain damage. Level of impairment of verbal memory, delayed recall and language correlates more frequently in MCI group compared to mild AD group, where impairment in the field of visual memory, immediate recall, attention, working memory and visuospatial and construction abilities correlates more frequently with white matter brain damage. Association of depressive symptoms and white matter brain damage was significant in MCI patients. Conclusion: In mild AD, cognitive impairment is present in all cognitive domains; patients experience more depressive symptoms and wider spectrum of behavioral disorders with compromised quality of life compared to healthy subjects. In MCI patients, cognitive impairment is present in more than half of the assessed cognitive functions; patients also experience more depressive symptoms, as well as anxiety and irritability without quality of life deterioration compared to healthy subjects. Results related to the microstructural white matter brain damage in mild AD indicates that wide neural network is significantly damaged at the earliest clinical stages of the disease, while in MCI stage only fornix shows microstructural white matter brain damage. Level of impairment of verbal memory, delayed recall and language correlates more frequently in MCI group compared to mild AD group, where impairment in the field of visual memory, immediate recall, attention, working memory and visuospatial and construction abilities correlates more frequently with white matter brain damage. The degree of depression correlated significantly with white matter brain damage solely at the level of MCI.

Akutni pankreatitis predstavlja zbirni pojam dinamičkih, lokalnih i sistemskih patofiziolo&scaron;kih procesa nastalih iznenadnim prodorom aktivnih litičkih pankreasnih enzima u žlezdani parenhim. Cilj istraživanja je da se Utvrditi senzitivnost difuzione sekvence magnetne rezonance (DWI) radi utvrđivanja morfolo&scaron;kih promena parenhima kod akutnog pankreatitisa. Poređenje difuzione mape i difuzionog koeficijenta kod pacijenata sa akutnim pankreatitisom i kod pacijenata sa morfolo&scaron;ki urednim parenhimom pankreasa na magnetnoj rezonanci. Utvrditi da li postoje statistički značajne razlike difuzionog koeficijenta kod pacijenata sa akutnim pankreatitisom u odnosu na pol. Utvrditi da li postoje statistički značajne razlike difuzionog koeficijenta kod pacijenata sa akutnim pankreatitisom u odnosu na godine. Odrediti prelomnu tačku difuzionog koeficijenta kod pacijenata sa akutnim pankreatitisom. Studija je bila prospektivnog karaktera i obuhvatilo je 30 ispitanika sa morfolo&scaron;ki urednim parenhimom pankreasa i 30 sa dijagnozom akutnog pankreatitisa unutar 72 sata od početka simptoma. Svi pacijenti su pregledani magnetnom rezonancom u Centru za radiologiju, Kliničkog Centra Vojvodine. Rezultati ukazuju da postoje razlike difuzionog koeficijenta kod pacijenata sa akutnim pankreatitisom i kontrolne grupe. Takođe smo dokazali da difuzioni koeficijent zavisi od pola i starosti i utvrdili smo prelomnu tačku difuzije za rano dijagnostikovanje akutnog pankreatitisa.<br>Acute pancreatitis is defined as cumulative term of dynamic local and general pathophysiological processes caused by sudden penetration of active lithic pancreatic enzymes in the glandular parenchyma. Goal of this research is to note the changes (sensitivity) in values of diffusion weighted images (DWI) in acute pancreatitis and to determine morphological changes in glandular parenchyma of pancreas. Comparation of DWI between patients with acute pancreatitis and patients with normal pancreatic parenchyma based on magnetic resonance (MRI). We also want to determine whether there were statistically significant differences of DWI in patients with acute pancreatitis in relation to sex and age. One of our goals also was to determine breakpoint of DWI as a sure sign of acute pancreatitis. This was prospective study and included 30 patients with morphologically healthy parenchyma of the pancreas (control group) and 30 with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis &ndash; in first 72 hours of the onset of symptoms. All patients were examined on MRI in department of Radiology of Clinical Center of Vojvodina. Our results indicate that was a big difference of DWI between patients with acute pancreatitis and control group. We prove that DWI depends on the sex and age. 1,77x10-6mm/s2 was breakpoint which indicates acute pancreatitis.

L’histoire de la diffusion du français en Chine se trouve à la croisée de plusieurs axes de recherche féconds. Nous pouvons retenir, pour ne citer que les plus importants d’entre eux, l’histoire de l’ouverture chinoise, l’action culturelle française à l’étranger et l’histoire des relations culturelles. Celles-ci connaissent, depuis quelques temps, une réelle montée en puissance au sein des études internationales. La francophonie chinoise représente ainsi un regard, susceptible d’enrichir d’autres branches de la discipline, qui sont centrées traditionnellement sur les aspects politique et économique, et sur des pays en position de force. La diffusion du français en Chine est le fruit d’interactions des initiatives chinoises et françaises. Certes, les premiers cours de français ont été créés par les missionnaires au milieu du 19ème siècle. Mais les initiatives chinoises se sont multipliées et n’ont pas tardé à prendre de l’importance. En fait, le français a été lié au rêve du redressement national des Chinois dans les domaines militaire, économique, politique et culturel. Force est de constater que l’accès du français à l’enseignement supérieur s’est réalisé au début du 20ème siècle, grâce à des initiatives chinoises. En effet, Tongwen guan (École des Langues étrangères de la Capitale) a fusionné en 1902 avec Jingshi Daxuetang (Université de la Capitale qui deviendra Université de Beijing en 1912). L’action culturelle française a su se renouveler, grâce à un terrain chinois plutôt favorable. S’étendant sur cent ans sans discontinuité durant la période 1849-1949, elle couvrait des initiatives religieuses et laïques, limitées dans la quasi-totalité des cas au niveau primaire ou secondaire. Après une interruption de quelques décennies due notamment à la Guerre froide et à la Révolution culturelle, son retour sur le contient chinois a été rendu possible par l’ouverture de la Chine. En se basant désormais sur la réciprocité et en misant sur l’attrait de la France pour les étudiants chinois, les pouvoirs publics français intensifient les liens avec la Chine. Par ailleurs, ils s’appuient fortement sur l’Alliance Française qui, d’initiative de société civile, réalise une expansion rapide grâce à son ancrage local et à la diversification des destinations d’études des étudiants chinois<br>The history of the spread of French in China finds itself at the intersection of multiple productive areas of research. To cite only the most important of them, consider the history of the opening-up of China, the overseas cultural action of France and the history of cultural relations. For some time now, these areas of research have been witnessing a true growth of strength within the field of international studies. As such, the francophony in China represents an area of inquiry which could contribute to enriching other branches of International Studies, which has traditionally been focused on the political and economic dimensions and on the nations in a position of power. The spread of French in China is the fruit of interaction between Chinese and French initiatives. Granted, the first French programs were created by French missionaries in the middle of the 19th century. Nevertheless, initiatives on the part of Chinese multiplied and soon made their importance felt. The French language had actually been bound up with the dream of Chinese of achieving national revival across the fields of military, economy, politics and culture. Indeed, highly noteworthy is the fact that thanks to the efforts of Chinese, higher education programs taught in French were made available as early as the beginning of the 20th century – the institution in question was Tongwen guan [Governmental School of Foreign Languages], which in its turn was merged into Jingshi Daxuetang [Imperial Capital University, predecessor of Peking University] in Beijing in 1902. Benefitting from a generally favorable environment in China, French cultural action kept renewing itself. Spanning 100 years without interruption over the period 1849-1949, it offered both religious and non-religious programs, restricted, however, almost entirely to primary and secondary education. After 1949 however, largely because of cold war and the Cultural Revolution gripping China in 1966-1975, such French initiatives were absent for several decades and did not make their come-back until the opening-up policy of China at the end of the 1970s. Henceforth, on the basis of reciprocity and leveraging the attractive force of France to Chinese college students, the French authorities have been deepening ties with China. At the same time, they rely heavily on l’Alliance Française, which has been expanding rapidly in China thanks to both its ability of adapting to local circumstances and the diversification of the overseas study destinations of Chinese college students

Si les régions cérébrales du langage ont étélargement explorées grâce à l’IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf) et la stimulation électrique directe (SED)peropératoire, leur connectivité reste encore incomplètement documentée. Il n’est pas seulement débattuquels faisceaux de SB contribuent au langage, mais également quelle est leur anatomie précise et leur rôlefonctionnel spécifique. Une meilleure compréhension du connectome du langage est requise pourdiminuer la morbidité postopératoire en neurochirurgie et développer de nouveaux traitements cibléspour la rééducation des aphasies. Notre objectif était de cartographier structurellement etfonctionnellement, in vivo, la connectivité du langage. Dans une première étude préclinique portant sur 2Oadultes sains, nous avons combiné des informations structurelles axonales révélées par la tractographieavec des informations fonctionnelles corticales dérivées de l’IRMf (tâche de lecture compréhensive). Huitfaisceaux de SB ont été explorés —i.e. faisceau arqué, faisceau longitudinal supérieur, faisceau frontooccipitalinférieur, faisceau unciné, faisceau longitudinal inférieur, faisceau longitudinal moyen, faisceauoperculo-prémoteur, faisceau frontal transverse—, dont le rôle fonctionnel a été analysé en recherchantune connexion entre leurs terminaisons corticales et les activations IRMf. Les caractéristiquesanatomiques des faisceaux (i.e. volume, longueur, terminaisons corticales), leurs asymétries interhémisphériqueset leurs variations interindividuelles ont été colligées. Ce protocole a permis deconstruire le connectome du langage et d’étudier en détails son organisation structurelle macroscopique.Dans une seconde partie, ces données ont été transposées à la clinique pour le traitement chirurgical depatients souffrant de tumeurs cérébrales (gliomes) en régions du langage. Pendant la résection tumorale,des images de tractographie intégrées à un système de neuronavigation ont été systématiquementcombinées à la SED au cours d’un test de dénomination orale d’images. Ce protocole opératoire a permisd’optimiser les résultats chirurgicaux en termes de qualité d’exérèse et de préservation du langage, et aconstitué une opportunité unique d’étudier en temps réel les corrélations structure – fonction. Encouplant la localisation anatomique précise où chaque SED a été délivrée —obtenue grâce aux images detractographie naviguées— et la sémiologie des paraphasies induites par la SED —colligée par unorthophoniste présent au bloc opératoire—, nous avons déterminé le rôle spécifique de 5 faisceaux tantcortico-corticaux (faisceau arqué, faisceau fronto-occipital inférieur, faisceau frontal transverse) quecortico-sous-corticaux (fibres prémotrices orofaciales, faisceau fronto-striatal) dans différentes souscomposantesdu langage, i.e. traitement phonologique, traitement sémantique, contrôle moteur,planification articulatoire, contrôle exécutif/cognitif de la réponse verbale. Considérés de façon globale,nos résultats permettent d’envisager une meilleure compréhension de l’organisation anatomofonctionnelledes réseaux cérébraux du langage. Au-delà de l’intérêt scientifique, la possibilité deconstruire le connectome du langage spécifique à chaque individu ouvre la voie vers d’importantesapplications en neurochirurgie, dans une perspective de médecine personnalisée. Aujourd’hui, la chirurgiedes tumeurs cérébrales guidée par l’image. Demain, le développement de nouveaux traitements pour larééducation des aphasies, e.g. la déposition ciblée d’agents pharmacologiques, de cellules souches ou deneuromodulations, interagissant directement avec la connectivité résiduelle épargnée par la lésion<br>The langage connectome is defined as the neuronal networks that subserve languagefunctions. Anatomically, it comprises specialized cortical areas and modulatory subcortical areas (i.e. deepgray nuclei and cerebellum), as well as their interconnections trough white matter (WM) fascicles.Although brain regions involved in language have been largely explored thanks to functional MRI (fMRI)and intraoprative electrical stimulation (IES), the underlying WM connectivity is still not mastered. It isnot only unknown which WM fascicles specifically contribute to language, but there is also much debateabout their precise anatomy and the functions they subserve during language processing. Betterunderstanding of the structural and functional organization of the language connectome is requisite toreduce postoperative morbidity in neurosurgery and develop targeted treatments for aphasiarehabilitation. Herein, our objective was to map structurally and functionally, in vivo, the subcorticalconnectivity of language. First, we conducted a preclinical study in 20 healthy subjects, combining DTItractography and fMRI (reading comprehension task) to yield connectivity associated with language. Weexplored 8 WM fascicles that have been proposed as putative candidates for language —i.e. arcuatefascicle, superior longitudinal fascicle, inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, uncinate fascicle, inferiorlongitudinal fascicle, middle longitudinal fascicle, operculopremotor fascicle, frontal aslant tract—, towhich we assigned functionality by tracking their connections to the fMRI-derived clusters. We generateda normative database of anatomical characteristics for each WM fascicle, such as volume, length, corticalterminations and their interhemispheric and interindividual variations. By using this construct, weprovided in explicit details the structural map of the language connectome. Second, this body ofknowledge was transposed to brain tumor surgery. Patients suffering of gliomas located close to languageregions were operated on under local anesthesia (i.e. awake surgery) in order to perform intraoperativelanguage mapping (object naming task). Essential language sites were localized through IES andanatomically characterized thanks to navigated tractography images. This intraoperative protocol allowedmaximum tumor resection while preserving language functions. Furthermore, it gave us a uniqueopportunity to perform reliable, real-time structure – function relationships, determining the role of 5WM fascicles (arcuate fascicle, inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, frontal aslant tract, orofacial premotorfibers, frontostriatal fascicle) in different subcomponents of language, i.e. phonological processing,semantic processing, articulatory planning, motor control and executive/cognitive control of verbalresponse. Globally considered, our results allow a better understanding of the anatomo-functionalorganization of the language network in the human brain. Beyond the scientific interest, the possibility toconstruct the individual (patient-specific) connectome paves the way for major applications inneurosurgery, in the perspective of personalized medicine. Today, the maximum safe resection of braintumors located in eloquent language areas, guided by navigated, multimodal images. Tomorrow, thedevelopment of new treatments for rehabilitation of post-stroke aphasia patients, such as the targeteddelivery of drugs, stem cells, or neuromodulation devices, fitting with the residual functional connectivityspared by the lesion

The main theme of our doctoral research in Comparative Law is entitled " Language and Law in Africa." This research will analyze the relationship between African languages, customary law and modern law in Africa today. Obviously it is not an easy task. Because, Africa judged as a whole continent is a cross of races, cultures, languages and religions, which makes any attempt to inventory difficult and it puts the most important factor to be considered, the accuracy, on the top of the goals our work will necessarily require. Given the use of the stratigraphic method by anthropologists and other law theorists, which allows to analyze the components of the historical evolution of any country, African law has yet to be considered not only like an ancestral law. This theory led to the acceptance and kind of proved the existence of a non - writing society. Today we have already acknowledged that law existed into the traditional African societies through the archives and in its oral form (proverbs, legends, coded and encoded rites). The colonial power from Europe (in the name of some countries like France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy) set its roots in Africa during the nineteenth century, where indigenous people living in small communities had yet to be ruled under the national legal systems of these invaders - civil law and common law systems - ; as soon as the spread of knowledge was keen on the local authorities and native people who were willing to cooperate with the western assailants, regardless of their own tradition and local customs. Their settlement got rise to a rupture between the colonial administration and the structural patterns of the African traditional society in every aspect of their previous life (cultural, social, political and economic). But with time, African colonies had become more reluctant to cooperate with the colonial power and would have soon asked for the so- called "self - determination'" right for indigenous people. After their independence (in 1960), not only the pursuit for freedom but national identity (a concept emphasized in their constitutions) turned itself into the main priority of the grown-wise African nations. Language was - and still is - one the tool of disclosure which helped many European legal concepts and lifestyle set the dominance of colonial power. Today, customary law has become more flexible allowing in a certain way the diffusion of modern law; since there is some room for development of these new legal concepts which promptly requires the language to play its part, the life of indigenous people can only get better. Here also the national idioms have played an important role. A reason is not so far to seek, there is nothing more indispensable than language as a factor of integration, solidarity, respect for common values and peace. This is an ineluctable challenge for the African nations in a world more and more globalized, and we can just hope they are ready to gamble and carry on.

La population autochtone de la vallée de Kathmandu, les Néwar, a vu sa langue, le néwari ou népalbhasa, et l’une de ses religions, le bouddhisme, se trouver minorées par l’annexion militaire de leur territoire au Népal de la dynastie Shah, hindoue et népaliphone, en 1769. Un siècle plus tard, la politique de discrimination de la langue et de la religion bouddhiste lancée par l’Etat à l’encontre des Néwar a provoqué l’émergence d’une conscience identitaire et d’actes de résistance culturelle. Or, depuis ses débuts, la revendication de l’appartenance au groupe linguistique néwar et, souvent, de sa défense, se double chez ses acteurs d’un rattachement personnel à la religion bouddhiste, sans que cette double appartenance soit pour autant mise en avant dans les discours.La mise en regard de la situation actuelle de la vitalité de la langue et de celle du bouddhisme dans cette population vise d’une part à documenter l’étude des relations entre langue et religion, et d’autre part à proposer l’application d’outils d’évaluation de la vitalité linguistique à celle de la vitalité religieuse. C’est également une confirmation de la nécessité qu’il y a à mettre au jour et à conceptualiser les relations entre la langue et les autres dynamismes sociaux dont elle semble être, si souvent, à la fois le vecteur et l’enjeu<br>In 1769, the Shah dynasty from Western Nepal, promoting Hinduism and speaking Nepali, had conquered the Kathmandu Valley and integrated it into a much wider Nepal. As a consequence, the language, as well as the Buddhist tradition of the local indigenous ethnic group, the Newars, became minority ones. A century later, the State launched a repressive policy towards both Newari language and Buddhism, and the result has been the development of identity awareness, both in the linguistic and in the religious fields, among the Newar intelligentsia, who entered cultural resistance. Therefore, since the beginning, both language and religion have been associated, although activists hardly acknowledge this double-sided feature of their commitments.This study of the current situation of both language and religion vitalities among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley aims primarily at documenting the research on relations between language and religion, and at testing the application of evaluation tools of language vitality to the evaluation of religious vitality. Furthermore, it confirms the necessity we are facing to explore and conceptualize more the links between language and the social dynamics it often sustains but also depends on

Doktorska disertacija je posvećena re&scaron;avanju Ko&scaron;ijevog problema odabranih klasa frakcionih diferencijalnih jednačina u okviru Kolomboovih prostora uop&scaron;tenih funkcija. U prvom delu disertacije razmatrane su nehomogene evolucione jednačine sa prostorno frakcionim diferencijalnim operatorima reda 0 &lt; &alpha; &lt; 2 i koeficijentima koji zavise od x i t. Ova klasa jednačina je aproksimativno re&scaron;avana, tako &scaron;to je umesto početne jednačine razmatrana aproksimativna jednačina data preko regularizovanih frakcionih izvoda, odnosno, njihovih regularizovanih množitelja. Za re&scaron;avanje smo koristili dobro poznate uop&scaron;tene uniformno neprekidne polugrupe operatora. U drugom delu disertacije aproksimativno su re&scaron;avane nehomogene frakcione evolucione jednačine sa Kaputovimfrakcionim izvodom reda 0 &lt; &alpha; &lt; 2, linearnim, zatvorenim i gusto definisanimoperatorom na prostoru Soboljeva celobrojnog reda i koeficijentima koji zaviseod x. Odgovarajuća aproksimativna jednačina sadrži uop&scaron;teni operator asociran sa polaznim operatorom, dok su re&scaron;enja dobijena primenom, za tu svrhu&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;u disertaciji konstruisanih, uop&scaron;tenih uniformno neprekidnih operatora re&scaron;enja.U oba slučaja ispitivani su uslovi koji obezbeduju egzistenciju i jedinstvenostre&scaron;enja Ko&scaron;ijevog problema na odgovarajućem Kolomboovom prostoru.<br>Colombeau spaces of generalized functions. In the firs part, we studied inhomogeneous evolution equations with space fractional differential operators of order 0 &lt; &alpha; &lt; 2 and variable coefficients depending on x and t. This class of equations is solved&nbsp; approximately, in such a way that instead of the originate equation we considered the corresponding approximate equation given by regularized fractional derivatives, i.e. their&nbsp; regularized multipliers. In the solving procedure we used a well-known generalized uniformly continuous semigroups of operators. In the second part, we solved approximately inhomogeneous fractional evolution equations with Caputo fractional derivative of order 0 &lt; &alpha; &lt; 2, linear, closed and densely defined operator in Sobolev space of integer order and variable coefficients depending on x. The corresponding approximate equation&nbsp;&nbsp; is a given by the generalized operator associated to the originate&nbsp; operator, while the solutions are obtained by using generalized uniformly continuous solution operators, introduced and developed for that purpose. In both cases, we provided the conditions that ensure the existence and uniqueness solutions of the Cauchy problem in some Colombeau spaces.