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Journal articles on the topic 'Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar'
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1
Haug, Dag. "The linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf." Historiographia Linguistica 32, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2005): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.2.03hau.
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Summary This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.
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Haug, Dag T. "The Linguistic Thought of Friedrich August Wolf: A reconsideration of the relationship between classical philology and linguistics in the 19th century." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 32, no. 1-2 (2005): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.1-2.03hau.
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This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.
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Korbozerova, Nina. "PRINCIPALS OF THE COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR: VERB IN THE SPANISH AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES (ASPECT)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 40 (2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2021.40.02.
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At the current stage of the development of linguistics, the triple scientific interest is updated towards the theory of the comparison of languages, towards the theory of translation and towards intercultural communication as a consequence of the cardinal changes in the political and cultural life of the society. The important place in translation theory is occupied by grammatical problems. To make the correct grammatical transformations, the translator/interpreter must thoroughly know the similar and distinctive features between the original language and the language of the translation, which is the object of comparative grammar. In general, the grammatical categories adequately reflect the conceptual framework of the world, manifesting its basic invariants. In grammatical categories there are several differences that are the cause of semantic differences in consequence of specific worldviews and particular linguistic world pictures. For example, when comparing the categories and grammatical forms of the Spanish and Ukrainian languages, there is a lot of difference between the number and gender of the suative noun. In addition, in the Spanish language there is the category of determination/indeterminacy that is manifested in the presence/absence of the article, while in the Ukrainian language there is the grammatical case in the noun. The most significant differences between the two languages analyzed are observed in the grammatical categories of the verb, particularly in aspect, tense, mood and voice.
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Krusha, Ilir, and Franz Schörkhuber. "THE FORMAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ALBANIAN AND GERMAN USAGE." Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no. 40 (July 2022): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.40.2022.15.
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This paper provides a comparison of two languages that are very distinct in grammar and pronunciation, respectively German and Albanian. Since research opportunities in comparative linguistics are infinite, this paper focuses on interrogative sentences and their sentence types. Through a detailed analysis of sentence examples of the grammar used in Albanian and German, we examine the similarities and differences related to different forms of interrogative sentences. As a framework for the classification of interrogative sentences in both languages, we have distinguished sentences into general interrogative sentences and complementary ones. In the end, the knowledge gained is summerised in a general overview. The aim of this work is to compare two languages that are very different in grammar, style and pronunciation, German and Albanian. Since the field of possible investigations in comparative linguistics is endless, the present work focuses on interrogative sentences and their respective linguistic forms. Through the detailed analysis of sentence examples, which are taken from common German and Albanian grammars, the similarities and differences in interrogative sentences are shown. The distinction between yes/no questions and questions that require a supplement serves as a regulatory framework. At the end of the work, the knowledge gained is summarized in an overview.
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КОСМЕДА, Тетяна. "Актуальні проблеми українського мовознавства на сторінках журналу "Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia": оглядовий опис (2013–2022: до 10-літнього ювілею)." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 11 (December 4, 2023): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.11.14.
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The paper presents a review of the "Studia Ukrainica Varsoviensia" journal for its ten-year existence (2013–2022) on the occasion of the anniversary. The author analyzes the content of the journal focusing mainly upon the Ukrainian and comparative linguistics issues being projected on the units of all the language system levels, as well as the theory and practice of artistic translation. The paper finds that the issues of the journal articles are related to such modern linguistic trends as linguocultural studies and linguoconceptology, psycholinguistics, linguistic personality theory and linguoemotionology, theolinguistics and linguoaxiology, political and communicative linguistics, as well as text linguistics, discourse linguistics, linguistic genre studies, diary studies and linguistic expertise. Many research papers are written in the fi eld of traditional linguistics, in particular Ukrainian dialectology, the Ukrainian language history and all the branches of the modern Ukrainian language study (phonetics and phonology, word formation, lexicology, including terminology and paremiology; grammar, including morphology and syntax; as well as stylistics). The researchers are particularly interested in the problems of onomastics and modern Ukrainian sociolinguistics. The authors of the research papers under consideration updated the main methodological principles of modern linguistics: anthropocentrism, word, text- and discourse-centrism, interdisciplinarity, linguistic cognitivism, pragmatism, functionalism, structuralism, as well as the language philosophy postulates: semantics, syntactics and pragmatics.
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Degtiarova, Kateryna, Viktoria Zhyvolup, Alla Karas, and Lyubov Kibenko. "Teaching of grammar at lessons of foreign language in professional activity at non-linguistic higher educational institutions." Scientific and methodological journal "Foreign Languages", no. 2 (August 4, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/1817-8510.2023.2.285385.
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The article theoretically substantiates the importance of mastering grammar by students of non-linguistic educational institutions. The methods and means of teaching and activation of grammatical structures while learning a foreign language are investigated. The analysis of the use of exercises and Internet resources aimed at mastering and consolidating the necessary grammatical rules by students is carried out. The theoretical and methodological basis of this study is the fundamental works of native and foreign scientists in the field of theory and methodology of teaching foreign languages, in particular, the theory of teaching foreign language grammar, as well as works devoted to the formation and maintenance of students` motivation to learn a foreign language. The following research methods are used in the work: theoretical (study and analysis of methodological literature on the research problem, comparative analysis of grammatical phenomena of the English and Ukrainian languages, analysis of updated state educational standards of higher education, analysis of educational publications in English for students of non-linguistic areas of training); empirical (conducting classes to improve grammatical skills, recording and analysis of grammatical errors, observation, questioning and survey of students, analysis of the results); experimental (conducting experimental training to test the effectiveness of the proposed set of exercises). In our opinion, this helps maintain students’ motivation, activity and independence. The experimental training conducted on the basis of State Biotechnological University confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed set of exercises in working with grammar based on professional texts. This technology can be used in teaching grammar of any foreign language with appropriate adaptation depending on the typical language difficulties and needs of students.
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ИСАЕВА, А. Х. "ТИПОЛОГИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АНГЛИЙСКОГО И РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ В ТЕОРИИ КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ." Actual Problems of study of humanities 2, no. 2024 (July 15, 2024): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.2.295.
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Typology of some Lexical Features of English and Russian Languages in the Theory of Communicative competence Summary The article deals with a small comparative grammar analysis of English and Russian languages and reveals some aspects of communicative competence in the study of these languages. It also analyzes the most effective teaching methods for developing communicative competence. In the modern world, knowledge of foreign languages is becoming vital for a person. And from this point of view, the process of proper language teaching is important. Communicative competence plays a big role in learning foreign languages. In this article, we tried to give a small description of the theory of communicative competence by comparing some lexical features of English and Russian languages. Key words: language, communicative competence, linguistic competence, language competence
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Candra Dewi, Tinara, Wiwin Widyawati, Pryla Rochmahwati, and Nurul Khasanah. "Gender-Based Linguistic Patterns in Quora Apps: A Comparative Study." SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education 5, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35961/salee.v5i1.1085.
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There is a wide variety of interrelated social media platforms. Gender orientation can affect preferences for language use in particular social media, especially Quora, which is famous as a medium for collecting questions and answers on specific topics. Breaking new ground, this study uniquely juxtaposes gender orientation with linguistic preferences on Quora, an unexplored research area. This content analysis design employed textual data posted by Quora users in the "Skilled English Writing" forum during January-March 2023. Following Lakoff's gendered language theory, women frequently employ hedges to indicate uncertainty, whereas men use boosters to express confidence. The language of women was characterized by greater formality and formal grammar, whereas men favored informal abbreviations. In addition, women utilized emoticons for emphasis more frequently than males. These linguistic differences result from complex social, cultural, biological, and psychological effects, underscoring the importance of gender and social factors in language formation.
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Liceras, Juana M., and Raquel Fernández Fuertes. "Subject omission/production in child bilingual English and child bilingual Spanish: the view from linguistic theory." Probus 31, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 245–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2016-0012.
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Abstract In bilingual child language acquisition research, a recurrent learnability issue has been to investigate whether and how cross-linguistic influence would interact with the non-adult patterns of omission/production of functional categories. In this paper, we analyze the omission/production of subject pronouns in the earliest stage English grammar and the earliest stage Spanish grammar of two English–Spanish simultaneous bilingual children (FerFuLice corpus in CHILDES). We base this analysis on Holmberg’s (2005, Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36. 533–564) and Sheehan’s (2006, The EPP and null subjects in Romance. Newcastle: Newcastle University PhD dissertation) formulation of the null subject parameter and on Liceras et al.’s (2012, Overt subjects and copula omission in the Spanish and the English grammar of English-Spanish bilinguals: On the locus and directionality of interlinguistic influence. First Language 32(1–2). 88–115) assumptions concerning the role of lexical specialization in cross-linguistic influence. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the patterns of production/omission of English and Spanish overt and null subjects in two bilingual children, on the one hand, versus the patterns of production/omission of one monolingual English child and one monolingual Spanish child, on the other. The results show that while there is no conclusive evidence as to whether or not English influences the higher production of overt subjects in child bilingual Spanish, the presence of null subjects in Spanish has a positive influence in the eradication of non-adult null subjects in bilingual English. We argue that in a bilingual situation, as compared to a monolingual one, lexical specialization in one of the languages of the bilinguals (the availability of an overt and a null realization of the subject in Spanish) facilitates the acquisition of the other language.
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Kovtun, Oksana. "ASPECTS OF NUMERAL RESEARCH IN UKRAINIAN LINGUISTICS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY." Theory and Practice of Teaching Ukrainian as a Foreign Language, no. 18 (May 30, 2024): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ufl.2024.18.4406.
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The article is dedicated to interpreting the modern understanding of numerals as a part of speech through the prism of both traditional and contemporary grammatical frameworks and new scientific paradigms. It is demonstrated that despite the peripheral nature of this linguistic component, research aspects related to the study of numerals are far from being exhausted today. In the 20th century, numerals were predominantly examined within a focus on traditional grammar and functional grammar, establishing both broad and narrow understandings. In the 21st century, numerals have started to be studied within the realms of the pragmatic, linguocognitive, and linguoconceptual knowledge paradigms, particularly within the perspectives of the emerging linguistic directions such as the poetic grammar, the theory of precedentness, the discourse linguistics, the morphology of evaluation, the grammatical stylistics, as well as the comparative-historical and comparative-contrastive linguistics. It has been established that Ukrainian researchers pay attention to the peculiarities of English numerals, which is associated with its globalization function, and conduct a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian numeral with the English numeral. They also update works on the uniqueness of expressing the concept of quantity through different linguistic units. Separate studies focused on the study of the English numeral are proposed, which is important since English is practically a mandatory subject in secondary schools and universities in Ukraine. Therefore, such research has great significance not only for linguistics but also for didactics. It is noted that the Ukrainian numeral possesses significant potential for modelling evaluative meanings, expression, and artistic linguistic devices. The pragmatic power of certain numerals has been noted, as they have the ability to serve as markers of imagery, emotionality, axiology, expressiveness, and the idiolect of the writer in general. The perspective of research outlined includes the necessity of conducting comparative studies of Ukrainian and English languages, particularly focusing on the morphology of evaluation. Key words: grammar, evaluative meanings, modern scientific trends, numeral, functional load.
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Gus’kova, Antonina Petrovna. "ON COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN HUNGARIAN AND RUSSIAN." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-3-395-404.
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The issue of parts of speech in different languages remained contentious through many centuries. And it is still an unsolved problem in modern linguistics because of the weak theoretical framework which has to do with the very nature of parts of speech and lexicographical factor (for example, the choice of the dictionaries which were the basis for words selection). This factor influences parts of speech categorization, its composition and its volume. Distinguishing different parts of speech principles, their nomenclature, hierarchy is a very important question of any language’s grammar, which forms the basis of the language’s grammatical structure and it is still not resolved in modern hungarology. The present article shows the results of comparative studies of parts of speech in Hungarian and Russian. This approach reveals not only specific features of grammatical structures of these languages to show morphological distinctions of two languages of different structure but also to discover the common features, criteria and unified approach to clustering parts of speech and to grammatical categories’ description. The author’s goal was to trace the development of the linguists’ view on the part of speech, to distinguish different approaches to study them, to describe and interpret word classes in both languages by consistent comparison of linguistic facts. Meanwhile, the emphasis was on identifying inconsistencies, contrasting features and grammatical discrepancy. Special attention was paid to the review of parts of speech theory and their classification in Hungarian linguistics. The results of comparative analysis of parts of speech in Hungarian and Russian are presented in the article. Through the contentious comparing of grammatical facts of Hungarian and Russian the author established how systems of parts of speech in Russian and Hungarian can be related, what common features and differences they have. The joint use of methods of comparative linguistics is demonstrated in the article. Data of the modern explanatory dictionaries of the Hungarian language was used for analysis of the chosen lexicon. The analysis of the language facts made by tools of contrastive linguistics along with the results of comparing data of these languages let one learn Hungarian grammar easier and deeper and also let one develop the theory and practice of translation, lexicography and interculturalism.
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Horsch, Jakob. "From Corpus Data to Constructional Networks: Analyzing Language with the Usage-Based Construction Grammar Framework." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 74, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 701–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2024-0019.
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Abstract Construction Grammar (CxG) is an innovative approach to language that has become increasingly popular in the Anglosphere over the last 30 years. In CxG, the basic units of linguistic analysis are constructions: arbitrary and conventional form-meaning pairings, reminiscent of Saussure’s linguistic sign, but applied to levels of linguistic analysis beyond the lexicon. A large body of research has provided ample evidence in support of CxG. However, the theory remains unknown to many colleagues outside the Anglosphere. In this paper, I highlight a particularly interesting strand of CxG that is referred to as ‘usage-based’, an approach that assumes constructions are learned based on input frequency, that is, through repeated exposure to and use of a linguistic structure (hence usage-based). The main aim of this paper is thus to demonstrate how corpus data can be analyzed to find evidence for ‘entrenchment’ of linguistic structures and thus, the existence of constructions. I will illustrate this procedure by applying so-called covarying-collexeme analyses to data from the Slovak National Corpus (SNC) and the Slovak Web 2011 corpus from which I extracted 785 tokens of the so-called Comparative Correlative (CC) construction (e.g. Čím viac čítam, tým viac rozumiem).
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Horsch, Jakob. "Slovak comparative correlatives." Constructions and Frames 13, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 193–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00051.hor.
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Abstract Comparative Correlatives (CCs) are biclausal constructions (e.g. The harder you work, the more you earn) that have complex semantics and form. This is the first construction grammar-based corpus study to investigate Slovak CCs, based on a 500-token sample. I argue that intra-clausal word-order phenomena can be explained through processing efficiency, based on Hawkins’ principle of Early Immediate Constituents (2004), and I use covarying-collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2005) to provide evidence for the existence of meso-constructions. The findings of this study contribute to construction grammar’s “aspirations toward universal applicability” (Fried 2017: 249), proving that the theory is also suitable for analysis of syntactic patterns in Slavic languages.
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Takoeva, Tamara A. "LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS AS THE FOUNDATION OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-4-171-183.
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The article is devoted to linguistic universals as one of the most important term of typology and the foundation of comparative research.
Purpose. The analysis is aimed at tracing the history of the emergence and formation of the term linguistic universals, as well as analyzing the available definitions and classifications of universals on the basis of the synthesis of the views of famous linguists and the authors’ own observations, and determining the place of verbal constructions with an aspectual meaning in the system of linguistic universals.
The relevance of the research is due to the constant interest of scientists in particular languages as a product of universal thinking, as well as the discovery of new universals and the need for their description and systematization.
The research material is the texts of translations of Ossetian folk tales into Russian, English and Turkish.
Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is theoretical analysis of literary sources, comparison, generalization, systematization оf empirical data.
Results. The article concludes that there is no unambiguous interpretation of linguistic universals and, consequently, there are different approaches to the definition of the term universals depending on the volume of linguistic phenomena covered by this term. Discrepancies in the set of tools for implementing universal aspectual meanings of the compared languages can be explained by the peculiarities of the structural and typological organization of each specific language.
Practical implications. The results of the analysis can be used in routine didactic processes, contributing to the improvement of the methodology of teaching a practical course of languages, a course of theoretical grammar, translation theory.
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Rauch, Irmengard. "On Gothic in the computer age." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 67, no. 2 (July 21, 2014): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.67.2.04rau.
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The Gothic language spoken some 1500 years ago in the area west and north of the Black Sea remains the darling of the older Germanic languages, as well as the preferred Germanic representative in Comparative Grammar. In the computer age researchers have readily accessible digitized Gothic texts, grammars, glossaries, bibliographies, as well as tagged corpora studies. In demonstrating the family resemblance of the inflectional morphology of the Gothic demonstrative pronoun, the strong adjective, and the third person pronoun, this paper makes use of the concept of inheritance networks, developed in computer linguistics, and of underspecification theory.
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Desnitskaya, Evgeniya A. "A Popular Survey of Indian Linguistic Traditions." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 10 (December 20, 2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-10-136-140.
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“Linguistics in Ancient India in the Context of Culture and Ritual” (Moscow, Vodoley, 2020, 244 p.) by O. A. Voloshina, published in Russian, presents a popular survey of Indian linguistic traditions, with a particular focus on descriptive methods of Pāṇini's grammar. A popular book on this topic written in Russian is indeed highly in demand. However, the book by Voloshina is not a popular, high-quality book, rather an imperfect compilation. The references in the book are mainly irrelevant or out of date. Works of contemporary leading scholars in Vedic studies are totally ignored. As a result, the book contains a number of errors and wrong conclusions, let alone numerous typos in Sanskrit. The author fails to distinguish consistently between historical description, the ideology of Vedic texts, and their subsequent interpretation in the frames of Hinduism. Chapters of the book that deal with Pāṇini's grammar provide parallels with concepts of modern linguistics. These seem promising, though sometimes a bit straightforward. The author is suggested to distinguish between descriptive and comparative parts in the chapters on Pāṇini.
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Lysenko, Viktoria G. "Grammar and Ritual in Indian Theoretical Culture and the Western Ideal of “Pure Theory”: an Intercultural Approach." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-15-26.
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The article reveals the intercultural significance of the impact of the Paninean grammar of Sanskrit (ca. IV century B.C.) on the formation of Western linguistics – the general theory of language, comparative historical linguistics, other comparative disciplines, as well as generative grammar, structuralism and formalism. We are dealing here with a specific contribution of Indian theoretical knowledge to a number of important areas of Western science and philosophy. In ancient India itself, the genesis of grammatical and linguistic discourse was closely connected with the Brahmanical theory of Vedic sacrifice, which had the character of ritual- and sound-centrism. Ritual was regarded as a model of activity and behavior under the condition of an unstable confrontation between the forces of chaos and order. Sound-centrism constituted a priority of the oral transmission of knowledge in ancient India. The author associates ritual- and sound-centric doctrines with the conceptual expression of the dynamic nature of reality by means of the “perfect language” – Sanskrit. The fact that in ancient India the grammar was a part of the “software” for ritualistic discursive practices introduces some new perspectives within the study of the genesis of theoretical knowledge. In contrast to the hypothesis of “pure theory” suggested in Ancient Greece and acknowledged as a trigger for the development of philosophy and science in the West, an opportunity opens up to study the genesis of theoretical culture within the framework of justifying religious praxis (F. Staal’s hypothesis). This may actualize the reflection of “Indo-European language family relations” between Western civilization and Indian culture and enrich their self-understanding by the introduction of an intercultural perspective.
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Masojć, Irena. "Rozwój myśli językoznawczej na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim w pierwszym trzydziestoleciu XIX wieku w świetle badań Anny Kaupuż." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 60, no. 3 (December 21, 2023): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.831.
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The aim of this article is to show the development of linguistic thought at Vilnius University in the period 1805–1832 on the basis of the unpublished doctor’s dissertation The Essays on the History of Slavic Philology at Vilnius University at the Beginning of the 19th Century [Очерки по истории славянской филологии в Вильнюсском университете в начале XIX века] of Anna Kaupuż (1924–1994), a good archive expert. Following the materials found in the Lithuanian, Polish and Russian archives, the researcher reveals the place of linguistic issues in the didactics and scholarly interests of Vilnius University professors during this period of the development of historical-comparative linguistics. The research activities of Ivan Cherniavsky (1768–1822), Eusebius Slovacki (1773–1814), Leon Borovsky (1784–1846), and Ivan Loboiko (1786–1864), professors who held positions in the two departments, that is, in the Department of Russian Language and Literature and the Department of Rhetoric and Poetry, during the period in question, are examined in detail. The research allows to conclude that linguistic views of the afore-mentioned researchers were fully in line with the spirit of the period – their worldview was still influenced by classicist thinking but the comparativist ideas had reached the University, research in the Lithuanian language started, and the works in the field of dialectology were published. Thanks to I. Loboiko, Vilnius University became one of the few academic centres in Europe of that time, where comparative grammar of Slavic languages was taught.
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Kabylov, T., and A. Usmanova. "Semantics of Imperative Statements in the Modern Kyrgyz Language." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/74/46.
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The cognitive features of imperative utterances in the modern Kyrgyz language have been investigated. As you know, the imperative has two different meanings: one means urgency, necessity and importance, and the other - attempts to influence the actions of other people. Imperative means something extremely important or necessary. It also means order. The analyzed imperative statements are considered in the mainstream of conceptual grammar, which allows you to highlight syntactic concepts, or mental images that stand behind linguistic signs and are reflected in the analyzed syntactic structures. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe imperative utterances in the Kyrgyz language, to reveal the mechanisms for changing the prototypical meaning of the verb lexicon in the structure of the imperative using theories such as the theory of functional styles, the theory of discourse, the theory of speech acts and the theory of grammar of constructions. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the semantic features of the imperative statements of the modern Kyrgyz language. The purpose of this work is to show the features of imperatives, to carefully study the types and functions of imperatives in the Kyrgyz language. The data were analyzed using a comparative analysis to find out the differences and similarities of the imperatives of the Kyrgyz language with other languages. The study belongs to qualitative research, as it was conducted using the method of contrast analysis as a comparison of languages. The object of the research is the data imperatives were taken from the sources that were needed for the research.
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König, Ekkehard. "Contrastive linguistics and language comparison." Languages in Contrast 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2012): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.12.1.02kon.
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After receiving enthusiastic support during the 1960s and 1970s, the program of ‘Contrastive linguistics’ led a somewhat modest, if not marginal, existence during the two subsequent decades. The main reason for the apparent failure of this program was, of course, that the high hopes seen in its potential for making foreign language teaching more efficient were disappointed. Empirical work on the process of L2-acquisition from different native languages as starting points showed that contrastive linguistics cannot simply be equated with a theory of foreign language acquisition. A second problem was that a central aspect of the contrastive program, i.e. the writing of comprehensive contrastive grammars for language pairs, was hardly ever properly implemented. Finally, there was the problem of finding a place for contrastive linguistics within the spectrum of language comparison, relative to other comparative approaches to linguistic analysis. It is the third of these issues that is addressed by the present article. It will be shown that only by relating contrastive linguistics to other subfields of comparative linguistics and by delimiting it from them will we obtain a clear picture of its agenda, its potential and its limits.
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van der Auwera, Johan, and Dirk Noël. "Raising: Dutch Between English and German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542710000048.
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As a complement to C. B. van Haeringen's classic comparative study (1956) that positioned the grammar of Dutch in between the grammars of English and German, this study compares the productivity of three kinds of “raising” patterns in these languages: Object-to-Subject, Subject-to-Object, and Subject-to-Subject raising. It establishes the extent to which Dutch, as well as English and German, have evolved from the old West Germanic starting point these languages are assumed to have shared in this area of grammar. The results are a test case for Hawkins' (1986) case syncretism account of the difference in “explicit-ness” between the grammars of English and German.*
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Vlasov, Sergei V., and Leonid V. Moskovkin. "Categories of the name and the verb in Anfangs-Gründe der Russischen Sprache (1731)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 18, no. 3 (2021): 528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2021.307.
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The relevance of this study is due to the importance of Vasiliy Adodurov’s Anfangs-Gründe der Russischen Sprache as the first academic grammar of the Russian language written by a Russian scholar and published in Russia. The aim of the article is to show the innovations of Adodurov’s grammatical views and the relation of his grammar with Western European and Slavic grammatical traditions in the conceptual presentation of the name and the verb. The material of the research is the Russian grammar of Adodurov in comparison with the grammars by H.W.Ludolph, I.W.Paus, the Slavonic grammar by M. Smotritsky, the Latin grammars by I.Rhenius, E.Kopijewitz, I.Lange, “Grammatica Marchica”, and the German grammar by M. Schwanwitz. The descriptive and comparative research methods are used. A particularity of the research approach is the comparison of Anfangs-Gründe not only with the Russian, Slavonic and German grammars, but also with the Latin grammars. The results of the study show the innovations of Adodurov in the interpretation of the gender of names, voices of the Russian verb, and the forms of the future and the past tense. He simplifies the noun and verb description scheme taking into account specific features of the Russian language and methodological considerations. The article also proposes a new version of the collaboration between Adodurov and the anonymous German-speaking author of the comments in the margins of the manuscript Compendium Grammaticae Russicae, explaining Adodurov’s use of these comments in Anfangs-Gründe.
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Khanjani, L. "FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC FIELD OF FREQUENCY IN THE RUSSIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES (BASED ON THE THEORY OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-5-745-748.
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This article is devoted to the study of the field of frequency in the understanding of functional grammar. The means of expression of frequency on the material of Russian and Persian languages in the structural-semantic plan are considered. Description of frequency in Russian and Persian in the functional aspect makes it possible to determine the essence and semantic structure of the category under study, as well as to obtain data on the methods of its language expression. A comparative study of frequency expressions in Russian and Persian has not yet been conducted. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to identify the system of meanings mentioned, and secondly, to move in the direction from meaning to form and indicate the totality of the means that are used in the sentence to express these meanings. The main method used was comparative analysis. The lack of linguistic research on this topic indicates the relevance of the choice of topic, and the novelty of the work is that it is the first time that all language means of expression of frequency are systematized. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the research methodology can be applied to the description of other semantic and functional fields.
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Khrustyk, Nadiia. "OLEKSANDR BONDAR’S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE." Odessa National University Herald. Series: Philology 27, no. 2(26) (June 22, 2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-8332.2022.2(26).274985.
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The article is dedicated to the research of the scientific heritage of Oleksandr Ivanovich Bondar – a famous Ukrainian linguist, professor, doctor of philological sciences, whose 70th birthday will be celebrated by the scientific community in 2022. The purpose of our article is to understand the place and significance of the scientific heritage of O. I. Bondar in modern linguistics. The object of observation is the scientific creativity of the professor. The subject of study is the problem of his linguistic development. The source base for our observation was the scientific heritage of the linguist. We set ourselves the following tasks: to reveal the problems of Professor Bondar’s scientific works; determine the specifics of his scientific activity; describe fragments of the ideological space of the linguist’s scientific discourse. The work uses such general scientific methods of research as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, observation, thematic and ideologue portraiture of the scientist’s personality. It was found that O. I. Bondar actively worked in such scientific areas as: history of the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian dialectology, word-form, syntax, lexicography, functional grammar, phonology, lexicology, terminology, linguistic ecology, Ukrainian orthography, text linguistics, sociolinguistics, general linguistics, Slavic studies, Japanese studies, comparison of Ukrainian and Japanese languages, translation studies, computer linguistics etc. Among them is linguistic ecology, a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and Japanese languages, the study of which the scientist initiated himself. Knowledge of languages, non-standard thinking of a scientist and the desire to learn new things, not only in the field of his specialty, but also far beyond it – all this served as the basis on which the research self of Professor Bondar was formed. The article focuses attention on the innovative views of O. I. Bondar: the question of studying the category of temporality in the Ukrainian language is considered; the problem related to determining the time of emergence of the Ukrainian language; the quantitative composition of phonemes in the modern Ukrainian language and the degree of phonemicity of phonemes are substantiated; the theory of language as humanitarian capital; the issue of language as the main ethnic- forming factor for Ukrainians is highlighted. Conclusions. The ideological space of the researcher’s scientific works is based on the desire to study the language and its diverse phenomena as an integral dynamic object that is in close relationship with all other realities of human existence. Hence the multi-vector nature of the linguist’s works. Scientific work of O. I. Bondar, in particular the research perspectives outlined by him, his unusual “optics” of scientific observations, peculiar methods of studying linguistic phenomena, are the source of the further development of many areas of linguistic science.
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Кульчицька, Олена, and Веслі Браун. "A SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH IN LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF TWO ONLINE ARTICLES ANALYSIS RECOUNTING THE 2014 CRIMEAN REFERENDUM FOLLOWING THE RUSSIAN ANNEXATION)." Молодий вчений, no. 10.1 (98.1) (October 29, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2021-98.1-16.
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a comparative analysis of two texts recounting the 2014 Crimean Referendum following the Russian Annexation has been conducted through a systemic-functional paradigm in order to examine linguistic features that have been employed to convey bias or impartiality. These texts have been analyzed taking into account M. Halliday's theory, which states that semantics of the text is inextricably linked with grammar, as meanings are realized in language through formulations [6]. In order to trace the meaning of a text, discursive grammar must be both functional and semantic, i.e. grammatical categories must be interpreted as expressions of semantic models. Field, Tenor and Mode are defined as three aspects of the context that influence ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning respectively. In the given article ideational and textual meanings are examined.
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Liu, Xinyan. "The theory of the aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school." Litera, no. 6 (June 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38040.
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The subject of the research is the theory of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages: this theory defines the main ways to prevent linguistic interference (the consequences of the influence of one language on another) among students. The object of the study is the theoretical study of the verb of the Russian and Chinese languages. The author examines in detail the functional characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. In addition, he explores the meaning of aspectual forms in the system of Russian and Chinese languages, etc. Particular attention is paid to identifying patterns in the Russian and Chinese grammar, defining verbal grammatical semantics, comparing the languages with further description and systematization of aspectual meanings and means of their transmission. The main conclusions of the study are related to the specificity of the theory of aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school. The Russian verb is the central section of the grammatical system, acting as the core of the sentence and denoting the variability of reality. In Chinese language, the verb serves as an important component of the part-speech system, correlates with the subject, expressed pronoun or noun. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the functional and semantic characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of the typological approach, a comparative analysis of the problems is made: the problems are connected with the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages, with the category of the aspect of the verb, with its internal form as a specific way of displaying and presenting knowledge about the world, a special «linguistic worldview».
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ILIESKU, Viktoriia. "GRAMMAR OF THE IDIOSTYLE IN POETRY (on the example of Georgy Ivanov`s poems)." Astraea 3, no. 1 (2022): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/astraea.2021.3.1.03.
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The article deals with the study of the grammar of idiostyle in poetry. Theoretical basis of the study of grammar of poetic idiostyle based on the material of poetry is the doctrine of the inner form of a word and language features, the theory of morphological field and achievements of functional grammar, modern developments in the field of linguistics, linguopoetics, and poetic aesthetics. In the structure of the poetic text, a unit of any of the levels is capable of possessing expressiveness, being an expressive unit, interacting with other levels. The semantic and functional enrichment of grammatical means in the poetic language of the 19th-20th centuries has an individual-author character, based on the systemic grammatical potential of the national language. As a consequence, these enriched units and categories form the grammatical system of poetic language as a subset of the national language. “Poetic cognition” is verbal in nature. The tools of “poetic cognition” are the artistic word and the structure of language as a system of connections and relations between linguistic units. Linguopoetic mechanisms of grammatical meanings actualization and neutralization in poetic language are based on general linguistic characteristics of morphological categories and on the regularities of poetic functioning, the selection of neutral and marked grammemes. In addition to the violation of the grammatical norm, poetic language has a variety of artistic techniques and forms patterns, the basis of which is morphological selection and the formation of homogeneous groups, series, texts and their fragments, morphological attraction (assimilation of some morphological units to others). Besides, verse localization is a means of isolating and neutralizing the semantics of a certain unit. Within the framework of general poetic patterns in each text and “idiostyle” an authorial system of morphological selection and attraction is formed, which forms units and unities. The dynamics of the development of techniques and poetic means can be considered both within the framework of an individual work and in the comparative dimension, at the level of describing the idiostyle of an individual artist and in the idiostyles of different authors. Grammatical selection creates a variety of morphological dominants in individual works.
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Bousquette, Joshua. "A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages." Journal of English and Germanic Philology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/1945662x.121.2.19.
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Zhu, Chunshen. "From Functional Grammar and Speech-Act Theory to Structure of Meaning: A Three-Dimensional Perspective on Translating." Meta 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004645ar.
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Abstract The article holds that textual comparison is of vital importance in translation studies. One of the key issues therefore is to identify the textual properties that are comparable and should be compared. In its investigation into the tri-stratal nature of language use in text formation, the article starts with a comparison of functional grammar and speech act theory. The investigation has led to a perception that textual meaning is a three-dimensional structure and hence to the production of a more comprehensive model, Structure of Meaning (SOM). The model is meant to offer a functional perspective on text formation in the process of translating, on a comparative basis, by examining one by one the three constituent dimensions, i.e., linguistic composition, interactional dynamic and aesthetic impact. The observation of proportionate relationships between the three dimensions of a Structure of Meaning has thrown some new light on issues such as genre, form and content, information, and effect, in the formation of the target language text.
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Goering, Nelson. "A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages." English Studies 102, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013838x.2021.1875649.
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Ali, Ghayda Al. "Hero or terrorist? A comparative analysis of Arabic and Western media depictions of the execution of Saddam." Discourse & Communication 5, no. 4 (November 2011): 301–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481311427085.
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While the role of the media in the war against terror has received ample attention from scholars, there is little in the literature that deals specifically with the Iraqi point of view with respect to the nature of terror or with the comparative analysis of Western and Arabic media treatment of terror. That Western and Arabic ideologies arise from divergent political, national, cultural, and religious traditions is well understood in the West. Indeed, this understanding is generally implicit and unconscious, often leading to perception of Arabic culture and ideology as a monolithic whole. Lost in this division between ‘Us’ and ‘Other’ are the multitude of inner-Arabic ideological divisions. Among these is an important inner-Arabic ideological division that reflects the larger Arab–Western ideological split, a split between those in support of Saddam’s reign and the post-invasion Iraqi insurgency and those in opposition. Cultural ideologies, all-encompassing yet often unstated, are difficult to summarize and analyze through the examination of indigenous news media. The media must balance truthful accuracy and objectivity with self-preservation. They must be exceedingly sensitive to the moods and outlooks of their target audiences in order to survive politically as well as economically. This work is a comparative, descriptive analysis of Saddam’s execution as covered by Arab and Western media, making use of Van Dijk’s Socio-ideological Discourse Theory as embodied in the Theories of Semantic Macroproposition and the concept of the Ideological Square as well as the Discourse-Historical Approach of Wodak. This combination of theoretical elements constitutes a basis for comparative Arabic–English discourse analysis with a focus on socio-linguistic analysis of text and rhetoric, rather than the more common functional Systemic Linguistic analysis or grammar theory considerations. These analytical elements also enable the de-construction of news media coverage in terms of macro-microstructures, micro-semantics, and the rhetoric news discourse. Technical analysis of news article word count, lexical selection, grammar, literary style, and rhetoric provides a portal through which hidden opinion, ideology, and dogma are made visible.
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Zhao, Xiaofang, Esther Jawing, and Xiaoman Liu. "NEGATIVE TRANSFER AND ENGLISH WRITING PROFICIENCY AMONG JUNIOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CHINA." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 9, no. 54 (June 12, 2024): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.954009.
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English and Chinese exhibit notable differences across various linguistic aspects. Hypotaxis is a significant feature emphasized in English, whereas parataxis holds prominence in Chinese. Proficiency in writing is a crucial skill to acquire in English language learning, involving the mastery of vocabulary, syntax, and grammar. Chinese students often encounter challenges in comprehending these concepts, resulting in inevitable errors in their written compositions. Such errors can be attributed to the negative transfer effect stemming from their mother tongue (i.e. Chinese). Negative transfer from Chinese may impede or disrupt the acquisition of a second language. Furthermore, the stark sociocultural disparities between Chinese and Western cultures lead to the inadvertent application of Chinese language rules in English expression, consequently compromising accurate usage. This paper utilizes language negative transfer theory, alongside comparative and error analysis theories, to analyze how mother tongue negative transfer affects the English writing proficiency of junior middle school students. Specifically, the study examines the influence of negative transfer on grammar, vocabulary, and discourse. Data for this investigation is collected through the analysis of composition materials. Additionally, the paper concludes by offering recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of mother tongue negative transfer on English writing proficiency, with the goal of improving English language instruction for Chinese students.
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Noordegraaf, Jan. "Hoogvliet Versus Van Ginneken." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.11noo.
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Summary In the last two decades of the 19th century the Dutch linguist Jan Marius Hoogvliet (1860–1924) developed an individual approach to non-historical linguistics, in which he sought to take expressly into account data from non-Indo- European languages. His linguistic views prompted him to attack the ideas of the proponents of the ‘world language’ Volapük, which was popular in the Netherlands in the 1880s. In 1903 his major work, Lingua, appeared. This book can aptly be characterized as a specimen of a universal grammar with psychological underpinnings; it was intended as a grammar for all languages in the world. Hoogvliet’s main opponent, Jacobus van Ginneken (1877–1945) considered Lingua ‘a good book’, but he found various serious shortcomings in it. First, he thought the empirical bases too narrow; second, whereas Hoogvliet had based his thinking on rational psychology, van Ginneken preferred pathological psychology as put forward by Pierre Janet (1859–1947) in his L’automatisme psychologique (1889). Van Ginneken’s Principes de linguistique psychologique (1907) can be regarded as an elaboration on his Lingua review from 1903. However, the works of Hoogvliet and van Ginneken do have several points in common: both start from the psyche of the speaking individual and both take into account data from non-Indo-European languages. The controversy that arose between them can be traced back to their different views of language. Hoogvliet considered an unconscious and invariable ‘Normallogik’ to be the kernel of language, whereas van Ginneken regarded feeling as the innermost essence of language. While van Ginneken still tried to incorporate the results of German historical comparative grammar into a grand, historically coloured synthesis, Hoogvliet’s writings were characterized by very sharp anti-German tones. The universal, logical classification of the parts of speech expounded in Lingua must be regarded as a direct reaction to Hermann Paul’s (1846–1921) Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (1880). Moreover, Hoogvliet defended the scientific character of a non-historical approach of language against Paul. With that he is the most remarkable Dutch synchronic linguist of the last quarter of the 19th century. Hoogvliet’s theory, however, was highly idiosyncratic and many a reader was also repelled by his new and unconventional terminology. Only few linguists, among whom the Dutch structuralist Hendrik J. Pos (1898–1955), have studied Hoogvliet’s views thoroughly later on.
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Valentinova, Olga I., Mikhail A. Rybakov, and Lyudmila V. Ekshembeeva. "Determinant grammar of the Russian language as an academic grammar of a new type." Russian Language Studies 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2023-21-2-228-241.
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The relevance of the research is caused by the need to find a method that provides a complete and systematic presentation of Russian grammar. The aim of the study is to discuss the prospects for creating a grammar that will clarify the reasons for the features of each level of the language and the principle of mutual functional coordination of all levels. Structural and systemic models for constructing grammatical theory became the object of the study, and a comparative systemic analysis of these models was used as a method. The authors show that there are objective prerequisites for the successful creation of a new model of academic grammar - determinant theory of language developed by the founder of modern systemic linguistics G.P. Melnikov. The most stable property of the language system (internal determinant), acquired as a result of its adaptation to the conditions of communication, makes it possible to explain the interdependence of the composition of vowels and consonants, the structure of the syllable, morpheme and word form, the means of syntactic connection of words in a sentence, the features of the internal form of the language, the non-randomness of the composition of grammatical categories and grammatical ways of expressing them. The internal determinant of the inflectional Russian language, formed in the conditions of poor awareness of the interlocutors about each other, formulated as the need to save the length of the speech stream due to the appearance of a large number of joint-meaning morphemes, makes it possible to explain and link such features of the Russian language as the widespread use of internal inflection and fusion, the preparedness of word forms, methods and functions of affixation, the non-randomness of the grammatical categories of tense, person and case, and ways of expressing them. Research prospects are associated with the uniqueness of the determinant approach, which synthesizes the possibilities of typological and historical approaches and makes it possible to establish the meaning and mutually agreed function of each element of the form. Therefore, it allows to create an academic grammar not of a descriptive, but of an explanatory nature.
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Abdulganeeva, I. I. "OCCASIONAL WORD FORMATION: COGNITIVE-DISCURSIVE PERSPECTIVE." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 3 (2023): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2022-2-96-107.
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The article considers occasional word formation as a linguistic phenomenon of the intensity category representation in differently structured languages in the light of the cognitive-discursive paradigm of modern linguistic research. This study is based on the principle of synthesizing the accumulated knowledge on the theory and methodology of cognitive-discursive analysis, on the theory and semantics of word formation, including the use of methods of comparative, textological, component, functional-semantic and morphological analysis. Based on the analysis of the precedent poetic texts of the Russian author V. Mayakovsky, the word-formation models of occasional formations in the Russian language are identified and the ways of their reconstruction in the target language (German) are substantiated. The author singles out nominal suffixal occasionalisms (nouns and adjectives), nominal and verbal prefixed occasionalisms and nominal compound occasionalisms according to the word-formation method, highlighting as a separate group grammar occasionalisms (or formative occasional formations). They are characterized by the use of lexical units conventionally fixed in lexicographic publications, while the grammatical forms of these units are non-standardized. Translated German analogues are characterized by both analytical word-building structures, determined by the translator’s desire to convey not only the meaning, but also preserve the original form of translated occasionalism, and the widespread use of the descriptive method of translation, which includes usual lexical units to describe the original occasionalism. The comparison of the Russian and German languages reveals the differences in the semantic, structural and syntactic (rhythmic for poetic discourse) aspects on the example of occasional units of poetic discourse. This indicates the need to talk not about equivalence in translation, but about the correlation of the analyzed units. As a result of comparing the studied units, certain regularities characteristic of the derivational systems of the Russian and German languages, reflecting the cognitive-mental nature of the word-formation processes of categorization and conceptualization of the external and internal world of the Russian and German linguistic culture members were established.
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Antonova, Marina, Tatyana Baranovskaya, Anna Zakharova, and Stanislav Li. "Modelling the Linguistic Worldview: Subject Field Scoping Review." Journal of Language and Education 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2022.14433.
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Background. The linguistic worldview theory stems from Humboldt’s ideas concerning the interdependence of language and its speakers. Since Humboldt’s time national linguistic worldviews remain a challenging aspect of linguistic research accounting for a significant number of publications. Since linguistic worldview is a multi-faceted phenomenon, studies differ in terms of the facets they investigate and applied methodology. The linguistic worldview research has covered a wide array of linguistic worldview fragments and utilised monolingual material as well as cross-linguistic analysis of worldview fragments. However, so far, little attention has been paid to the analysis of this ever-increasing body of research and quite few studies have attempted to review the literature in this field.
Purpose. The subject field scoping review aims to overview the available literature on national linguistic worldviews and answers the three questions: What is a diachronic change of researchers’ interest in the issue? What fragments of linguistic worldview have been investigated comprehensively? What are the most frequently used methods of modelling the linguistic worldview?
Methods. The literature for the scoping review was retrieved from the three electronic databases: SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science (Core Collection), and Google Scholar. Literature selection was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). To generate a list of current research directions, which rest on the analysis of fragments of linguistic worldview, the visualisation map of authors’ key words was created using the VOSviewer software.
Results and Implications. The concise scoping review of the previously published literature on linguistic worldview shows that most publications date between 2015 and 2021 and the years yielding most publications are 2018 and 2019. The number of publications mentioning linguistic worldview grew each year within the study period. The analysis of linguistic worldview fragments helped to identify six directions of researchers’ interest in the linguistic worldview field which include lexical fragments, linguistic worldview and consciousness, phraseological fragments, reflection of linguistic worldview in different discourses, linguistic worldview in translation and teaching, and grammar fragments. The most frequently used methods of modelling the linguistic worldview are an associative psycholinguistic experiment, a conceptual analysis, and a comparative method.
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Matytsina, Irina V. "Typical Grammatical Peculiarities of Formal and Business Writing in the Russian and Swedish Languages." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-3-572-584.
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The article deals with comparative analysis of the Russian-Swedish parallel texts of the Convention between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden about mutual assistance in the fight against the violation of the tax legislation (Avtal mellan konungariket Sveriges regering och Ryska federationens regering om msesidigt bistnd vid bekmpning av vissa fiskala brott). The Swedish and Russian texts differ immensely in their lexical and grammatical structure. The reason for these discrepancies is rooted, firstly, in typological distinctions between Russian and Swedish as languages of different groups and, secondly, in those processes of conscious simplification and regulation that the Swedish Language of formal business communication have been affected by during the last fifty years particularly in relation to clear language policy (klarsprk). In spite of some innovations the Russian Language of formal business communication in many ways continues to be traditional enough. The article is focused on a narrow range of issues relating to differences in grammatical structure of a sentence and prevailing nominal structures in the Russian text as compared with the verb oriented Swedish one. The juxtaposition of parallel texts and further systematization of differences between the Russian and Swedish Languages of formal and business communication makes it possible to give a comparative characteristic of this functional style existing in Russia and Sweden. The research is carried out by means of the continuous sampling method using the method of linguistic description to characterize utterance structure in grammar. Research results can be used in courses on a comparative typology of Russian and Swedish, stylistics, the theory and practice of translation.
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Kambarbekova, Galiya, and Kuanyshbek Kari. "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF UNPUBLISHED CHAGATAI-PERSIAN DICTIONARIES OF THE 16th–18th CENTURIES: LEXICOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 26/1 (December 20, 2023): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2023-2-26/1-12.
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The investigation delves into Chagatai-Persian dictionaries from the 16th to the 18th centuries, preserved in the Central Library of Punjab University. The article aims to study the structural features of these dictionaries in the context of their sociocultural significance and influence on the further development of Turkic languages. These invaluable medieval artifacts underwent detailed scrutiny using multiple methods, encompassing structural, lexical, codicological, lexicographic and sociocultural analyses. Within a single manuscript cover, there exist six treatises on the Turkic-Persian lexicon alongside a textbook elucidating Turkic language grammar. These are inscribed in the Perso-Arabic script, a writing system employed for the Chagatai language. The chief lexicographic design integrates headwords and their explanations in couplets, avoiding any typographic or grammatical demarcation. The artful use of rhyme schemes is evident in the systematic arrangement of headwords. A thorough scrutiny of these medieval Chagatai-Persian dictionaries brings to light their distinct lexicographical framework, crafted meticulously to support linguistic conservation. These works capture a wide spectrum of vocabulary from different Turkic territories, underlining the endeavor to encapsulate a broad cultural legacy. Elements such as rhyming masnavi-inspired explanatory sentences, thematic clusters, and dedicated segments on commands and equine terminology are observed. Notably, the integration of Persian elements, especially in the form of auxiliary verbs, symbolizes a fusion of languages. The dictionaries showcase an emphasis on practical vocabulary acquisition through the harmonious pairing of headwords with poetic contexts, devoid of typographic or grammatical deviations. Despite the headword’s seamless integration, there is meticulous attention to maintaining rhyming continuity. The rarity of prefaces is counterbalanced by the richness of colophons, which offer vital details about the manuscript. Though the Chagatai language receded over time, the indelible mark left by these dictionaries endures, with remnants identifiable in modern Turkic vocabularies. A more exhaustive comparative exploration of these works could further deepen insights into Chagatai linguistics and lexicographic practices during the medieval period. This study also triggers broader reflections on the pivotal role of bilingual lexicons in safeguarding vulnerable linguistic treasures. By methodically presenting and analyzing these linguistic gems, the investigation facilitates their appreciation within scholarly circles, underscoring the Turkic cultural legacy. This also solidifies their recognition as prime examples of the mutual literary interplay between Turkic and Persian traditions, a relationship rooted in the medieval timeframe.
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Grano, Thomas, and Howard Lasnik. "How to Neutralize a Finite Clause Boundary: Phase Theory and the Grammar of Bound Pronouns." Linguistic Inquiry 49, no. 3 (July 2018): 465–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00279.
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A bound pronoun in the subject position of a finite embedded clause renders the clause boundary relatively transparent to relations ordinarily confined to monoclausal, control, and raising configurations. For example, too/ enough-movement structures involving a finite clause boundary are degraded in sentences like * This book is too long [for John to claim [that Bill read ___ in a day]] but improved when the finite clause has a bound pronominal subject as in ? This book is too long [for John1 to claim [that he1 read ___ in a day]]. This bound pronoun effect holds across a wide range of phenomena including too/ enough-movement, tough-movement, gapping, comparative deletion, antecedent-contained deletion, quantifier scope interaction, multiple questions, pseudogapping, reciprocal binding, and multiple sluicing; we confirm the effect via a sentence acceptability experiment targeting some of these phenomena. Our account has two crucial ingredients: (a) bound pronouns optionally enter the derivation with unvalued ϕ-features and (b) phases are defined in part by convergence, so that under certain conditions, unvalued features void the phasal status of CP and extend the locality domain for syntactic operations.
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Tilev, Encho. "Categorial and Non-categorial Meanings of the Categories of Gender, Number and Case of Personal Pronouns (A Russian-Bulgarian Juxtaposition)." Bulgarski Ezik i Literatura-Bulgarian Language and Literature 63, no. 5 (October 9, 2021): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/bel2021-5-2-3.gen.ru.bg.
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The object of this study are the categories gender, number and case of personal pronouns in Russian and Bulgarian. It is well known that the two languages have a common genealogy, which determines the presence of many similarities in their grammatical structures. While the verb as part of speech, for example, has significant differences, Russian and Bulgarian personal pronouns function in a similar way. The categorial and non-categorial meanings are considered entirely in the theory of functional grammar of A. V. Bondarko, and in Bulgarian linguistics Ivan Kutsarov was the first to work in this scientific paradigm. In the present study, which is part of a comprehensive study of categoriality and non-categoriality in the language, the emphasis is put on the manifestations of non-categoriality, but for this purpose, part of the categorial meanings is also presented. The main approach is comparative.
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Issakova, Sabira, Assylymay Issakova, Khafiza Ordabekova, Zhainagul Kussainova, and Guldensin Rakhimbekova. "The System of Grammatical Categories of the Verb in Kazakh, Russian, and English." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n2p120.
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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the verb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical meaning of an action, so there is a sign of a dynamic flow in time. The verb is the only part of speech that has analytical forms. The specificity of a verb is a dependent grammatical meaning that binds verbs concerning an action. They do not contain the semantics of the restriction in the action that they denote, their boundary can be considered as defined from the outside, but not as a result of the verb semantics. The purpose is to consider and compare the system of grammatical categories of the verb in Kazakh, Russian, and English. The following methods were used: linguistic, comparative, and structural. The basic unit of grammar is the grammatical category. It combines grammatical forms with a single grammatical meaning. Whole, homogeneous, and opposite grammatical forms of a particular language are called a paradigm. When analysing categories, it is especially important to consider the unity of semantic and formal plans: if there is no plan, then this phenomenon cannot be classified. Grammatical categories of each language can be a kind of questionnaire for describing objects and situations in that language.
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ТАКОЕВА, Т. А. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL AKTIONSARTEN IN THE LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPOLOGICAL MODELS (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE OSSETIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)." Kavkaz-forum, no. 17(24) (March 14, 2024): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2024.24.17.011.
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В рамках настоящей статьи предпринята попытка сопоставительного анализа отдельных способов действия, участвующих в формировании аспектуальных значений осетинского и английского языков. Языковые факты и явления рассматриваются с позиций функционально-семантического анализа, который представляется нам некоей лингвистической универсалией, позволяющей дифференцировать вид как морфологическую категорию и способы глагольного действия, в образовании которых участвуют лексические, лексико-синтаксические, а также морфологические средства в их разнообразных проявлениях. Изучению способов глагольного действия, как одного из составляющих функционально-семантического поля (ФСП) аспектуальности, посвящено немало работ и все же многие вопросы, затрагивающие классификацию способов действия, схему организации ФСП аспектуальности в языках разной типологической отнесенности и статуса его (ФСП) компонентов (ядра и периферии) интерпретируются учеными неоднозначно и нуждаются в дальнейшей разработке. Материалом для исследования послужили тексты осетинских нартских сказаний и их англоязычные переводы Уолтера Мэя. Методологическую базу исследования составили анализ литературных источников, посвященных вопросам аспектуальности, сравнение, обобщение, систематизация языкового материала, полученного эмпирическим путем. Делается вывод о том, что любой язык располагает разноуровневыми языковыми средствами для передачи аспектуальных значений. По своему внутреннему устройству ФСП аспектуальности в осетинском и английском языках существенно разнятся, что находит подтверждение в фактологическом материале статьи. Сопоставительное изучение языков, помимо теоретического значения, имеет и прикладную значимость. Результаты проведенного анализа могут быть использованы для решения практических задач межкультурной коммуникации, способствовать совершенствованию методики преподавания практического курса изучаемых лингвосистем, теоретической грамматики и теории перевода. При дальнейшей разработке темы предполагается разбор способов действия, не нашедших отражения в настоящей статье. In the present article, a comparative analysis of individual aktionsarten involved in the building of aspect meanings in the Ossetian and English is attempted. A functional-semantic approach to the analysis of linguistic phenomena seems to us to be a kind of linguistic universal, which allows us to differentiate the species as a morphological category (if any in the language) and aktionsart, in the formation of which lexical, lexical-syntactic, as well as morphological means in their various manifestations participate. Despite the rich history and advances in aspectology, many questions interpreted differently by scientists and require further research. The research was based on the texts of Ossetian Tales of the Narts and their English translation by Walter May. The methodological basis of the study was: analysis of literary sources devoted to the issues of aspect, comparison, generalization, systematization of linguistic material obtained by using empirical way. It is concluded that every language has different levels of tools for the transmission of aspect meanings. Functional-semantic fields in the languages of different typological organizations differ significantly in their design, which is confirmed in the research materials. The comparative study of languages has not only theoretical but also applied relevance. The results of the study can be used to solve practical problems of intercultural communication, contribute to the improvement of methods of teaching a practical course of language systems under study, theoretical grammar and translation theory.
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Guskova, Antonina P. "Expression of voice relation in the languages of different structure: is there a category of voice in Hungarian?" Finno-Ugric World 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.01.33-43.
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Introduction. This article is a development of an earlier study on the grammatical categories of the verb in Hungarian in comparison with Russian. The subject of study in this work is the grammatical category of voice, one of the most common verbal categories, typical for Russian verbs and absent in the Hungarian language, as well as the ways of its transmission when translated into Hungarian. The purpose of this work is to analyze the grammatical forms of the Hungarian and Russian verbs expressing voice relations and to establish the corresponding equivalents of the category of voice in Russian in the Hungarian language. Materials and Methods. The research material is verbal vocabulary selected from lexicographic works (dictionaries of the Hungarian and Russian languages), linguistic and journalistic sources, grammars of the Hungarian language. The article considers both the written form of the modern Hungarian language and examples from live colloquial speech. The methodological framework of this study is based on researches on general linguistics, the theory of morphology, contributing to the formulation of the problem, determining the degree of its development in the research literature, as well as familiarizing with the conceptual approaches to the voice as an ambiguously interpreted grammatical category of the verb. The methods used in the study are comparative-typological, synchronous-descriptive and functional-semantic methods. Results and Discussion. In the course of study it revealed how inflectional and derivational means helping to express the grammatical semantics of the category of voice in Russian can adequately convey the categorical meaning in the Hungarian language, in which the category of voice is absent. The comparative study of two languages helps to identify the features inherent in each of them, which generally contributes to solving the problems associated with the practice of their teaching. The results of the work based on the data of the ongoing research may be useful in the analysis of other grammatical categories on the material of various languages. Conclusion. Despite the fact that verbs in the Hungarian language do not have a passive voice, the means and forms of its expression are represented in it by a developed and diverse system. The study allows making a step forward in understanding the typological specifics of the voice category and make a certain contribution to the general theory of this phenomenon, since it was the first study of the verb forms of two heterogeneous, genetically unrelated languages based on a comparative analysis in grammatical, semantic and functional aspects.
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Zeng, Zhilan, Subadrah Madhawa Nair, and Walton Wider. "A Comparative Study of Chinese EFL Undergraduates’ Pragmatic Competence in English Letter Writing Between Urban and Suburban Universities." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 6 (September 6, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n6p377.
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In this era of globalization, pragmatic competence plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication. The objective of this study is to investigate whether location is a key factor influencing Chinese EFL undergraduates’ pragmatic competence in English letter writing by comparing urban and suburban universities. This study adopted a descriptive research design. The samples of the study were 450 Chinese college students, with 225 from a university located in an urban city (Guangzhou) and another 225 from a university located in a suburban city (Yiyang). All the participants in this study took an English letter writing test and their writings were analyzed from the perspectives of choice of vocabulary, grammar, syntax and organization. The findings from quantitative data indicated that the overall pragmatic competence of the students from an urban university was better than that of the students from a suburban university. Specifically, there was a significant difference in the overall pragmatic competence, choice of vocabulary, grammar, syntax between an urban university and a suburban university, whereas there was no significant difference in organization. Pedagogically, the findings suggest that pragmatic competence and learning environment should be taken into consideration and lecturers could adopt flexible and feasible approaches applicable to students living in different parts of the world.
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Bradley, Travis G., and Claire Julia Lozano. "Language Contact and Phonological Innovation in the Voiced Prepalatal Obstruents of Judeo-Spanish." Languages 7, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040313.
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This article traces the development of voiced prepalatal obstruents /dʒ⌢/ and /ʒ/ in Judeo-Spanish, the language spoken by the Sephardic Jews since before their expulsion from late-15th century Spain. Using Medieval Spanish as a comparative starting point, we examine diachronic innovations in the phonological status and distribution of affricate /dʒ⌢/ and fricative /ʒ/ in Judeo-Spanish during the diaspora, focusing in particular on the effects of lexical borrowing from Turkish and French in territories of the former Ottoman Empire. In contemporary Sephardic communities that are in contact with non-Sephardic varieties of Mainstream Spanish, some speakers occasionally replace syllable-initial /∫/, /dʒ⌢/, and /ʒ/ in certain Judeo-Spanish words by a voiceless velar /x/ in efforts to accommodate the pronunciation of the corresponding Mainstream Spanish cognate form. We provide a novel analysis of Judeo-Spanish voiced prepalatal obstruents, including their diachronic and synchronic variation under language contact. The analysis combines a constraint-based approach to phonological alternations, as formalized in Optimality Theory, with a usage-based representation of the mental lexicon, as proposed in Exemplar Theory, to account for speaker- and word-specific variability. A hybrid theoretical model provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between lexicon and grammar in Judeo-Spanish phonology than is available in previous structuralist descriptions.
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Vojtek, Daniel. "Flou terminologique en grammaire : le cas du français et du slovaque." Studia Romanistica 24, no. 1 (July 2024): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/sr.2024.24.0006.
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Uniformity and clarity of grammatical terminology are utopian, both in French and in comparative contexts of French and Slovak. Grammatical nomenclature suffers from significant variability and instability, despite the aim of grammarians and terminologists to reconcile the quality of grammatical discourse with didactic effectiveness. The reasons for this are that grammarians’ terminological choices are partly guided by the linguistic theory which governs the development of grammar and, moreover, grammatical terminology is subject to evolution, trends and sometimes even conflicting views. The present study illustrates the state of affairs using selected examples of French and Slovak terms, with the aim of providing a kind of long sought solution. It turns out that the interlingual equivalence of French and Slovak grammatical terms is influenced by two factors. The first one is the terminological variability in French and the second one is the position of the term in the hierarchy of grammatical nomenclature (in the two compared languages).
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Jiménez, Jesús. "Rhythmic structure in Ausiàs March (1400‒1459) and Vicent Andrés Estellés (1924‒1993): A quantitative constraint-based approach." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0003.
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Abstract A poet’s choice of rhythmic patterns is affected by three factors: a universal set of metrical constraints, common to all languages; the metrical grammar and lexical structure of the poet’s own language; and the poet’s personal style. The first aim of this paper is to analyse how these three factors influence the frequency of different stress patterns in the customary metre of Ausiàs March (1400‒1459): the decasyllable with caesura a minore (4+6 syllables). The second aim is to compare March’s schemes of stress with the patterns used by Vicent Andrés Estellés (1924‒1993) in his alexandrines in the 1971 book Llibre de meravelles (Book of Wonders). The comparative analysis shows that the same metrical constraints operate in both authors and that their weight is equivalent. This equivalence can be seen first in the similarity of their arrangement of patterns in terms of frequency, which shows a clear preference for models that are rhythmically better; and second in the similarity of the proportions of their use of different schemes. The twofold coincidence indicates that March and Estellés, in spite of the vast distance in time between them, share the same metrical grammar. All that separates them is March’s slight inclination toward patterns of binary rhythm compared to Estellés’s preference for ternary rhythm. This difference, which is independent of the metre used by the authors, must be attributed to their stylistic preferences.
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Hunston, Susan. "Lexis, word form and complementation pattern." Functions of Language 10, no. 1 (December 11, 2003): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.10.1.03hun.
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This paper examines the comparative frequency of two complementation patterns (that-clause and wh-clause) with the different wordforms of twenty-six verb lemmas. It is found that in the majority of cases the patterns co-occur differentially with the different word forms. In particular, the wh- clause tends to occur most frequently with the base form while the that-clause occurs with the -ed form. This is explained in terms of the phraseology of the larger unit of which wordform and pattern are a part and in terms of what is construed by the complementation clause. Not all verbs conform to this pattern, however, and alternative combinations of wordform and pattern are also discussed. This paper is intended to test quantitatively the hypothesis that the wordforms comprising lemmas behave differently in terms of their preferred grammatical context. This hypothesis in turn is part of a more general theory that argues for the interdependence of lexis and grammar.
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Panhelova, Mariia. "Mixing and switching of speech codes of Ukrainian emigration (on the example of memoirs and epistolary works by Ulas Samchuk)." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 24, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 254–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-2-254-276.
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The problem of switching and mixing codes is extremely relevant in foreign and domestic linguistic science over the past decades. In this case, if code-switching is understood by all researchers more or less equally (switching from one language to another within a single text – dialog or monologue), then by mixing the code (code-mixing), the case looks much more complicated. The term «mixing of codes» is understood by different researchers in fundamentally different ways: from the introduction into one language of the elements of another language in almost unlimited quantities and in the unadapted (phonetically and grammatically) form before switching codes within the same sentence, that is, the kind of switching codes (the second approach thus postulates the process of speaking in two languages and removes the fundamental difference between switching codes and mixing codes). The study of the mixing of speech codes is an interesting and promising branch of research on the theory of language contacts. Among the fundamental works on this subject should be the study of P. Muysken (Muysken, 2000), where he provides a detailed typology of situations of mixing language codes. In linguistic research, there is a widespread practice of using «mixing codes» and «switching codes» as interchangeable, as well as a series of studies where the term «mixing codes» is used to describe and switch codes and massive borrowings. While the term «switching codes» emphasizes the transition of bilingual from one grammatical system to another, the term «mixing codes» implies the presence of hybrid forms associated with both grammars. In other words, mixing codes emphasizes the formal aspects of linguistic structures or linguistic competence, while code switching emphasizes linguistic performance. The psycho-linguistic direction concerning the study of the switching of speech codes among the bilingual environment explains which aspects of the linguistic competence of bilinguals allow them to modify the codes. Often, the choice of a foreign language involves a waiver of the synonymous form in the language of the successor of the language, thus opposed to an alternative way of expressing communicative intentions in a foreign language. The purpose of our scientific studio is to present function the mixing and switching codes on the materials of the memoirs («Planet DP») and the epistolary works of Ukrainian writers-emigrants in Canada, in particular, by Ulas O. Samchuk with his colleagues, publishers, etc. The main methods of research used were: the method of comparative analysis, which allows to detect English-language infusions as units of English, which determine the national-cultural specificity of the English language; the method of component analysis, which allowed to reveal the semantic interrelations of British realities; descriptive method and method of content analysis. In the course of the study, we came to the conclusion that the addressee and addressees, real masters of the artistic word, almost do not allow the English language to be spoken in Ukrainian, or such spraying is deliberately used and is a means of language play.
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Ungureanu, Mădălina. "Teaching Slavonic in 17th century Romania: teaching material by Staico, professor at Târgoviște." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v6i1.25135.
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The aim of this study is to present, based on the Rom. ms. 312 from the Academy Library in Bucharest, the teaching material used by a teacher of Slavonic in the second half of the 17th century. Rom. ms. 312 BAR is well-known particularly because it contains the largest dictionary belonging to the group of the first bilingual Romanian dictionaries. The elaboration of these dictionaries should be considered in relation to the political and cultural context of the reign of Matei Basarab, in a period in which Wallachia was influenced by the cultural prestige of Kyiv and of the metropolitan Petru Movilă, who influenced the cultural development of the Romanian Principalities. Matei Basarab wanted to restore the dominance of the Slavonic language and culture, by encouraging the development of schools, among other measures. The necessary linguistic tools were provided by Kyiv, namely the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon and Meletius Smotrytsky’s Slavonic grammar (1619). These tools, besides being used as such in schools, provide models for the first Romanian dictionaries and the first Slavonic grammar translated into Romanian. Six Slavonic-Romanian dictionaries have survived, all written in the second half of the 17th century (except for one dating from 1649) in Wallachia, based on the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon published by Pamvo Berynda in 1627, which these six works adapted both in terms of the number of entries and the content of the Romanian definitions. Except for the lexicon issued in 1649, the others seem to be modified copies based on a single version. Two manuscripts containing the first Romanian bilingual lexicons also include copies after the same Romanian redaction of the Slavonic grammar. The Rom. ms. 312 comprises the lexicon, part of the grammar, and other lexicographical components, organized as additions to the main word lists. There are several studies on the content of Rom. ms. 312, yet previous research only presents it from a general perspective without much detail on its components. We shall demonstrate that its content is also more complex than that of the other lexicons, indicating and presenting its parts: the first list of words taken from the Slavonic-Ruthenian lexicon; a second list which is independent of it, but which can also be found in three of the other lexicons included in the group; three thematic lists and two lists without a specific theme, plus a dictionary of proper names translated into Slavonic, which has never been studied. Furthermore, we also present opinions on the author of the grammar included in this lexicon. A comparative analysis of the Slavonic grammar of Rom. ms. 312 and the one in Rom. ms. 3473 from the Romanian Academy Library allowed us to advance the hypothesis that these are copies of a previous writing, which was not preserved.