Relevant bibliographies by topics / Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies"

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Eastman, Carol M., and Peter H. Lowenberg. "Language Spread and Language Policy: Issues, Implications, and Case Studies." Language 65, no. 2 (June 1989): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415338.

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O'Donnell, Jennifer Lee. "Language policy processes and consequences: Arizona case studies." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 19, no. 3 (April 2015): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2015.1026645.

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Maya, R. S., and Jørgen Fenhann. "Methodological lessons and results from UNEP GHG abatement costing studies The case of Zimbabwe." Energy Policy 22, no. 11 (November 1994): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90043-4.

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Liu, Lisheng. "Translation and public policy: interdisciplinary perspectives and case studies." Perspectives 28, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2019.1653024.

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Cirella, Giuseppe T., Carole Mtizi, and Felix O. Iyalomhe. "Public transportation solutions in Southern Africa: case study Zimbabwe and South Africa." Transport Economics and Logistics 79 (October 23, 2018): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.79.06.

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Our research investigates current challenges faced in southern Africa’s public transport sector and proposes a possible solution to overcome these challenges. Using South Africa and Zimbabwe as case studies, we identify shared challenges experienced in both countries for which a universal solution may be adopted. It was found that these challenges could mostly be attributed to government actions. We propose a need for better integration of social outcomes within public transport policy at the strategic, tactical and operational levels throughout the region. Moreover, we suggest that technology-driven solutions can be introduced in the public transport realm, amongst other solutions, entailing a universal cashless payment system coupled with GPS technology.
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Machokoto, Washington, and Munyaradzi A. Dzvimbo. "The Employee Voice Behaviours in African Context: The Case of Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ajir2019.

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This exploratory study aimed to investigate the Employee Voice Behaviours (EVB) in the African context, and Zimbabwe was chosen as a case study. A sample of 30 volunteers was used in this study and data was collected via WhatsApp social media. The structured interviews were employed to collect data. Thus, the data was collected and placed into categories as a framework. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, multiple regression, correlation and framework. The results indicated that the majority of employees in Zimbabwe present constructive voices than destructive behaviours. The findings also established that Zimbabwean workforce remains disciplined in their organisations. The study again found that the majority of people working in organisations in Zimbabwe is neither married nor have children. Also, the majority go to church and do not consume alcohol/smoke. However, besides a small sample that could have affected the outcome, this study concludes that understanding of EVB remains elusive; therefore, more studies are required in this field. Future researchers should consider qualitative methods with larger samples to establish these variations. Besides, the current research presents significant findings that could inform policy-makers in Zimbabwean organisations.
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Mvundura, Emmaculate, and Paul Svongoro. "The significance of tasks in second language learning: The case of Africa University in Zimbabwe." Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education 1, no. 4 (August 25, 2021): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v1i4.779.

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Abstract Purpose: This study utilised the case study approach for an in-depth understanding of the practices of teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) at Africa University (AU), Zimbabwe. The study aimed to provide a description of unique and typical ESL experiences in a particular African context. Research Methodology: The study investigated 60 participants who were prospective undergraduate students enrolled in the ESL programme and were separated into two groups. Each group consisted of 30 participants who received task-based instruction hinged on reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Result: An analysis of the learners' performance revealed that tasks facilitate the learning of ESL by exposing learners to different problem-solving scenarios that required higher-order cognitive skills. Limitations: This study was based on the ESL classroom at AU, which enrols students from African countries. A similar study could be conducted with students from more diverse backgrounds to establish if the results of this study could be corroborated or refuted. Similar studies could also be conducted in other second language contexts where English is not the target language. Contribution: The results of this study are important for the discipline of ESL as they support existing knowledge that tasks allow learners to communicate using the correct grammatical structures in a given relevant context.
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Chimbari, Moses J. "Enhancing Schistosomiasis Control Strategy for Zimbabwe: Building on Past Experiences." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/353768.

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Schistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniare prevalent in Zimbabwe to levels that make schistosomiasis a public health problem. Following three national surveys to map the disease prevalence, a national policy on control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths is being developed. This paper reviews the experiences that Zimbabwe has in the area of schistosomiasis control with a view to influence policy. A case study approach to highlight key experiences and outcomes was adopted. The benefits derived from intersectoral collaboration that led to the development of a model irrigation scheme that incorporates schistosomiasis control measures are highlighted. Similarly, the benefits of using plant molluscicides and fish and duck biological agents (Sargochromis codringtoniiandCairina moschata) are highlighted. Emphasis was also placed on the importance of utilizing locally developed water and sanitation technologies and the critical human resource base in the area of schistosomiasis developed over years. After synthesis of the case studies presented, it was concluded that while there is a need to follow the WHO recommended guidelines for schistosomiasis control it is important to develop a control strategy that is informed by work already done in the country. The importance of having a policy and local guidelines for schistosomiasis control is emphasized.
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Munyoka, Willard. "Electronic government adoption in voluntary environments – a case study of Zimbabwe." Information Development 36, no. 3 (July 28, 2019): 414–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666919864713.

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Many governmental organisations across the world are progressively implementing electronic government systems to enhance their back-office operations and offer better and efficient services to citizens. Zimbabwe is not an exception to this e-government wave. Previous studies note that the acceptance and utilisation of e-government systems by citizens in Zimbabwe remains suboptimal, sluggish and problematic due to several factors. This study sought to establish the effect of seven predictor variables on citizens’ behavioural intentions to use e-government systems in Zimbabwe. Drawing from the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2), extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), Framework for National and Donor Action, and e-Government Trust model as theoretical underpinnings, this study proposed a conceptual framework to predict citizens’ behavioural intentions on e-government. Survey data for testing the conceptual framework were collected from 247 respondents in Zimbabwe using structured questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis using IBM AMOS structural equation modelling method was conducted to establish the structural model fit of the proposed model. Findings of this study establish that eight of the hypothesised constructs explain 89% of the discrepancies of behavioural intention to demonstrate good predictive power of the proposed model in voluntary environments. Thus, level of education, facilitating conditions, e-government awareness, price value; privacy, security and trust; political self-efficacy and influence were all confirmed as salient predictors of e-government adoption. These findings provide invaluable insights and pointers to practitioners and policy-makers on e-government implementation and may guide further research on e-government adoption in voluntary environments.
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Wright, Andrew J., E. C. M. Parsons, Naomi A. Rose, and Erin Witcomb-Vos. "Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: The Science-Policy Disconnect: Language Issues at the Science-Policy Boundary." Environmental Practice 15, no. 1 (March 2013): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466046612000506.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies"

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Taruvinga, Amon. "Economics of wetland cultivation in Zimbabwe: case study of Mashonaland East Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001002.

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Wetlands are stocks of natural resources limited in supply, in the middle of unlimited human wants with multiple uses to society, presenting an economic problem in as far as their rational and sustainable use is concerned. To that end, conflicting recommendations have been forwarded regarding wetland cultivation as a possible land use across the globe and from within the same regions. On one extreme, wetland cultivation has been linked to degradation of wetlands with pure wetland conservation as the prescribed viable and sustainable land use option to society. Closer to reality, partial wetland conversion to crop land has been found compatible with wetland bio-diversity; implying that partial wetland cultivation is the prescribed wetland use option viable and sustainable to societies, a dictum mainly claimed by rural communities. With that conflicting background and based on the “Safe Minimum Standard” approach, a ban on wetland cultivation was maintained in several early environmental policies in Zimbabwe as a basis for legislative protection of wetlands, a position that is still legally binding in current statutes. Contrary to that, rural communities have responded by invading wetlands as a coping strategy in pursuit of the claimed values of wetland cultivation, further conflicting with standing policies. This scenario has managed to “lock” and is currently locking the claimed 1,28 million hectares of wetlands in Zimbabwe in a “legal-operational impasse”, at a cost to the entire nation since no meaningful investment is possible in wetlands when there is a legal conflict.
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Alexander, Jocelyn. "The state, agrarian policy and rural politics in Zimbabwe : case studies of Insiza and Chimanimani Districts, 1940-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358410.

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Nyawaranda, Vitalis. "Teachers' beliefs about teaching English as a Second Language (ESL), two case studies of ESL instruction in Zimbabwe." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0019/NQ44535.pdf.

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Noble, Priscilla Garrido. "Foreign Language Learning in Santo Domingo: Qualitative Case Studies in Two Private Schools." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05092007-164942/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Philo Hutcheson, committee chair; Gertrude Tinker-Sachs, Joyce E Many, Douglas Davis, committee members. Electronic text (325 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 6, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 292-309).
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Kootnikoff, David. "Borscht, sweat and tears: how government policy influences language, culture and identity in a minoritycommunity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27055310.

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Penny, Jessica Nicole. "Language Policy and Planning in Spain: A Case Study of Accessibility of Education, Employment, and Social Services in Catalonia." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1367240234.

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Tasovac, Masa. "An examination of the intercultural outcome of a policy of educational division based on spoken language : the case of educational policy in Vukovar, Croatia." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/757.

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A four-year war in Croatia in the early nineties left Eastern Slavonia and the Vukovar region struggling with the consequences of inter-ethnic conflict and human suffering. Poorly addressed post-ethnic reconciliation issues resulted in many challenges in everyday living for the people of Vukovar, especially so with the segregation of the public educational system based on language and ethnicity. This research explored the outcomes of the policy in Vukovar to divide the student body based on the language they spoke. The literature review examined issues of inter-ethnic conflict, post-war reconciliation, and the process of grieving and transition in order to define how these processes affect people involved in public schooling in Vukovar today. I have examined literature in intercultural sensitivity, intercultural conflict, reconciliation, cultural marginality, and identity formation. I compiled data through in-depth interviews with five specialists in the field of public educational system in Vukovar. They included a journalist and author, a teacher, administrators, and parents. I found the presence of slow but consistent increase in readiness for the process of rejoining schools in Vukovar. This convergence in attitudes of the majority and the minority groups regarding their public school education might be the best indicator that Vukovar is shifting from the position of grieving to a place more open to the new solutions and agreements. However, one should not forget that bringing students together is not a key to reconciliation. Even though it appears that parents and teachers have motivation and good incentives to accomplish the process of reuniting, the students themselves lack the understanding of the importance of the same. I hope that this study will provide insight into the state of affairs in Vukovar's educational system today and may provide insight into the ways of managing the larger issues of reintegration and reconciliation between the diverse cultural communities.
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Hermet, Béline Yaëlle. "Multilingualism, Plurilingualism and Language Acquisition: Case Study of the Erasmus Mundus Master in Euroculture." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394156.

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Linguistic diversity represents a real challenge for a harmonious coexistence in Europe and in today’s globalised world. Language learning has therefore become an undeniable asset of competitiveness in a multilingual European area, with 24 official European Union languages and more than 60 minority languages. This thesis hence focuses on language acquisition during the Erasmus Mundus student mobility program of Euroculture. Does Euroculture succeed in facilitating language learning, thus enabling social integration in the host countries? In order to analyse this issue, it is essential to address English as lingua franca and lingua academica, used in international higher education programs. Some the- ories have been developed on lingua franca and are useful to analyse the role English plays in the Euroculture program. Indeed, Nicholas Ostler’s argument on the end of Eng- lish as lingua franca in the future will be confronted with Louis Jean Calvet’s gravita- tional model of languages. Calvet’s model asserts the predominance of English as lingua franca, which could threaten multilingualism. This is what the study aims to assess. Eu- ropean linguistic policies and tools set up to improve plurilingualism are also explored in order to provide a comprehensive framework and to analyse whether the study findings reflect the recommendations of European policies. An empirical quantitative method con- sisting of 26 questions, submitted to Euroculture students and alumni, has been used to analyse the extent to which Euroculture facilitate language acquisition. The findings have shown that two main factors facilitate plurilingualism: the language courses offered at partner universities and students’ own decisions to integrate in the host countries through various factors are among the elements facilitating language acquisition. The research also revealed important barriers in the language learning process and the social integra- tion in host countries, namely the “Euroculture bubble” phenomenon, the predominance of English as lingua franca and barriers to access language courses.
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Leander, Elizabeth Alice. "A case study of the multiple contextual factors that impact on the reading competencies of grade 3 non-mother tongue speakers of English in a Grahamstown Primary School in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005913.

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This study explores what happens in a reading class where grade 3 learners from specific cultural and ethnic backgrounds are taught to read in a language other than their mother-tongue. The research takes place at a primary school in the Eastern Cape, South Africa where English is the Medium of Instruction (MOI).The report on the findings of this research reveals that the teaching strategies and reading theories of the teacher, the literacy backgrounds of the learners, as well as the language preferences of the parents, are some of the contextual factors that impact on reading. One of the major findings in the study constitutes the debilitating effects of the learners' socio- economic circumstances on their reading performances in the classroom. The socio-political factors that impact on the learners, the teacher, and the school as a social unit, proved to be the factors that are remnants of the Apartheid segregation polices as well as the educational policies of the present government, especially, those pertaining to mother-tongue Instruction. Although it is difficult to generalize from a small-scale study like this, its benefits lie in the evidence that confirms the influence of specific contextual factors on reading proficiencies, the evidence that identifies poor and effective teaching practices and the evidence that elucidate the implications of non-mother tongue instruction. This research may thus serve to raise the consciousness of practitioners in reading instruction, parents and policy makers.
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Bordo, Vanessa C. "Making a Case for the Use of Foreign Language in the Educational Activities of Nonprofit Arts Organizations." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640.

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Books on the topic "Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies"

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Language planning and policy for mass education: A case for Zimbabwe. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS), 2010.

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Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (1987). Language spread and language policy: Issues, implications and case studies. Edited by Lowenberg Peter H. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 1988.

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Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (1987). Language spread and language policy: Issues, implications, and case studies. Edited by Lowenberg Peter H. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1988.

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Language policy processes and consequences: Arizona case studies. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2014.

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The local politics of global English: Case studies in linguistic globalization. Lanham, Md: Lexington, 2004.

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Sonntag, Selma K. The local politics of global English: Case studies in linguistic globalization. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2003.

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Structural adjustment in Zambia and Zimbabwe: Reconstructive or destructive? Harare, Zimbabwe: Third World Pub. House, 1993.

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Language policy and the promotion of peace: African and European case studies. Pretoria: Unisa Press, 2014.

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Language of instruction and cognitive development: Case-studies from Malawi. Zürich: Lit, 2013.

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Kamusella, Tomasz. W bżuhu vieloryba. Toruń: Adam Marszałek, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies"

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Hajek, John, and Jennifer Baldwin. "Remembering Language Studies in Australian Universities: An Italian Case Study." In Language Policy, 65–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50925-5_5.

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Wilson, Sonia. "Conducting In-depth Case Studies Among Multilingual Families." In Family Language Policy, 43–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52437-1_2.

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Wilson, Sonia. "Childhood Experiences of FLP: 6 Case Studies of French Heritage Speakers in England." In Family Language Policy, 57–151. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52437-1_3.

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Bekerman, Z. "10. Integrated Bilingual Education: Ethnographic Case Studies from the Palestinian–Jewish ‘Front’." In Language Policy for the Multilingual Classroom, edited by Christine Hélot and Muiris Ó Laoire, 188–207. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847693686-012.

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Thonje, Admire. "Moving against the Current." In African Studies, 640–60. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3019-1.ch034.

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International student migration in the southern African context is a scantily researched area. While research abounds on aspects of migration such as human rights, remittances, development efficacy of migration and transnationalism, the concerns, experiences and encounters of student migrants remains neglected. While in South Africa some migrants are exposed to xenophobic sentiments, little is known about experiences in places such as Zimbabwe. Employing Zimbabwe as a case, the author discusses context, experiences and the policy framework around international students from within the southern African region. It reveals the causes for migration, socio-economic experiences as well as exposure to life in Zimbabwe predominantly during the difficult decade at the turn of the millennium in 2000. In bringing up experiences and challenges, it highlights transformation in the enrollment patterns as well as areas for policy improvement.
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Smith, Patriann, and Alex Kumi-Yeboah. "Consolidating Commonalities in Language and Literacy to Inform Policy." In Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, 393–420. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8668-7.ch016.

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This chapter demonstrates how literacy and language planning and policy (LPP) research may be consolidated to inform recommendations for local language policy development and pedagogical literacy instruction in the English-speaking Caribbean region. To achieve this goal, we first identify patterns in literacy research across countries and contexts in the English-speaking Caribbean region, noting assumptions underlying the literature. We then discuss the ways in which language use evolved in one of these English-speaking Caribbean countries, noting the impact of historical and global forces. In presenting St. Lucia as a critical case where Language Planning and Policy (LPP) research, and particularly, the ways in which the historical epochs in which this research has been undertaken influenced the evolution of language use in the country, we identify strategic, epistemological and macro sociopolitical insights emanating from our discussions of language use in this Majority World nation.
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Ndlovu, Reginah. "Gender Mainstream." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 41–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2815-0.ch003.

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The study examines the extent to which gender has been mainstreamed in resource allocation, income opportunities, decision-making processes, policy development, planning, implementation, and monitoring of programmes in Africa. Zimbabwe is used as a case study. The study was prompted by the need for Africa to mainstream gender parity in order to respond to the global call of mainstreaming gender. International legal frameworks on gender are articulated in this chapter in order to bring about an understanding of the foundations upon which this global call is premised.
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SHEN, Xialing. "A Case Study of Family Language Policy (FLP) in Diasporic Chinese Families in the Paris Region." In Formation linguistique des apprenants allophones et pédagogies innovantes, 137–50. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.4167.

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Minority language maintenance and childhood bilingualism have attracted attention and generated a significant number of publications over several decades. As an emerging and increasingly critical domain which provides a microscopic view of daily interactions, family language policy (FLP) is still a relatively new field of study in Sociolinguistics in France. Very little research, in which field studies are included, has been carried out since 2000. This short article attempts to analyse first-hand data collected in 2019 from ten Chinese families living in the Île-de-France region. A mixed approach, including quantitative, qualitative and sociolinguistic ethnography, was adopted. Four of the ten families were selected for study in greater detail. Surveys, interviews, recordings and onsite observations are the main methods used to collect data for this paper. This FLP case study tries to gain an insight on how Sinitic languages are maintained and handed down in the Parisian Chinese diaspora; the results of this study are also compared to FLP studies carried out in other Chinese diasporas.
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Williams, Matthew. "Present: why has Parliament’s use of language changed?" In How Language Works in Politics, 61–84. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200201.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the reasons for the changes in Parliament's use of language. It begins by elaborating on the meaning of legislative indeterminacy, focusing on four parts of speech that are significant to the determinacy of a text and their policy benefits: noun/verb qualifers, conjunctions, modal auxiliary verbs and enabling verbs. It then traces the historic patterns in the use of legislative language since 1900 and presents three case studies that illustrate how and why choices were made to change the language of the law: the cases of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission (1969) and Franklin and Others v The Minister of Town and Country Planning (1947), and the Immigration Act 1971. The chapter shows that enactment of indeterminate legislation increased substantially since 1900, in part due to choices taken by post-war governments to ‘roll back the state’ and allow policy to adapt to changeable market conditions.
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Slapac, Alina, and Sujin Kim. "Creating Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Classroom Communities in Early Childhood Language Immersion Schools." In International Perspectives on Modern Developments in Early Childhood Education, 77–93. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2503-6.ch005.

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This chapter examined the development of a classroom community through a case study of a kindergarten teacher in a Spanish language immersion school. Case study data includes observational field notes, classroom artifacts, informal conversations, and interviews with an immersion kindergarten classroom teacher. Additionally, interviews with the two administrators from the Spanish and French immersion schools (networking schools) were collected and analyzed to learn about their perspectives regarding culturally and linguistically responsive teaching practices and their commitment to encouraging the creation of classroom communities within their schools. The results revealed both the administrators and the case teacher in the kindergarten classroom supported practices of drawing from their own and students' cultural identities and resources to create a culturally responsive learning and social environment, in partnership with students and families. Recommendations for future studies on diverse early childhood settings are discussed in regards to teacher preparation and policy enactment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Language policy – Zimbabwe – Case studies"

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Belenkova, Nataliya, Larisa Lutskovskaia, and Olga Gorbatenko. "LANGUAGE POLICY: CASE STUDIES." In 10th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2017.0427.

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Jugl, Sebastian, Aimalohi Okpeku, Brianna Costales, Earl Morris, Golnoosh Alipour-Harris, Juan Hincapie-Castillo, Nichole Stetten, et al. "A Mapping Literature Review of Medical Cannabis Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Evidence in Approved Conditions in the United States, from 2016 to 2019." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.25.

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Background: Medical cannabis is available to patients by physician order in two-thirds of the United States (U.S.) as of 2020, but remains classified as an illicit substance by federal law. States that permit medical cannabis ordered by a physician typically require a diagnosed medical condition that is considered qualifying by respective state law. Objectives: To identify and map the most recently (2016-2019) published clinical and scientific literature across approved conditions for medical cannabis, and to evaluate the quality of identified recent systematic reviews. Methods: Literature search was conducted from five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov), with expansion and update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s (NASEM) comprehensive evidence review through 2016 of the health effects of cannabis on several conditions. Following consultation with experts and stakeholders, 11 conditions were identified for evidence evaluation: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism, cancer, chronic pain, Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The following exclusion criteria were imposed: preclinical focus, non-English language, abstracts only, editorials/commentary, case studies/series, and non-U.S. study setting. Data extracted from studies included: study design type, outcome, intervention, sample size, study setting, and reported effect size. Studies classified as systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were graded using the AMSTAR-2 tool by two raters to evaluate the quality of evidence, with additional raters to resolve cases of evidence grade disagreement. Results: A total of 438 studies were included after screening. Five completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, and an additional 11 trials were ongoing, and 1 terminated. Cancer, chronic pain, and epilepsy were the most researched topic areas, representing more than two-thirds of all reviewed studies. The quality of evidence assessment for each condition suggests that few high-quality systematic reviews are available for most conditions, with the exceptions of MS, epilepsy, and chronic pain. In those areas, findings on chronic pain are mostly in alignment with the previous literature, suggesting that cannabis or cannabinoids are potentially beneficial in treating chronic neuropathic pain. In epilepsy, findings suggest that cannabidiol is potentially effective in reducing seizures in pediatric patients with drug-resistant Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes. In MS, recent high-quality systematic reviews did not include new RCTs, and are therefore not substantially expanding the evidence base. In sum, the most recent clinical evidence suggests that for most of the conditions assessed, we identified few studies of substantial rigor and quality to contribute to the evidence base. However, there are some conditions for which significant evidence suggests that select dosage forms and routes of administration likely have favorable risk-benefit ratios (i.e., epilepsy and chronic pain), with the higher quality of evidence for epilepsy driven by FDA-approved formulations for cannabis-based seizure treatments. Conclusion: The body of evidence for medical cannabis requires more rigorous evaluation before consideration as a treatment option for many conditions and evidence necessary to inform policy and treatment guidelines is currently insufficient for many conditions.
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Kurniati, Nurul. "Analysis of Factors and Management of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Mothers and Infants: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67.

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ABSTRACT Background: The importance of screening for HBV infection is to identify the risk of perinatal transmission from infected mothers. People infected with HBV during infancy or childhood are more likely to suffer chronic infection to cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for HBV infection. This study aimed to review the factors and management of hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selec­tion; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus databases. The inclusion criteria were English/ Indonesian-language and full-text articles (scoping review, meta-analysis, systematic review)/ documents/ reports/ policy brief/ guidelines from WHO/ other organizations published between 2009 and 2019. The data were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: The searched database obtained a total of 27.862 articles. After screening, 27.325 articles were excluded because of unmet the inclusion criteria. After conducting critical appraisal for the remaining 537 articles, only 11 articles were eligible for further review. The selected articles obtained from developing countries (China, South Africa, and Tanzania) and developed countries (Netherlands, Japan, Denmark, Northern Europe, and Canada) with quantitative studies design (cross-sectional, case series, and cohort) met the inclusion criteria. The findings emphasized on four main topics around hepatitis B virus screening in mothers and infants, namely demographic factors, risk factors, post-screening benefit, and challenges in screening uptake. Conclusion: Early detection of HBV infection with prenatal screening reduce the HBV prenatal transmission, especially from infected pregnancy. Screening plays an important role in the administration of universal infant HBV vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth. Keywords: pregnant women, hepatitis B virus, perinatal transmission, screening Correspondence: Setianingsih. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Siliwangi (Ringroad Barat) No. 63, Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55292. Email: nsetia580@gmail.com. Mobile: 082242081295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.67
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