Academic literature on the topic 'Language Representations and Practices'

Analysis (SA) in Cybersecurity is a practice aimed at detecting vulnerabilities within the source code of a program. Modern SA applications, though highly sophisticated, lack programming language agnostic generalization, instead requiring codebase specific implementations for each programming language. The manner in which SA is implemented today, though functional, requires significant man hours to develop and maintain, higher costs due to custom applications for each language, and creates inconsistencies in implementation from SA-tool to SA-tool. A source of programming language generalization occurs within compilers. During the compilation process, source code is converted into a grammatically consistent Intermediate Representation (IR) (e.g. LLVM-IR) before being converted to an output format. The grammatical consistencies provided by the IR theoretically allow the same program written in different languages to be analyzed using the same mechanism. By using the IRs of compiled programming languages as the codebase of SA practices, multiple programming languages can be encompassed by a single SA tool. To begin understanding the possibilities the combination of SA and IRs may reveal, this research presents the following outcomes: 1) a systematic literature search, 2) a literature review, and 3) the classification of existing work pertaining to SA practices using IRs. The results of the study indicate that generalized Static Analysis using the LLVM IR is already a common practice in all compilers, but that the extended use of the LLVM IR in Cybersecurity SA practices aimed at finding vulnerabilities in source code remains underdeveloped.

Summary Recent work in the history of early medieval linguistics has challenged a number of assumptions about the representation of Latin and language usage during the period. Given the way Latin is often positioned as a standard for literacy and schooling, these revisions of early medieval linguistics also raise questions for teaching literacy, language arts, and standard English. Late classical and early medieval grammatical discourse presents not a monolithic view of Latin but various accounts of pronunciation, spelling, and semantics. Some stigmatize contemporary usage, others do not. In addition, historical texts such as the 9th-century History of the Langobards represent heterogeneous and bilingual speech communities in which Latin and Germanic languages are used in different contexts. Rather than constraining the history of linguistics as a ‘specialist’s add on’, we can reconceptualize writing histories of linguistics as contributions to a critical cultural history, uncovering the assumptions and practices of not only linguistic theory and description but also language teaching practices, ideological constructions of national languages, representations of language differences and identity, and attitudes toward language usage and standardization.

Abstract This paper explores metalinguistic representations of Moroccan Arabic, through speakers’ discourses – taken from various spontaneous recordings and interviews with Moroccan Arabic speakers, of various ages, social backgrounds, and, for the most part, living in Meknes – and humoristic images and memes mocking local accents to be found on social media. By comparing language practices and metalinguistic representations with internet memes related to language stereotypes, our objective is to highlight indexicality, iconization and rhematization, in the circulation of metalinguistic representations, especially their reproduction through copy and imitation, which is the main attribute of memes that interests us. Markers, values, meanings associated with variation constantly change and shift through speakers’ practices and discourses, interacting with language ideologies, representations and stereotypes. With that in mind, we examine metalinguistic discourses and sociolinguistic variables in parallel to each other in order to study old and new representations along with social categories such as young/old, virile/effeminate, as well as regional stereotypes.

Целью настоящей статьи является анализ условий и факторов, влияющих на передачу и сохранение азербайджанского языка в азербайджанской общине города Москвы в среде хорошо интегрированных и социально успешных мигрантов первого и второго поколения. Работа вписывается в проблематику языковых контактов в городе в аспекте социолингвистической динамики поддержания и сохранения языка. Выбор азербайджанской общины был обусловлен сложностью ее социальной структуры, развитыми связями внутри сообщества, наличием языковой среды в различных доменах, сложной социолингвистической конфигурацией используемых языков, включающей отношения между литературными и диалектными формами азербайджанского языка и русским языком. Использование и передача языка молодыми азербайджанцами рассматривалась с учетом символического и инструментального измерений языковой ситуации. Анализ как реальных языковых практик, так и языковых идеологий носителей идиома позволил решить две задачи: выявить направления динамики использования и передачи азербайджанского языка в условиях миграции и проанализировать, насколько желания носителей языка, их аттитюды и языковые репрезентации соответствуют реальным усилиям по поддержке и сохранению языка. Методология исследования включала проведение социолингвистического анкетирования (70 анкет) и серии исследовательских интервью с представителями общины (6 интервью). Интерес к уровню владения и передачи языка в молодом поколении обусловил деление информантов по критерию возраста на две когорты: от 18 до 29 лет и от 30 до 65+ лет. Далее анализировались и сравнивались языковые практики этих когорт. Результаты исследования показывают высокую сохранность и уровень передачи языка, высокую лояльность его носителей и положительный тип репрезентаций в обеих когортах. Вместе с тем в молодом поколении отмечается повышение роли русского языка, сдвиг в использовании диалектных и литературной форм азербайджанского языка, в социальном образе языка отмечено превалирование символических репрезентации и оценки языка аффективного типа. The purpose of this article is to analyze the conditions and factors influencing the transmission of the Azerbaijani language in the Azerbaijani community in Moscow among well-integrated and socially successful migrants of the first and second generation. The research complies with the problem of linguistic contacts in the city in the aspect of the sociolinguistic dynamics of maintaining and preserving the language. The choice of the Azerbaijani community was due to the complexity of its social structure, developed connections within the community, the presence of linguistic environment in various domains, a complex sociolinguistic configuration of the languages used, including the relationship between the literary and dialectal forms of the Azerbaijani language and the Russian language. The use and transmission of the language by young Azerbaijanis was considered taking into account symbolic and instrumental dimensions of the language situation. The analysis of both real linguistic practices and linguistic representations of native speakers of the idiom made it possible to solve two problems: to identify the directions of the dynamics of the use and transmission of the Azerbaijani language in conditions of migration and to analyze how the desires of native speakers, their attitudes and linguistic representations correspond to their real efforts to support and preserve the language. The research methodology involved a sociolinguistic questionnaire (70 questionnaires in total) and a series of research interviews with community representatives (6 interviews). Interest in the level of language proficiency and transmission in the younger generation led to the division of informants according to the age criterion into two cohorts: from 18 to 29 years old and from 30 to 65+ years old. Further, we analyzed and compared the language practices of these cohorts. The results of the study show a high preservation and level of language transmission, strong loyalty of its speakers and a positive type of representations in both cohorts. Meanwhile, among the younger generation we observe the dynamics of linguistic practices towards increasing the role of the Russian language and a shift in the use of dialectal and literary forms of the Azerbaijani language; symbolic representations and overvaluation of the affective type prevail in the social image of the language.

To forecast the sociolinguistic dynamics of the language, to determine the level of its vitality and to provide adequate measures of language policy and planning, it seems important to analyze the structures of the symbolic components of the language situation, which include language representations and language attitudes, that is, social attitudes towards language. The article presents the results of the analysis of the main types of Tatar language representations and linguistic attitudes among speakers of the Mishar idiom of the Tatar language. The data were collected in the regions where the Mishary Tatars live, namely in the Middle Volga region and in Prisurie. The main research method was a semi-structured interview with subsequent analysis of the obtained data, its classification and interpretation. The paper proposes five clusters of language representations in the minority situation: representations related to the instrumental, symbolic and regulative functions of language, on the one hand, and representations related to the actualized identity structures and to the deontic attitudes of the individual, on the other. In connection with these classes of representations and taking into account language forms, language competences and language practices, a typology of language loyalty is proposed, which includes instrumental loyalty, symbolic loyalty, loyalty according to the forms of language used, loyalty according to language competences and prescriptive loyalty. The material analysis showed the prevalence of positive representations of the Mishar idiom among its speakers, the presence of active positive loyalty in oral spheres of communication at the local level, a high level of idiom preservation, and the integrative nature of sociolinguistic dynamics. At the same time, the situation should be regarded as diglossic both in relation to the Russian language and to the literary Tatar language, which is considered to be prestigious.

The author explores the texts of Soviet periodicals for children and sets the task to reveal how science is represented in relation to state policy, as well as defining the semiotic resources that convey grown-ups’ social practices to children’s audience. Methodologically, the study builds on content analysis and discourse analysis of the publications drawn from the magazines “Pioneer” and “Kostyor”. It has been found that publications on science occupied an important place in the magazines, sections on science were regular, and most of them had exact and natural sciences as their subject. Specific features of representations have been discovered, including references to experts’ opinions, channeling of agonality, emotions and ideologies. The validity of scientific information provided was guaranteed by the expert status of the author or commentator: their professionalism and public recognition. The texts contained argumentation tactics that were typical of academic communication, and thus, grown-ups’ social practices were transferred to children’s magazines. The author claims that the rational sphere of science was discursively constructed as a source of emotional experience, specifically — the feeling of wonder. The factual component was complemented by the emotional modus and actualized through the lexical markers of wonder, evaluative elements and stylistic devices. The journals were used as an instrument of dialogue between the state and a younger generation, and the representations of scientific social practices contained markers of ideology. The author claims that convergence of scientific, media and political discourses is taking place in the process of representation of scientific practices. The resulting representations build axiological attitudes of a younger generation, maintain ideological guidelines, and determine a scientific and ideological worldview.

This article uses literary examples from English-language and French-language postwar fiction to elaborate a descriptive framework for representations of camp talk. The framework is based on four underlying semiotic strategies that produce a variety of surface textual effects (stylistic and pragmatic). The strategies are called Paradox, Inversion, Ludicrism and Parody. The effects they generate range from register play, through puns, to innuendo. The article argues that these effects contribute to the development of fictional representations of homosexual/gay/queer characters in postwar fiction and also to the elaboration of a gay critique of dominant cultural norms and practices. As such, the four strategies may also, it is suggested, underpin other (visual, gestural) semiotic regimes.

Abstract This paper reports on a study that looked at Portuguese public universities setting out to identify and discuss institutional stakeholders’ social representations concerning the use of languages in scientific research and the development of institutional language policies within this area of higher education activity. In order to do so, institutional stakeholders responsible for research activities at six Portuguese public universities completed a questionnaire and participated in in-depth interviews. The findings indicate there are common tendencies regarding the identified social representations that point, mainly, to a tension between, on one hand, the existence of reported practices that centre on “English-mainly” research language policies, reflecting the current monolingual scenario of global science and, on the other hand, the need for a more plurilingual science and the privileging of Portuguese as a science language.

This article examines the nature of oral language and representations used by teachers as they instruct young Indigenous Australian students at the beginning of formal schooling during play-based activities in mathematics. In particular, the use of Standard Australian English (SAE), the mathematical register used, and the interplay with mathematical representations during classroom instruction are analysed based upon the teachers' selfreported practices. The data are drawn from structured telephone interviews with 40 teachers in 15 schools from rural and remote or multicultural settings in Queensland at the initial stage of a large, longitudinal study. The specific aim of the study was the identification of effective pedagogical practices that may assist young Australian students from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds to negotiate western mathematical understanding. The findings indicate that despite experience in these settings and focused professional learning sessions, the majority of these teachers report practices which reflect a strong emphasis on literacy acquisition rather than mathematical understanding. It is the contention of the researchers that the use of oral language with a rich selection of mathematical representations strongly supports mathematical understanding.