Relevant bibliographies by topics / Language requirements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Language requirements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Language requirements"

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Yilmaz, A. Egemen. "Natural Language Processing." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 2014): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssoe.2014010105.

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Requirement analysis is the very first and crucial step in the software development processes. On the other hand, as previously addressed by other researchers, it is the Achilles' heel of the whole process since the requirements lie on the problem space, whereas other software artifacts are on the solution space. Stating the requirements in a clear manner eases the following steps in the process as well as reducing the number of potential errors. In this paper, techniques for the improvement of the requirements expressed in the natural language are revisited. These techniques try to check the requirement quality attributes via lexical and syntactic analysis methods sometimes with generic, and sometimes domain and application specific knowledge bases.
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LUST, BARBARA. "Requirements for paradigm shift." Journal of Child Language 27, no. 3 (October 2000): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004426.

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Since Noam Chomsky's famous 1959 review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, a linguistically based paradigm for research in first language acquisition has been strong, even in some senses, dominant. Even Piaget, whose main concern was the nature of cognitive development in general, did not deny the essential claim of a linguistically based paradigm for the study of language acquisition: ‘I (Piaget) also agree with him (Chomsky) on the fact that this rational origin of language presupposes the existence of a fixed nucleus necessary to the elaboration of all languages’ (Piaget in Piatelli-Palmarini, 1980: 57). This linguistically based paradigm has led to a developed theory of what it is that the child must acquire when s/he acquires language, and to precise scientific hypotheses regarding the nature of this knowledge. These hypotheses can be, and are being, subjected to empirical test, thus advancing the scientific foundations of the field. In this paradigm, the postulation of a ‘Language Faculty’ in the mind of the human species, and in the child, has allowed the formulation of specific components of linguistic knowledge which are now being tested in language acquisition as well as in grammars of languages of the world.
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Williams, David O. "Language requirements for embedded systems." Computer Standards & Interfaces 6, no. 1 (January 1987): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5489(87)90045-6.

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Dawood, Omer Salih, and Abd-El-Kader Sahraoui. "Toward Requirements and Design Traceability Using Natural Language Processing." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 7 (July 31, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.7.807.

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The paper aimed to address the problem of incompleteness and inconsistency between requirements and design stages, and how to make efficient linking between these stages. Software requirements written in natural languages (NL), Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be used to process requirements. In our research we built a framework that can be used to generate design diagrams from requirements in semi-automatic way, and make traceability between requirements and design phases, and in contrast. Also framework shows how to manage traceability in different levels, and how to apply changes to different artifacts. Many traceability reports can be generated based on developed framework. After Appling this model we obtained good results. Based on our case study the model generate a class diagram depends on central rule engine, and traceability was built and can be managed in visualize manner. We proposed to continue this research as its very critical area by adding more Unified Modeling Language(UML) diagrams, and apply changes directly inside software requirement document.
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Taušan, Nebojša, Jouni Markkula, Pasi Kuvaja, and Markku Oivo. "Embedded Systems Specific Requirements for Choreography Modelling Language Design." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 7, no. 3 (July 2016): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2016070106.

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Software companies that develop embedded systems following the principles of service-oriented architecture can anticipate various benefits from choreography modelling. Current choreography modelling languages, however, have a limited applicability in embedded systems development since they are not expressive enough to capture all the choreography-relevant aspects that are typical in this domain. This problem is addressed in this study with the analysis of the needs in embedded systems domain for choreography modelling language. The analysis was guided by design science and relied on expert interviews, company-specific documents, relevant scientific literature and the experts' evaluation of the redesigned choreography modelling language. The main results of the analysis presented in this paper are a) design requirements addressing the limitations of choreography modelling languages for embedded systems development and b) proposals for modelling language implementation technologies. The derived design requirements indicate on choreography-relevant embedded systems development aspects such as the constraint-based access and real-time execution. Modelling language implementation technology proposals include Eclipse modelling framework and Sirius. The feasibility of these results is evaluated by redesigning an existing choreography modelling language based on the derived design requirements, implementing a prototype editor for the redesigned language and by evaluating the redesigned language with experts.
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Gaydamaka, K. "Archimate-Based Approach to Requirements Engineering." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2019.4.4-066.

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Requirements engineering represents the most crucial stage in the complex systems development process. Contemporary methods of requirements engineering assume a wide application of models (described, for example, with such languages as SysML or OPM), which allows to ensure the consistency and completeness of the system descriptions. The article assesses the applicability of the Archimate language to support the process of requirements engineering when creating complex technical systems. Requirements engineering method for complex technical systems, suitable for models described by the Archimate language is proposed. Detailed example demonstrating the proposed method when developing system requirements is given. The limitations of the Archimate language applicability for the engineering of systems of various classes are described.
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Mohd, Haslina, Fauziah Baharom, Norida Muhd Darus, Shafinah Farvin Packeer Mohamed, Zaharin Marzuki, and Muhammad Afdhal Muhammad Robie. "Functional Requirements Specification of E-Tendering Using Natural Language Approach: Towards Innovative Business Transformation." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 5003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8555.

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Recently, business transformation towards the used of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a necessity toward rapid industries and the paradigm shifted to sustain business competitiveness. The holistic electronic approach is one of business innovations, especially in handling a lot of tender documentations and process in an electronic environment namely as e-Tendering. Unfortunately, the existing tender process transformation in the electronic approach is not properly followed certain standard and guideline, especially in establishing a good e-Tendering functional requirements specification to ensure the organizations would be in the best served. This is important to ensure a good e-Tendering system can be developed by e-Tendering developers based on a good e-Tendering functional requirement specifications. The requirements specification is a process of documenting user and system requirements. Commonly, user and system requirements should be clear, unambiguous, easy to understand, complete, and consistent. In practice, this is difficult to achieve due to interpretation of the requirements in different ways by stakeholders, which are often inherent conflicts and inconsistencies of the requirements. The implementation of the existing e-tendering still remains uncertainties, especially in defining the functional requirements of the e-tendering system. Therefore, this study aims to construct the e-Tendering functional requirement model using requirement template in natural language representation approach. Moreover the development of this system requirement model may provide a consistency to the requirements representation. The study uses UN/CEFACT Business Standard of the e-Tendering Business. The identified functional requirements are designed by using Requirement Template to ensure the reliability and understandability of requirements. Besides, the proposed functional requirements is constructed by adapting the natural language and verified by expert review approaches. As a result, this study proposed a functional requirements specification of the e-Tendering that contains detailed description which can be referred by software practitioners in developing a secure e-tendering system effectively.
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Dwyer, Matthew B. "Finding Flaws in Natural Language Requirements." Computer 49, no. 11 (November 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2016.342.

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Hackett, Kimberley. "Language requirements for overseas nurses eased." Nursing Standard 34, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.34.10.7.s4.

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Butler, Carol A. "Nonsexist language requirements for APA manuscripts." Psychoanalytic Psychology 6, no. 4 (1989): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.6.4.495.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Language requirements"

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Patterson, Jamie L. "Parsing of Natural Language Requirements." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1147.

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The purpose of this thesis was to automate verification of the software requirements for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator with minimal manual rework. The requirements were written in plain English with only loose stylistic constraints. While full automation proved infeasible, many significant advances were made towards solving the problem, including a framework for storing requirements, a program which translates most of the natural language requirements into the framework, and a novel approach to parts of speech analysis.
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Presland, S. G. "The analysis of natural language requirements documents." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383444.

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Chantree, Francis J. "Identifying nocuous ambiguity in natural language requirements." Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434975.

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Lamar, Carl. "Linguistic analysis of natural language engineering requirements." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1256570721/.

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Thongglin, Kanjana. "Controlled language for Thai software requirements specification." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1003.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’utilisation d’une langue contrôlée pour les spécifications des besoins du logiciel en thaï. L’étudedécrit les ambiguïtés syntaxiques et sémantiques ainsi que les problèmes rencontrés dans les spécifications des besoins dulogiciel en thaï. Ce travail explique également la nature de la langue thaïe. Le modèle de la langue contrôlée pour lesspécifications des besoins du logiciel en thaï, proposé dans cette étude, comprend trois composantes: l’analyse lexicale,l’analyse syntaxique et l’analyse sémantique. Pour l’analyse syntaxique, une syntaxe contrôlée est conçue en utilisant laforme du Backus-Naur (BNF). Quant à l’analyse lexicale, nous créons une ressource lexicale sous forme de langage XMLpour stocker tous les mots classés selon leur domaine. Les mots reçus de la ressource XML sont corrects d’un point de vueconceptuel mais ne sont pas pertinents d’un point de vue sémantique. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous faisons alors usage dematrices booléennes pour aligner les phrases sémantiquement. Ainsi les phrases produites par le modèle serontsyntaxiquement et sémantiquement correctes.Après avoir créé le modèle, nous avons construit un logiciel pour tester son efficacité. Il est ainsi évalué par quatreméthodes d’évaluation : 1. le test de fonctionnement syntaxique pour vérifier la syntaxe de la phrase; 2. le test defonctionnement sémantique pour tester la sémantique de la phrase; 3. le test d’acceptation en terme de satisfaction desutilisateurs avec le logiciel; et 4. le test d’acceptation en terme d’acception des données de sortie.Des résultats positifs montrent que : 1. les phrases produites par le modèle proposé sont syntaxiquement correctes; 2. lesphrases produites par le modèle proposé sont sémantiquement correctes; 3. les utilisateurs sont satisfaits et acceptent lelogiciel; et 4. les utilisateurs acceptent et comprennent les phrases produites par ce modèle
This thesis focuses on using controlled language for Thai software requirements specifications. The studydescribes the ambiguities and problems encountered in Thai software requirements specifications; both syntacticambiguity and semantic ambiguity. The study also describes the nature of the Thai language. The model of controlledlanguage for Thai software requirements specifications is composed of three main components: lexical analysis,syntactic analysis, and semantic analysis. For syntactic analysis, a controlled syntax is created using Backus-NaurForm (BNF). In the lexical analysis stage, an XML format lexical resource is built to store words according to theirdomain. The words received from the XML resource are conceptually correct but may be semantically irrelevant. Tosolve this issue, the model applies Boolean Matrices to align sentences semantically. As a result, the sentencesproduced from the model are guaranteed to be syntactically and semantically correct.After having created this model, a program for testing the efficiency of the model is developed. The model isevaluated using four testing methods as follows: 1. functional testing for the correctness of the sentence’s syntax, 2.functional testing for the semantic correctness of the sentences produced by the model, 3. acceptance testing in termsof user satisfaction with the program, and 4. acceptance testing in terms of the validity of the outputs.The positive results signify that: 1. the sentences produced by the proposed model are syntactically correct, 2. thesentences produced by the proposed model are semantically correct, 3. the users are satisfied and accept the softwarecreated, and 4. the users approve and understand the sentences produced from this model
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OLIVEIRA, Bruno Medeiros de. "Simulation of hybrid systems from natural language requirements." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/24525.

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Submitted by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-05-02T22:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Bruno Medeiros de Oliveira.pdf: 1530584 bytes, checksum: 5c2fbe267a4bd37066d8a8510e517cb9 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-02T22:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Bruno Medeiros de Oliveira.pdf: 1530584 bytes, checksum: 5c2fbe267a4bd37066d8a8510e517cb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05
CAPES
Despite technological advances in the industry of systems development, testing is still the most commonly used verification method to ensure reliability. Model-based testing (MBT) techniques are principally employed for the purpose of generating test cases from specification models. Contributing to this branch of research an MBT strategy for creating test cases from controlled natural language (CNL) requirements was created, called NATural Language Requirements to TEST Cases (NAT2TEST). The NAT2TEST strategy deals with data-flow reactive systems, a class of embedded systems whose the main feature is to have the inputs and outputs always available as signals. However, there is a demand from the industry to to apply the strategy in the context of hybrid systems. These systems are a fusion of continuous dynamical and discrete dynamical systems, that is, they combine dynamical characteristics from both continuous and discrete worlds. Hybrid systems have received much attention in the last years. The main contribution of this work is to extend the NAT2TEST strategy to deal with hybrid systems. Using the new proposed approach, it is possible to write the requirements of a hybrid system, whose semantics is characterised based on the case grammar theory. Then, a formal representation of the system is built considering a model of hybrid data-flow reactive systems. Finally, to analyse the system behaviour via simulation, a modelling environment for simulation of hybrid systems was used, called Acumen. Thereby, a specification model in Acumen is generated and simulated in this environment. The characteristics of the new approach are exemplified using two examples, one belonging to the electronic field, the DC-DC Boost Converter (BC), and the other belonging to the automotive domain, the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC).
Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos na indústria de desenvolvimento de sistemas, testes ainda é o método de verificação mais comumente usado para garantir confiabilidade. Técnicas de testes baseadas em modelo (MBT) são empregadas principalmente com a finalidade de geração de casos de testes a patir de modelos da especificação do sistema. Contribuindo para este ramo de pesquisa, foi criada uma estratégia MBT para a criação de casos de teste a partir de uma linguagem natural controlada (CNL), chamada de NAT2TEST. A estratégia NAT2TEST lida com sistemas reativos de fluxo de dados (DFRS), uma classe de sistemas embarcados cuja principal característica é a de terem as entradas e saídas sempre disponíveis como sinais. No entanto, há uma demanda oriunda da indústria para a utilização da estratégia no contexto de sistemas híbridos. Estes sistemas são uma fusão entre comportamentos dinâmicos e discretos, isto é, que combinam características dinâmicas de ambos os mundos, contínuo e discreto. Os sistemas híbridos têm recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é estender a estratégia NAT2TEST para lidar com sistemas híbridos. Utilizando a abordagem proposta, é possível escrever os requisitos de um sistema híbrido, cuja semântica é caracterizada através da teoria de gramática de casos. Em seguida, uma representação formal do sistema é construída considerando um modelo DFRS para sistemas híbridos. Finalmente, para analisar o comportamento do sistema, por meio de simulação, um ambiente de modelagem e simulação de sistemas híbridos foi usado, chamado Acumen. Com isso, a estratégia proposta gera um modelo da especificação em Acumen e esse modelo é simulado no ambiente. As características da nova abordagem foram exemplificadas usando dois exemplos, um pertencente ao o campo eletrônico, o DC-DC Boost Converter (BC), e a outra pertencente ao domínio automobilístico, o Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC).
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Spike, Matthew John. "Minimal requirements for the cultural evolution of language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25930.

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Human language is both a cognitive and a cultural phenomenon. Any evolutionary account of language, then, must address both biological and cultural evolution. In this thesis, I give a mainly cultural evolutionary answer to two main questions: firstly, how do working systems of learned communication arise in populations in the absence of external or internal guidance? Secondly, how do those communication systems take on the fundamental structural properties found in human languages, i.e. systematicity at both a meaningless and meaningful level? A large, multi-disciplinary literature exists for each question, full of apparently conflicting results and analyses. My aim in this thesis is to survey this work, so as to find any commonalities and bring this together in order to provide a minimal account of the cultural evolution of language. The first chapter of this thesis takes a number of well-established models of the emergence of signalling systems. These are taken from several different fields: evolutionary linguistics, evolutionary game theory, philosophy, artificial life, and cognitive science. By using a common framework to directly compare these models, I show that three underlying commonalities determine the ability of any population of agents to reliably develop optimal signalling. The three requirements are that i) agents can create and transfer referential information, ii) there is a systemic bias against ambiguity, and iii) some mechanism leading to information loss exists. Following this, I extend the model to determine the effects of including referential uncertainty. I show that, for the group of models to which this applies, this places certain extra restrictions on the three requirements stated above. In the next chapter, I use an information-theoretic framework to construct a novel analysis of signalling games in general, and rephrase the three requirements in more formal terms. I then show that we can use these 3 criteria as a diagnostic for determining whether any given signalling game will lead to optimal signalling, without the requirement for repeated simulations. In the final, much longer, chapter, I address the topic of duality of patterning. This involves a lengthy review of the literature on duality of patterning, combinatoriality, and compositionality. I then argue that both levels of systematicity can be seen as a functional adaptation which maintains communicative accuracy in the face of noisy processes at different levels of analysis. I support this with results from a new, minimally-specified model, which also clarifies and informs a number of long-fought debates within the field.
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Johnsson, Fredrik. "Language requirements for Swedish citizenship : Adult language learners' attitudes towards the Swedish language test for immigrants." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183494.

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In line with the global trend of increased language requirements for naturalization, the Swedish government decided in 2019 to introduce a language test for citizenship. Drawing on Norton Peirce’s (1995) notion of investment and Fraser’s (2000) definition of participatory parity, this study investigates adult second language learners’ attitudes towards the test and analyzes how investment in language learning and perception of possibilities for participatory parity influence their views. Furthermore, the study considers some of the potential consequences of the new policy, for example, for acts of linguistic citizenship (Stroud, 2018). Eighteen SFI-students at level 3C, one of the highest levels at the language course, responded to a questionnaire. Nine respondents favored the test, four opposed it, four were neutral, and one was unsure. Interviews were conducted with six volunteers out of these participants, five out of six were supporters of the language test. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. While all participants were motivated to learn Swedish, the findings indicate how diverse forms of capital, ideologies, and desired or actual identities in Swedish, that is, the nature of their investment and perceived possibilities for economic and social participation, influenced their attitudes towards the language test. Furthermore, supporters of the test considered that the language requirement would improve possibilities for participatory parity, whereas the opponents emphasized the risk of misrecognition and misrepresentation. The policy redefines Swedish citizenship: by making a test of Swedish language mandatory for prospective citizens, it formally demands that immigrants learn Swedish provided they want to integrate. As the results suggest, however, the participants in this study were engaged in a wide range of acts of linguistic citizenship in Swedish and had similar reported proficiency levels, regardless of their opinions of the Swedish test. The study calls for more research on the effects of language requirements for naturalization to examine to what extent and in what ways a language test for citizenship affects already motivated language learners.
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PORTUGAL, ROXANA LISETTE QUINTANILLA. "MINING INFORMATION IN NATURAL LANGUAGE TO SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS ELICITATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28272@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Este trabalho descreve a mineração de informações em linguagem natural a partir do repositório de projetos GitHub. É explicada como o conteúdo de projetos semelhantes dada uma busca por domínio podem ser úteis para o reuso de conhecimento, e assim, ajudar nas tarefas de Elicitação de Requisitos. Técnicas de mineração de textos, regularidades independentes do domínio, e os metadados de GitHub são os métodos utilizados para selecionar projetos relevantes e as informações dentro deles. Uma abordagem para atingir nossa meta utilizando pesquisa exploratória é explicada, bem como descrevemos os resultados alcançados.
This work describes the mining of information in natural language from the GitHub repository. It is explained how the content of similar projects given a search domain can be useful for the reuse of knowledge, and thus help in the Requirements Elicitation tasks. Techniques of text mining, regularities independent from domain, and GitHub metadata are the methods used to select relevant projects and the information within them. One approach to achieve our goal is explained with an exploratory research and the results achieved.
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Anttila, J. (Juha). "Language acquisition and linguistic requirements in peacekeeping:a case study." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2013. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201305201318.

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This study looks into the ways language acquisition is presented in peacekeeping and what are the linguistic requirements for working in a peacekeeping organization. The study also provides some possibilities for the results to be used by the peacekeeping organization in planning and organizing the language training of future peacekeepers in order to meet the linguistic requirements of peacekeeping more efficiently. The data mainly consists of recordings gathered during and after two separate tours of duty in peacekeeping work in Afghanistan. The gathered data was first assessed according to the assessment scales provided by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the results were compared with a similar setting with Finnish employees working in a foreign language environment. The data has been divided into three separate phases, where the first phase represents the starting level of the subject’s language skills, the second phase represents the language skills resulted from active use of the target language at work, and the third phase represents the permanence of the improved language skills over a period of language use less active than between the first two phases. In each phase, the recordings were assessed according to each of the assessment scales for communicative language competences provided by the CEFR. The result of each assessment was compared to the corresponding assessment on the next phase, which made the language proficiency progress more measurable. The results of the research showed that most of the language competences categorized by the CEFR were permanently improved, or in other words, the results of both the second as well as the third phase were improved comparing to the first phase. Few of the competences did not improve at all, which was partly the result of the lack of those skills interfering with the message the least. According to the results, the future language training of peacekeepers could be more effective if peacekeepers were given more practical exercises regarding English in peacekeeping. Also, the awareness and tracking the progress of their own language skills could make the peacekeepers more efficient in communicating in a foreign language
Tässä tutkimuksessa perehdytään niihin tapoihin joilla kielen omaksuminen ilmenee rauhanturvatyössä ja mitä kielellisiä vaatimuksia työskentely rauhanturvaorganisaatiossa asettaa. Tutkimus tarjoaa myös muutamia mahdollisuuksia tulosten käyttämiseen rauhanturvaorganisaation kielellisen harjoittelun suunnitteluun ja järjestämiseen, jotta rauhanturvatyön asettamat kielelliset vaatimukset voitaisiin täyttää tehokkaammin. Aineisto koostuu pääosin äänitteistä, jotka on kerätty kahden Afganistanin rauhantuvatyön rotaation aikana ja niiden jälkeen. Kerätty aineisto ensin arvioitiin Eurooppalaisen viitekehyksen (CEFR) arviointiasteikkojen mukaan ja tuloksia verrattiin vastaavanlaiseen asetelmaan, jossa tutkittiin suomalaisia työntekijöitä vieraskielisessa työympäristössä. Aineisto on jaettu kolmeen vaiheeseen, jossa ensimmäinen edustaa koehenkilön lähtötasoa, toinen vaihe edustaa työnteon lomassa kohdekielen aktiivisesta käytöstä johtunutta kielitaitoa, ja kolmas vaihe edustaa kielitaidon kehityksen pysyvyyttä ajanjakson jälkeen jolloin kielenkäyttö on ollut vähemmän aktiivista verrattuna ensimmäisen ja toisen vaiheen väliseen aikajaksoon. Äänitteet arvioitiin kussakin vaiheessa jokaisen CEFR:in viestinnällisyyteen perustuvan kielitaidon arviointiasteikon mukaan. Kunkin arvioinnin tuloksia verrattiin vastaavaan arviointiin seuraavassa vaiheessa, joka mahdollisti kielitaidon kehittymisen tekemisen mittaamiskelpoisemmaksi. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että CEFR:n luokittelemista kielitaidoista useimmat kehittyivät pysyvästi, tai toisin sanoen, sekä toisen että kolmannen vaiheen tulokset olivat ensimmäisen vaiheen tuloksia parempia. Vain harvat kielitaidoista eivät kehittyneet lainkaan, joka johtuu osittain siitä, että kyseisten kielitaitojen puutteet haittasivat kielenkäytön viestinnällisyyttä vähiten. Tulokset osoittavat, että rauhanturvaajien kielitaidon koulutus voisi tulevaisuudessa olla tehokkaampaa, mikäli rauhanturvaajille tarjottaisiin käytännöllisempiä harjoituksia liittyen englannin kielen käyttöön rauhanturvatyössä. Lisäksi omien kielitaitojen tiedostaminen ja niiden kehittymisen seuraaminen saattaisivat tehdä rauhanturvaajista tehokkaampia vieraan kielen käyttäjiä viestinnällisyyden kannalta
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Books on the topic "Language requirements"

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Languages, Canada Office of the Commissioner of Official. Official language requirements and Government On-Line. [Ottawa]: Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 2002.

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Office, Ada 9X Project. Ada 9X requirements rationale. [Pittsburgh, Pa.?: Carnegie-Mellon University?], 1991.

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Council, British. English language entrance requirements in British educational institutions. London: British Council, 1988.

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Wu, C. H. A pragmatic natural language based approach to integrity requirements validation. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Christina, Lacie, ed. Cahsee English language arts. 2nd ed. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2008.

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Burg, J. F. M. Linguistic instruments in requirements engineering. Amsterdam: IOS Press ; Tokyo, 1997.

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Burg, J. F. M. Linguistic instruments in requirements engineering. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1996.

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Patricia, Hade, and Weinthal Edie, eds. HSPA New Jersey language arts literacy. 2nd ed. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2008.

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Suhotinskaya, Aleksandra. Russian language. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989175.

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In the textbook, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation are grouped by topics: "Spelling of roots", "Spelling of suffixes and endings", "Use of hyphens", "Colons and dashes", etc. Training exercises will help to consolidate the theoretical material. The summary tables and answers to the exercises given at the end of the book allow you to control yourself during independent classes. The reference nature of the book contributes to the rapid and successful preparation for control works, tests and exams in the Russian language. Meets the requirements of the federal state standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education, as well as for high school students, applicants, students and everyone who wants to master the skills of literate writing.
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Lucantoni, Peter. English as a second language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Language requirements"

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Weik, Martin H. "requirements specification language." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1476. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16166.

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Koelsch, George. "Specialized Language." In Requirements Writing for System Engineering, 75–80. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2099-3_3.

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Horsch, Moritz, Mario Schlipf, Johannes Braun, and Johannes Buchmann. "Password Requirements Markup Language." In Information Security and Privacy, 426–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40253-6_26.

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Nouwen, Rick. "Two Puzzles about Requirements." In Logic, Language and Meaning, 345–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14287-1_35.

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Beckers, Kristian. "Initiating a Pattern Language for Context-Patterns." In Pattern and Security Requirements, 281–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16664-3_11.

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Śmiałek, Michał, and Wiktor Nowakowski. "Presenting the Requirements Specification Language." In From Requirements to Java in a Snap, 31–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12838-2_2.

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Nierstrasz, Oscar, and Theo Dirk Meijler. "Requirements for a composition language." In Object-Based Models and Languages for Concurrent Systems, 147–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59450-7_9.

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Leshob, Abderrahmane, Pierre Hadaya, and Laurent Renard. "Software Requirements Prioritization with the Goal-Oriented Requirement Language." In Advances in E-Business Engineering for Ubiquitous Computing, 187–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34986-8_13.

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Knauss, Eric, and Daniel Ott. "(Semi-) automatic Categorization of Natural Language Requirements." In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, 39–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05843-6_4.

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Berry, Daniel M. "Ambiguity in Natural Language Requirements Documents." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89778-1_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Language requirements"

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Li, Rong, Keqing He, and Huafeng Chen. "From natural language requirements to requirement ontologies." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Future Computer and Communication. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfcc.2010.5497414.

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Ferrari, Alessio. "Natural language requirements processing." In ICSE '18: 40th International Conference on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3183467.

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Ibrahim, Noraini, Wan M. N. Wan Kadir, and Safaai Deris. "Documenting requirements specifications using natural language requirements boilerplates." In 2014 8th Malaysian Software Engineering Conference (MySEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mysec.2014.6985983.

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Tjong, Sri, Nasreddine Hallam, and Michael Hartley. "Improving the Quality of Natural Language Requirements Specifications through Natural Language Requirements Patterns." In The Sixth IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2006.103.

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Lash, Alex, Kevin Murray, and Gregory Mocko. "Natural Language Processing Applications in Requirements Engineering." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71084.

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In the design process, the requirements serve as the benchmark for the entire product. Therefore, the quality of requirement statements is essential to the success of a design. Because of their ergonomic-nature, most requirements are written in natural language (NL). However, writing requirements in natural language presents many issues such as ambiguity, specification issues, and incompleteness. Therefore, identifying issues in requirements involves analyzing these NL statements. This paper presents a linguistic approach to requirement analysis, which utilizes grammatical elements of requirements statements to identify requirement statement issues. These issues are organized by the entity—word, sentence, or document—that they affect. The field of natural language processing (NLP) provides a core set of tools that can aid with this linguistic analysis and provide a method to create a requirement analysis support tool. NLP addresses requirements on processing levels: lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. While processing on the lexical and syntactic level are well-defined, mining semantic and pragmatic data is performed in a number of different methods. This paper provides an overview of these current requirement analysis methods in light of the presented linguistic approach. This overview will be used to identify areas for further research and development. Finally, a prototype requirement analysis support tool will be presented. This tool seeks to demonstrate how the semantic processing level can begin to be addressed in requirement analysis. The tool will analyze a sample set of requirements from a family of military tactical vehicles (FMTV) requirements document. It implements NLP tools to semantically compare requirements statements based upon their grammatical subject.
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Sneed, Harry M. "Testing against Natural Language Requirements." In Seventh International Conference on Quality Software (QSIC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qsic.2007.4385524.

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Sinha, Avik, Amit Paradkar, Hironori Takeuchi, and Taiga Nakamura. "Extending Automated Analysis of Natural Language Use Cases to Other Languages." In 2010 IEEE 18th International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/re.2010.52.

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Shaker, Pourya, Joanne M. Atlee, and Shige Wang. "A feature-oriented requirements modelling language." In 2012 IEEE 20th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345799.

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Chantree, F., B. Nuseibeh, A. de Roeck, and A. Willis. "Identifying Nocuous Ambiguities in Natural Language Requirements." In 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/re.2006.31.

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Antonelli, Leandro, Gustavo Rossi, Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite, and Alejandro Oliveros. "Language Extended Lexicon points: Estimating the size of an application using its language." In 2014 IEEE 22nd International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/re.2014.6912268.

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Reports on the topic "Language requirements"

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Lennox, J., and H. Schulzrinne. Call Processing Language Framework and Requirements. RFC Editor, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2824.

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Syverson, Paul, and Catherine Meadows. A Formal Language for Cryptographic Protocol Requirements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada465327.

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Ward, Paul. Three View Language: A Graphics-Based Language for Requirements Definition. Version 01.00.00. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261732.

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Ghosh, Shalini, Natarajan Shankar, Patrick Lincoln, Daniel Elenius, Wenchao Li, and Wilfrid Steiener. Automatic Requirements Specification Extraction from Natural Language (ARSENAL). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada611691.

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Eastlake, D. Electronic Commerce Modeling Language (ECML): Version 2 Requirements. RFC Editor, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3505.

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Syverson, Paul, and Catherine Meadows. A Logical Language for Specifying Cryptographic Protocol Requirements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463014.

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Aylor, James, Robert Klenke, Ron Waxman, Paul Menchini, Jack Stinson, and Bill Anderson. VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) 200X Requirements Report/Survey. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406178.

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Groarke, Sarah, Michał Polakowski, Emma Quinn, and Frances McGinnity. Supporting integration? International practices on civics and language requirements linked to naturalisation: policy implications for Ireland. ESRI, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bkmnext398.

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Gross, Charlene. Incorporating Software Requirements into the System RFP: Survey of RFP Language for Software by Topic, v. 2.0. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada512357.

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Matera, Carola. Incorporating Scaffolded Dialogic Reading Practice in Teacher Training: An Opportunity to Improve Instruction for Young Dual Language Learners in Transitional Kindergarten. Loyola Marymount University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.4.

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Findings from a joint collaborative between the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) at Loyola Marymount University and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) to provide professional development and coaching to Transitional Kindergarten (TK) teachers on the Scaffolded Dialogic Reading (SDR) are presented in this policy brief. SDR is a method to enhance language skills through dialogue and research-based scaffolds between teachers and small groups of children mediated through repeated readings of storybooks. The purpose of this brief is to: 1) state the opportunity to ensure Dual Language Learner (DLL) support within California’s TK policy; 2) provide a synthesis of research findings; and 3) provide TK professional learning and policy recommendations that would allow for the inclusion of professional development on evidence-based practices purposefully integrated with DLL supports. Policy recommendations include: 1) utilize professional learning modules such as SDR in 24 ECE unit requirement for TK teachers; 2) include individuals with ECE and DLL expertise in the ECE Teacher Preparation Advisory Panel; and 3) allocate additional funds in the state budget for training on SDR, in-classroom support for TK teachers of DLLs, and evaluation of these efforts.
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