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Journal articles on the topic 'Language sensitivity'

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1

Lobo-Vesga, Elisabet, Alejandro Russo, Marco Gaboardi, and Carlos Tomé Cortiñas. "Sensitivity by Parametricity." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 8, OOPSLA2 (2024): 415–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3689726.

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The work of Fuzz has pioneered the use of functional programming languages where types allow reasoning about the sensitivity of programs. Fuzz and subsequent work (e.g., DFuzz and Duet) use advanced technical devices like linear types, modal types, and partial evaluation. These features usually require the design of a new programming language from scratch—a significant task on its own! While these features are part of the classical toolbox of programming languages, they are often unfamiliar to non-experts in this field. Fortunately, recent studies (e.g., Solo) have shown that linear and comple
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Anderson, Keith O., Martin Hog, Bernd-Dietrich Muller, and Gerd Wessling. "Sichtwechsel: Developing Language Sensitivity." Modern Language Journal 74, no. 3 (1990): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327662.

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Akcin, Hatice Vargelen. "Turkish Language Teachers’ Intercultural Sensitivity." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 11, no. 3 (2023): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.11n.3p.145.

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This study involved qualitative research in the form of a case study to examine the intercultural sensitivity of Turkish language teachers. In the study, criterion sampling was selected and an interview form consisting of seven open-ended questions was applied to 20 Turkish language teachers. Participants working in secondary schools, which are basic education institutions affiliated to the Ministry of National Education, and in units related to assignment in different provinces of Turkey. The research questions were prepared by considering the five following dimensions of the Intercultural Se
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Mor, Billy, and Anat Prior. "Individual differences in L2 frequency effects in different script bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 4 (2019): 672–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919876356.

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Aims: High frequency words are read more quickly and accurately than low frequency words, a phenomenon called the frequency effect. In the current study, we examine several possible predictors for explaining individual differences between bilinguals in their sensitivity to frequency in the second language: specific second language exposure and vocabulary; general language abilities (therefore also evident in native language performance); and general cognitive ability (non-linguistic sensitivity to regularities). Approach: We used an individual differences approach with unbalanced Hebrew–Englis
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Caldwell-Harris, Catherine L., Alia Lancaster, D. Robert Ladd, Dan Dediu, and Morten H. Christiansen. "FACTORS INFLUENCING SENSITIVITY TO LEXICAL TONE IN AN ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37, no. 2 (2015): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000849.

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This study examined whether musical training, ethnicity, and experience with a natural tone language influenced sensitivity to tone while listening to an artificial tone language. The language was designed with three tones, modeled after level-tone African languages. Participants listened to a 15-min random concatenation of six 3-syllable words. Sensitivity to tone was assessed using minimal pairs differing only in one syllable (nonword task: e.g., to-kà-su compared to ca-fí-to) or only in tone (tone task: e.g., to-kà-su compared to to-ká-su). Proficiency in an East Asian heritage language was
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Halahan, Yа V., T. M. Ahibalova, and D. V. Karachova. "INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Philology. Social Communications 31, no. 4 (2020): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-6069/2020.4-1/31.

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Kim, Soo-youn. "Language Sensitivity and University Literacy Education." Journal of Ehwa Korean Language and Literature 47 (April 30, 2019): 177–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29190/jekll.2019.47.177.

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Marecka, Marta, Tim Fosker, Jakub Szewczyk, Patrycja Kałamała, and Zofia Wodniecka. "AN EAR FOR LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 5 (2020): 987–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000157.

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ABSTRACTThis study tested whether individual sensitivity to an auditory perceptual cue called amplitude rise time (ART) facilitates novel word learning. Forty adult native speakers of Polish performed a perceptual task testing their sensitivity to ART, learned associations between nonwords and pictures of common objects, and were subsequently tested on their knowledge with a picture recognition (PR) task. In the PR task participants heard each nonword, followed either by a congruent or incongruent picture, and had to assess if the picture matched the nonword. Word learning efficiency was measu
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Rakhlin, Natalia V., Nan Li, Abdullah Aljughaiman, and Elena L. Grigorenko. "Narrative Language Markers of Arabic Language Development and Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 10 (2020): 3472–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00082.

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Purpose We examined indices of narrative microstructure as metrics of language development and impairment in Arabic-speaking children. We examined their age sensitivity, correlations with standardized measures, and ability to differentiate children with average language and language impairment. Method We collected story narratives from 177 children (54.2% boys) between 3.08 and 10.92 years old ( M = 6.25, SD = 1.67) divided into six age bands. Each child also received standardized measures of spoken language (Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary, Sentence Imitation, and Pseudoword Repetition).
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Rajaram, Akshay, Daniel Thomas, Faten Sallam, Amol A. Verma, and Shail Rawal. "Accuracy of the Preferred Language Field in the Electronic Health Records of Two Canadian Hospitals." Applied Clinical Informatics 11, no. 04 (2020): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715896.

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Abstract Background The collection of race, ethnicity, and language (REaL) data from patients is advocated as a first step to identify, monitor, and improve health inequities. As a result, many health care institutions collect patients' preferred languages in their electronic health records (EHRs). These data may be used in clinical care, research, and quality improvement. However, the accuracy of EHR language data are rarely assessed. Objectives This study aimed to audit the accuracy of EHR language data at two academic hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Methods The EHR language was compa
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Jusczyk, Peter W. "Developing sensitivity to native language sound patterns." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (1998): 2931–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.422161.

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Sullivan, Ruth C. "Reader Response: Concerning a Sensitivity to Language." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 17, no. 3 (1992): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699201700309.

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Utke, Jean, Bradley T. Rearden, and Robert A. Lefebvre. "Sensitivity Analysis for Mixed-Language Numerical Models." Procedia Computer Science 18 (2013): 1794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.05.348.

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14

Baumwell, Lisa, Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda, and Marc H. Bornstein. "Maternal verbal sensitivity and child language comprehension." Infant Behavior and Development 20, no. 2 (1997): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(97)90026-6.

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Martynova, Tatyana Alexandrovna, Elena Vladimirovna Orlova, and Dmitriy Anatolievich Vinitskiy. "LANGUAGE SENSITIVITY: determination of the concept content." Philology. Theory & Practice 18, no. 6 (2025): 2434–43. https://doi.org/10.30853/phil20250342.

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For the first time the concept LANGUAGE SENSITIVITY (LS) emerged in linguistic research at the end of the 50s of the last century. Over the last decade this concept has been attracting the attention of researchers and instructors in the field of social sciences. The aim of this study is to determine the content of the concept LANGUAGE SENSITIVITY by describing its characteristics and specifying the attributes of SENSITIVITY. The scientific novelty of this study lies in describing and summarizing the revealed characteristics of the emerging concept LS based on the interpretations in the English
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Bacher, Marina, Sabrina Bacher, and Kateryna Binytska. "A DIDACTICAL APPROACH TO FOSTERING LANGUAGE SENSITIVITY IN MULTILINGUAL CLASSROOM SETTINGS: THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES (CEFR) AS A TOOL TO UNITE NATIONS." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice 79, no. 2 (2024): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2412-0774.2024.2.6.

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The article emphasizes the crucial role of language proficiency as well as language sensitivity, especially within multilingual classroom environments, underlining the significance of adhering to the Common European Reference of Languages (CEFR) as a means of fostering global cohesion. It underscores the importance of aligning Ukraine’s educational strategies with international standards, particularly emphasizing the value of foreign language education. Furthermore, the paper stresses the necessity for foreign language teachers to acquire adequate didactical and methodological competencies, an
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KARAPETYAN, Marina. "DEVELOPING CULTURAL SENSITIVITY IN EFL CLASSES." Foreign Languages in Higher Education 23, no. 1 (26) (2020): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/flhe/2019.23.1.173.

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Learning a foreign language should not be viewed separately from learning culture(s) behind it. The ability to speak another language fluently does not guarantee an effective communication with the native speakers of the language. Therefore, culture studies should be made an inseparable part of foreign language courses. The paper calls attention to the need to encompass more cultural components into the EFL curricula. It examines some of the communication problems arising from intercultural ignorance and considers the cultural aspects to be covered and the ways of building cultural knowledge.
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SERRATRICE, LUDOVICA, ANTONELLA SORACE, FRANCESCA FILIACI, and MICHELA BALDO. "Bilingual children's sensitivity to specificity and genericity: Evidence from metalinguistic awareness." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, no. 2 (2009): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909004027.

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A number of recent studies have argued that bilingual children's language comprehension and production may be affected by cross-linguistic influence. The overall aim of this study was to investigate whether the ability to judge the grammaticality of a construction in one language is affected by knowledge of the corresponding construction in the other language. We investigated how English–Italian and Spanish–Italian bilingual children and monolingual peers judged the grammaticality of plural NPs in specific and generic contexts in English and in Italian. We also explored whether language of the
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Natcheewan, Mekratankulpat, Nina Fedotova, and Tatiana Lypkan. "Identification of Thai students’ level of phonetic sensitivity in the imitation of Russian syllables." SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185504002.

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The article deals with the role of phonological sensitivity in the development of skills in a foreign language. In psycholinguistic terms, verbal communication in non-native language is a language contact. It is important that, in learning environments, the interaction of contacting languages should not be spontaneous, it should be taken into account in the modeling of verbal communication. Since the formation of mechanisms that ensure the speech activity of an individual in the language under study occurs under the influence of interference, it is necessary to study the manifestation of the s
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Wiener, Seth, and Seth Goss. "SECOND AND THIRD LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ SENSITIVITY TO JAPANESE PITCH ACCENT IS ADDITIVE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, no. 04 (2019): 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000068.

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AbstractThis study examines second (L2) and third (L3) language learners’ pitch perception. We test the hypothesis that a listener’s discrimination of and sensitivity (d’) to Japanese pitch accent reflects how pitch cues inform all words a listener knows in an additive, nonselective manner rather than how pitch cues inform words in a selective, Japanese-only manner. Six groups of listeners performed a speeded ABX discrimination task in Japanese. Groups were defined by their L1, L2, and L3 experience with the target language’s pitch cues (Japanese), a language with less informative pitch cues (
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Theodorou, Eleni, Maria Kambanaros, and Kleanthes K. Grohmann. "Specific language impairment in Cypriot Greek." Linguistic Variation 13, no. 2 (2013): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.13.2.04the.

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Investigating children’s language skills in their native variety is of paramount importance. Clinical practices cannot be based on findings from languages or varieties which have different properties. This paper, after demonstrating the importance of investigating Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in Cyprus, assesses the feasibility of existing language assessments in Standard Modern Greek for the diagnosis of SLI in the Greek Cypriot context, for the children’s native variety of Cypriot Greek. In total, 16 children with SLI (5 to 9 years) and 22 age-matched typically language developing chil
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O'Keefe, Barbara J. "Sense and Sensitivity." Journal of Communication 42, no. 2 (1992): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00784.x.

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Jackson, Jane. "Host Language Proficiency, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 21, no. 1 (2011): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v21i1.308.

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This paper focuses on a case study of advanced foreign language students who took part in a short-term study abroad program. By examining their journeys, from their home environment to the host culture and back again, we gain a deeper understanding of the development of their intercultural communicative competence. In the process, the linkage between linguistic and intercultural development is problematized. While the participants were Hong Kong university students who sojourned in England, elements of their stories should reach across ethnic, linguistic, and geographic lines and resonate with
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Aycock, Dawn M., Traci T. Sims, Terri Florman, Karis T. Casseus, Paula M. Gordon, and Regena G. Spratling. "Language Sensitivity, the RESPECT Model, and Continuing Education." Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 48, no. 11 (2017): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20171017-10.

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Pelekanos, Vassilis, and Konstantinos Moutoussis. "The Effect of Language on Visual Contrast Sensitivity." Perception 40, no. 12 (2011): 1402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7010.

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Embodied cognition and perceptual symbol theories assume that higher cognition interacts with and is grounded in perception and action. Recent experiments have shown that language processing interacts with perceptual processing in various ways, indicating that linguistic representations have a strong perceptual character. In the present study, we have used signal detection theory to investigate whether the comprehension of written sentences, implying either horizontal or vertical orientation, could improve the participants' visual sensitivity for discriminating between horizontal or vertical s
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Sellers, Alethia Baldwin, Ruth Ruscheweyh, Bernard Joseph Kelley, Timothy J. Ness, and Thomas R. Vetter. "Validation of the English Language Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 38, no. 6 (2013): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aap.0000000000000007.

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Kleiber, M. "Natural language estimates of nonlinear response structural sensitivity." Computational Mechanics 4, no. 5 (1989): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00296540.

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Bradley, Evan David. "Tone language experience enhances sensitivity to melodic contour." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.612.

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Lexical tones are perceived along several dimensions, including pitch height, direction, and slope. Melody is also factored into several dimensions, key, contour, and interval, argued to correspond to phonetic dimensions. Tone speakers are expected to possess enhanced sensitivity to musical properties corresponding to properties of their tonal inventories. Mandarin- and English-speaking non-musicians took a melody discrimination test. Mandarin listeners more accurately discriminated melodic contour and interval, corresponding to relevant Mandarin tonal properties direction and slope. Groups pe
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Kajikawa, Sachiyo, Laurel Fais, Ryoko Mugitani, Janet F. Werker, and Shigeaki Amano. "Cross-language sensitivity to phonotactic patterns in infants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 4 (2006): 2278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2338285.

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Segal, Osnat, and Liat Kishon-Rabin. "INFLUENCE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE ON SENSITIVITY TO LEXICAL STRESS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, no. 1 (2018): 151–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000390.

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AbstractArabic stress is predictable, varies across words, and does not have a contrastive role, whereas, Hebrew stress although nonpredictable, carries contrastive value. Stress processing was assessed in speakers of the two languages at three processing levels: discrimination, short-term memory, and metalinguistic awareness. In Experiment 1, Arabic speakers with Hebrew as L2 (n = 15) and native Hebrew speakers (n = 15) were tested on discrimination and memory of stress placements. Arabic speakers had fewer correct responses and longer reaction times compared to Hebrew speakers. In Experiment
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Altan, Mustafa Zülküf. "Intercultural Sensitivity A Study of Pre-service English Language Teachers." Journal of Intercultural Communication 18, no. 1 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v18i1.750.

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Since societies develop mutual aims and different societies perpetuate developing long-term economic, social and cultural relationships with other cultural groups and the global instability continues hitting the world, developing intercultural sensitivity becomes more and more important at all levels of the education, especially for those who will teach other languages.
 One of the major aspects of intercultural communication competence is intercultural sensitivity which has been gaining increasing attention in different disciplines. This paper focuses on the importance of intercultural s
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Fretwell, Erica. "Sensitivity Training." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 138, no. 1 (2023): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812923000111.

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Evans, Mary Ann, and Susanne Wodar. "Maternal sensitivity to vocabulary development in specific language-impaired and language-normal preschoolers." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 3 (1997): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010468.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined mothers' accuracy in predicting the responses their children gave and the scores they achieved on two standardized vocabulary tests. Three groups of 16 mothers and their preschool children (specific language-impaired; age-matched, language-normal; and younger, language-matched, language-normal) completed the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Mothers overestimated their children's standardized receptive and expressive scores, with the exception that the mothers' estimat
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Zhang, Sihong, and Jie Chen. "A typological study on person sensitivity in Ersu." Asian Languages and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2024): 337–57. https://doi.org/10.1075/alal.24009.zha.

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Abstract Since the “conjunct vs. disjunct” distinction was employed to describe the interaction between person and other grammatical categories or functional factors in Kathmandu Newari, the linguistic phenomenon has been widely discussed and different terms such as “self person vs. other person” and “egophoric vs. non-egophoric” distinction have also been used. However, there are always widespread parameters of variations found in specific languages. Ersu, a language quite sensitive to person distinction, is a case in point. Firstly, it not only has two different sets of first person pronouns
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Xu, Jianbo, Zhihui Liu, and Sisi Huang. "Exploration of Language Landscape Construction Strategies for Emergency Language Services." Journal of Higher Education Teaching 1, no. 2 (2024): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.62517/jhet.202415215.

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Faced with the trend of globalization and various emergencies, the demand for emergency language services is increasing. However, issues such as service efficiency and cross-cultural communication barriers still exist. The theory of language landscape, as an emerging language research model, provides a new perspective for understanding and solving these problems. Especially in the application of emergency language services, it helps to improve language communication efficiency and enhance language and cultural sensitivity. This article explores how to use language landscape theory to construct
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Tram Nguyen Le Ngoc. "Unpacking Language Awareness in Language Teaching." Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology ISSN: 2959-6386 (online) 2, no. 2 (2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.60087/jklst.vol2.n2.p.80.

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This study explores Language Awareness (LA) and its significance in language teaching. LA, a concept developed since the 1990s, plays a vital role in language learning and teaching. It involves recognizing language's nature, cultural ties, forms, and ideological implications. Teaching Language Awareness (TLA) is crucial for educators, especially within different teaching methods like "focus-on-form," "focus-on formS," and "focus-on-meaning." Challenges for educators in diverse contexts are discussed. The study addresses issues like the importance of subject-matter knowledge and educators' sens
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Khodjakulova, Feruza Rustamovna. "THE CHALLENGES AND NUANCES OF TRANSLATING ISLAMIC TERMINOLOGY." Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (2025): 812–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14939542.

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The translation of Islamic terminology presents unique challenges due to the deep cultural and religious context embedded within the Arabic language. This article explores the complexities involved in rendering Islamic terms into other languages, highlighting the importance of accuracy, context, and cultural sensitivity. It examines the difficulties in finding equivalent terms, the risks of misinterpretation, and the crucial role of qualified translators in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps.   
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Lepore, Ernie, and Adam Sennet. "Presupposition and Context Sensitivity." Mind & Language 29, no. 5 (2014): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mila.12068.

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Soumi Ray,. "Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Language Documentation and Endangered Language Preservation." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 45, no. 02 (2024): 1630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v45.i02.6122.

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This paper explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and language preservation efforts, focusing on the documentation and preservation of endangered languages. With over 40% of the world's languages facing extinction, the need for innovative approaches to language documentation and preservation is urgent. Recent advancements in AI, including machine learning, natural language processing, and speech recognition, offer promising solutions to address the challenges faced by linguists and communities in preserving linguistic diversity. Through a comprehensive review of literature a
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Vihman, Marilyn May. "Language differentiation by the bilingual infant." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 2 (1985): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006450.

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ABSTRACTThis paper traces the process involved in the bilingual infant's gradual differentiation of his two languages, beginning with the acquisition of a dual lexicon. Word combination is at first based indiscriminately on this dual language source; function words account for a disproportionately large number of tokens used in mixed-language utterances. Universal principles of child syntax are at first applied; later, rules specific to each of the languages are developed separately. The development of self-awareness and sensitivity to standards in the second year provides the essential cognit
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Bornstein, Marc H., Diane L. Putnick, Yvonne Bohr, Marette Abdelmaseh, Carol Yookyung Lee, and Gianluca Esposito. "Maternal sensitivity and language in infancy each promotes child core language skill in preschool." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 51 (2020): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.01.002.

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Kosta, Joan C., and Alejandro Brice. "Supervision: The Sensitivity Awareness Supervision Model." Perspectives on Administration and Supervision 9, no. 3 (1999): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aas9.3.18.

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Abstract Clinical supervisors are faced with supervising students who represent differences from “traditional” students that include spoken language, dialect, interpersonal communication styles, and attitudes. The training of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) speech-language pathologists is therefore a priority in order to serve the growing CLD population. The issues of cultural and linguistic diversity present major challenges for the clinical training of student clinicians. The need to develop specific styles and guidelines relating to supervision of CLD students is critical. This
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Felser, Claudia, and Seçkin Arslan. "Inappropriate Choice of Definites in Turkish Heritage Speakers of German." Heritage Language Journal 16, no. 1 (2019): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.16.1.2.

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The appropriate use of (in-)definites can be notoriously difficult for language learners to acquire, suggesting that this linguistic domain is particularly prone to instability in language acquisition. The current study investigates whether heritage speakers also have difficulties in this domain. We report the results from a questionnaire study investigating heritage speakers’ sensitivity to contextual cues to the appropriate use of (in-)definites both in their native language (Turkish) and in their second, societally dominant language (German). The results show that Turkish heritage speakers
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Çiloğlan, Fatma, and Mehmet Bardakçı. "The relationship between intercultural sensitivity and English language achievement." Dil ve Dilbilimi Çalışmaları Dergisi 15, no. 3 (2019): 1204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631563.

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Finch, Andrew. "Critical incidents and language learning: Sensitivity to initial conditions." System 38, no. 3 (2010): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2010.05.004.

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Munro, Miles. "Cross‐language speech sounds: Differential sensitivity and L2 accent." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 5 (2006): 3171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4787928.

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Kisilevsky, B. S., S. M. J. Hains, C. A. Brown, et al. "Fetal sensitivity to properties of maternal speech and language." Infant Behavior and Development 32, no. 1 (2009): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.10.002.

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Jusczyk, Peter W., Paul A. Luce, and Jan Charles-Luce. "Infants′ Sensitivity to Phonotactic Patterns in the Native Language." Journal of Memory and Language 33, no. 5 (1994): 630–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1030.

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49

Hervais-Adelman, Alexis, and Simon W. Townsend. "How did vocal communication come to dominate human language? A view from the womb." PLOS Biology 23, no. 4 (2025): e3003141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003141.

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Abstract:
Whether human language evolved via a gestural or a vocal route remains an unresolved and contentious issue. Given the existence of two preconditions—a “language faculty” and the capacity for imitative learning both vocally and manually—there is no compelling evidence for gesture being inherently inferior to vocalization as a mode of linguistic expression; indeed, signed languages are capable of the same expressive range as spoken ones. Here, we revisit this conundrum, championing recent methodological advances in human neuroimaging (specifically, in utero functional magnetic resonance imaging)
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Rahmadani, Silvia, and Fauzul Etfita. "Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety: A Study of English Language Learning." Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review 5, no. 2 (2022): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ijerr.v5i2.50284.

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Speaking is the act of conveying information or expressing ideas and feelings in spoken English. Anxiety becomes a barrier to language mastery. This study analyse students' speaking anxiety in English. This research used quantitative research methods. Researchers selected class B of third semester consisting of 40 English Language Education students taken with purpossive sampling. Research instrument are used to obtain data from questionnaire. Meanwhile, the data collected by using Google Form. The total number of questions consists of 18 statements using the Likert Scale. According to the res
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