Books on the topic 'Language-specific concepts'

The purpose of the textbook is to give students an idea of the theoretical grammar of the English language and the issues that it solves. The basics of the general grammatical theory and theoretical grammar of the modern English language are described. The sections of grammar — morphology and syntax, their correlation in different languages are considered. The most important grammatical concepts are analyzed: a word, a phrase, a sentence. The idea of the theory of parts of speech, as well as parts of speech in the English language is given. The textbook includes eight chapters, a bibliographic list and appendices containing additional material. Each chapter is devoted to a specific question of theoretical grammar. At the end of each chapter, conclusions are given — a summary of its essence, a list of references, questions and tasks that help to assimilate the material are given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is recommended for students of philological faculties of universities studying the theory of grammar and theoretical grammar of the English language.

Language Learning in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing: Theory to Classroom Practice is the long-awaited revision of the only textbook on primary language instruction written with classroom teachers of deaf and hard-of-hearing children in mind. It builds on the work of the previous version while providing access to the entire first version on a supplemental website. An important feature of this book is that it describes four real teachers and demonstrates the application of the concepts discussed with the children on their caseloads. Up-to-date chapters on theory of language learning, assessment, and evidence-based practice replace removed chapters. Chapters on English and American Sign Language structure and on the three major approaches (listening and spoken language, bilingual-bimodal instruction, and American Sign Language instruction) are updated. The chapters on teaching vocabulary and morphosyntax, how to ask and answer questions, and writing language objectives for individualized education plans are expanded. Specific examples of real cases are incorporated throughout the book. Finally, after a theoretical base of information on language instruction, many of the chapters provide language teachers with specific examples of how to answer the question: “What should I do on Monday?” The author avoids promoting one or another philosophy, presenting all and demonstrating the commonalities across classroom language instruction approaches for deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

This book presents a collection of cross-discipline articles that serves to close the documentation gap in liberal arts. It is anticipated that the repertoire of knowledge in this book could benefit students from both public and private institutions, particularly those taking liberal art courses at the Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning (Pusat Penataran Ilmu dan Bahasa- PPIB). This publication offers resources for academicians and researchers from various fields related to liberal arts. Although the articles were based on scientific and academic writing with specific concepts and epistemological thoughts, but they also contain global and general knowledge concepts which may be appreciated and considered appropriate for public or general reading.

This handbook is the first volume to offer a sustained theoretical exploration of all aspects of language and race from a linguistic anthropological perspective. A growing number of scholars hold that rather than fixed and pre-determined, race is created out of continuous and repeated discourses emerging from individuals and institutions within specific histories, political economic systems, and everyday interactions. This handbook demonstrates how linguistic analysis brings a crucial perspective to this project by revealing the ways in which language and race are mutually constituted as social realities. Not only do we position issues of race, racism, and racialization as central to language-based scholarship, but we also examine these processes from an explicitly critical and anti-racist perspective. The process of racialization—an enduring yet evolving social process steeped in centuries of colonialism and capitalism—is central to linguistic anthropological approaches. This volume captures state-of-the-art research in this important and necessary yet often overlooked area of inquiry and points the way forward in establishing future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field, including the need for more studies of language and race in non-U.S. contexts. Covering a range of sites from Angola, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Italy, Liberia, the Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and unceded Indigenous territories, the handbook offers theoretical, reflexive takes on the field of language and race, the larger histories and systems that influence these concepts, the bodies that enact and experience them, and finally, the expressions and outcomes that emerge as a result.

The chapter argues that vocabulary that is not intelligible to many “ordinary speakers” and not translatable into most languages of the world imprisons its users in a conceptual space defined by culture-specific English words and prevents genuine cross-cultural dialogue about God and religion. It seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to speak about God without relying on such complex and culturally shaped concepts and to think about God and religion afresh, in a new conceptual language based on the lexical and grammatical common core of all languages. As a result of a programme of cross-linguistic investigations, researchers believe that we now have a very good idea of what the shared lexical and grammatical core of all languages looks like and believe that different language-specific versions of this common core can function as minimal languages and be used for furthering understanding across cultures without bias.

This chapter shows that Isaac derives specific definitions for the ecstatic experience of wonder and astonishment from Syriac translations of two sources that were originally written in Greek: Pseudo-Dionysius’s Mystical Theology and a series of Evagrian texts. The first section of this chapter concludes that Isaac uses language from the first chapter of Pseudo-Dionysius’s Mystical Theology in order to establish a connection between language of light and darkness and the theme of the Shekinah, on the one hand, and wonder and astonishment on the other. The second section shows that Isaac explicitly equates either wonder or astonishment with two Evagrian technical terms—“solitary knowledge” and “purity of mind”—and two Evagrian concepts—the joy that occurs during prayer and angelic visitation.

This chapter criticizes Quine’s classic discussion (from the 1950s) of “John wants a sloop”, which he claims is ambiguous between a specific and a nonspecific reading. By contrast, the negation test shows that attributions like this are not ambiguous, but simply nonspecific. Nonspecificity is extended from indefinite noun phrases to other expressions, including plurals. It is also extended from language to psychology, from the sentence “John wants a sloop” to what state John is in when wanting a sloop. There are no nonspecific houses or trees, or ordinary things more generally. But there are nonspecific intentional states, as opposed merely to nonspecific attributions of intentional states. A nonspecific state is one that involves the exercise of indefinite concepts. Both specific and nonspecific intentional states may be correctly ascribed nonspecifically.

This chapter describes assignments used to teach the History of the English Language (HEL) and its contemporary counterpart the English Language in the World. In both of these courses, linguistic concepts can be linked to literary analysis, which helps students learn how to analyze code-switching and/or style-shifting in the context of a literary argument. For discovering and interpreting issues about the status and use of English around the world, students have a number of options. For example, after reading specific articles about slang generally and analyzing examples chosen in class, some students choose to write a final essay on slang or jargon used within online newspapers or films that represent different World Englishes (e.g., in Nigerian “Nollywood” films). Thus, World Englishes become realer for students rather than exotic abstractions or curious variants of English or American English.

The chapter examines the recent approach to ideology as an actual and ubiquitous combination of decontested political concepts, whose micro-morphological arrangements are the key to the specific meaning each ideological family contains. Shifting proximities and relative weights accorded to those concepts produce multiple ideological variants. Ideologies are pivotal to the discipline of political theory, discernible both in professional and vernacular thinking, and serve as discursive competitions over the control of public political language. Notions of essential contestability, theories of symbolic mapping, and a focus on actual rather than normative political thinking shed light on their semantic significance. Ideologies are permanent phenomena ranging from the flexible to the rigid, and the boundaries that seem to separate one ideology from another may be loose and mutating, challenging the traditional association of ideologies with political parties. In parallel, the study of ideology involves decoding and interpretation, not its juxtaposition with truth.

The remaining chapters are detailed expositions of the four phases of the Physicianship Curriculum. This chapter introduces Phase I. Encompassing 8 months of curricular time, this phase is dedicated to the nature of persons and personhood. We define these complex entities and begin our teaching with reference to living, healthy people. We describe the five broad subject areas of this phase. It is in this initial phase that students begin learning the clinical method, including observation, attentive listening, and the spoken language of medicine. Students are introduced to case-based teaching, and they have their first encounters with patients. The chapter provides examples of weekly schedules and outlines the materials and concepts that are addressed. Last, it describes specific educational strategies.

Cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental states and, to some extent, the mental correlates of the participants of a conversation. The analysis of the mental processes of human communication is based on three fundamental concepts: cooperation, sharedness, and communicative intention. All of the three were originally proposed by Grice in 1975, though each has since been refined by other scholars. The cooperative nature of communication is justified by the evolutionary perspective through which the cooperative reasoning underlying a conversation is explained. Sharedness accounts for the possibility of comprehending non-standard communication such as deceit, irony, and figurative language. Finally, communicative intention presents the unique characteristic of recursion, which is, according to most scientists, a specific trademark of humans among all living beings.

Voices in Texts and Contexts presents different perspectives of “voice”, a concept emerging from language choices, social and cultural phenomena, and psychology. In weaving a tapestry of linguistic experiences, from analyses of language phenomena including localised English to explanations of human behaviour, this book offers insights into how we use language, construct discourse, and express ourselves in light of selected texts and specific contexts.

Language change is the result of innovative communicative practices that spread from innovative individuals to larger communities of language users (communities of practice) and ultimately to entire language communities. Historical pragmatics traces the pragmatic motivations of language change, and investigates the diachronic developments of pragmatic entities. This article provides an overview of the processes of grammaticalization and pragmaticalization, which account for language change from a pragmatic perspective, and gives two case studies of the development of specific pragmatic entities. The first case study concerns the diachrony of particular speech acts (greetings and compliments) and the necessary research methods, and the second concerns the diachrony of an entire domain of discourse, i.e. the dissemination of news from early newspapers to mass media practices on the Internet.

The didactics of the native language as a foreign language, which is the subject of the author's analysis, concerns the specific condition of teaching foreign languages, i.e. defining one's own language and not a previously learned one in relation to teachers and to the authors of textbooks or other similar studies. Our "being in such language", to use Heidegger's term, is a unique relationship and incomparable with the competences acquired within subsequent languages. In this situation the language taught and the cultural space defined through it are native to the teacher, because they have been acquired from the very beginning of consciousness, and not learned and recognized as a result of an artificial educational process.

In epidemiology, risk refers to the likelihood, or in statistical language probability, of an individual in a defined population developing a disease or other adverse health problem. The prime measures of disease frequency, including probability of outcomes, in epidemiology are incidence rates and prevalence proportions. The incidence rate is the number of new cases in relation to a population, time, and place. Prevalence proportion measures all disease or a risk factor in a population, either at a particular time (point prevalence) or over a time period (period prevalence, lifetime prevalence). Rates and proportions are most accurately presented by age and sex groups (‘specific’ rates and proportions), but for ease of interpretation they may be grouped as overall, actual (crude) rates. The collection of both disease, risk factor and population data to achieve accurate figures of incidence rates and prevalence proportions is problematic, and remains a major challenge.

Whitehead is clear that language and symbols are important for humans. But they are not generated solely from or by humans. If they were, Whitehead's philosophy would fall back into a sophisticated humanism and would lack metaphysical bite. This chapter traces the inhumanity of symbols in order to return to a more specific understanding of what Whitehead can tell us about the intersections of humans, language, and symbolism. It discusses the ways in which symbolism separates us from the world, relating this to Marx’s concept of the fetishism of the commodity, in which we ‘fail to see the human (or social) relations that have gone into making them’. It compares Whitehead and Marxist Raymond Williams, concluding that the concept of ‘ideology’ is ultimately a distraction in this discussion, although some degree of ‘inhumanity’ must always remain inherent in symbolism.

This chapter reviews efforts to examine the construction and content of media products, and the role of the mass media in the language policymaking process, with a particular focus on framing in mass media coverage. The authors first elaborate what they mean by the term framing. Then they illustrate how the concept of framing can help researchers to explore the media’s mediation of language policymaking in three specific debates: the dialect crisis in China; high-stakes English examinations in China; and medium of instruction policy, with particular attention to the use of English, Cantonese, and Putonghua in Hong Kong and the use of English and Spanish in the US state of Arizona. The chapter concludes with suggestions for expanding research on the role of mass media in language policymaking.

Specific learning disability is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting about 5–8% of the school-aged population. A key concept in specific learning disabilities is unexpected low achievement. An individual whose achievement in reading, math, or writing is both low and less than what would be expected based on developmental capacity and opportunity to learn and whose low achievement cannot be explained by a sensory impairment, limited language proficiency, or other impairing medical condition is considered to have a specific learning disability. This chapter provides an overview of issues and challenges involved in the identification and diagnosis of a specific learning disability, and it provides information on prevalence, epidemiology, and interventions for specific learning disabilities. Response-to-instruction models of identification hold promise for the identification of individuals with a specific learning disability, and they provide a means for the identification of false positives while enhancing the instructional context for children at risk.

At the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the concept of law as the Englishman’s ‘birthright’ replaced older metaphors of ‘inheritance’. Arising in part from the story of Esau and Jacob, the term ‘birthright’ carried a specific theological charge. It enabled Englishmen to claim a spiritual right to specific procedures that defined law’s ‘due course’. In the 1640s and 1650s, these claims developed into calls for the widening of law’s due course. Though they failed to transform legal process at the time, the language of their claims contributed to durable vernacular demands that law should pursue the righteous ends they demanded of it.

Script Analysis for Theatre: Tools for Interpretation, Collaboration and Production provides theatre students and emerging theatre artists with the tools, skills and a shared language to analyze play scripts, communicate about them, and collaborate with others on stage productions. Based largely on concepts derived from Stanislavski’s system of acting and method acting, the book focuses on action - what characters do to each other in specific circumstances, times, and places - as the engine of every play. From this foundation, readers will learn to distinguish the big picture of a script, dissect and ’score’ smaller units and moment-to-moment action, and create individualized blueprints from which to collaborate on shaping the action in production from their perspectives as actors, directors, and designers. Script Analysis for Theatre offers a practical approach to script analysis for theatre production and is grounded in case studies of a range of the most studied plays, including Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, Henrik Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler, Georg Büchner’s Woyzeck, Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire, and Paula Vogel’s How I Learned to Drive, among others. Readers will develop the real-life skills professional theatre artists use to design, rehearse, and produce plays.

Jürgen Trabant argues that Lessing’s distinction between poetry and painting can stand for a wider controversy about the respective status (and developmental history) of words and images. The chapter looks at Lessing’s comparison with an eye to the historical anthropology of language, arguing that word and image share substantial common ground as embodiments of human thought. In particular, Trabant explores Lessing’s Grenzen in relation to the concept of articulation—not only of sounds, but also of cognitive distinctions. He concludes that the specific structure of phonetic articulation allows greater arbitrariness and combinatory possibilities than visual images: if Lessing lets one imagine ‘word’ and ‘image’ as occupying two floors within a shared house, language nonetheless occupies its first floor, above the realm of visual imagery.

This chapter analyzes the language of religious music among radical faeries, a gay subculture founded in Neopagan religion. The analysis focuses on Ye Faerie Hymnal, a collection of songs used during faerie gatherings (in which faeries meet together in a rural or outdoor setting, usually for several days). Particular attention is given to Bakhtin’s concept of chronotopes, or the spatial and temporal associations indexed by a particular use of language. The songs in the hymnal index chronotopes associated with anti-Christian stances. The songs include multiple appropriations from religious traditions that have historically been oppressed by Christian groups. The songs also index chronotopes specific to radical faerie history, including prior faerie gatherings. Particular attention is given to the ways in which the songs reproduce radical faerie ideologies of gay male androgyny.

Here the author interacts with the work of Luis de Molina and his views on divine concurrence. He argues that Molina’s work centers on the potential role of specific divine assistance in the performance of human actions in relation to salvation and predestination. He also argues Molina is motivated by explicitly theological concerns for the integrity of divine aseity, perfection, love, and mercy. He also claims that Molina’s efforts to sustain a genuine place for human action in salvation, providence, predestination, and reprobation have significant implications for understanding the nature of divine knowledge. The author suggests that Molina’s conception of divine concurrence through merit ought to be revised for contemporary concerns about the integrity of human action, along with patient attention to the language of causality with respect to salvation that one finds in the Augustinian–Pelagian debates.

Quantum field theory has become the universal language of most modern theoretical physics. This book is meant to provide an introduction to this subject with particular emphasis on the physics of the fundamental interactions and elementary particles. It is addressed to advanced undergraduate, or beginning graduate, students, who have majored in physics or mathematics. The ambition is to show how these two disciplines, through their mutual interactions over the past hundred years, have enriched themselves and have both shaped our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature. The subject of this book, the transition from a classical field theory to the corresponding Quantum Field Theory through the use of Feynman’s functional integral, perfectly exemplifies this connection. It is shown how some fundamental physical principles, such as relativistic invariance, locality of the interactions, causality and positivity of the energy, form the basic elements of a modern physical theory. The standard theory of the fundamental forces is a perfect example of this connection. Based on some abstract concepts, such as group theory, gauge symmetries, and differential geometry, it provides for a detailed model whose agreement with experiment has been spectacular. The book starts with a brief description of the field theory axioms and explains the principles of gauge invariance and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It develops the techniques of perturbation theory and renormalisation with some specific examples. The last Chapters contain a presentation of the standard model and its experimental successes, as well as the attempts to go beyond with a discussion of grand unified theories and supersymmetry.

From the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, British colonial policies toward Chinese female students in Malaya and Singapore were driven more by political than social considerations. An early period of inattention to female education by the British created spaces for missionary societies and the local Chinese community to establish linguistically plural, private girls’ schools. The colonial administration increasingly intervened in female education several decades after these schools had been founded, with different agendas depending on each institution’s language of instruction: in English schools, to bring the curriculum in line with racialized notions of femininity, and in Chinese schools, to fight the perceived threat of rising Chinese nationalism. Governmental concerns over managing the ethnic Chinese population outweighed the gender-specific assumptions that characterized educational policies for female students of other ethnicities.

Registers of language are cultural templates, normatively constituting the situation types that make up a culture, and yet reciprocally determined by the situation’s linguistic requirements. This chapter proposes that a register such as prayer has typical psychological effects within the mind/brain of its users. These make it also a cognitive register, a linguistically enabled and shaped way of thinking and feeling. This process is analysed using cognitive pragmatics, more specifically relevance theory. Processing petitionary prayer can produce specific psychological effects. It is proposed that the petitions are not directive speech acts, but tools for learning. Petitionary prayer also shapes affectivity and motivation. This is explored using Panksepp’s concept of the SEEKING system. The mind-brain of one who prays is trained into habits of understanding and feeling otherwise unavailable. By bringing together these two approaches, the sociological and the psychological, the essay investigates how a cultural linguistic practice shapes religious cognition.

Adoption Medicine: Caring for Children and Families brings together contributions from leading child health professionals nationwide. It's replete with a wealth of adoption-specific information and insight you won't find anywhere else. Look here for practical how-to guidance on helping adoptive parents prepare; conducting pre- and post-adoptive health evaluations; optimizing adoptees' personal growth and development; addressing emotional and behavioral problems of puberty and adolescence; identifying and accessing educational and community resources; and much more. Real-life examples illustrate key counseling and treatment approaches, techniques, and recommendations. A wealth of essential information and how-to guidance Need-to-know "basics" - The adoption process - Historical perspectives - Legal considerations Pre-adoption considerations - Screening procedures - Prenatal substance exposure - Genetics and psychiatric issues - Neurobiology of risk and resilience Post-adoption essentials - Post-adoptive evaluation - Immediate developmental and behavioral changes Ongoing adoptee health and well-being - Long-term developmental and behavioral issues - Long-term consequences of child maltreatment - Growth and puberty concerns - Attachment issues - Speech and language outcomes in international adoption - Adoptive identity - Working with schools - Identifying and accessing support resources

This book is a defense, against mostly philosophical objections, of a Chomskyan postulation of an internal, innate computational system for human language that is typically manifested in native speaker’s intuitive responses to samples of speech. But it is also a critical examination of some of the glosses on the theory: the assimilation of it to traditional Rationalism; a supposed conflict between being innate and learned; an unclear ontology which requires what I call a “representational pretense” (whereby linguists merely pretend for the sake of exposition that, e.g., tokens of words are uttered); and, most crucially to my concerns, Chomsky’s specific eliminativism about the role of intentionality not only in his own theories, but in any serious science at all. This last is a fundamentally important issue for linguistics, psychology, and philosophy that I hope an examination of a theory as rich and promising as a Chomskyan linguistics will help illuminate. I will also touch on some peripheral issues that Chomsky seems to me to mistakenly associate with his theory: an anti-realism about ordinary thought and talk, and a peculiar dismissal of the mind/body problem(s), toward the solution of some of which I think his theory actually makes a promising contribution.

The Hebrew Torah was translated into Greek in Alexandria by Jewish scholars in the third century BCE. The other Biblical books followed, almost always in Alexandria. Then, the so-called Septuagint became the Old Testament of the New Testament. Afterwards, it was the Christian Bible of the first millenium in almost all of the Mediterranean Basin. The Septuagint was the Bible of the Byzantine Biblical compilations, made of patristic extracts, the catenae, a literary form which prevailed in Constantinople and its dependancies between the sixth and the fifteenth centuries. The first topic concerns the Biblical Jewish canon. What informations does the Septuagint provide about it? What is the significance of the books and passages specific to the Greek Bible? The second issue is about the New Testament: what is its Old Testament? As a rule, it is the Septuagint, but this assertion must be qualified. And, through the centuries, was there a Christianization of the text of the Septuagint? Actually, it was quite limited. The third issue concerns the Old Testament of the Church Fathers: what was their Bible? It was the Septuagint, in Greek or in a language translated from Greek, except in the Syriac area as well as in the Latin area after the sixth century, where Jerome’s Vulgate translated from Hebrew prevailed. That Greek Bible played a much more important role in the building of the Christian identity than is usually recognized. The last topic is about the catenae. What are they and what is their importance? And how do these compilations witness to the text of the Septuagint? So, the first millenium Old Testament was the Septuagint, even if this assertion has to be qualified.

In this new follow-up to her highly regarded New Vocal Repertory, volumes 1 and 2, English concert and opera soprano Jane Manning provides a seasoned expert’s guidance and insight into the vocal genre she calls home. This book contains a diverse array of contemporary vocal music available in the twentieth century. It provides specific pieces for different voices, abilities, and occasions. Choices range from substantial song cycles to shorter pieces suitable for encores, examinations, or auditions. Almost all works are for voice and piano, but there are some for solo voice. This volume also contains a rich variety of musical styles, which is reflected here along with some revised and updated articles on works featured in the previous edition, in order to keep them in circulation. Furthermore, this volume includes the broadest possible selection of works which are confined to settings of the English language. Two works in Latin as well as one piece in fake Russian are the only exceptions. In addition, there are certain songs culled from some diploma syllabus many years ago, which seem to have progressed unchallenged through successive generations despite a wealth of viable alternatives. Teachers can thus be inclined to steer students in the direction of pieces they are already familiar with in this book.

This book explores the interaction between music and poetry in ancient Greece. Although scholars have long recognized the importance of music to ancient performance culture, little has been written on the specific effects that musical accompaniment and features such as rhythmical structure and melody would have created in individual poems. The chapters in the first half of the volume engage closely with the evidential and interpretative challenges that this issue poses, and propose original readings of a range of texts, including Homer, Pindar, and Euripides, as well as later poets such as Seikilos and Mesomedes. While they emphasize different formal features, they argue collectively for a two-way relationship between music and language. Attention to the musical features of poetic texts, insofar as we can reconstruct them, enables us to better understand not only their effects on audiences, but also the various ways in which they project and structure meaning. In part two, the focus shifts to ancient attempts to conceptualize interractions between words and music; the essays in this section analyse the contested place that music occupied in Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, and other critical writers of the Hellenistic and Imperial periods. Thinking about music is shown to influence other domains of intellectual life, such as literary criticism, and to be vitally informed by ethical concerns.

In Mina Loy’s Critical Modernism, Laura Scuriatti argues that Loy’s corpus of works produces a kind of “critical” modernism, making the case that Loy’s corpus exhibits a skeptical, detached attitude toward its own simultaneous celebration and criticism of modernist aesthetic paradigms. Most modernist works are self-reflexive in this regard, but Loy’s corpus creates for itself a space of dis-affiliation, which combines critique with self-critique, rather than forging a space of rebellion and antagonism. Scuriatti investigates the notions of the masterpiece and the sacred art object, especially in their relation to the market; the figure of the author and the value of authorship; the embattled relationship between art and politics; the artwork's relationship to national language, identity and rootlessness. Scuriatti provides a new, in-depth investigation of specific aspects of the Florentine and Italian context in particular, which have so far been neglected by scholarship. Specifically, attention is devoted to the Florentine avant-garde journal Lacerba, and to the works of Giovanni Papini, Ada Negri and Enif Robert. The volume presents new insights into Loy’s feminism and argues that her texts respond to the rewriting of Otto Weininger’s then widely influential theories in the magazine Lacerba. Drawing on Adriana Cavarero’s, Luisa Muraro’s and Teresa de Lauretis’s claims, this study also rethinks the concept of eccentricity, conceived not as “aberrant”, but as consciously anti-normative, anti-idealistic and self-critical, in relation to modernist aesthetics. It shows that Loy’s texts present dialogic, “narratable,” “eccentric” selves and subjectivities, which create uncomfortable critical spaces within modernism as a broad movement.

This volume covers the cultural history of race in ‘the long 19th century’ – the age of empire and nation-state, a transformative period during which a modern world had been forged and complex and hierarchical imperial formations were challenged by the emerging national norm. The concept of race emerged as a dominant epistemology in the context of the conflicting entanglement of empire and nation as two alternative but quite compatible forms of social imaginary. It penetrated all spheres of life under the novel conditions of the emerging mass culture and mass society and with the sanction of anthropocentric and positivistic science. Allegedly primeval and parasocial, ‘race’ was seen as a uniquely stable constant in a society in flux amid transforming institutions, economies, and political regimes. But contrary to this perception, there was nothing stable or natural about ‘race.’ The spread of racializing social and political imagination only reinforced the need for constant renegotiation and readjustment of racial boundaries. Therefore, avoiding any structuralist simplifications, this volume looks at specific imperial, nationalizing, and hybrid contexts framing the semantics and politics of race in the course of the long 19th century. In different parts of the globalizing world, various actors were applying their own notions of ‘race’ to others and to themselves, embracing it simultaneously as a language of othering and personal subjectivity. Consequently, the cultural history of race as told in this volume unfolds on many levels, in multiple loci, and in different genres, thus reflecting the qualities of race as an omnipresent and all-embracing discourse of the time.

Patient expectations for immediate, risk-free healthcare have never been greater; the scrutiny that the medical profession face to deliver this perfect care has also never been greater; the complexity of the law under which we work and practise is ever-increasing, yet clinicians are meant to have an up-to-date understanding of all these matters. Many legal texts are written in ‘legalese’ language, which may be off-putting or confusing to the medical professional, especially in times of urgency and stress. This book has been written in an attempt to overcome these concerns while specifically aimed at the non-legally trained healthcare practitioner. It offers pragmatic easy-to-access information and guidance for the busy clinician needing to check the legal landscape before, during, or after treatments and consultations. This book is designed to be your number one reference for all medicolegal matters that demand an immediate answer. Each chapter details pertinent case law, statutes and legislation, and professional guidance, before considering specific aspects of medicolegal importance. Sections of text are complimented with a ‘key points’ summary box to act as a reminder or revision aid. Further reading is suggested at the end of each chapter, including links to websites that can provide up-to-date advice as the law changes and evolves. An alphabetical glossary of legal terms at the end of the book offers a rapid and easy reference that supports every chapter.

This volume explores the extremely rich diversity found under the “modal umbrella” in natural language. Offering a cross-linguistic perspective on the encoding of modal meanings that draws on novel data from an extensive set of languages, the book supports a view according to which modality infuses a much more extensive number of syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than has traditionally been thought. The volume distinguishes between “low modality,” which concerns modal interpretations that associate with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax, “middle modality” or modal interpretation associated to the syntactic cartography internal to the clause, and “high modality” that relates to the cartography known as the left periphery. By offering enticing combinations of cross-linguistic discussions of the more studied sources of modality together with novel or unexpected sources of modality, the volume presents specific case studies that show how meanings associated with low, middle, and high modality crystallize across a large variety of languages. The chapters on low modality explore modal meanings in structures that lack the complexity of full clauses, including conditional readings in noun phrases and modal features in lexical verbs. The chapters on middle modality examine the effects of tense and aspect on constructions with counterfactual readings, and on those that contain canonical modal verbs. The chapters on high modality are dedicated to constructions with imperative, evidential, and epistemic readings, examining, and at times challenging, traditional perspectives that syntactically associate these interpretations with the left periphery of the clause.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.