Journal articles: 'Language variation'

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Clyne, Michael, and Sandra Kipp. "Language maintenance and language shift in Australia, 1991." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.19.1.01cly.

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This paper offers an analysis of the 1991 Census language data in relation to language maintenance and shift. It draws attention to the increased diversity, the rising importance of certain languages of international and regional significance in our population and the variations in maintenance patterns. It demonstrates the variation in language shift across a number of languages and attempts to identify factors responsible for this variation. Interstate differences are also explored. Language shift is compared between the first and second generation, between communities from different countries speaking the same language, and between the 1986 and 1991 Censuses.

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Mubarak, Husni. "Analisis Variasi Bahasa pada Pelayanan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kotabaru." CENDEKIA: JURNAL ILMIAH PENDIDIKAN 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33659/cip.v8i1.148.

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The purpose of this study was (1) to describe the variations in language contained in the service at the Kotabaru Regency General Hospital, (2) to describe the factors of language variation found in the service of the Kotabaru Regency Regional General Hospital. The method used in this study is a qualitative method that is descriptive by describing objectively and the actual speech that occurs. While this type of research is a qualitative descriptive study with analyzing data through field observations with the steps of collecting, analyzing and presenting data with observation techniques, recording techniques and note taking techniques. Based on the results of research conducted, it was found that variations in the language used by doctors, nurses, and patients were three language variations namely 1. language variation in terms of facilities, namely variations or variations in spoken language; 2. variations in language based on usage terms, namely variations in language functions or registers, and 3. variations in language based on the degree of officiality are variations in business languages â€‹â€‹or variations in business, variations in casual languages â€‹â€‹(casual). And the factors of language variation in the services of the Kotabaru District General Hospital are situational factors, gender factors, occupational or professional factors, environmental factors and educational factors. Keywords: Language Variation, Regional General Hospital Services

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Lacoste, Véronique, and Lisa Green. "Child language variation." Linguistic Variation 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16.1.01lac.

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Patriantoro, Patriantoro. "The Geography of Dayak Dialect in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.300.

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The aims of this research entitled “The Geography of Dayak Dialect in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan” were to describe lexical variation, calculate the difference in lexical variation between observation points, map lexical variation, and create isogloss documents lexically. The form of this research was descriptive qualitative; the source of data for the Dayak language used in Landak was the native speakers of Dayak language. The methods used for data analysis were synchronous comparative method and triangular comparative technique between villages; while the formula used to analyze the data was the Dialectometric. The results from the data analysis, difference in lexical variation calculation between observation of Dayak language in Landak regency indicated that there found language differences, dialect differences, sub-dialect differences speech differences and no differences. Different lexical variations existed in the study area. There found 2 languages from the mapping of lexical variations of the Dayak language in Landak Regency. The first language included 4 observation points (Air Besar/Serimbu) called as S language (Serimbu) and the second language at observation points ((1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 / Sompak, Darit, Landak, Pahoman, Sengah Temila, and Mandor ) is referred to as the K language (Kanayatn). The K (Kanayatn) languge itself has 2 dialects, namely first dialect at the Observation point (3) Landak (members of Landak), the second dialect at the point of observation (1,2,5,6,7) Darit dialect (members of Sompak, Darit, Pahoman, Sengah Temila, and darit). The lexical isogloss documents separated the different language area with the percentage of 80.1%-100%; dialect areas 50.1%-80%; sub-dialect area 30.1%-50%; regional different in speech 20.1%-50%; and no difference with the range of 0-20%.

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Cerruti, Massimo. "From Language Contact to Language Variation." Journal of Language Contact 7, no. 2 (May 14, 2014): 288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00702003.

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This paper falls within the line of research dealing with the role of intralinguistic variation in contact-induced language change. Two constructions are compared in terms of their respective degrees of grammaticalization: the progressive periphrasis ese lì c/a+Verb, which is widespread in some Northern Italo-Romance dialects, and the corresponding Italian construction essere lì che/a+Verb. The study focuses on the presence of such constructions in Turin, the capital of the north-western Italian region of Piedmont, in which the former periphrasis is less grammaticalized than the latter. It contends that the grammaticalization process of essere lì che/a+Verb was triggered by the contact between Piedmontese dialect and Italian, whereas the pace of grammaticalization of this periphrasis is affected by the contact between different varieties of Italian. The paper points out that the case study may provide insight into more general issues concerning not only the interplay of contact and variation in language change but also the role of sociolinguistic factors in shaping contact-induced grammaticalization phenomena.

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Kasstan, Jonathan R. "Emergent sociolinguistic variation in severe language endangerment." Language in Society 48, no. 5 (July 29, 2019): 685–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404519000472.

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ABSTRACTContrary to Labov's principle of style shifting, studies in language obsolescence portray speakers of dying languages as ‘monostylistic’, a characterization questioned here. Variationist methodology is adopted in a context of gradual language death. By combining quantitative and interactional analyses of data from older, younger, and new speakers of Francoprovençal in France and Switzerland, the article considers (a) to what extent variability in language obsolescence differs from that found in ‘healthy’ languages, and (b) how innovations might spread through communities speaking threatened languages characterized as ‘monostylistic’ and lacking overt normative infrastructure. It is argued that style variation (not monostylism) emerges from linguistic decay: among more fluent speakers, a categorical rule of /l/-palatalization before obstruents becomes underspecified, rendering palatalization available for strategic use. Among new speakers, novel palatal variants form part of an emergent sociolinguistic norm. The study offers fresh insights on the origins of sociolinguistic variation with implications for variationist theory. (Language obsolescence, language death, language variation and change, style variation, new speakers)*

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Ridwan, Ridwan, Farida Maricar, Sunaidin Ode Mulae, and Sherly Asriyani. "PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION OF TALIABU LANGUAGE DIALECTS." RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 13, no. 1 (February 23, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v13i1.9266.

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This research aimed to describe the phonological variation of Taliabu language dialects. This research used a qualitative descriptive method. The technique of data collection was obtained by taking notes, records, and interviews. Data obtained was analyzed by the stages of reduction, presentation, conclusion, and verification data. The result of the research showed that Taliabu language had three dialects, namely Kadai, Siboyo, and Mange. Phonological variations of Taliabu language occurred in the three dialects comprise of vowel variations, namely /e/, /a/, and /o/. Beside the vowel variation, there is also variation of consonants such as /g/, /y/, /h/, /t/, /d/, / m/, /ŋ/, /b/, /p/, /k/, dan /r/ phonemes. Among the three dialects, one of them has high innovation namely Mange dialect, meanwhile, dialects have high phonological differences between Kadai and Mange dialects.

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Hasibuan, Annim, Amron Zarkasih Ritonga, and Ayu Andini. "Language Variation and Phoneme Distribution in Toba and Simalungun Languages." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 8 (August 29, 2022): 843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220872.

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Variations of language that exist in society are systematic but not random, as what can be seen from Toba and Simalungun languages (TSL). This research was qualitative since it only collected and described TSL’s language variation and phoneme distribution. Data was taken from interview. The results show that vowel assimilation can be seen from TSL’s words horbo vs horbou, eme vs omei, and mate vs matei. Consonant assimilation exists in TSL’s combination, such as, baba vs babah, tubu vs tubuh, mangolu vs manggolu, manjolom vs manggolam, biang vs baliang, and unang vs ulang in which consonants /h/, /g/. /gg/, and /al/, and /l/ are found. Ellipsis appearing in /o/-/u/, /e/-/i/, /h/, /e/-/ui/, /b/-/l/ in Toba’s words such as horbo, eme, eta, marlange, and bagak can be found in Simalungun’s horbou, emei, heta, marlangui, and lagak. With reference to phoneme shift, several shifts in Toba’s consonant, such as, /rs/, /j/, and /e/ in words, such as marsuan, manjolam, and marlange have become /n/, /gg/, and /ui/ in words for example manuan, manggolam, and marlangui in Simalungun. Keywords: Language variation, assimilation, ellipsis, phoneme distribution, Toba and Simalungun languages

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Mahboob, Ahmar. "Beyond Global Englishes: Teaching English as a Dynamic Language." RELC Journal 49, no. 1 (April 2018): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688218754944.

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Currently, a growing number of teaching approaches focus on aspects of variation in language (e.g. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), World Englishes, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), genre theories, etc.); however, each of these approaches tends to focus on particular (specific) aspects of language variation and do not fully account for the range or dynamicity of linguistic variations. This article, based on a discussion of language variation, proposes a model of language proficiency that considers the dynamic nature of language variation and is not dependent on static (native-speaker defined) norms of language. Using the Dynamic Approach to Language Proficiency as a model of language proficiency and grounded in understandings of language variation, this article introduces the concept of Teaching English as a Dynamic Language (TEDL). The article includes evidence for the need to develop such a model and also points out ways in which current and future work can contribute to further development of this approach. Finally, the article also identifies some socio-economic implications of this work and explicitly supports the need to recognize and empower local (including endangered) languages through TEDL.

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Setya, Shofiyatul Indah, Siti Tuhfatus Solihah, and Yunita Suryani. "Language Variations on TikTok Social Media." MEDIASI Jurnal Kajian dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi 3, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46961/mediasi.v3i1.483.

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Language variation is the non-uniformity in one language. This study discusses variations in Indonesian on TikTok social media.Â TikTok is now a popular social media for allÂ ages, especiallyÂ youth. The purpose of this study is to describe language variations onÂ TikTok social media. This study was studied using a sociolinguistic approach, the theory of linguistic variation. This research is descriptive qualitative, the data analyzed is in the form of speech in which there are variations in Indonesian regional dialects. The data source in this study was obtained from the social mediaÂ TikTok. The results of this study indicate that there are language variations in terms of speakers in the form of Jakarta dialect, Betawi dialect, and Surabaya dialect; while the language variation in terms of formality uses a casual variety.Â

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Siboro, Hotlan, Dian Eka Chandra, and Ngudining Rahayu. "VARIASI BAHASA DALAM KOLOM MELA KOMENTAR SURAT KABAR RAKYAT BENGKULU." Jurnal Ilmiah KORPUS 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jik.v2i1.5555.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the variation of spoken language in the column Mela Bengkulu People's newspaper commentary and language variations in the column Mela Bengkulu People's newspaper comments in terms of formality. This research uses descriptive research design and using documentation technique as data collection tool. For data analysis, the following steps are used: (1) read carefully, (2) code every data obtained, (3) tabulate data used to describe language usage, (4) analyze data of spoken language in terms of level (5) classify the results of data analysis, (6) synthesize the results of classification, (7) conclude. From the result of the research, it is found that the variation of language in Mela Comments column used standard oral language and non standard oral language. Language variations seen in terms of formality are used diverse casual and familiar variety. The marker of standard oral spoken language is seen in the use of Indonesian vocabulary and diction and no regional language elements. Markers of oral spoken language use are not seen in non-standard word usage, regional/foreign language usage, slang usage and presence of expression statements. Markers of casual usage are seen in the use of regional/foreign languages, the use of non-standard words, the use of slang and expressions. The use of familiar varieties is seen in the use of the word hello, the use of regional/foreign languages and typical terms. Conclusion; Language variations in the October 26 to 24 November 2016 edition of Mela Comments column of 26 topics with 265 speeches, can be summarized by 38 speeches using standard oral language and 227 using non-standard spoken language. Language variations are viewed in terms of its formality using a variety of casual and diverse. Keywords: language variation, mela komentar column, Rakyat Bengkulu newspaper

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Bouchard, Denis. "The origins of language variation." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2003 3 (December 31, 2003): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.3.03bou.

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Linguistic variation derives from properties of the physical and conceptual make-up of human beings which were adapted to produce language. This adaptative approach is contrasted with the Minimalist Program, in which properties specific to language are said to be different from anything found in the organic world (Chomsky 1995). Six basic cases are compared. Whereas the analysis in the Minimalist Program is ultimately a listing of construction-specific features, the adaptative approach relies on properties of the initial state which are logically prior to linguistic theory and provide a strong basis for causal relations that explain why languages vary, and why they vary in the particular ways they do in these six cases.

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Prysiazhniuk, O. Ya. "SOCIAL SITUATIVE LANGUAGE VARIATION." Тrаnscarpathian Philological Studies 1, no. 14 (2020): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/tps2663-4880/2020.14-1.33.

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Alexiadou, Artemis. "Language variation and change." Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (December 31, 2017): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00003.ale.

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Chambers, J. K. "Region and language variation." English World-Wide 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.21.2.02cha.

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Traditional dialectology took region as its primary and often its only independent variable. Because of numerous social changes, region is no longer the primary determinant of language variation, and contemporary (sociolinguistic) dialectology has expanded the number of independent variables. In Dialect Topography, we survey a representative population, and that population inevitably includes some subjects born outside the survey region. We want to know how these non-natives affect language use in the community. Admitting them thus requires us to implement some mechanism for identifying them in order to compare their language use to the natives. The mechanism is called the Regionality Index (RI). Subjects are ranked on a scale from 1 to 7, with the best representatives of the region (indigenes) receiving a score of 1, the poorest (interlopers) a score of 7, and subjects of intermediate degrees of representativeness in between. I look at three case studies in which RI is significant: bureau in Quebec City, running shoes in the Golden Horseshoe, and soft drink in Quebec City. These results introduce a new dimension to the study of language variation as a regional phenomenon and provide a framework for the integration of regionality as one independent variable among many in dialect studies. The RI provides, perhaps for the first time, an empirical basis for inferring the sociolinguistic effects of mobility.

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Mar-Molinero, Clare, and Miranda Stewart. "Language variation and change." Language Variation and Change 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.3.1.02mar.

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Afdhaliyah, Rizkiyah, and Siti Chairunnisa Haq. "Variasi Bahasa dalam Media Sosial Twitter." GHANCARAN: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2021): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/ghancaran.v3i1.4732.

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Language is a communication tool that is usually used by people to work together and interact. Language variation is closely related to language and society. This research on language variations that occur on Twitter social media aims to find out how the meaning of language variations in Twitter social media. There are two languages studied, namely (1) slang whose data is taken from the @Ivanasha, @usaiusulhh, and @aldapstsr accounts, and (2) Javanese whose data is taken from the @nksthi account. This research uses a qualitative approach, with descriptive analysis method. This study collects non-interactively data. The source of the data is humans who work as subjects or key informants. The research is sociolinguistic studies. This study was chosen because this study looks at the use of language that includes language variation.

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Gessinger, Joachim. "Language variation, language change and perceptual dialectology." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 29, no. 3-4 (January 2010): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult.2010.018.

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Bauer, Brigitte L. M. "Language sources and the reconstruction of early languages." Diachronica 37, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 273–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18026.bau.

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Abstract This article argues that with the original emphasis on dialectal variation, using primarily literary texts from various regions, analysis of Old French has routinely neglected social variation, providing an incomplete picture of its grammar. Accordingly, Old French has been identified as typically featuring e.g. “pro-drop”, brace constructions, and single negation. Yet examination of these features in informal texts, as opposed to the formal texts typically dealt with, demonstrates that these documents do not corroborate the picture of Old French that is commonly presented in the linguistic literature. Our reconstruction of Old French grammar therefore needs adjustment and further refinement, in particular by implementing sociolinguistic data. With a broader scope, the call for inclusion of sociolinguistic variation may resonate in the investigation of other early languages, resulting in the reassessment of the sources used, and reopening the debate about social variation in dead languages and its role in language evolution.

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Dietrich, Wolf, and Sebastian Drude. "Variation in Tupi languages: Genealogy, language change, and typology." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10, no. 2 (August 2015): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-81222015000200002.

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FRICKE, MELINDA, MEGAN ZIRNSTEIN, CHRISTIAN NAVARRO-TORRES, and JUDITH F. KROLL. "Bilingualism reveals fundamental variation in language processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000482.

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Although variation in the ways individuals process language has long been a topic of interest and discussion in the psycholinguistic literature, only recently have studies of bilingualism and its cognitive consequences begun to reveal the fundamental dynamics between language and cognition. We argue that the active use of two languages provides a lens through which the interactions between language use, language processing, and the contexts in which these take place can be fully understood. Far from bilingualism being considered a special case, it may provide the common basis upon which the principles of language learning and use can be modeled.

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Kantarovich, Jessica, and Lenore A. Grenoble. "Reconstructing sociolinguistic variation." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4080.

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In this paper we illustrate a methodology for reconstructing language ininteraction from literary texts, demonstrating how they can serve as documentation ofspeech when primary linguistic material is unavailable. A careful incorporation offacts from literary dialect not only informs grammatical reconstruction in situationswith little to no documentation, but also allows for the reconstruction of thesociolinguistic use of a language, an oft-overlooked aspect of linguisticreconstruction. Literary dialogue is often one of the only attestations of regionalvarieties of a language with a very salient standard dialect, where no primary sourcesare available. Odessan Russian (OdR), a moribund dialect of Russian, serves as a casestudy. OdR grew out of intensive language contact and differs from most othervarieties of Russian, with substrate inﬂuences from Yiddish, Ukrainian, and Polish,and lexical borrowing from other languages. The only records of "spoken" OdR arefound in ﬁctional narrative. An analysis of works from several prominent Odessanwriters, including Isaak Babel and Ze'ev Jabotinsky, reveals considerable variationamong speakers of OdR; careful tracking of this variation shows how it wasdistributed among different social groups, and suggests how it may have beendeployed to index and acknowledge different social roles.

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Kamran, Umaima, and Samra Saghir. "Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax Interfaces in Pakistani Languages." Global Language Review IV, no. I (June 30, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2019(iv-i).05.

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This paper is about language variation i.e. lexical variation caused by the interfaces of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax in Pakistani languages. According to Shackle (2014) Urdu, Punjabi and Seraiki languages belong to the Indo-Aryan language family. However, there are found many lexical differences significant enough to make these languages quite different from one another. The study focuses on these lexical variations based on three types of interfaces, i.e. Phonology/Morphology, Phonology/Syntax, and Morphology/Syntax. The data has been collected from the native speakers of Urdu, Punjabi, and Seraiki. The analysis of the data includes finding out the three types of interfaces, making derivations and notations (Chomsky and Halle; 1968), and formulating the rules. Then a comparison of all these rules and lexical variations have been discussed. Results have shown that these interfaces play an important role to cause lexical variation among Urdu, Punjabi and Seraiki; the languages with common ancestry

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Zhang, Xinye. "Language Variation in Mandarin as a Heritage Language: Subject Personal Pronouns." Heritage Language Journal 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15507076-12340020.

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Abstract Because of limited language input, different dominant languages, and learners’ differing backgrounds, the acquisition of heritage languages is distinguished from the acquisition of L1 and L2. Few studies of Chinese as a Heritage Language (CHL) have explored whether students can acquire native-like sociolinguistic competence and language-specific variables with educational input. Based on a sociolinguistic variationist perspective, this study investigates the acquisition of variation between null and overt subject personal pronouns (SPP s) by heritage learners in an undergraduate-level Mandarin program. A total of 11,970 tokens were collected through classroom observation, sociolinguistic interviews, and narratives. Measuring mixed-effects logistic regression with Rbrul (Johnson, 2009), results show that the overall usage pattern of SPP s by CHL students largely resembled that in the input provided by the language program. Results also demonstrate that linguistic constraints including coreference, person and number, and verb type, and social factors such as discourse context, first languages, course level, and age of arrival had a significant effect on SPP expression by CHL learners. Implications for CHL development and variationist studies in heritage languages are discussed.

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Sulaeman, Agus, Abdul Rohim, and Zaenal Muttaqien. "ag LANGUAGE VARIATIONS FOUND IN THE NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA BY PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER." Journal of English Language and Literature (JELL) 5, no. 01 (March 5, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37110/jell.v5i01.95.

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The purpose of this study describes the use of language variations found in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach and the method used is a content analysis method that aims to provide an objective picture of language variations in accordance with the data contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The data used in this study are written data in the form of novel texts containing language variations in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer published by Mardi Yuana Printing Graphic Printing in 2015. Based on the analysis, there are variations in language in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer namely: Dutch, Japanese, Javanese and English. In the novel Bumi Manusia, Dutch is a variation of language that dominates from other languages because in this novel it is told that there was a Dutchman in the Dutch East Indies. In the novel Bumi Manusia, Japanese is not very visible because Japanese is only a distraction in just one part. Javanese language can be said as a variation of language that dominates the two because in this novel tells the life of a genuine Javanese who falls in love with a Netherland. Same thing with the Javanese language in the novel Bumi Manusia, English is no less in existence with other language variations found in this novel. The significance of the study is to give useful information about the language variation and useful contribution for linguistic and education

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Qadrianti, Laeli. "Geographic Innovation of Bugis Language and Makassar Language (Indonesian Geographic Variation)." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v2i2.6318.

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This paper aims to describe the geographical variation of the Makassar language and the Bugis language. Language variations are due to the geographical conditions of the speaking community. Geographical differences in society separate people into groups consisting of ethnic groups. The diversity of ethnic groups has resulted in cultural differences including language and variations. Social factors, time factors, and individual language users give rise to variations in language. This research method uses descriptive qualitative, data collection is done by referring to the method of free involvement, recording, and recording. Data obtained through referral methods, recording techniques, and notes are then analyzed by classifying and grouping. In grouping steps are used, namely 1) Data Identification, 2) Data Classification, 3) Data Analysis. The results of this study found that there were words in the Makassar language and Bugis language that experienced full lexical innovation and partial lexical innovation.

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Latifah, Lutfiatun, Kundharu Saddhono, and Nugraheni Eko Wardhani. "LANGUAGE VARIATION BACKGROUND IN SOCIAL CONTEXT OF COMMUNITY UTTERANCES IN CENTRAL JAVA-WEST JAVA, MAJENANG." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 11, no. 1 (October 8, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v11i1.7675.

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Variations may occur in the speech community that has two or more languages. Variations of these languages is the diversity of language and reflect the cultural diversity in the area Majenang. Of course, the diversity of language variation contained in Majenang background underlying the occurrence of a Varied language. Variations in language that will be displayed in this study is the language variation that occurs in the realm of social market, a market in which there Majenang. The purpose of this study is to describe the background of the realm of language variation terjadiya social Majenang said. This study is a qualitative approach to social and use the case study method. Collecting data in this study is observation, interview, tapping techniques, and study the documents. The validity of the data used in this study using triangulation 3, the triangulation of sources, methods, and theory.Keywords: Background, Language Variation, Social Sphere, Majenang LATAR BELAKANG VARIASI BAHASA RANAH SOSIAL MASYARAKAT TUTUR PERBATASAN JAWA TENGAH-JAWA BARAT DI MAJENANGAbstrakVariasi bahasa dapat terjadi pada masyarakat tutur yang memiliki dua bahasa atau lebih. Variasi bahasa tersebut merupakan keberagaman bahasa dan mencerminkan keberagaman budaya di daerah Majenang. Tentunya keberagaman variasi bahasa yang terdapat di Majenang mempunyai latar belakang yang melandasi terjadinya suatu variaasi bahasa. Variasi bahasa yang akan dipaparkaan dalam penelitian ini merupakan variasi bahasa yang terjadi dalam ranah sosial yakni pasar, pasar yang terdapat di Majenang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan latar belakang dari terjadiya variasi bahasa ranah sosial masyarakat tutur Majenang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik dan mengggunakan metode studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah teknik observasi, wawancara, teknik sadap, dan studi dokumen. Validitas data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 3 triangulasi, yakni triangulasi sumber, metode, dan teori.Kata Kunci : Latar Belakang, Variasi Bahasa, Ranah Sosial, Majenang

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Knotková, Magdaléna, and Wei-lun Lu. "Rendering, generalization and variation." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 7, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.00054.kno.

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Abstract The article presents a case study of how the use of multiple parallel texts may be employed as a useful research method in cognitive poetics, using the English version of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass and its four published Czech versions as the samples. In the analysis, we examine the language of space in alternative verbalizations of the same literary scene across languages (English and Czech) and within the target language (Czech), and the different mental images invoked by the different ways of verbalizing the same scene. Our analysis shows that the use of multiple parallel texts can be a helpful research method in cognitive poetics, in the sense that the method is capable of providing naturalistic and representative linguistic evidence of how languages systematically differ, even for a domain as basic as space.

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Cignoni, Laura, Stephen Coffey, and Rosamund Moon. "Idiom variation in Italian and English." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.2.08cig.

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This article reports on two parallel but independent studies of idiom variation in corpora — one of Italian and one of English. In the Italian study, 324 idiomatic expressions were looked for in a corpus of 16 million words, while the English study investigated more than 2,800 idioms in an 18-million word corpus. A description is given of the search techniques employed to locate instances of variation. We present our findings by first describing the variation types common to both languages and thereafter examining cases where variation seemed to be wholly or predominantly language specific. Many similarities were found to exist between the two languages, and language specific variation could often be related to more general language specific features. We also comment on the overall frequency of idiom variation, which was found to be very similar in the two studies. In our concluding remarks we suggest that contrastive idiom analysis of the sort carried out, could and should be undertaken between other language pairs, and that the resulting interlingual descriptions would be of use in practical applications such as second language learning and computational tasks.

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Svalberg, Agneta M.-L. "Language standards and language variation in Brunei Darussalam." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 12, no. 1 (July 18, 2002): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.12.1.08sva.

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An assumption of this paper is that non-standard use of language will be accompanied by non-standard features of understanding. An attempt is made to access the meaning perceptions of learners at different levels of proficiency. The paper reports on what English learners in Brunei think English modal verb forms mean. It focuses specifically on would and discusses its use in Standard British English and in Brunei English. Bruneian perceptions of the meaning of this modal are compared with its use. It is claimed that the non-standard use of would for non-assertiveness in Brunei English can partly be explained by users overfocusing on its non-factivity meaning. The issues of what the target variety may be and the appropriacy of non-standard features in this sociocultural and linguistic context are briefly discussed.

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Goulart, Larissa. "Register variation in understudied academic contexts." Research in Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2022): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.10.02.01.

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A major focus of register research has been language variation in academic discourse. These studies describe patterns of language use in spoken and written academic texts. Although there have been numerous studies of this type, most have focused on academic registers in English and on descriptions of published academic registers (e.g. textbooks, research articles, and abstracts). Much less work has been caried out on academic registers in other languages or unpublished academic registers. This special issue presents five studies describing the language patterns of understudied academic discourse in English (learners’ writing and statutory law), as well as descriptions of published academic registers in languages other than English (Russian, Portuguese, and Arabic). We hope that the papers in this special issue will pave the way for future research in other understudied academic contexts.

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Cabezas-García, Melania, and Santiago Chambó. "Multi-word term variation." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 402–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.19012.cab.

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Abstract Complex nominals (CNs) are frequently found in specialized discourse in all languages, since they are a productive method of creating terms by combining existing lexical units. In Spanish, a conceptual combination may often be rendered with a prepositional CN (PCN) or an equivalent adjectival CN (ACN), e.g., demanda de electricidad vs. demanda eléctrica [electricity demand]. Adjectives in ACNs – usually derived from nouns – are known as ‘relational adjectives’ because they encode semantic relations with other concepts. With recent exceptions, research has focused on the underlying semantic relations in CNs. In natural language processing, several works have dealt with the automatic detection of relation adjectives in Romance and Germanic languages. However, there is no discourse studies of these CNs, to our knowledge, for the goal of establishing writer recommendations. This study analyzed the co-text of equivalent PCNs and ACNs to identify factors governing the use of a certain form. EcoLexicon ES, a corpus of Spanish environmental specialized texts, was used to extract 6 relational adjectives and, subsequently, a set of 12 pairs of equivalent CNs. Their behavior in co-text was analyzed by querying EcoLexicon ES and a general language corpus with 20 expressions in CQP-syntax. Our results showed that immediate linguistic co-text determined the preference for a particular structure. Based on these findings, we provide writing guidelines to assist in the production of CNs.

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Yulianti, Andi Indah. "VARIASI DIALEKTAL BAHASA TOMUAN (DIALECTAL VARIATION OF TOMUAN LANGUAGE)." MABASAN 10, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v10i2.84.

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Tomuan language is spoken by the people residing in East Kotawaringin and Lamandau district, Central Kalimantan. The problem to be answered in this research is to identify any variations of the language that appears on Tomuan language in Menthobi Raya and Bulik sub-district of Lamandau, Central Kalimantan. In general, this study aimed to identify the forms of dialectal variation that appears in the Tomuan language on those two districts. The theoretical benefits of this research expected is to provide an overview of how a variation of the language can be a differentiator for certain groups target. In addition, the practical benefits of this study, may be used as a strategic step in setting government policy politics of language and language preservation areas in Indonesia. Analysis of the data in this study is using two analytical methods, dialectometric method and lexicostatistics method sourced from the base of 200 Swades vocabulary and Culture Association Vocabulary (A, C, P, and R). The source data in this study is from local languages utterances made by people in the village of Lubuk Hiju, District Menthobi Raya, and the village of Guci in District of Bulik, Lamandau district, Central Kalimantan.

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Van der Lubbe, Gijs. "Introducing a Polynomic Approach in Ryukyuan Language Learning." Languages 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010011.

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The polynomic model as a model of language codification treats regional and social variation within language as inherently good and does not hierarchise this variation. This research is an argument in advocating the application of a polynomic model in Ryukyuan language learning, focussing on Okinawa Ryukyuan. The Ryukyuan languages consist of a minimum of 5 abstand languages that are spoken in the Ryukyuan island chain in southern Japan. The Ryukyuan languages have no standard languages and show internal variation. A monolingual language ideology implemented since the annexation of the Ryukyus by Japan in the late 19th century has caused a language shift towards Japanese, rendering all Ryukyuan languages endangered. A small revitalisation of the Ryukyuan language has been taking place since the early 21st century, necessitating the development of an infrastructure for language learning. In this research, I give reasons why the application of a polynomic model would allow for an inclusive language revitalisation that respects local language practices and identities in the Ryukyus, without reproducing the colonialist attitudes towards language that led to language endangerment in the first place.

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Wilson, Bob, and William Bright. "Language Variation in South Asia." Modern Language Journal 76, no. 2 (1992): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/329809.

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Shapiro, Michael C., and William Bright. "Language Variation in South Asia." Journal of the American Oriental Society 113, no. 1 (January 1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604236.

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Chelliah, Shobhana L., and William Bright. "Language Variation in South Asia." Language 69, no. 2 (June 1993): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416556.

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KACHRU, YAMUNA. "Language variation and corpus linguistics." World Englishes 27, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2008.00532.x.

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Ravindranath, Maya. "Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Contact." Language and Linguistics Compass 9, no. 6 (June 2015): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12137.

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Barbujani, Guido. "DNA Variation and Language Affinities." American Journal of Human Genetics 61, no. 5 (November 1997): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/301620.

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Moravcsik, Edith. "Accounting for Variation in Language." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0020.

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AbstractIn this paper, variation is defined as a type having more than one subtype. Using twelve examples from linguistics, two kinds of accounts are identified: eliminating variants and motivating them. Eliminating variants means a subtype is promoted to a type. Motivating variation in turn involves acknowledging the existence of the variants and explaining their existence either by reference to their differing meanings or by identifying the different contexts they occur in. The general applicability of these two ways of dealing with variation is shown by examples from other fields of study and from everyday life.

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Tsui, Amy B. M., and Stephen J. Andrews. "Setting standards and language variation." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 12, no. 1 (July 18, 2002): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.12.1.02tsu.

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In recent years, the setting of standards or benchmarks for teachers as well as for learners has been brought into education as one of the key mechanisms for accountability and quality assurance. Language standards setting is one of the top priorities for policy makers. This paper points out that while standards setting in education raises issues that are largely educational and philosophical, language standards setting is often culturally and politically charged. This is particularly so in English standards setting because of the long-standing association between English and colonialism and cultural and economic domination. The domination of English has not diminished in the post-colonial era. The paper outlines a number of complex issues generated by English standard setting, including whether native or non-native varieties of English will be used as the model for determining standards, whether the same standards should be used for first and second language learners, how one determines whether deviations from the standard English model are errors or variations, and the social and political implications for adopting the standard or the local varieties. A brief summary of how each paper in this Special Issue addresses these issues is provided.

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Sharma, Devyani, and Robin Dodsworth. "Language Variation and Social Networks." Annual Review of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030524.

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The close relationship between language variation and the nature of social ties among people has been the focus of long-standing commentary in linguistics. A central puzzle in this relationship is the seeming contradiction between two bodies of evidence: automatic, mechanistic diffusion of linguistic forms through social networks and ideologically mediated choice in uptake of forms. Nearly a century of research has revealed that certain types of network structure facilitate the diffusion of linguistic innovation, but these network structures are always anchored in temporally specific and ideologically mediated cultural norms—for instance, norms of gender, class, and ethnicity. Furthermore, not all linguistic variables diffuse in the same way through these structures; social indexicality has a mediating effect. We review prevailing methodologies, theories, and conclusions of this body of work and look ahead to emerging technological advances and more integrated theoretical approaches.

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Csomay, Eniko, and Siew Mei Wu. "Language variation in university classrooms." Register Studies 2, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 131–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rs.18002.cso.

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Abstract Corpus-based university classroom discourse studies found differences in teaching as it relates to language use: discourse organization, levels of instruction and interactivity, and disciplinary differences in participant talk. These practices were primarily reported on US-based classrooms, while scholars with different foci looked at British university classrooms as well. However, a comparison of how discourse is organized in university classrooms in varying geographical contexts is still missing. The present study provides lexico-grammatical analyses of classroom discourse at a South-East Asian university as associations are made to the communicative and pedagogical functions in the discourse structure of lectures, and comparisons are made to a corpus of university classroom discourse from the US. Findings show differences in language use and associated discourse organizational patterns within three disciplinary areas (Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Engineering) as they are delivered in the two geographical contexts. Implications are discussed for register, disciplinary, and discourse structure studies.

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Yang, Charles. "Three factors in language variation." Lingua 120, no. 5 (May 2010): 1160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2008.09.015.

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Keenan, Edward L., and Edward P. Stabler. "Language variation and linguistic invariants." Lingua 120, no. 12 (December 2010): 2680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.04.011.

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Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann. "Universality and variation in language." Lexical Issues in the Architecture of the Language Faculty 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00013.sir.

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Abstract This article discusses language universality and language variation, and suggests that there is no feature variation in initial syntax, featural variation arising by metamorphosis under transfer from syntax to PF-morphology. In particular, it explores the Zero Hypothesis, stating that Universal Grammar, UG, only provides two building elements, Root Zero and Edge Feature Zero, zero, as they are purely structural/formal elements with no semantic content in UG. Their potential content is provided by the Concept Mine, a mind-internal but language-external department. UG and narrow syntax has access to the Concept Mine, and this Syntax-Concept Access is unique to humans, a prerequisite for the evolution of language (Section 1). A related idea (also in Section 1) is coined the Generalized Edge Feature Approach, GEFA. It states that Merge always involves at least one edge feature, which precludes symmetric structures and enables Simplest Merge (no Pair-Merge, no Hilbert epsilon operator). The article advocates that there is no syntactic feature selection (Section 2), all syntactic features being universally accessible in the Concept Mine, via Root Zero and Edge Feature Zero. In contrast, there is feature selection in PF (including morphology), yielding variation (Section 3), Gender being a clear example (Section 4). However, there is a widely neglected syntax-to-PF-morphology metamorphosis (Section 5), such that morphological features like [past] are distinct from albeit related to syntactic features like Speech Time. Parameters operate on selected PF features, and not on purely syntactic features, so parameter setting is plausibly closely tied to the syntax-to-PF-morphology metamorphosis (the concluding Section 6). It is suggested that parameters are on the externalization side of language, part of or related to the sensory-motor system, facilitating motoric learning in language acquisition.

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Ito, Rika, and Dennis R. Preston. "Identity, Discourse, and Language Variation." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 17, no. 4 (December 1998): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x980174003.

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Duncan, Benjamin. "Language variation among business abstracts." International Journal of Trade and Global Markets 9, no. 1 (2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtgm.2016.074134.

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Kretzschmar, W. A. "LANGUAGE VARIATION AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS." American Speech 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-016.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Language variation'

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