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Journal articles on the topic 'Languages'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Chistanov, Marat N. "Networked Language Communities: From Constructed Languages to Natural Languages." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 4 (December 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-4-176-183.

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Activities for the preservation and development of ethnic minority languages are considered as the most important part of the actions to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation. The obligatory nature of such activities is enshrined in our country constitutionally. For the ethnic intelligentsia, any attempts to infringe on the linguistic rights of their peoples turn out to be very painful. This problem in domestic science is most often considered in the tradition of linguistic relativism. This approach comes from the Humboldtian tradition in linguistics and in modern practice is associated with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. With all the advantages of this approach, it is not without a number of disadvantages. The theory of a unique linguistic world view leads to the sacralization of the language, conserving and ritualizing it, depriving it of vitality. The situation with the functioning of regional languages will change either with the revitalization of old language communities, or with the formation of new language communities in which the language can function as a real means of communication and will gain a new lease on life. Accepting the fact that it is hardly possible to return to traditional economic systems in which the languages of ethnic minorities were rooted, it seems interesting to study the experience of the functioning of communities of modern artifi cial languages. The network forms of organization of such communities are interesting, because in the context of globalization, the emergence and functioning of local linguistic communities based on a geographical principle becomes diffi cult. This turn makes us take a different look at the problems of the functioning of natural and artifi cial languages: it is not its internal structure, semantics and syntactics that comes to the fore but the conditions for its use and the reasons that make people turn to it, that is, pragmatics. In other words, the problem of the viability of a language is not so much a question of its morphology and syntax, and not even a question of its expressive possibilities and means, but a question of the motives of people’s linguistic behavior.
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İBRAHİMOV, Elçin. "ENDANGERED TURKIC LANGUAGES: IRAN'S LANGUAGE POLICY ON TURKIC LANGUAGES." intoba - insan ve toplum bilimleri akademi dergisi 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2024): 43–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14523803.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Research about Turkic languages in different Turkic communities has recently started gaining a more objective and sensitive nature in terms of aspect and approach. Attention to endangered languages increased after the 1990s in particular, with research beginning after this time, albeit unsystematically. Certain measures are being taken to protect the languages and national identities of Turkic peoples living in different communities. Countries such as China, Iran, and Russia that have dense Turkic populations keep these languages oppressed by pursuing harsh policies against Turkic peoples. These countries not only fail to guarantee the protection of these languages but also hinder their normal development. The language policies implemented in all three countries and the laws they&rsquo;ve adopted related to language have endangered the languages of the few Turkic people living there. The fact that Iran does not guarantee the protection of the languages of the minority Turkic peoples in the state&rsquo;s supreme legislation has made the ability of the Turkic people living in these countries to maintain the existence of their language and culture difficult. This research article attempts to analyze language policies about and against the Turkic people living in Iran and to show ways out of the existing problems.
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Weaire, Denis L. "Of Language and Languages." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1994): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036848.

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4

Giri, Ram Ashish. "Languages and language politics." Language Problems and Language Planning 35, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.01gir.

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One of the most linguistically and culturally diversified countries in the world, Nepal is in the midst of linguistic and cultural chaos. Linguistic and cultural diversity itself is at its centre. One explanation for the sad situation is that the ruling elites, who have held power since Nepal’s inception in the eighteenth century, have conducted an invisible politics of privileging languages and of deliberately ignoring issues related to minority and ethnic languages to promote the languages of their choice. While this invisible politics of ‘unplanning’ of languages has been responsible for the loss of scores of languages, it has helped the elites to achieve ‘planned’ linguistic edge over the speakers of other languages. In the changed political climate, the Nepalese people have embarked upon a debate about what language policy the country should have and what roles and statuses should be accorded to the local/regional, national and international languages. The socio-political and linguistic context of the current language policy debate and the lack of a clear and consistent language policy allow the ruling elites to adopt an approach which in the existing situation does more harm than good.
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Haynes, K. "Milton's Languages, Milton's Language." Literary Imagination 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/2.1.93.

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6

Tonkin, Humphrey. "Language Planning and Planned Languages: How Can Planned Languages Inform Language Planning?" Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13, no. 2 (2015): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7906/indecs.13.2.1.

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Garg, Rakesh, and Supriya Raheja. "Fuzzy Distance-Based Approach for the Assessment and Selection of Programming Languages." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.315761.

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The desire to develop software with more and more functionalities to make human work easier pushes the industry towards developing various programming languages. The existence of the various programming languages in today's scenario raises the need for their evaluation. The motive of this research is the development of a deterministic decision support framework to solve the object-oriented programming (OOP) language's selection problem. In the present study, OOP language's selection problem is modeled as a multi-criteria decision-making, and a novel fuzzy-distance based approach is anticipated to solve the same. To demonstrate the working of developed framework, a case study consisting of the selection of seven programming languages is presented. The results of this study depict that Python is the most preferred language compared to other object-oriented programming languages. Selection of OOP languages helps to select the most appropriate language, which provides better opportunities in the business domain and will result in high success for engineering students.
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8

Grangé, Philippe. "THE EXPRESSION OF POSSESSION IN SOME LANGUAGES OF THE EASTERN LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS." Linguistik Indonesia 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2015): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v33i1.28.

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The possessor-possessed, or “preposed possessor” syntactic order, has long been considered a typological feature common to many Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, labelled either “Central-Malayo Polynesian languages” or “East Nusantara languages”, although these groupings do not exactly coincide. In this paper, the syntax and semantism of possession in some languages of the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands are described. There is a wide variety of possession marking systems in the Eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, from purely analytic languages such as Lio to highly flexional languages such as Lamaholot. The morphological contrast between alienable and inalienable possession is widespread among the languages of this area. The study focuses on Lamaholot, spoken at the eastern-most end of Flores, and the three neighbouring islands of Adonara, Solor and Lembata. This language has a complex possessive system, involving suffixes, free morphemes, a specific preposition, and possessive pronouns, along with person agreement and morpho-phonological features. Lamaholot can be considered a highly representative example of East Nusantara languages.
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Axatovna, Safina Farida, and Baymatov Abduaziz Abdujabbarovich. "WHY LATIN LANGUAGE IS FUNDAMENTAL IN STUDYING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES." American Journal of Philological Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue12-16.

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The development of language is a fascinating study. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians used pictographic languages which took years for the priests and scholars to master. The common working citizen had no time for such study and so remained powerless and able to be exploited. About 1500BC the Phoenicians developed a phonetic alphabet which could be used by the common merchants to conduct their trading businesses. The Greeks learned it from them and further developed it by adding vowels. This phonetic alphabet made people think differently. It encouraged analysis and the developmentof awhole written language of interchangeable components.All the languages that developed from the Latin and Greek root vocabularies function like that. If we don’t teach the root meaning of those components, we burden ourselves with the task of learning thousands of individual English words as wholes. By studying Latin can master the components of many languages, including English.
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Dal Negro, Silvia. "Language contact and dying languages." Revue française de linguistique appliquée IX, no. 2 (2004): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.092.0047.

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11

Isa, Baba Zanna, HajjaKaru Ahmed, and Yagana Grema. "Language Death and Endangered Languages." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 10 (2014): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-191064648.

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12

Clements, J. Clancy, and Shelome Gooden. "Language change in contact languages." Language Change in Contact Languages 33, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.2.01cle.

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13

Leonard, Laurence B. "Specific Language Impairment Across Languages." Child Development Perspectives 8, no. 1 (November 8, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12053.

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14

Fesl, E. D. "Language death among Australian languages." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.10.2.02fes.

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Abstract This paper looks at the history of language policy formulation and implementation in conjunction with social factors influencing attitudes to both Koorie1 people and their languages. It endeavours to trace the process of enforced language shift, with consequent language death, in the social history of Australia. Factors which aid or are hastening language death in the contemporary period are also discussed. Attention is drawn to the rapidity with which language death has occurred and will continue to occur if measures are not taken to curb the current trends.
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15

Edwards, John. "Language Families and Family Languages." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26, no. 2 (March 15, 2005): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630508668403.

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16

Dymet, Marcin. "Digital Language Divide in the European High North: The Level of Online Presence of Minority Languages from Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, no. 1 (2019): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_010010012.

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One of the inequalities generated by the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the digital language divide, that is, differences in the online presence of languages and unequal access to information due to the lack of understanding of the available content. The digital language divide is particularly visible in the case of small languages with a low number of speakers. There is a large group of languages with non-existent or irrelevant online presence. This is often the case of the endangered minority languages. The number of language speakers or the level of knowledge of a given language is not sufficient to generate a vital online community. This article presents the current language situation in the European High North with a focus on minority languages: Sámi and Meänkieli languages in Sweden, Sámi and Kven languages in Norway, and Sámi languages in Finland. It also introduces the phenomenon of digital language divide. The article explores the current situation of the minority languages in the European High North in light of their online presence. It responds to the following questions: Is there online presence of the studied minority languages? Is there a need amongst the minorities’ members for more extensive presence? To conclude, the article discusses the possible effects of a language’s underrepresentation.
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Shimi, G., C. Jerin Mahibha, and Durairaj Thenmozhi. "An Empirical Analysis of Language Detection in Dravidian Languages." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 15 (April 16, 2024): 1515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i15.765.

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Objectives: Language detection is the process of identifying a language associated with a text. The proposed system aims to detect the Dravidian language that is associated with the given text using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the results obtained using the different models. It also aims to evaluate the performance of a language agnostic model for the purpose of language detection. Method: An empirical analysis of Dravidian language identification in social media text using machine learning and deep learning approaches with k-fold cross validation has been implemented. The identification of Dravidian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Tamil Code Mix, and Malayalam Code Mix, is performed using both machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms. The machine learning algorithms used for language detection are Naive Bayes (NB), Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The supervised Deep Learning (DL) models used include BERT, mBERT and language agnostic models. Findings: The language agnostic model outperform all other models considering the task of language detection in Dravidian languages. The results of both the ML and DL models are analyzed empirically with performance measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The accuracy associated with different machine learning algorithms varies from 85% to 89%. It is evident from the experimental result that the deep learning model outperformed with an accuracy of 98%. Novelty: The proposed system emphasizes on the use of the language agnostic model to implement the process of detecting Dravidian languages associated with the given text which provides a promising result of 98% accuracy which is higher than the existing methodologies. Keywords: Language, Machine learning, Deep learning, Transformer model, Encoder, Decoder
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18

Akkuş, Mehmet, and Soheila Ahmadi. ""Charming yet challenging": Exploring ethnolinguistic identity perceptions of Khalajs through positioning theory." Dil Araştırmaları 19, no. 36 (May 8, 2025): 7–24. https://doi.org/10.54316/dilarastirmalari.1549075.

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This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the ethnolinguistic identity of Khalaj speakers, an endangered minority language community in Central Iran, through the lens of positioning theory. In a socio-political landscape dominated by a monolingual policy that elevates Persian in nearly all social and institutional contexts, minority languages such as Khalaj face increasing marginalization. This policy significantly reduces the functional spaces where Khalaj is used, adversely affecting the language's vitality and prospects for survival. The study investigates how Khalaj-speaking communities position their language in relation to the dominant Persian, examining their perceptions of ethnolinguistic vitality. Utilizing qualitative methods, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and detailed fieldwork notes. Interviews with six key informants from the Khalaj-speaking community provided rich insights into how speakers perceive their language's future, the challenges it encounters, and the influence of Persian as the socially dominant language. Fieldwork observations further enriched this data, capturing the everyday language practices and dynamics within the community. The findings reveal that Khalaj speakers perceive their language’s vitality as low, reflecting significant concerns regarding its endangerment and limited use in both public and private spheres. In contrast, they recognize the vitality of Persian as overwhelmingly high, acknowledging its predominance in education, governance, and media. These perceptions highlight the positioning of Khalaj within the sociolinguistic landscape, revealing the pressures that contribute to language shift and the potential for revitalization efforts. This qualitative study illustrates the complex interplay between minority and dominant languages in Iran, emphasizing the charming yet challenging nature of maintaining ethnolinguistic vitality for endangered languages like Khalaj through the framework of positioning theory.
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Cormier, Kearsy, Adam Schembri, and Bencie Woll. "Diversity across sign languages and spoken languages: Implications for language universals." Lingua 120, no. 12 (December 2010): 2664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.03.016.

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Pascaud, A. "MINORITY LANGUAGES, MARGINALIZED LANGUAGES, MINORITIZED LANGUAGES OR LANGUAGE IN A MINORITIAL SITUATION? ATTEMPTED DEFINITION AND PERFORMANCES." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 8, no. 4 (2017): 1084–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2017-8-4-1084-1102.

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21

Robnik-Šikonja, Marko, Kristjan Reba, and Igor Mozetič. "Cross-lingual transfer of sentiment classifiers." Slovenščina 2.0: empirical, applied and interdisciplinary research 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/slo2.0.2021.1.1-25.

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Word embeddings represent words in a numeric space so that semantic relations between words are represented as distances and directions in the vector space. Cross-lingual word embeddings transform vector spaces of different languages so that similar words are aligned. This is done by mapping one language’s vector space to the vector space of another language or by construction of a joint vector space for multiple languages. Cross-lingual embeddings can be used to transfer machine learning models between languages, thereby compensating for insufficient data in less-resourced languages. We use cross-lingual word embeddings to transfer machine learning prediction models for Twitter sentiment between 13 languages. We focus on two transfer mechanisms that recently show superior transfer performance. The first mechanism uses the trained models whose input is the joint numerical space for many languages as implemented in the LASER library. The second mechanism uses large pretrained multilingual BERT language models. Our experiments show that the transfer of models between similar languages is sensible, even with no target language data. The performance of cross-lingual models obtained with the multilingual BERT and LASER library is comparable, and the differences are language-dependent. The transfer with CroSloEngual BERT, pretrained on only three languages, is superior on these and some closely related languages.
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Bar-Asher, Moshe. "Jewish Languages and the Hebrew Language." Journal of Jewish Languages 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340067.

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This study focuses on the relationship between Jewish languages and Hebrew. It includes a short discussion of a number of topics dealt with in the research literature since the beginning of the study of these languages, with a presentation of my perspective on these issues. Due to space constraints I will deal with only eight of these topics: A. The functional division between Jewish languages and Hebrew in Jewish communities; B. The distinction between ancient and new Jewish languages; C. The special status of Aramaic; D. The Hebrew and Aramaic component in Jewish languages and its extent; E. Semantic fields where the Hebrew component is used; F. Secret languages; G. The Hebrew component’s contribution to the study of Hebrew language traditions; H. Hebrew as a living language in Jewish languages.
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23

Dolukhanov, Pavel. "Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts:Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts." American Anthropologist 103, no. 1 (March 2001): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.218.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Restu Dessy Maulida, and Erik Rusmana. "Figurative Language Analysis on Efek Rumah Kaca’s Song Lyrics at Sinestesia 2015 Album." Jomantara: Indonesian Journal of Art and Culture, Vol. 3 No. 1 January 2023 (January 31, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jijac.v3i1.7060.

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Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer is strengthened. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive is the method that used for this research. The result of this research is 4 type of figurative languages is found, which is 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Angga Maulana, and Erik Rusmana. "AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EFEK RUMAH KACA’S SONG LYRICS: SINESTESIA 2015." English Education and Applied Linguistics Journal (EEAL Journal) 5, no. 2 (August 19, 2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/eealjournal.v5i2.2520.

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Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer is strengthen. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive is the method that used for this research. The result of this research is 4 type of figurative languages is found, which is 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated . Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Husni Thamrin, Angga Maulana, and Erik Rusmana. "AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON EFEK RUMAH KACA’S SONG LYRICS: SINESTESIA 2015." English Education and Applied Linguistics Journal (EEAL Journal) 5, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31980/eeal.v5i2.62.

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Figurative language is one kind of the language styles to make the expression and the message of the speaker or writer become clearer. Figurative language usually used in song lyrics. Sometimes, figurative languages existed in song lyrics can’t be understandable. One of the song lyrics that has a lot of figurative languages is songs from Sinestesia album by Efek Rumah Kaca. Therefore, this research is trying to analyze figurative languages existed in song lyrics on Efek Rumah Kaca’s album titled Sinestesia. The research is focused on analyzing type of figurative languages with its meaning by using Kennedy’s theory of classification of figurative language (1983) and Ogden and Richard’s theory of meaning (1923). Qualitative descriptive was the method that used for this research. The results of this research show that 4 type of figurative languages were found, which were 25 personifications, 18 metaphors, 15 overstatements, and 2 apostrophes with each of figurative language’s meaning is elaborated. Besides of it, the writer found that figurative languages existed in the Sinestesia album’s song lyrics has a connection to the song itself.
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Gamallo, Pablo, José Ramom Pichel, and Iñaki Alegria. "Measuring Language Distance of Isolated European Languages." Information 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040181.

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Phylogenetics is a sub-field of historical linguistics whose aim is to classify a group of languages by considering their distances within a rooted tree that stands for their historical evolution. A few European languages do not belong to the Indo-European family or are otherwise isolated in the European rooted tree. Although it is not possible to establish phylogenetic links using basic strategies, it is possible to calculate the distances between these isolated languages and the rest using simple corpus-based techniques and natural language processing methods. The objective of this article is to select some isolated languages and measure the distance between them and from the other European languages, so as to shed light on the linguistic distances and proximities of these controversial languages without considering phylogenetic issues. The experiments were carried out with 40 European languages including six languages that are isolated in their corresponding families: Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Georgian, Greek, and Hungarian.
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Kiss, Attila. "Language Ideologies and Learning Historical Minority Languages." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/2015090105.

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Language ideologies surrounding the learning of historical minority languages deserve more/closer attention because due to the strong nation state ideology, the relation between majority and minority languages has long been problematic, and native speakers of majority languages do not typically learn the languages of the minorities voluntarily. This article discusses the language ideologies of voluntary learners of Swedish and Hungarian in two contexts where these languages are historical minority languages. Data was collected at evening courses in Oradea, Romania and Jyväskylä, Finland on which a qualitative analysis was conducted. In the analysis, an ethnographic and discourse analysis perspective was adopted, and language ideologies were analyzed in their interactional form, acknowledging the position of the researcher in the co-construction of language ideologies in the interviews. The results show that the two contexts are very different, although there are also similarities in the language ideologies of the learners which seem to be significantly influenced by the prevailing historical discourses in place about the use and role of these languages. In the light of resilient historical metanarratives, I suggest that the challenges related to the learning of historical minority languages lie in the historical construction of modern ethnolinguistic nation-states and the present trajectories of such projects. At the same time, the learning of historical languages in contemporary globalized socio-cultural contexts can build on new post-national ideologies, such as the concept of learning historical languages as commodities.
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Beaudouin, Mathieu. "Tangut and Horpa languages." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 24, no. 4 (September 14, 2023): 611–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00142.bea.

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Abstract Fieldwork from the past decade has yielded new data from a cluster of languages in Western Sichuan (China), resulting in new observations relevant for the understanding of Tangut grammar. In this paper, I intend to present morphosyntactic evidence pointing to the Tangut language’s membership within the Horpa taxon, located within the larger Gyalrongic group of the Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan. Tangut exclusively shares with Horpa languages cognates that are far too peculiar to be the result of mere chance. By successively considering the verbal, nominal, and postpositional domains, the present paper highlights evidence that links Tangut to Horpa, while proposing new paths to the understanding of grammatical categories of Tangut proper, such as orientational/aspectual preverbs.1
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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.

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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.
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Abdelbaky Abdelbaky ALY, Emad. "LANGUAGES, LANGUAGE SECURITY AND IDENTITY MAINTENANCE." Route Educational and Social Science Journal 6, no. 45 (January 1, 2019): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.2464.

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32

Lawrance, Benjamin Nicholas. "Language between powers, power between languages." Cahiers d'études africaines 41, no. 163-164 (January 1, 2001): 517–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.107.

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Bratman, David. "Philology and Language Studies: Invented Languages." Tolkien Studies 13, no. 1 (2016): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tks.2016.0027.

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Walter, Stephen L., and Kay R. Ringenberg. "Language Policy, Literacy, and Minority Languages." Review of Policy Research 13, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1994.tb00611.x.

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35

Annet, Kakembo Aisha. "Language Preservation: Strategies for Indigenous Languages." NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ISSUES IN ARTS AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2024): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.59298/nijciam/2024/5.3.14100.

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Indigenous languages are critical to cultural identity, carrying unique worldviews, knowledge systems, and histories. However, these languages are rapidly disappearing due to factors like globalization, urbanization, and intergenerational transmission gaps. This paper discusses strategies for the preservation and revitalization of indigenous languages, emphasizing the importance of community involvement, educational initiatives, and the use of digital tools. By exploring successful language preservation models from Indigenous communities worldwide, the paper highlights how bottom-up approaches, immersive language programs, and technological innovations can support revitalization. Collaboration between communities, government bodies, and non-governmental organizations is essential to creating sustainable methods for language survival and adaptability in the modern world. Ultimately, preserving indigenous languages not only maintains cultural diversity but also reinforces social and psychological identity for present and future generations. Keywords: Indigenous language preservation, language revitalization, cultural identity, community-based programs, digital tools in language preservation.
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36

Menéndez, Francisco Gimeno. "Language Change and Languages in Contact." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 29, no. 10 (October 2024): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2910023549.

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The hypothesis of the history of linguistics as a succession of paradigms was more appropriate to linguistic facts and to the continuity of history itself than to a substitution of models. One of the most assiduously maintained principles in historical linguistics was the theory of the regularity of linguistic change. However, both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. It was not, therefore, a mere linguistic issue, but also a social and cultural one. In this sense, we had to differentiate two interpretations: 1) an autonomous version of the assumption of phonological regularity, and 2) a grammatical version of linguistic change. Within the anthropological history of Hispanic romances there was a linguistic and cultural continuity, based on the successive and diverse historical acculturations (Indo-European, Iberian, Phoenician-Greek, Roman, Christian, Germanic, Visigothic, Byzantine, Islamic, Castilian, Catalan-Aragonese, Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon), with the linguistic and cultural transfers that implied the social and cultural mixing of these groups, and the adaptation to a new sociocultural context. During the second half of the last century, great contributions to historical linguistics were accumulated, which were far from being recognized by historians of the language
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Menéndez, Francisco Gimeno. "Language Change And Languages In Contact." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 29, no. 10 (October 2024): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2910033751.

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The hypothesis of the history of linguistics as a succession of paradigms was more appropriate to linguistic facts and to the continuity of history itself than to a substitution of models. One of the most assiduously maintained principles in historical linguistics was the theory of the regularity of linguistic change. However, both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. It was not, therefore, a mere linguistic issue, but also a social and cultural one. In this sense, we had to differentiate two interpretations: 1) an autonomous version of the assumption of phonological regularity, and 2) a grammatical version of linguistic change. Within the anthropological history of Hispanic romances there was a linguistic and cultural continuity, based on the successive and diverse historical acculturations (Indo-European, Iberian, Phoenician-Greek, Roman, Christian, Germanic, Visigothic, Byzantine, Islamic, Castilian, Catalan-Aragonese, Hispanic and AngloSaxon), with the linguistic and cultural transfers that implied the social and cultural mixing of these groups, and the adaptation to a new sociocultural context. During the second half of the last century, great contributions to historical linguistics were accumulated, which were far from being recognized by historians of the language.
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Vella, Alexandra. "Languages and language varieties in Malta." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16, no. 5 (September 2013): 532–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.716812.

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Kiefer, Ferenc. "Languages within Language: An Evolutive Approach." Journal of Pragmatics 36, no. 4 (April 2004): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(03)00110-3.

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40

LEONARD, LAURENCE B. "Fillers across languages and language abilities." Journal of Child Language 28, no. 1 (February 2001): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004499.

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CERVONE, DANIEL, and DYLAN T. LOTT. "Language and the Languages of Personality." European Review 15, no. 4 (September 18, 2007): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000427.

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Although inquiry in philosophy and some social sciences has attended closely to the question of how investigators use language to describe and explain phenomena of interest, less attention has been devoted to questions of language use in psychological science. This essay explores language use in a major subfield of psychology, the psychology of personality. We identify three descriptive and explanatory languages in the field and critique them from the perspective of scholarship outside of psychology that has explored language use. We conclude with a call for greater exchange between investigators who embrace discursive accounts of persons and social action, and those who posit social-cognitive accounts of the knowledge that individuals use when they create discourse in their efforts to understand the world and to direct their experiences and actions.
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Macías, Reynaldo F. "Bilingualism, Language Contact, and Immigrant Languages." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 10 (March 1989): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500001185.

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This essay covers the literature on bilingualism over the last decade with emphasis on those publications issued between 1985 and 1989. Since this essay must be very selective, it concentrates on English language publications. There has been quite a growth in the descriptive literature of different multilingual areas of the world. This literature has been published in many of the major languages. The selection of publications in English somewhat distorts the distrigution of the literature by region and language, especially the growth of multilingualism-related publications in countries like the Soviet Union and East Germany. Access to some of these works, however, can best be obtained through Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts.
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Ibarra, Oscar H., and Ian McQuillan. "On store languages of language acceptors." Theoretical Computer Science 745 (October 2018): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2018.05.036.

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Hawthorne, John. "A note on ‘languages and language’." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 68, no. 1 (March 1990): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048409012340233.

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Nagy, Naomi. "Heritage languages: a language contact approach." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41, no. 10 (April 11, 2020): 900–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1749774.

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Xia, Fei, Carrie Lewis, and William Lewis. "Language ID for a Thousand Languages." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.504.

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ODIN, the Online Database of INterlinear text, is a resource built over language data harvested from linguistic documents (Lewis, 2006). It currently holds approximately 190,000 instances of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) from over 1100 languages, automatically extracted from nearly 3000 documents crawled from the Web. A crucial step in building ODIN is identifying the languages of extracted IGT, a challenging task due to the large number of languages and the lack of training data. We demonstrate that a coreference approach to the language ID task significantly outperforms existing algorithms as it provides an elegant solution to the unseen language problem. We also discuss several issues that make automated Language ID and the maintenance of ODIN very difficult.
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Yamasaki, Hideki. "Language-theoretical representations of ω-languages". Theoretical Computer Science 66, № 3 (серпень 1989): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(89)90152-7.

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48

Bao, Zhiming, Ruiqing Shen, and Kunmei Han. "Languages and language contact in China." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 38, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00101.bao.

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Abstract China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website (www.stats.gov.cn). The Han accounts for 91.6% of the population, with the minorities taking up the balance of 8.4%. Most ethnic groups have their own languages, which fall into typologically distinct language families, the largest being Altaic and Sino-Tibetan. Ethnologue lists 299 languages in China and rates the country 0.521 in linguistic diversity, compared with 0.035 for Japan and 0.010 for South Korea (Simons &amp; Fennig 2017). A few ethnic groups, such as the Hui (Chinese Muslims) and the Manchus, who founded the last imperial dynasty of Qing (1644–1912), have lost their indigenous languages over the centuries. They speak the language of the Han majority. Linguistic diversity in China is manifested in two ways: across the ethnic groups and within the Han majority. In what follows, we give a schematic description of the languages and briefly summarize the papers in this issue that offer a snapshot of language contact in China.
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Wang, Dingquan, and Jason Eisner. "Fine-Grained Prediction of Syntactic Typology: Discovering Latent Structure with Supervised Learning." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00052.

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We show how to predict the basic word-order facts of a novel language given only a corpus of part-of-speech (POS) sequences. We predict how often direct objects follow their verbs, how often adjectives follow their nouns, and in general the directionalities of all dependency relations. Such typological properties could be helpful in grammar induction. While such a problem is usually regarded as unsupervised learning, our innovation is to treat it as supervised learning, using a large collection of realistic synthetic languages as training data. The supervised learner must identify surface features of a language’s POS sequence (hand-engineered or neural features) that correlate with the language’s deeper structure (latent trees). In the experiment, we show: 1) Given a small set of real languages, it helps to add many synthetic languages to the training data. 2) Our system is robust even when the POS sequences include noise. 3) Our system on this task outperforms a grammar induction baseline by a large margin.
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CIRUELA, DENZEL MARK. "Structural Classification of Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Tagalog Languages: A Comparative Morpho-Lexical Analysis." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 6, no. 4 (November 2, 2024): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v6i4.1884.

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This study compares the morphological affixation and lexical analysis of the Tagalog, Cebuano, and Surigaonon languages. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, the researcher combines morphemes and scrutinizes the lexical words employed in the context to compare and contrast the three languages. Based on the study's findings, it was found that, despite having similar spelling in all three languages, some words have different meanings or registers when identifying and analyzing them. Even if each of them can cover the majority of a language's words and the method or system of affixation is nearly the same, the language still has a relationship with Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Tagalog in exposing meanings in a context, despite variations caused by geography. Regarding identification, it has been shown that the Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Tagalog languages share similarities in employing a morpheme's suffix. However, they differ in terms of the suffix used for a word. We should continue to promote and uplift the Filipino people by implementing various initiatives to foster and stimulate both our national language and the indigenous languages of the Philippines.
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