Academic literature on the topic 'Lao State (Nigeria)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Anyanwu, Ogechi E. "Crime and Justice in Postcolonial Nigeria: The Justifications and Challenges of Islamic Law of Shari'ah." Journal of Law and Religion 21, no. 2 (2006): 315–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400005646.
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Nowhere, in recent times, has the question of the Islamic Law of Shari’ah produced such a crescendo of concern, posed such a challenge to the prevailing justice system, as in Nigeria. In "modern" societies, the criminal justice system not only produces social solidarity by reaffirming the society's bond and its adherence to certain norms, but also serves to legitimize the political authority of the state. In the postcolonial pluralistic society of Nigeria, the criminal justice system has been fundamentally influenced by the ascendancy of Western penology. During the era of European colonization of Africa, existing systems of justice were suppressed; in Nigeria's case, by the British imperial power. Predictably, the British system of justice clashed with the indigenous systems. Nowhere is this historical conflict more manifest than in the ongoing challenge Shari’a has posed to the Nigerian state. Shari’ah was an incendiary issue during the colonial period (1900-60) in Nigeria, and has continued to challenge the classical view of the modern state ever since. This challenge has reshaped Nigeria's postcolonial criminal justice system. Here religion, politics, and society intersect, shedding light on the arrival, reactions, and crises of modernity, themes that run through the Shari’ah controversy like interwoven threads.
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Herbert, Eti Best. "Application of Electricity Federalism in Nigeria: Drawing Inspiration from America." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 29, no. 2 (May 2021): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2021.0361.
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This paper examines the theory and practice of electricity federalism in the Nigerian federation. Although Nigeria is an American-styled federal entity, its practice does not reflect the true principles of federalism as practiced in America. Nigeria's electricity sector is a reflection of its imperfect practice of federalism. The effect is felt in the poor performance of the electricity sector, especially off-grid undertakings. Thus, this study turns to the practice of electricity federalism in the United State of America as a model federalist system from which Nigeria can draw inspiration towards a better practice of electricity federalism. Evidence from America demonstrates how fiscal federalism led to a robustly developed power sector. It is argued that, although constituent states of Nigeria have the legal capacity, they lack the wherewithal to develop robust off-grid electricity undertaking under the current federalist system. Hence, political restructuring that would ensure fiscal federalism is needful in Nigeria.
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Anyanwu, Felicia Akujinma, and Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude. "Public Sector Financial Management and Economic Growth Sustainability in Nigeria: 1986 to 2020." Journal La Bisecoman 2, no. 6 (February 10, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v2i6.546.
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The Nigerian experience with public sector finance management demonstrates fiscal irresponsibility. In Nigeria, the public sector is comprised of the Federal, State, and Local governments, as well as parastatals and organizations that provide public goods and services. Nigeria's public sector, with its diverse financing sources, plays a critical role in economic management via the creation and execution of economic policies, efficient budgeting and planning targeted at attaining domestic and external balancing goals. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of public sector financial management on the sustainability of economic development in Nigeria. The research examined the influence on real gross domestic product of total federally collected income and total government spending. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) technique was used to analyze data spanning the years 1986 to 2020. To begin, the findings indicate that there is no long-run association between public sector financial management and the sustainability of economic development in Nigeria. Second, overall federal revenue was shown to have a positive association with real gross domestic product. Thirdly, public sector financial management has no discernible influence on the sustainability of economic development in Nigeria. This report recommends that the ideal of sound public sector financial management be embraced in order to strengthen the sustainability of economic development in Nigeria via an effective, efficient, and transparent public account management system.
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Sodipo, Bankole. "Are foreign copyright works protected in Nigeria?" Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.02.05.
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Despite Nigeria's treaty obligations, Nigerian courts have, in the last quarter of a century, consistently but erroneously held that the Nigerian copyright statute does not protect copyright works of foreign persons. The purport of the decisions is that foreign persons cannot sue to protect their copyright in Nigeria. Given that the decisions of three trial courts and a Court of Appeal decision were never appealed to the Supreme Court, they arguably remain good precedent. The decisions suggest that foreign direct investors who need copyright protection are exposed in Nigeria. Relying on two of these cases, a leading intellectual property law text echoed this erroneous position. This article demonstrates that the decisions were reached in ignorance of applicable statute. As such, the decisions should not be followed by trial courts irrespective of the rule of binding judicial precedent. The article outlines various mechanisms within the copyright statute that extend the protection of the Nigerian copyright statute to foreign works. This article goes further than previous works. Unlike earlier works, this article suggests the path trial courts should tread, despite the rule of precedent, in distinguishing this line of cases to hold that foreign corporations incorporated in many treaty countries and foreign works emanating from many treaty countries are protected in Nigeria. Unlike earlier works, this article demonstrates that lower courts may refer this issue to higher courts for interpretation and guidance under the case stated procedure. Whilst other works made passing references to the Copyright (Reciprocal Extension) Order 1972 (the 1972 Order), that arguably extends copyright to foreign works under the Copyright Act 1970, none cited judicial authority that held that the 1972 Order made under the repealed Copyright Act 1970 is still valid under the current Copyright Act. None referred to the Interpretation Act that supports this judicial authority. Unlike previous work, this article reveals that if the Microsoft case that is the most significant of these cases is appealed to the Nigerian Supreme Court, the court will extend the time within which the Microsoft Corporation can appeal and reverse Microsoft and the line of cases identified in this article.
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Chinonso, Mark Kingsley, and Obi,Chinenye Blessing. "Drowning Security Apparatus; the Nexus of a Failing State of Nigeria, Threats to Lives and Properties in Anambra State in Perspective." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2022): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2022.v10i06.006.
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Anambra State, Nigeria has become a hotbed of activities aggravated in the main by kidnappers, unknown-gunmen, cult related killings etc. The effects of these activities necessitate the problematic, as the state has become a flashpoint of incessant kidnaping, killings, loss of businesses and government owned properties and infrastructures worth several billions of Naira, if not in dollars within the space of one year. The above stances necessitated the need to x-ray Nigeria visa a viz Anambra state as a failing state. In the face of the current and numerous killings, hostage takings, destruction and burning of government owned properties etc, security presence notwithstanding. Hence the capacity of the state to exercise its constitutional assigned responsibility of protection of lives and properties of her citizenry remains in doubt. As the Nigerian security architect hardly secure and protect themselves in the face of these upheavals not to talk of her populace. In a bid to see the state of Nigeria which we proclaim, the Nigerian security forces are non-negotiable tools and agent of societal change and transformation, who can further be manipulated in the face of uncertainty against the state. It is in the light of the above that this paper employs a survey design, using secondary sources of data. It further engaged the combination of System and Structural Functionalism as its framework of analysis to reconnoiter the problematic. The paper concludes with a finding that sometimes the security agents are syndicates to the criminal elements that tear the corporate existence of Nigerian state in general, and Anambra state in particular. Thus recommends among others that grass root communication should be encouraged among the local people, and also re-orientation of the Anambra state security architecture on the oath of allegiance to their operational mechanism, even in the face of threat to lives and properties.
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EKE-OKORO, O. N., O. U. OKEREKE, and J. E. OKEKE. "Effect of stake sizes on some growth indices and yield of three cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta)." Journal of Agricultural Science 137, no. 4 (December 2001): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001320.
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The effects of five stake weights (50, 63, 75, 88 and 100 g) of three cassava cultivars (TMS 30572, TMS 91934 and NR 8083) on the growth and yield of cassava were studied for 2 years (1992/93 and 1993/94) in Nigeria. The leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area duration (LAD), harvest yield and harvest index (HI) were dependent on the weight of stake planted and were greatest at the stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) irrespective of cassava cultivar. Variations in LAI, LAD and HI of stake weights between 75 and 100 g were non-significant. The profusely branching cassava cultivars, TMS 30572 and NR 8083, achieved greater LAI, CGR, NAR and LAD relative to the sparsely branching cultivar, TMS 91934. The significant growth and yield differences among the stake weights with the optimum at a stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) indicates the need to adopt this stake weight for sustainable and improved growth and yield in cassava production.
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Okonmah, Patrick D. "Right to a clean environment: the case for the people of oil-producing communities in the Nigerian delta." Journal of African Law 41, no. 1 (1997): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009979.
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Commercial exploration and exploitation of Nigeria's petroleum resources began in 1956 when large deposits of hydrocarbon were discovered at Oloibiri in the present Rivers State of Nigeria. Since the delivery of the first consignment of crude oil to Europe in 1958, activities in Nigeria's oil industry have witnessed a dramatic increase. As the sixth largest producer in OPEC, Nigeria contributes nearly two million barrels of crude petroleum to the global oil market. Petrodollars from the sale of crude oil in the last four decades have brought a phenomenal change in the country's economy. Ironically, the oil industry, which has brought development to many parts of Nigeria, has become a source of misery to the people of oil-producing communities whose existence is now threatened by the scourge of oil pollution.
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Egede, Edwin. "Who owns the Nigerian offshore seabed: federal or states? An examination of the Attorney General of the Federation v. Attorney General of Abia State & 35 Ors Case." Journal of African Law 49, no. 1 (April 2005): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855305000069.
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The decision of the Nigerian Supreme Court in the case of the Attorney General of the Federation v. the Attorney General of Abia State & 35 Ors. was delivered on 5 April, 2002 in respect of the proviso to section 162(2) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which incorporates what is popularly known in Nigeria as the “derivation formula”. It brought to the forefront the need to determine (especially as regards revenue derived from the oil and gas resources) whether the offshore bed of the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Nigeria should be regarded as part of the littoral states of the federation or not? This article critically examines the decision of the Supreme Court as it relates to the “ownership” of the offshore seabed as between the federal Government and the littoral states in the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
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Ikeyi, Nduka, and Ofornze Amucheazi. "Applicability of Nigeria's Arbitration and Conciliation Act: Which Field Does the Act Cover?" Journal of African Law 57, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000016.
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AbstractIn 1988, Nigeria's Federal Military Government promulgated the Arbitration and Conciliation Decree (now the Arbitration and Conciliation Act) to provide a unified legal framework for commercial arbitration throughout Nigeria. At the time of the decree's promulgation, the Federal Military Government had unlimited competence to legislate over any matter in, and for all parts of, Nigeria. However, under Nigeria's current constitutional democracy and federal structure of government, legislative powers are shared between the Federal Government and the respective state governments. This article investigates the constitutionality of the continued application of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act as federal legislation with application in all states of the federation.
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Okon, Ebi Bassey, and Nyong Saviour Okon. "Sources of State Revenue and State Effectiveness: The Nigerian Experience." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n1p111.
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Ineffectiveness of states has been linked to poor fiscal-social contract between states and her citizens which is a consequence of how states raise her revenues. Hence, this paper examines the relative impacts of earned and unearned revenues on different measures of state effectiveness in terms of provision of basic public goods and development of economic and political institutions in Nigeria over the period 1996 to 2018, using Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The paper found that, on one hand, an increase in earned revenue instigates improvement in provision of health care, while increase in unearned revenue had no significant impact on provision of health. On the other hand, a one-percent (1%) increase in earned revenue had a greater impact on educational enrollment than a 1% increase in unearned revenue. Increase in earned revenue increases state effectiveness while increase in unearned revenue reduces state effectiveness. The paper concludes that, the effectiveness of Nigerian government in provision of basic public goods and development of strong economic and political institutions might improve if government increases their financial resources through taxes than increase in oil revenue.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Mustapha, Mala. "State, conflict and political economy of oil in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2013. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/10966/.
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This thesis explores the nature, cause and dynamics of the conflict in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The region has become a hot spot for increased oil insurgency and well-organized criminal activity in the wake of the 1999 transition to democratic rule. The main contribution of this study lies in its use of the political economy theory of the state and the post-colonial characterization of the Nigerian state to analyse and explore specific role of the Nigerian state in the oil conflict. The research critiques past studies in the field as “grand narratives” based on assumptions of international political economy of resource conflicts not least the rentier state and resource curse theses. Through a case study of the state-owned oil industry the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Vanguard Newspaper representing a section of the media the thesis problematized the oil conflict in the Niger Delta to failure of democratization to address decades of conflict, politicization of ethnicity, descent to terminal spoils via oil bunkering and flaws in the country’s federalism. The study critically interrogates the legal/institutional as well as militaristic response of the state to the conflict as state-centric and factors spurring the conflict. The findings reveal that the conflict is rooted in factors affecting the control, management and distribution of oil resources by a centralized federal structure characterized by a failure of governance. In other words, the conflict dynamics of the Delta is explained by total failure of oil-wealth to foster development. Instead, it impedes political development, generates conflict over resource distribution, fuels ethnic conflict and fragmentation, and institutionalized corruption all spawned by rise in government oil largesse. Since the return of democracy in 1999, lack of genuine democratization in Nigeria, has crippled even nascent attempts at reform resulting to socio-economic stagnation, which relates directly to the rising trend of violence in the region. One of the key contributions of the study also is through an analysis of “illegal oil bunkering” as an empirical case of how legal/institutional failure of the state to response to the crisis and a reflection of descent to terminal spoil in the Nigerian oil industry led to spoils of oil violence. The research critically examines how oil bunkering has damaged the environment through oil spillage and contributes to proliferation of small arms and light weapons in the region. Finally, the thesis also suggests that, the potential solution to the Niger Delta crisis lies in governance and constitutional reform that focuses on correcting the structural imbalances embedded in the nature of Nigerian fiscal federalism, its revenue allocation formula and to effectively fight corruption at all levels of governance. The Nigerian state should also abrogate or review specific oil-related laws that serve as a fault-line of conflict with the oil producing communities. Failure to tackle this problem will allow the self-destructive cycle of violence to continue to undermine reform initiatives and perpetuate the region’s instability.
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Aluko, Adebowale. "Towards a more effective legal framework for investor-state arbitration in Nigeria." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33622.
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There has been a backlash against the Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system in recent times. Amongst other complaints, critics have argued that the ISDS whittles down the regulatory powers of states in favour of private adjudicators. These criticisms are premised on the fact that unlike commercial arbitration, investment arbitration awards may have far reaching effects on states. In response to these concerns, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III and other similar bodies have been tasked to carry out reforms to address some of these issues. In spite of ongoing reforms, criticisms have continued with some countries abandoning the investor-state arbitration mechanism altogether. In Nigeria, the state of crisis in the judiciary has necessitated the need for a viable alternative to litigation. The ISDS framework therefore remains the preferrable option for the resolution of investment disputes. There have been recent attempts to amend the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 11 of 1988. Also, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission recently announced plans to reform the country's investment law framework. It is in the light of these developments that this research has been undertaken to examine the flaws in Nigeria's investment arbitration framework and reforms that may be introduced to address them. In making a case for the retention of the ISDS framework in Nigeria, this study critiques Nigeria's investment arbitration framework and explores a number of recommendations towards addressing current challenges. It is argued that the proposed solutions will improve the effectiveness of Nigeria's investment arbitration framework especially with respect to the legal framework for the consent of the Nigerian government to ICSID arbitration and in the area of court assisted measures and post-arbitral award litigation.
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Anidi, Ugochinyelu Chikodili Nerissa. "Towards the institutionalization of divorce mediation in Nigeria: a case study of Enugu State." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32443.
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Nigerian divorce laws and the divorce litigation process pose severe psychological, social-cultural, economic, and legal problems for families going through divorce in Nigeria. This thesis argues that divorce mediation may be able to ameliorate the harsh effects of these laws and process. This thesis seeks to achieve the following objectives: (1) To determine if the divorce mediation process can achieve the goals of a good divorce process, (2) To determine if the divorce mediation process can provide solutions to the myriad of unique problems which face families going through divorce in Nigeria, and (3) To determine the possibility of incorporating divorce mediation into the family dispute resolution system in Nigeria through an institutionalized divorce mediation program at the government-funded citizens' mediation centres. These objectives are achieved through an in-depth review of the customary and statutory laws regulating marriage and divorce in Nigeria as well as a review of the divorce litigation process in Nigeria. This thesis employs both desk and empirical research methods. It examines legislation, policy documents and academic treatises on divorce and divorce mediation. It also utilizes semistructured interviews to examine the Citizens' Rights and Mediation Centre, Enugu State, to determine its viability as a vehicle for the institutionalization of divorce mediation in Nigeria. The thesis finds that indeed divorce mediation achieves the aims of good divorce law. It further finds that while the divorce mediation process is not a panacea, its features lend themselves easily to the resolution of the myriad of problems which face families going through divorce in Nigeria. It also finds that divorce mediation can be incorporated into the Nigerian family dispute resolution system through an institutionalized divorce mediation program at the state-funded citizens' mediation centres present in several states in the country. It concludes that incorporating divorce mediation into the family dispute resolution system in Nigeria will ameliorate some of the harsh effects of the current divorce system. It offers short and long term proposals for the institutionalization of divorce mediation in Nigeria.
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Laniran, Temitope J. "Impact of state fragility on capital flows and economic growth in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17218.
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This thesis aims to investigate the impact of state fragility on capital inflows and economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1980-2015. In line with existing studies, it adopts an augmented neoclassical growth model where capital is divided into domestic and foreign capital inflows (FDI, ODA and Remittances). Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration, significant long-run relationship was confirmed between state fragility, capital flows and economic growth. The results reveal domestic capital to be very significant and contribute positively to economic growth. Similarly it was observed that remittances remain a very crucial form of capital flow to Nigeria and that the presence of state fragility makes it more significant. For ODA a positive contribution to economic growth was observed, however, the presence of state fragility renders it insignificant. In the case of FDI, the study found a negative relationship between FDI and economic growth albeit insignificant. However, the presence of state fragility makes it significant but still negative. A negative relationship was also observed between state fragility and economic growth. These findings, implies that while the issue of state fragility needs to be addressed and concerted efforts put into building state resilience, not just for the direct impact of state fragility on the economy, but also its impact on the economy through other channels such as capital flows.
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Akanji, Olugbenga Rotimi. "Incarceration of Nonviolent Offenders at the High Court in Oyo State, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10742944.
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The nonuse of community correction in the Nigeria criminal justice system has led to increased recidivism, contributed to prison congestion, introduced the risk of prison victimization, and lacked the provision of a rehabilitative structure for nonviolent offenders. The purpose of this phenomenological research study was to explore Nigerian judges’ use of alternatives to incarcerations for nonviolent offenders. Dolinko retributive punishment theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. Ten participant judges comprised the study sample from a purposeful and criterion random sampling method. Data were collected from participants through structured interviews and were coded manually, sorted, and analyzed using the Saldana data coding process framework. According to study findings, judges were inclined to use alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders. Also, community correction could reduce overcrowding in prisons and provide the opportunity for self-improvement for nonviolent offenders supervised in the community. The implications for positive social change include a better understanding and implementation of community corrections for Nigeria judiciary and policymakers and the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders, which would improve rehabilitation, reformation, and reintegration of offenders into society.
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Lar, Jimam Timchang [Verfasser], and Achim von [Akademischer Betreuer] Oppen. "Vigilantism, State, and Society in Plateau State, Nigeria : A History of Plural Policing ; (1950 to the present) / Jimam Timchang Lar. Betreuer: Achim von Oppen." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1099428491/34.
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Bjoerkan, Maren. "International displacement and state compliance with international human rights standards: the current protection of internally displaced persons' right to physical security in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28030.
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There are approximately 65.3 million forcibly displaced people in the world. A large majority of these people are internally displaced. Of the 40.8 million internally displaced persons' (IDPs) worldwide, Nigeria had a total of 1,955,000 IDPs at the end of 2016. Consequently, Nigeria is among the countries with the highest number of displaced persons globally. A wide range of political, economic, social, and environmental factors, including poverty, corruption, and internal armed conflict, affect the population in Nigeria and contribute to internal instability. Thus, as Nigeria represents a complex and multi-layered situation of internal displacement, it makes for an interesting case study to understand international protection of IDPs. This dissertation asks whether the current protection of IDPs' right to physical security in Nigeria complies with international human rights standards. The current international legal framework in place for the protection of IDPs is relatively extensive, and undergoes continuous development. The United Nations Guiding Principles for the Protection of Internally Displaced People and the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), as well as general human rights mechanisms, comprehensively set out the rights and guarantees for the protection of the physical security of IDPs. Although there has been great improvement in recent years relating to the legal protection of and assistance to IDPs, the de facto implementation and enforcement of these frameworks in Nigeria is not in full compliance with international human rights standards.
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Eben, Rachael Arreh. "A cross-country investigation of international vessel-source legislation and oil pollution compliance practices : the case of Nigeria and the United States." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16639/.
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Environmental issues, the frequency of oil accidents, liability and compensation, and issues related to the efficacy of oil legislation proliferate oil discourse. In addition, there is good amount of literature on the use of deterrence in the criminal justice system. However, literature on the connection between compliance and deterrence practices in the oil transportation industry is patchy, especially about less-developed economies. Where an attempt is made to assess compliance practices in the oil industry, there is a general drift towards bunching compliance experiences along regional lines or regional players; (Asian countries, EU countries), or coastal states, port states and flag states. Another tendency is to evaluate the activities in a few developed economies (United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Australia, Japan, Germany or France) and transpose that as representation of what prevails in all other developed countries or other economies. This study takes a holistic approach by synthesizing the environmental, regulatory, and socio-economic issues related to compliance with vessel-source legislation in just two specific jurisdictions without getting trapped by the bunching idea. Therefore, the focus of this research has been to investigate the compliance practices of two economies- Nigeria and the United States- against the backdrop of existing deterrent international and domestic vessel- source legislation. The enforcement corridor by stakeholders leaves grounds for flaunting of some relevant provisions, thus necessitating an investigation into the compliance practices of both economies in order to seek ways to deter those rogue practices. Additionally the study aims to design a framework that would enable decision-makers within the studied jurisdictions to frame their compliance decisions based on relevant environmental, regulatory, and socio- economic indicators that are targeted at reducing oil pollution from malfeasors. To this end, using a combination of black-letter approach, socio-legal methodology, comparative analysis, and questionnaires, the project aims to synthesize these methods with case laws and case studies, and apply the framework designed to the two economies. Evidently at the level of international oil tanker transportation, there is noticeable tightening of control and more reasonable compliance. However, domestic compliance practices in both the developed and less-developed economies could do better. On the whole, the international regimes have succeeded to deter some rogue behavior and foster compliance with some aspects of the trade, but would require severity and certainty of regulatory adjustments to attain a spill- free vessel-tanker trade that prevents pollution.
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Bakayoko, Seydou. "L'encadrement juridique international du bassin du fleuve Niger : contribution à l'étude du droit international des cours d'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080062.
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La gestion du bassin du fleuve Niger constitue pour les neuf États le partageant un enjeu majeur au niveau régional. Dans la perspective de la stabilisation de leurs relations, les États riverains du bassin ont élaboré un cadre juridique de coopération dans l’utilisation de leurs ressources en eau. Le régime juridique repose ainsi sur un double cadre de coopération - une coopération normative et une coopération institutionnelle - qui pose la question de sa véritable spécificité. Si le régime juridique du bassin du Niger est perçu comme une contribution à l’étude du droit international des cours d’eau, le cadre juridique n’est pourtant pas conçu dans une perspective de dépassement du droit international fluvial. Ce cadre juridique confine ainsi la gestion des eaux du bassin fluvial dans la sphère classique des rapports interétatiques. Le cadre juridique du bassin du fleuve Niger ne révèle donc pas l’existence d’un véritable régime juridique spécifique de gestion des cours d’eau. Cette absence de spécificité ne permet pas de conclure au défaut de pertinence du régime juridique. Sa pertinence réside dans l’encadrement des rapports entre les États et dans l’outil de prévention des différends que représente ce régime. La recherche de la véritable spécificité du régime juridique passe nécessairement par une évolution nouvelle vers une gestion des ressources en eau dans l’intérêt collectif des États riverains. La réception du modèle d’intégration juridique dans le cadre du bassin du fleuve Niger serait un moyen pertinent pour recouvrer la véritable spécificité recherchée. Le cadre normatif et institutionnel pourrait ainsi s’appuyer sur les implications juridiques de la qualification de l’eau du fleuve Niger de « patrimoine commun des États riverains »The management of the Niger River basin is a major issue for the nine States sharing it at the regional level. In order to stabilize their relations, the riparian States of the Niger River basin have developed a legal framework for cooperation in the use of their water resources. The Niger Basin regime thus relies on a dual framework of cooperation – both normative and institutional – which raises the question of the true specificity of this legal regime. While the legal regime of the Niger River Basin is seen as a contribution to the study of international watercourse law, the international legal framework of the Niger River Basin is not conceived in a perspective of going beyond the traditional tenets of international watercourse law. This legal framework thus confines the management of the waters of the river basin in the classical sphere of interstate relations.The legal framework of the Niger River Basin does not therefore reveal the existence of a specific legal regime for the management of rivers. This lack of specificity does not lead to the conclusion that this legal regime is irrelevant. Its relevance lies in the framework of relations between States and in the dispute prevention instrument that this regime provides. The search for the true specificity of the legal system necessarily involves a new development towards the management of water resources in the collective interest of the riparian States. The reception of the legal integration model in the context of the Niger River basin would be a relevant means to develop a genuine expected specificity. The normative and institutional framework could thus be based on the legal implications of qualifying the water of the Niger River as a "common heritage of riparian States”
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Samuel, Oluranti Sunday. "Environmental and sociological factors as determinants of occupational health and safety of workers in selected small and medium scale enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22669.
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Work is an essential activity that provides goods or services of value to oneself and others. Paradoxically, in a bid for self-realisation, workers are seriously endangered. Work-related or induced diseases and
stresses pose serious threats to workers’ health and the general well-being, hence, the need to seriously consider the issue of occupational health and safety of workers. In terms of safety at work, the experience
of small and medium scale enterprises (SMSEs) worldwide is that of neglect. Their incomes are very low and uncertain, coupled with high levels of risk and hazard in their work, with little or no social protection
coverage (Chen, 2008). This study therefore examines how environmental and sociological factors determine occupational health and safety of workers in SMSEs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Ulrich Beck
“Risk Society” theory, Political Economy of Health framework (PEH) (Minkler et al 1994, Linnan et al, 2001) and Labour Process Theory (LPT) (Braverman, 1974; Marx, 1976; Bottome, 1991) underpinned
the study. The study adopts both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The qualitative method includes field observation of the selected workplaces, six Focus Group Discussion
(FGD) and eight In-depth interviews (IDIs). The quantitative involved the use of structured questionnaire. The sample survey involved 180 respondents in a multi-stage sampling technique from purposively
selected sawmills, mechanic villages and blacksmith cottages in three Local Government Areas in Lagos State. The quantitative data analysis uses simple percentile and univariate analyses, while the qualitative data are content-analysed, based on the objectives of the study. The findings identified low level of education (60.5%), and poor awareness of OHS in SMSEs (86.1%). It further reveals poor physical
(69.5%) and technological environment (70.5%), unavailability of OHS facilities (60.5%) and prevention methods by manager/owners (60.5%), carefree attitudes of workers/managers/owners to OHS (69.5), non-acquaintance of workers to OHS laws (86.1%), workers’ economic incapacitation to deal with issues of occupational hazard (76.1%), lack of enforcement of OHS (88.3%), and transferring knowledge on OHS (82.2%) in the selected SMSEs. The study recommends roles for managers/owners, workers, trade associations, government, non-governmental organisations to promote effective OHS in the selected SMSEs.Sociology
D.Phil. (Sociology)
Books on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Gangwari, John U. Church-state relations in marriage in Nigeria. Jos, Plateau State: Fab Anieh Nigeria, 1994.
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(Nigeria), Kano State. Kano State Shari'a Penal Code Law 2000. Kano: Kano Printing Corp., 2000.
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Ofori-Amankwah, E. H. Criminal law in the northern states of Nigeria. Zaria, Nigeria: Gaskiya Corp., 1986.
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Aquaowo, Essien, ed. Law-making processes in Nigeria at the National and State Houses of Assembly. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books, 2005.
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Ado-Kurawa, Ibrahim. Domestication of the Shari'ah in Nigeria. Kano: Transwest Africa, 2002.
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Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila. Powers & functions of Nigeria's national & state legislative assemblies. Jos, Nigeria: Greenworld Pub. Co., 2001.
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Nwankwo, G. O. Prudential regulation of Nigerian banking. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1990.
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(Organization), Socio-Economic Rights Initiative. Reforming the budget laws of South Eastern Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: Socio Economic Rights Initiative (SERI), 2005.
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(Nigeria), Kano State. Penal Code & Sharia Penal Code: [Olakanmi Olajide]. Abuja: LawLords Publications, 2004.
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Oduyoye, Modupe. The shariyʻah debate in Nigeria: October 1999-October 2000. Ibadan: Sefer, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Owie, Udoka. "The Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Question of Head of State Immunity in International Law: Revisiting the Decision in Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor." In Nigerian Yearbook of International Law, 239–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71476-9_11.
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Ilesanmi, Simeon O. "Accommodation as Establishment: State Sponsorship of Religious Pilgrimages in Nigeria." In The Rule of Law and the Rule of God, 115–41. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137447760_6.
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Sodiq, Yushau. "Is the Application of Islamic Law in Zamfara State a Success or a Failure?" In A History of the Application of Islamic Law in Nigeria, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50600-5_6.
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Iyi, John-Mark. "On the Brink? The Nigerian State and the Making of Boko Haram." In Boko Haram and International Law, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74957-0_1.
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Anastasia Eruaga, Osatohanmwen O. "Coastal State Regulation of the Use of Arms in the Private Protection of Commercial Vessels in the Gulf of Guinea: A Nigerian Perspective." In Nigerian Yearbook of International Law 2018/2019, 59–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69594-1_4.
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Garba, Ahmed Salisu. "Islamic Preaching Board Laws of Kano, Borno, and Niger States." In Religious Freedom and the Law, 155–71. Abingdon, Oxon [UK]; New York: Routledge, 2018. | Series: ICLARS series on law and religion: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149707-13.
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Adeola, Romola. "Protecting Conflict-Induced Displacees in Northern Nigeria: Assessing the Compliance of the State with Article 9(2) of the Kampala Convention." In Boko Haram and International Law, 293–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74957-0_13.
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Tausch, Arno. "The Empirical Results of Our Empirical Study." In Political Islam and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism, 45–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24854-2_5.
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AbstractThe study clearly shows that identification with Turkey and Iran, with a political Islam that also influences elections and results in a theocracy, promotes religious and gender discrimination and advocates an Islamist interpretation of Islam, are very much the most important, interrelated syndromes of political Islam, which together explain more than 50% of the total variance of the 24 model variables used. If the states of Europe want to win the fight against jihadism, they must work closely with the moderate Arab states, such as Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other Arab Gulf states, and be aware that, on a population-weighted basis, 41% of all Arabs now view the Muslim Brotherhood, which is the strongest and most coherent force in political Islam today, negatively or very negatively. According to the data brought to light here, only 7% of people in the Arab world now have a high level of trust in their country's Islamist movement, while 14% have some trust, 19% have little trust, but 60% have no trust. Our overall index—Overcoming political Islam shows that Morocco and Tunisia are the top performers, while Iraq and Sudan bring up the rear. Following an important study by Falco and Rotondi (2016), we also explore the question of whether political Islam is more prevalent or less prevalent among the more than 20% of the Arab population who plan to emigrate in the coming years than among the population as a whole. Far from feeding alarmist horror scenarios, our evaluation shows firstly that Falco and Rotondi (2016) are correct in their thesis that among potential migrants to the West, political Islam is certainly less pronounced than among the Arab population as a whole. On a population-weighted basis, only 13.11% of potential migrants to the West openly state that they trust the country-specific Islamist movement. In the second part of our empirical evaluations, we explore religiously motivated political extremism (RMPE) by international comparison on the basis of the following items of the World Values Survey, which are sparse but nevertheless available on this topic: The proportion of the global population who favour religious authorities in interpreting the law while accepting political violence is alarmingly high in various parts of the world and is raising fears of numerous conflicts in the coming years in an increasingly unstable world system. It amounts to more than half of the adult population in Tajikistan (the international record holder), and Malaysia and some non-Muslim-majority countries. In many countries, including NATO and EU member states, it is an alarming 25–50%, and we mention here the Muslim-majority countries Iraq, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Indonesia. It is 15–25% even in core countries of the Western security architecture, but also in the Muslim-majority countries: Pakistan, Iran and Tunisia. Only in the best-ranked countries, among them the Muslim-majority countries Albania, Egypt, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Jordan, the potentially fatal combination of mixing religion and law and accepting political violence has a relatively small following of less than 15%. In the sense of the theses of the late Harvard economist Alberto Alesina (1957–2020), social trust is an essential general production factor of any social order, and the institutions of national security of the democratic West would do well to make good use of this capital of trust that also exists among Muslims living in the West.
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Vanderhurst, Stacey. "Crisis." In Unmaking Migrants, 18–41. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501763526.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the immediate precedent for Nigeria's counter-trafficking campaign: the mass deportation of Nigerian women from Italy and the national panic that followed. It argues that evolving state efforts to control the migration, from public shaming to victim protection, reflect the global agenda of the Nigeria's new democratic republic. The Nigerian government sought not only to modernize law enforcement and border security but also to more effectively police the country's most embarrassing emigrants, eventually leading to the establishment of Nigeria's federal anti-trafficking agency in 2003. The chapter pays attention to women from the Edo ethnic group, who are most associated with human trafficking and migration into sex work from Nigeria. It considers the historical tensions that shaped the positions of Benin and Nigeria in global politics and rendered Edo women migrants as political problems.
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"Nigeria." In Sources of State Practice in International Law, 389–96. Brill | Nijhoff, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004272224_024.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Orie, Erimma, and Folasade Aare. "Open and Distance Learning as Paradigm Shift in Education vis-a-vis Covid-19 Pandemic: Focus on the Council of Legal Education and Faculties of Law in Nigerian." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.2545.
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The World Bank stated that by April 2020, over 220 million or 13 percent of students in tertiary education globally experienced interruptions in studies due to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Similarly, over 65,000 Nigerian law students faced academic disruptions for same reason. Invariably the momentum for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has never been stronger than since the COVID-19 pandemic which urgently demands a paradigm shift in lifestyles and transformation of education through relevant learning models, pedagogies and institutional management reforms. Meanwhile, the Council of Legal Education (CLE) in Nigeria which regulates the admission of law students approves of only the single mode conventional face-to-face teaching method which creates gender inequalities and lacks inclusiveness. This is inimical to the attainment of ESD for law education in Nigeria where universities were shut down due to COVID -19 pandemic. Using doctrinal methodology, the paper finds that it would be practically impossible for Nigeria to achieve its national education policy and the ESD targets without the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) system espoused by the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) as a viable panacea to academic interruptions attributable to present and future pandemics. However, the critical issue is getting the CLE and the law faculties to adopt this emerging ODL paradigm trend to complement the traditional face to face mode for sustainable law education and legal practice in Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that the ODL system with its associated Zoom applications should be adopted as a paradigm shift to law education in Nigeria to complement the conventional face to face methods in the university law faculties and Law Schools. Accordingly, the National Assembly of Nigeria should amend the Acts establishing the Law Schools and the National Universities Commission to incorporate ODL system. Furthermore, the Nigerian judiciary should embrace the use of ODL technology in all courts of law for quick and effective dispensation of justice.
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Ogodo, A. D. "Ogodo Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Generation, Exploitation and Technology Transfer (TT): Policies and Strategic Concept of Actual Ownership and Legal Cosniderations." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p26.
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Ogodo Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Generation, Exploitation and Technology Transfer (TT): Policies and Strategic Concept of Actual Ownership and Legal Considerations Ogodo, A.D. (Snr.) Chartered Chemist Department of Science Laboratory Technology School of Applied Science Delta State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1030 Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria. E-mail: dicksonogodo@yahoo.com; Phone: 08030738401 ABSTRACT This scientific research work shows that INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) can generate breakthrough solution to Global Challenges and is an integral aspect of the Legal personality of OGODO INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE STANDARDS (OIRS) IN 154 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) COUNTRIES IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND that meets the United States (US) Pharmacopoea Light Transmission Tests of OGODOMETRICS SUPERIOR MATERIALS in the range 2900-4500 Å in Songhai-Delta, Ovwore Community, Amukpe-Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria to generate Nigeria Vision 2030 Target for Global competitiveness of NIGERIA OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE STANDARDS for the PACKAGING CONTAINER LAW (PCL) using the PACKAGING ADDED VALUE (PAV322FPI 408) being regulated in Nigeria in collaboration with the 154 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) COUNTRIES plus 38 other Countries/Nations via Final Investment Decision (FID). The research dwells extensively and specifically on infringement of PATENT which is actionable and it is the persons vested with the right to Patent that has the right to sue to enforce it. By virtue of Section 10(1) and (2) of the Copyright Act, the first ownership in any literacy or Intellectual Property created by a University or Polytechnic employee belongs to him in the absence of any express assignment of the right by the employee to the University or Polytechnic. The research expresses the beliefs that INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) can be used as a tool to foster INNOVATION and must be vigorously pursued by Nigerian Institution Leaders to encourage generation and exploitation of Intellectual Property (IP). The research recommends funds which can be used to encourage Collaborative Research Pattern in an effective way for Intellectual Property Exploitation. Secondly, SNERGY is critical to success (Collaborative Interdisciplinary Research) rather than those that simply focus on a said field of research. Thirdly, with the presence and regulatory role of National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP), favourable bargains can be struck and properly documented through its Intellectual Property Technology Transfer Offices (IPPTOs). In conclusion, there is lack of Intellectual Property (IP) Policy to spell out the functions of Intellectual Property Technology Transfer Offices (IPPTOs) according to Institutions missions and poor awareness of the researchers about the functions of the Office of National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP). Keywords: Keywords: Ogodo International Reference Standards, Ogodometrics Superior Materials, United States (US)
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Onuoha, K. Mosto, and Chidozie I. Dim. "Prospects and Challenges of Developing Unconventional Petroleum Resources in the Anambra Inland Basin of Nigeria." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2571791-ms.
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ABSTRACT The boom in the development of unconventional petroleum resources, particularly shale gas in the United States of America during the last decade has had far reaching implications for energy markets across the world and particularly for Nigeria, a country that traditionally has been Africa’s leading crude oil producer and exporter. The Cretaceous Anambra Basin is currently the only inland basin in Nigeria where the existence of commercial quantities of oil and gas has been proven (outside the Tertiary Niger Delta Basin). The possibility of similarly finding commercially viable resources of unconventional petroleum resources in the basin appears quite attractive on the basis of the existence of seepages of shale oil and presence of coal-bed methane in some of the coal seams of the Mamu Formation (Lower Coal Measures) in the basin. This paper presents the results of our preliminary assessment of the shale oil and gas resources of the Anambra Basin. Our main objective is to locate the zones of very high quality plays within the basin, focusing on their depositional environments (whether marine or non-marine), areal extent of the target shale formations, gross shale intervals, total organic content, and thermal maturity. Data on the total organic content (TOC %, by weight) and thermal maturity of shales from different wells in the basin show that many of the shales have high TOCs (i.e greater than 2%) comparable to known shale gas and shale oil plays globally. Shale oil seepages are known to occur around Lokpanta in south-eastern Nigeria, but there is a general predominance of gas-prone facies in our inland basins indicating good prospects for finding unconventional petroleum in this and other Nigerian inland sedimentary basins. The main challenge to the exploration of unconventional resources in Nigeria today has to do with the absence of the enabling laws and regulatory framework governing their exploration and subsequent exploitation. The revised Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) currently under consideration in the National Assembly is expected to introduce drastic and lasting changes in the way the petroleum industry business is conducted in the country, but all the provisions of the draft law pertain mainly to conventional oil and gas resources.
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Alade, Idowu Mojeed. "In Quest for Sanctity and Inviolability of Human Life: Capital Punishment in Herodotus Book 1." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p33.
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It is a common knowledge that workers both in the public and private sector spends their wages on critical needs such as rent, school fees, food, transportation, recharge cards and healthcare (moller,2004). They are also predominantly expose to economic risk, natural risk, health risk, life cycle risks, policy based and institutional risks, social and political risk (Geneva, ILO-STEP). Various government including Nigeria, historically have been able to introduce some forms of ad-hoc interventions programmes such as mortgage rent reduction, reduction in taxes, cancellation or postponement of loan payment and other form of direct subsidies (Townsend, 1994). Majority of these measures are privileges and not “right” in most developing countries including Nigeria (Sigma, 2005; UNDP 2003). Practiced in almost all ancient and traditional societies, with debates for and against, among lawgivers and philosophers, Capital punishment, also known as death penalty, was a part of the Athenian Greek law code as early as the time of Draco during the 7th Century BC. The debates and controversies continue until date. Is it just, unjust or a false justice? As at the year 2018, according to Amnesty International,1 55 countries of modern civilized world retain death penalty while a certain number have completely abolished it. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, in his Histories, record many instances of state sanctioned capital punishments. This paper, an attempt to accentuate the unjust nature of capital punishment and support its complete universal abolition, identifies three references to death penalty in Herodotus Book 1: combing, impaling and stoning. Book I of Herodotus was context analysed and interpreted with evidence from other relevant literary and historical sources. Arguments for death penalty include serving as deterrent to potential offenders and some sort of justice for the victims and family, especially in the case of murder; and the state, in the case of treason and other capital offences. Findings, however, revealed that capital punishment seldom curb potential criminals and might embittered and encouraged grievous crimes while discoveries of errors in judgment, among other reasons, could make death sentences unjust. The paper concluded by recommending prevention of such crimes necessitating capital punishments and proffered making greater efforts towards total abolition. Keywords: Capital punishment, Herodotus, Herodotus Histories, Justice, Death penalty.
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Fatai Ogunbayo, Babatunde, Clinton Aigbavboa, Didi Thwala, Opeoluwa Akinradewo, and Olusegun Oguntona. "Institutional Evaluation of Public and Private Partnerships Relevant Contributions to Housing Delivery System." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002374.
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Housing provision through institutional contributions has helped Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) provide a sustainable strategy for promoting and accelerating housing development for national development and growth. This study aimed to evaluate the relevant contribution of institutions involved in the PPPs housing delivery system using Lagos State, Nigeria as a case study. A systematic random sampling method was used, and questionnaires were distributed to 124 professionals in government and private institutions that participate in the PPPs housing delivery system. The result indicated that the relevant contribution of the public institution is majorly land and site and services, while its fragility includes bad administration, lacking a good financial base, and capacity to absorb risk factors. On the other hand, a private institution provides a good financial base, equipment, labour, and plant with good management responsibility and ready to absorb risk. While factors such as unstable government policy and economic conditions affect private institutions in the PPPs housing delivery system. The study recommended that for public and private institutions to annex the benefit of contributing to the PPPs housing delivery system, the government needs to repeal the present act of law such as the 1978 land use act through an act of legislation, in order to provide easy access to land for investors and to improve on its site and services by making necessary provision like access road, electricity, drainage, good layout drawing early before the commencement of future PPPs housing project.
Reports on the topic "Lao State (Nigeria)"
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Aremu, Fatai. Donor Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.015.
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Multiple development actors are interested in stimulating more inclusive fiscal governance. Efforts to generate greater budget transparency, citizen participation in resource allocation, and public oversight of government spending are commonplace. How can development donors and lenders support such efforts, and what are their limitations? How do their attempts to do so interact? Exploring the outcomes of two projects in the Nigerian States of Jigawa and Kaduna provide some answers to these questions. The projects pursue overlapping goals, but with different approaches. The Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn (PERL) programme funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office works in a granular and contextually adapted way in each state to construct joint government and civil initiatives that test and embed citizen engagement and oversight approaches. The World Bank States Financial Transparency Accountability and Sustainability (SFTAS) initiative offers financial incentives to states if they meet a set of common public financial management benchmarks. Their actions have been complementary in several ways, despite significant contextual differences between the states in terms of conflict dynamics and prevailing citizen–state relations. The projects also reinforced each other’s efforts on public procurement reform in Kaduna State. However, in Jigawa State, SFTAS incentives to pass a procurement law following a standard template failed to codify and may indeed reverse gains from longstanding PERL efforts supporting transparency. This illustrates how donors with similar reform objectives in the same contexts can unconsciously undermine existing efforts towards overarching public accountability goals.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Mante, Ofei D. Sub-Saharan Africa Is Lighting Up: Uneven Progress on Electrification. RTI Press, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0056.1811.
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This research paper provides a regional review of the state of electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focusing on installed capacity, electricity generation, the growth of renewable energy, electricity consumption, government investment, public financial flows, and several major initiatives. The study contrasts electrification between 1990 and 2010 with recent efforts and identifies countries that are consistently making progress and those that lag. The analyses show signs of progress on scaling up SSA power infrastructure and increasing electricity access, particularly in the Eastern and Western sub-regions. The installed generation capacity expanded at an average rate of 2.43 GW/year between 2005 and 2015. Renewable energy is growing, particularly solar, wind, and geothermal; about 9.7 GW of renewable energy capacity was installed between 2010 and 2016. Over this period, the net electricity generation in SSA increased at 9.1 TWh/year, more than double the historical average growth of 4.02 TWh/year (1990–2010). In general, the study found that rates of electrification across the entire region are more than twice the historical rates, and an average of at least 26 million people are now gaining access to electricity yearly. Nevertheless, progress is uneven across SSA. As of 2016, almost half of the population without electricity access live in Nigeria, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Quantitative analysis suggests that about 70 million people in SSA would have to gain access every year from 2017 to achieve universal access by 2030. Overall, SSA countries with national programs on energy access supported by policy/regulatory framework and infrastructure investment are making progress.
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Child marriage briefing: Nigeria. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1004.
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This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Nigeria, one of the poorest countries in the world. More than two out of three Nigerians live on less than US$1 a day, and life expectancy is 52 years. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating effect on the country, and Nigeria has some of the highest rates of early marriage worldwide. The Child Rights Act, passed in 2003, raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for girls. However, federal law may be implemented differently at the state level, and to date only a few of the country’s 36 states have begun developing provisions to execute the law. Domestic violence is widespread and a high prevalence of child marriage exists. Nationwide, 20 percent of girls are married by age 15, and 40 percent are married by age 18. Although the practice of polygyny is decreasing, 27 percent of married girls aged 15–19 are in polygynous marriages. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.