Academic literature on the topic 'Large Animal Species'
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Journal articles on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Mera, Usman Muhammed, Abubakar Musa Mayaki, and Abdulrahman Abdullahi Gambo. "COMPARISON BETWEEN RECTAL AND BODY SURFACE TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY DIGITAL AND NON-CONTACT INFRARED THERMOMETER IN SOME LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 7, no. 8 (2019): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3379836.
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This study was carried out to compare the digital rectal (DR) thermometer with non-contact infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements at two locations on the face in some large animal species. Two hundred and forty (240) animals comprising of equal numbers of three species (cattle, camel and horses) of varying age and either sex was used. The IR temperature was taken from two sites [frontal (FIRT) and temporal (TIRT) region] on the animal face. The mean IR temperatures (FIRT and TIRT) were higher than the RT in all the animal species. The two thermometers correlate poorly in all the animal species. Bland-Altman analysis showed high biases and limits of agreement not acceptable for clinical purposes. In conclusion, IRT seems to offer a quick and easy way to determine the animal temperature but clinically it cannot be used interchangeably with DR thermometer at the moment for body temperature measurement in these animal species.
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Dyer, Alexander, Ulrich Brose, Emilio Berti, Benjamin Rosenbaum, and Myriam R. Hirt. "The travel speeds of large animals are limited by their heat-dissipation capacities." PLOS Biology 21, no. 4 (2023): e3001820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001820.
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Movement is critical to animal survival and, thus, biodiversity in fragmented landscapes. Increasing fragmentation in the Anthropocene necessitates predictions about the movement capacities of the multitude of species that inhabit natural ecosystems. This requires mechanistic, trait-based animal locomotion models, which are sufficiently general as well as biologically realistic. While larger animals should generally be able to travel greater distances, reported trends in their maximum speeds across a range of body sizes suggest limited movement capacities among the largest species. Here, we show that this also applies to travel speeds and that this arises because of their limited heat-dissipation capacities. We derive a model considering how fundamental biophysical constraints of animal body mass associated with energy utilisation (i.e., larger animals have a lower metabolic energy cost of locomotion) and heat-dissipation (i.e., larger animals require more time to dissipate metabolic heat) limit aerobic travel speeds. Using an extensive empirical dataset of animal travel speeds (532 species), we show that this allometric heat-dissipation model best captures the hump-shaped trends in travel speed with body mass for flying, running, and swimming animals. This implies that the inability to dissipate metabolic heat leads to the saturation and eventual decrease in travel speed with increasing body mass as larger animals must reduce their realised travel speeds in order to avoid hyperthermia during extended locomotion bouts. As a result, the highest travel speeds are achieved by animals of intermediate body mass, suggesting that the largest species are more limited in their movement capacities than previously anticipated. Consequently, we provide a mechanistic understanding of animal travel speed that can be generalised across species, even when the details of an individual species’ biology are unknown, to facilitate more realistic predictions of biodiversity dynamics in fragmented landscapes.
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Binderup, Tina, Raphaël Duivenvoorden, Francois Fay, et al. "Imaging-assisted nanoimmunotherapy for atherosclerosis in multiple species." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 506 (2019): eaaw7736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7736.
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Nanomedicine research produces hundreds of studies every year, yet very few formulations have been approved for clinical use. This is due in part to a reliance on murine studies, which have limited value in accurately predicting translational efficacy in larger animal models and humans. Here, we report the scale-up of a nanoimmunotherapy from mouse to large rabbit and porcine atherosclerosis models, with an emphasis on the solutions we implemented to overcome production and evaluation challenges. Specifically, we integrated translational imaging readouts within our workflow to both analyze the nanoimmunotherapeutic’s in vivo behavior and assess treatment response in larger animals. We observed our nanoimmunotherapeutic’s anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice, as well as rabbits and pigs. Nanoimmunotherapy-mediated reduction of inflammation in the large animal models halted plaque progression, supporting the approach’s translatability and potential to acutely treat atherosclerosis.
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Hildebrand, SV, and JA Bolich. "Clinical use of atracurium in large animal species." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 29, no. 2 (2002): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_27.x.
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Gad, Shayne C. "Large Animal Toxicology: Introduction and General Principles." International Journal of Toxicology 19, no. 2 (2000): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158100224944.
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Large animal toxicity studies, also called nonrodent studies, are very different from rodent (rat, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit) studies in significant ways. The differences between the two study types, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each, are evaluated in detail. Also examined are causes for selecting specific species, regulatory requirements for using nonrodent species, and an overview of major species characteristics for dogs, primates, pigs, and ferrets.
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Kaul, Rahul, Hilaluddin, J. S. Jandrotia, and Philip J. K. McGowan. "Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Indian western Himalaya." Oryx 38, no. 4 (2004): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000808.
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We conducted a survey in the western Himalaya of India to assess animal extraction patterns. Data on animal species and their extraction patterns, their importance to the respondents, and reasons and methods of hunting were collected using structured questionnaires. Twenty-three species of large mammals and Galliformes were present in the area, 18 of which were hunted around at least one village. Of special concern were several threatened species that were hunted around most villages were they occurred, although the impact of removal on wild populations is not clear. The main reason for hunting was to supplement animal protein, although some animals were also killed for sale of meat and their parts. The establishment of community-managed forests has not had an impact on extraction rates. Assessment of the impact of hunting on the threatened species in particular is urgently required.
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Wood, Sarah, and Sarah Long. "Large animal dermatology: common cases." Livestock 29, no. 1 (2024): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2024.29.1.30.
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Dermatological presentations are common across farm animal species. This article uses case reports from first opinion ambulatory practice to illustrate common presentations. For each the case background and presenting signs are described, alongside the approach to the case, and the considerations regarding management and treatment options. With application of a logical approach to a case, and consideration of the equipment required for ambulatory vets to appropriately work up such cases, farm animal practitioners can successfully manage these cases, ensuring an optimal outcome for client and herd.
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Winkler, Paige A., Laurence M. Occelli, and Simon M. Petersen-Jones. "Large Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degenerations: A Review." Cells 9, no. 4 (2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040882.
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Studies utilizing large animal models of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) have proven important in not only the development of translational therapeutic approaches, but also in improving our understanding of disease mechanisms. The dog is the predominant species utilized because spontaneous IRD is common in the canine pet population. Cats are also a source of spontaneous IRDs. Other large animal models with spontaneous IRDs include sheep, horses and non-human primates (NHP). The pig has also proven valuable due to the ease in which transgenic animals can be generated and work is ongoing to produce engineered models of other large animal species including NHP. These large animal models offer important advantages over the widely used laboratory rodent models. The globe size and dimensions more closely parallel those of humans and, most importantly, they have a retinal region of high cone density and denser photoreceptor packing for high acuity vision. Laboratory rodents lack such a retinal region and, as macular disease is a critical cause for vision loss in humans, having a comparable retinal region in model species is particularly important. This review will discuss several large animal models which have been used to study disease mechanisms relevant for the equivalent human IRD.
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Kuczaj, S., K. Tranel, M. Trone, and H. Hill. "Are Animals Capable of Deception or Empathy? Implications for Animal Consciousness and Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 10, S1 (2001): S161—S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023599.
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AbstractAwareness of the self and awareness of others are difficult faculties to define. Part of the problem lies in the wide range of abilities that involve various aspects of awareness. Some of the most commonly studied abilities focus on the self-awareness of the individual. These abilities range from the capacity to distinguish self from non-self to the competency to reflect on one's past, present or future condition. Another set of abilities that is relevant to the study of awareness involves the interactions of individuals, and includes behaviours such as deception and empathy. We explore the possibility that species other than humans engage in deception and empathy, and consider the implications of such behaviours for self-awareness and other-awareness in these species. Although examples from a variety of species are provided, many examples come from dolphins and whales. This reflects both the authors’ interest in these animals and the possibility that large-brained creatures are more likely to engage in deliberate deception and/or true empathy.
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Tondato, F., L. Rougée, G. K. Ostrander, M. Ungs, and M. M. Mower. "259 EFFECTS OF BIPHASIC PACING IN LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." Journal of Investigative Medicine 54, no. 1 (2006): S302.4—S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.258.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Rooke, Tuulikki. "Defences and responses : woody species and large herbivores in African savannas /." Umeå : Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s276.pdf.
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Colyn, Robin. "Optimising camera trap density and position to determine medium and large mammal species richness and occupancy on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2433.
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Thesis (MTech (Nature Conservation))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.<br>Largely due to anthropogenic causes, biodiversity and particularly species diversity is changing at an extraordinary rate, with declines in species abundance, community composition and extinction risk being of crucial concern. Monitoring of state variables of biodiversity such as species richness and occupancy are of significant importance in determining the severity of threats placed on species, populations and communities. As a non-invasive monitoring method camera traps are noted as being an effective, accurate and rapid means of compiling species richness estimates of medium to large terrestrial mammals. However, crucial elements of camera trap survey design are rarely empirically addressed, which has questioned the need for a standardised camera trapping protocol. Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) is a protected area that is under serious anthropogenic pressure through urban and peri-urban development. Although it is the last refuge for a number of large mammal species on the Cape Peninsula, current mammalian species richness knowledge within the TMNP are limited. Accurate and current species richness estimates are therefore needed within TMNP and more specifically the Cape of Good Hope (CoGH), which exclusively hosts a number of medium and large mammal species. The aims of this study were to optimise a camera survey protocol for the Peninsula region, with a focus on camera density, placement and survey duration that will enable accurate estimations of medium to large mammal species richness and occupancy.
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Gross-Camp, Nicole D. "Dispersion of large-seeded tree species by two forest primates primate seed handling, microhabitat variability, and post-dispersal seed fate /." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1233073947.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Feb. 19, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England 2008"--The title page. Advisor: Beth A. Kaplin, Ph. D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-123).
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Kennedy, Amy. "Satellite telemetry and humpback whales : A tool for determining the habitat use, distribution and behavior of an endangered large whale species." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989629.
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This dissertation has been prepared in manuscript format and contains four individual papers. Each paper/chapter is formatted for the journal to which it has been, or will be, submitted. In the first manuscript, "From Whaling to Tagging: The evolution of knowledge regarding humpback whales in their North Atlantic breeding grounds", I describe the evolution of humpback whale research from the days of Yankee whaling to the most recent satellite telemetry project in the West Indies breeding grounds. The humpback whales that over-winter in the West Indies are part of one of the most heavily studied whale populations in the world; projects conducted in this area have served as models for humpback whale research world-wide. This manuscript will be submitted for publication in Mammal Review in 2014. In my second manuscript, "Local and migratory movements of humpback whales satellite tracked in the North Atlantic Ocean", I report the results of a satellite telemetry project that was conducted in the winters of 2008 through 2012 in the breeding areas of Silver Bank (Dominican Republic) and Guadeloupe (French West Indies). The results from this project add a level of detail to the current knowledge about North Atlantic humpback whale habitat use, migration, and population structure that could not be obtained without current satellite tagging technology. This paper has been reviewed and accepted for publication by the Canadian Journal of Zoology and will be published by November, 2013 ii In my third manuscript, "Individual variation in movements of humpback whales satellite tracked in the eastern Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea", I report the results from a satellite telemetry project conducted off Dutch Harbor, (Alaska, USA) in the summers of 2007 through 2011. Satellite telemetry from this project showed the fine-scale use of foraging habitat in a North Pacific feeding ground. Additionally, a long-distance, within-season travel event was recorded in 2010, prompting speculation about the humpback population structure throughout the Bering Sea. This manuscript has been reviewed and accepted for publication by Endangered Species Research and will be published by November, 2013. In the fourth manuscript, "Assessing implantable satellite tag extrusion using light sensors", I report the results of a novel approach for remotely quantifying tag rejection; the use of tag-mounted light sensors to indicate extrusion rate. The data for this paper were collected during a 2011 follow-up study aimed at assessing the behavioral and physiological responses of Gulf of Maine humpback whales to current tagging methods. Tag diagnostic technology like this, while still being developed, could significantly improve future telemetry work by updating tag design and placement methods to increase overall project efficiency. This paper has been accepted as a poster presentation at the 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals (December 2013, Dunedin New Zealand). It will be updated with the results from the 2013 Gulf of Maine tagging field season and submitted to a peer reviewed journal in 2014.
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Thévenin, Charles. "Contribution des stratégies de réintroduction à la conservation de la biodiversité à large échelle. Analyse des restaurations de populations d'oiseaux et de mammifères en Europe Reintroductions of birds and mammals involve evolutionarily distinct species at the regional scale The Ecology of De-Extinction. De-extinction and Evolution." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS523.
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L’impact néfaste des activités humaines sur la diversité biologique s’intensifie et de nombreuses études suggèrent que nous entrons dans une sixième crise d’extinction. Parmi les actions possibles pour enrayer l’érosion de la biodiversité, les déplacements d’organismes dans un but conservatoire, les « translocations de conservation », sont de plus en plus utilisées pour restaurer des populations. En particulier, les réintroductions visent à rétablir une population viable d’une espèce au sein de son aire d’indigénat, suite à l’extinction locale de populations. Ces actions répondent souvent à des besoins de conservation à l’échelle locale ou nationale, et leur contribution à la préservation de la biodiversité à large échelle reste encore à déterminer. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la cohérence des efforts de réintroduction à large échelle, en questionnant trois aspects. Le premier aspect se base sur un inventaire rétrospectif des efforts de réintroduction d’oiseaux et de mammifères en Europe afin de questionner la représentativité et l’originalité (évolutive et fonctionnelle) des espèces réintroduites. Le second aspect se concentre autour de l’efficacité de ces programmes. Nous proposons un cadre conceptuel démographique pour définir des critères de succès pour les programmes de translocation de conservation. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous explorons les bénéfices potentiels des projets de dé-extinction en questionnant leur capacité à restaurer des processus évolutifs<br>The impact of human activities on biological diversity is intensifying, and many studies suggest that we are entering a sixth mass extinction. Among the possible actions to halt the erosion of biodiversity, the human-mediated movements of organisms for conservation purposes, i.e. "conservation translocations", are increasingly used to restore populations. In particular, reintroductions aim to restore a viable population of a species within its indigenous range, following local population extinction. These actions often address local or national conservation needs, and their contribution to large-scale biodiversity conservation has yet to be determined. This thesis focuses on the coherence of reintroduction efforts at large scale, by questioning three aspects. The first aspect focuses on a retrospective inventory of bird and mammal reintroduction efforts in order to question the evolutionary and functional representativeness and originality of reintroduction targets. The second aspect focuses on the effectiveness of these programs. We propose a conceptual and unifying demographic framework to define success criteria for conservation translocation programs. Finally, in a final section, we explore the potential benefits of de-extinction projects by questioning their ability to restore evolutionary processes
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(11191362), Joshua Matthew Tellier. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE HABITAT QUALITY AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION OF FISHES IN A LARGE LAKE ECOSYSTEM." Thesis, 2021.
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The prevalence of hypoxia in aquatic systems has increased in recent decades and climate change is expected to worsen the extent and severity of hypoxic phenomena worldwide. Moreover, aquatic hypoxia has produced adverse ecological consequences and stimulated research interest within the Laurentian Great Lakes. The physiological stress imposed by hypoxia reduces habitat quality for most aquatic biota and causes changes in patterns of resource use and food web dynamics. We conducted a review of the primary literature to identify trends in prevalence of Great Lakes hypoxia research and broadly classify the unique hypoxic conditions afflicting Great Lakes ecosystems. We found that the majority of research effort toward Great Lakes hypoxia is focused on the Lake Erie central basin. Our review further revealed that this does not characterize the breadth of hypoxic phenomena that occur throughout the Great Lakes region. We then utilized a long-term monitoring dataset provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office to quantify the impact of Lake Erie central basin hypoxia on habitat quality of several fish species. We found that bioenergetics-based growth-rate potential models have a potential application as the framework for the development of biological endpoints that measure the effects of hypoxia on aquatic biota. Finally, we utilized stable isotope analysis to look for broad spatial and temporal trends in resource utilization within distinct regions of the Lake Erie central basin, with hypoxia and large-scale hydrodynamic patterns serving as potential driving patterns for spatial differences.
Books on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Corsi, Fabio. Ecological corridors and species: Large carnovores in the Alpine Region. Council of Europe, 2002.
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Keith, Faulkner. El animal más alto, largo, verde, café y pequeño de la selva. Publicaciones Citem, 2002.
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Smith, April. Judas horse: An FBI special agent Ana Grey mystery. Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.
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Dylan, Kendall. Super Value Word Search Animal Species Word Search: Puzzle Book Large Print. Independently Published, 2018.
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Boyd, Robert. A Different Kind of Animal. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195902.001.0001.
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Human beings have evolved to become the most dominant species on Earth. This astonishing transformation is usually explained in terms of cognitive ability—people are just smarter than all the rest. But this book argues that culture—our ability to learn from each other—has been the essential ingredient of our remarkable success. The book shows how a unique combination of cultural adaptation and large-scale cooperation has transformed our species and assured our survival—making us the different kind of animal we are today. The book is based on the Tanner Lectures delivered at Princeton University, featuring challenging responses across the chapters.
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Lindenmayer, David, Andrew Claridge, Donna Hazell, et al. Wildlife on Farms. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069848.
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Many landowners are interested in the native animals that live on their farms or once occurred there. In particular they want to know why particular species are present (or absent), what they can do to encourage them to visit, and what they might do to keep them there.
 Wildlife on Farms outlines the key features of animal habitats—large flowering trees, hollow trees, ground cover, understorey vegetation, dams and watercourses—and describes why landholders should conserve these habitats to encourage wildlife on their farms. It shows how wildlife conservation can be integrated with farm management and the benefits this can bring.
 The book presents 29 example species—mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians—that are common to a large part of southern and eastern Australia. Each entry gives the distinguishing features of the animal, key features of its required habitat, and what can be done on a farm to better conserve the species.
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Schloegl, Christian, and Julia Fischer. Causal Reasoning in Non-Human Animals. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.36.
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One goal of comparative cognitive studies is to achieve a better understanding of the selective pressures and constraints that play a role in cognitive evolution. This chapter focuses on the question of causal reasoning in animals, which has mainly been investigated in tool-using and large-brained species. Our survey reveals that numerous animal species appear to be sensitive to violations of causality and may even be tuned to attend to causally relevant features. This, in turn, may facilitate causal learning. The ability to draw logical conclusions and make causal deductions, however, seems to be restricted to few species and limited to (ecologically) relevant contexts. It seems warranted to reject the traditional associationist view that non-human animals lack any understanding of causality, but convincing evidence for human-like abilities is lacking. For instance, animals do not appear to understand the causal structure of interventions.
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Designs, Lucky. Beautiful Baby Animal Book: A Colorful Book for Seniors with Alzheimers or Dementia. with Many Different Species of Animals in a Big, Large Print for Elderly People or Patients to Help Them Feel Calm. Independently Published, 2019.
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Ege, Gian, Andreas Schloenhardt, and Christian Schwarzenegger. Wildlife Trafficking: the illicit trade in wildlife, animal parts, and derivatives. Carl Grossmann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24921/2020.94115945.
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Wildlife trafficking threatens the existence of many plant and animal species and accelerates the destruction of wildlife, forests, and other natural resources. It contributes to environmental degradation, destroys unique natural habitats, and deprives many countries and their populations of scarce renewable resources. The more endangered a species becomes, the greater is the commercial value that is put on the remaining specimen, thereby increasing the incentive for further illegal activities. Preventing and supressing the illegal trade in wildlife, animal parts, and plants is presently not a priority in many countries. Despite the actual and potential scale and consequences, wildlife trafficking often remains overlooked and poorly understood. Wildlife and biodiversity related policies, laws, and their enforcement have, for the most part, not kept up with the changing levels and patterns of wildlife trafficking. Poorly developed legal frameworks, weak law enforcement, prosecutorial, and judicial practices have resulted in valuable wildlife and plant resources becoming threatened. The high demand for wildlife, animal parts, plants, and plant material around the world has resulted in criminal activities on a large scale. Considerably cheaper than legally sourced material, the illegal trade in fauna and flora offers opportunities to reap significant profits. Gaps in domestic and international control regimes, difficulties in identifying illegal commodities and secondary products, along with intricate trafficking routes make it difficult to effectively curtail the trade. Although several international and non-governmental organisations have launched initiatives aimed at bringing international attention to the problem of wildlife trafficking, political commitment and operational capacity to tackle this phenomenon are not commensurate to the scale of the problem. There is, to date, no universal framework to prevent and suppress this crime type and there is a lack of critical and credible expertise and scholarship on this phenomenon. As part of their joint teaching programme on transnational organised crime, the University of Queensland, the University of Vienna, and the University of Zurich examined the topic of wildlife trafficking in a year-long research course in 20182019. Students from the three universities researched selected topics and presented their findings in academic papers, some of which have been compiled in this volume. The chapters included in this v edited book address causes, characteristics, and actors of wildlife trafficking, analyse detection methods, and explore different international and national legal frameworks.
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Meng, X. J. Hepatitis E virus. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0048.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.
Book chapters on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Bjone, Hanna, and Elaine C. Fitches. "Which insect species and why?" In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0002.
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Abstract This chapter describes the common features determining the suitability of insects for small- and industrial-scale farming, the main insect species currently being produced on a large scale for feed production and other potential candidate species. Natural consumption of insects by animals and which insects are suitable for which animal feed is also briefly discussed.
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Hupke, Klaus-Dieter. "Nature Conservation is Quite Successful: The Example of Large Animal Species." In Nature Conservation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66159-8_19.
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Nandal, Anjali, and Bhanu Prakash V. L. Telugu. "Large Animal Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as Models of Human Diseases." In Stem Cells in Animal Species: From Pre-clinic to Biodiversity. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03572-7_3.
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O’Brien, Timothy G., and Margaret F. Kinnaird. "Estimation of Species Richness of Large Vertebrates Using Camera Traps: An Example from an Indonesian Rainforest." In Camera Traps in Animal Ecology. Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_13.
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Jansman, Hugh A. H. "Animal Conservation in the Twenty-First Century." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_2.
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AbstractBiodiversity on Earth is rapidly decreasing and the situation in the Netherlands is in that perspective a textbook example. The main causes for species extinction are habitat loss, landscape degradation and overuse. Conservation efforts should focus more on the level of viable ecosystems. A strategic plan to do so is called Cores, Corridors and Carnivores (rewilding’s three C’s). This requires strong Cores of nature, mutually connected via robust Corridors. Based on island biogeography theory it can be calculated that if we want to conserve roughly 85% of the current biodiversity, 50% of the Earth’s surface needs to be protected, ‘Nature needs half’. For healthy ecosystems we need to get top-down forcing by apex consumers back in ecosystems. These apex consumers are mainly large Carnivores, and bringing them back asks for coexistence. If we want to keep our living conditions on planet Earth healthy we have to change our unsustainable way of living and change our way of thinking with respect to nature, natural processes and our relation with other species. The loss of biodiversity can only be halted or reversed if we save more space for nature and natural processes including top-down forcing and last but not least, find a way of coexistence with our fellow creatures.
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|Uiseb, ǂKîbagu Heinrich Kenneth. "10. Are mountain and plains zebra hybridising in north-west Namibia?" In Etosha Pan to the Skeleton Coast. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0402.10.
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This chapter focuses on interactions between two animal species critical to the ecosystems of Etosha-Kunene, namely mountain zebra (Equus zebra, specifically the subspecies E. z. hartmannae) and plains zebra (E. quagga, specifically the subspecies E. q. burchellii). Large herbivore species are increasingly restricted to fenced protected areas with artificial waterpoints, a situation that limits their opportunities for dispersal and access to natural water sources. This restricted movement may lead to genetic consequences including disruption of gene flow, inflation of “inbreeding”, and the loss of rare alleles supporting local adaptation and genetic fitness. In Namibia’s large protected area of Etosha National Park, mountain zebra are restricted to the dolomite ridges in the far western section of the park while plains zebra occur throughout the park. Historically, the overlap in range of the two zebra species was limited, as plains zebra confined their movements to the southern and eastern edges of the Etosha Pan during the dry season, and to the open plains west of the Pan during the rainy season. Due to fencing and new waterpoint creation, this extended overlap of these two previously geographically separated species creates a potential conservation problem in the form of hybridisation between the two species. This chapter reviews what is known about the hybridisation of these two species, and considers implications for conservation and for future research.
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Boden, Lisa, and Dominic Mellor. "Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_7.
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Abstract Despite a large and rapidly growing volume of research activity and output, primarily on the biological bases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), epidemiological understanding of the causal mechanisms at play behind the apparent recent global rise in prevalence of AMR has, arguably, progressed very little. Despite this inconvenient fact, political imperative and expedience, among other drivers, have given substantial impetus to an interventionist approach against what are considered to be the culprits for the apparent growing prevalence of AMR and its impacts. Concern about the rise in prevalence of microbial infections that are resistant to therapeutic agents designed to kill them has arisen almost exclusively in relation to human health. (Public awareness and concern about antihelmintic resistance, for which the impacts are much more substantial for animal health, at least in developed temperate countries, are trivial by comparison). Nevertheless, antimicrobial drugs have been, and are, widely used in animal health and production throughout the world, and the contribution of this diverse usage to the ‘global AMR problem’ has historically been controversial. There is growing acceptance, notwithstanding the limitations in causal understanding noted previously, of AMR as an ecological problem of competing populations of microorganisms experiencing both natural and anthropogenic selection pressures in compartments that transcend species and other boundaries. Typifying what is described as a ‘One Health’ problem, AMR is therefore considered to be most amenable to conjoint mitigation efforts in all compartments: i.e. interventions in human health, animal health, food and the environment in a coherent manner. In animals, this calls into question the motivations and practices for antimicrobial drug usage, the majority of which are justified on the basis of promoting animal health and welfare and securing a food supply for a growing human population. Not surprisingly, there are great differences in animal husbandry and food demand, and in availability, access and regulation of antimicrobial usage in animals, and in surveillance of AMR, which are likely to be starkest between developed and developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that the impacts of AMR, and the impacts of efforts to mitigate AMR that are directed to the ‘animal compartment’ of the ecosystem, will be felt equally across the world.
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Choiński, Mateusz, Mateusz Rogowski, Piotr Tynecki, Dries P. J. Kuijper, Marcin Churski, and Jakub W. Bubnicki. "A First Step Towards Automated Species Recognition from Camera Trap Images of Mammals Using AI in a European Temperate Forest." In Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84340-3_24.
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AbstractCamera traps are used worldwide to monitor wildlife. Despite the increasing availability of Deep Learning (DL) models, the effective usage of this technology to support wildlife monitoring is limited. This is mainly due to the complexity of DL technology and high computing requirements. This paper presents the implementation of the light-weight and state-of-the-art YOLOv5 architecture for automated labeling of camera trap images of mammals in the Białowieża Forest (BF), Poland. The camera trapping data were organized and harmonized using TRAPPER software, an open-source application for managing large-scale wildlife monitoring projects. The proposed image recognition pipeline achieved an average accuracy of 85% F1-score in the identification of the 12 most commonly occurring medium-size and large mammal species in BF, using a limited set of training and testing data (a total of 2659 images with animals).Based on the preliminary results, we have concluded that the YOLOv5 object detection and classification model is a fine and promising DL solution after the adoption of the transfer learning technique. It can be efficiently plugged in via an API into existing web-based camera trapping data processing platforms such as e.g. TRAPPER system. Since TRAPPER is already used to manage and classify (manually) camera trapping datasets by many research groups in Europe, the implementation of AI-based automated species classification will significantly speed up the data processing workflow and thus better support data-driven wildlife monitoring and conservation. Moreover, YOLOv5 has been proven to perform well on edge devices, which may open a new chapter in animal population monitoring in real-time directly from camera trap devices.
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Oonincx, Dennis G. A. B. "Environmental impact of insect rearing." In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0007.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the environmental impact of insect rearing. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from insects used as feed or food are discussed and data from life cycle assessments (LCAs) on commercially farmed insects are discussed per species. The relevance of the utilized feed on the environmental impact of insects and their derived products, including suggestions to lower this impact are also discussed. It is concluded that land use associated with insect production generally seems low, compared to conventional feed and food products. The EU (expressed as fossil fuel depletion) of insect production is often high compared to conventional products. To a large extent this is because several LCAs have been conducted for systems in temperate climates, which require extensive climate control.
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Hill, Richard W., Daniel J. Cavanaugh, and Margaret Anderson. "Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197553602.003.0034.
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This chapter covers the interplay of water, salts, and excretion of desert mammals in dry savannas. It details how oryxes and other species of medium-sized and large mammals can live in hot deserts or dry-savanna ecosystems. In dry savanna, water is a dominant controlling factor for biological processes. Thus, the large body size of some animals plays a physiological advantage in terms of water cost. The chapter then considers the dramatic adaptation of particular species, such as wildebeests adapting to walk on long treks to find water to reduce and water expenditure to void metabolic heat and the water-conserving mechanisms of oryxes.
Conference papers on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Straupe, Inga, and Alise Dimane. "THE CHANGES OF FOREST GROUND VEGETATION CAUSED BY GRAZING, LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s14.48.
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The aim of the research is to find out how the forest ground vegetation changes in forest pasture where wild horses are allowed to graze, and what impact their grazing in the forest have on the vegetation and how the situation changes in a forest stand where animals are allowed to graze and, in a forest, stand of the same type without grazing. So far forest pastures practically have not been studied, but forest management using animals especially in private forestry is becoming more and more relevant. Almost no similar study has been conducted in Latvia on the impact of large herbivores (wild horses) on forest ground vegetation. Forest stand is divided into two parts � one where the animals graze, the other behind the fence in the same forest stand where they are not grazed, so it is possible to objectively assess the changes between the two territories and how the ground vegetation changes under the influence of animals. The study compares changes between forest pasture and ungrazed forest area: the number, the occurrence and the projective coverage of plant species, as well as other vegetation indicators. It has been established that the ground cover of forest pastures does not differ significantly to compare with ungrazed forest area.
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Fruhner, Maik, and Heiko Tapken. "Towards Multi-Species Animal Re-Identification." In Computer Science Research Notes. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/csrn.3401.15.
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Animal Re-Identification (ReID) is a computer vision task that aims to retrieve a query individual from a gallery of known identities across different camera perspectives. It is closely related to the well-researched topic of Person ReID, but offers a much broader spectrum of features due to the large number of animal species. This raises research questions regarding domain generalization from persons to animals and across multiple animal species. In this paper, we present research on the adaptation of popular deep learning-based person ReID algorithms to the animal domain as well as their ability to generalize across species. We introduce two novel datasets for animal ReID. The first one contains images of 376 different wild common toads. The second dataset consists of various species of zoo animals. Subsequently, we optimize various ReID models on these datasets, as well as on 20 datasets published by others, with the objective of evaluating the performance of the models in a non-person domain. Our findings indicate that the domain generalization capabilities of OSNet AIN extend beyond the person ReID task, despite its comparatively small size. This enables us to investigate real-time animal ReID on live video data.
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Sakirin, Jakkawan, Thaniyaporn Rapeethasanaphong, and Parichat Maleewong. "Aquatic Animal Monitoring System." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209933-ms.
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Abstract Aquatic Animal Monitoring Systemis initiated as part of PTTEP's Ocean for Life strategy as we thrive in enhancing Ocean Health & Biodiversity Monitoring to ensure that PTTEP's offshore operations are friendly and safe to the surrounding environment and aquatic animals. The basis of the Aquatic Animal Monitoring Systemproject focuses on conservation survey and tracking of rare aquatic animals as well as marinebiodiversity. As part of the process, an underwater camera was installed on a jacket leg of PTTEP's platform to allow the video recording of underwater lives. The video footage was then analyzed by Artificial Intelligence (AI)software using an object detection method for determining the animal's categorization, then using machine learning algorithm for more accuracy. This concept can visualize aquatic animals around the platform and the surrounding environment. Moreover, the AI software can shorten the video by cutting off any non-life appearing period. Therefore, this technique can support a processor during the video analysis from the platform, contributing to a better work efficiency as it can save time, manpower, and most importantly cost. For the detection algorithm, all targets generatea large amount of data in the form of images with labels in order to train a software to memorize the target objects. The AI software was able to detect and identify nine species of aquatic animals which are fish, turtle, whale, dolphin, shark, seal, sea lion, stingray, and seahorse. With AI software in place, the video raw file can be shortened up to 85% by removing non-life periods in the original video and tracking only animal life in the video frame. This is a significant milestone for PTTEP in creating sustainable values to the ocean, which is considered as PTTEP's second home. Adopting artificial intelligence and machine learning technology to this project, it helps categorizing aquatic animal types and shorten a videofile. Moreover, it can save manpower and time.
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Tobaben, Eric J., Larry D. Martin, and Kenneth J. Fischer. "Determining the Natural Head Posture for Extant Animal Species Using Line-of-Sight From the Eyesocket and Optical Foramen." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80828.
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Understanding natural head posture in animals is improtant in interpreting their biomechanics and behavior. For extinct animals, natural posture cannot be directly determined from the fossil record. There have been few prior studies of animal line of sight and head posture. Most line of sight studies have focused on the breadth of binocular vision versus panoramic vision in relation to behavior (predator type or grazer, for instance) or the animals typical environment (open or cluttered) [1]. For head posture some have studied changes in cognition or the environment or related aspects like the eyeball orientation as head posture changes [2]. Still others have focused on the areas of the brain that control 3D head position [3]. However, none of these studies address a method to determine the natural head posture or angle. While there currently is no definitive way to determine natural head angle in extinct animals, it seems reasonable to assume that the natural head posture would place the line of sight in the horizontal plane for most species. Therefore, we hypothesized that the opening for the optical (the optical foremen) and the eye socket structure itself can be used to accurately determine the natural head posture for a large portion of extant and extinct animal species. Specifically, if the skull is oriented such that the plane of sight (the plane common to both lines of sight) is horizontal, then the skull will be in the natural posture. If this hypothesis is shown to be valid, it will provide naturalists a reliable tool to determine the natural head posture (head angle) of extinct animals. The objective of this study was to test the above hypothesis on animals in the Felidae (cats).
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Shafer, Michael W., and Eric Morgan. "Energy Harvesting for Marine-Wildlife Monitoring." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7630.
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Bio-logging devices are systems mounted to an animal that measure parameters associated with the animal or its environment. These devices date back to the 1930’s in their simplest form, while modern devices use suites of digital sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless data communication. Despite these advances, there has always been a fundamental relationship between power consumption and the amount of science that can be conducted. There are now a number of commercially available devices that use solar cells to supplement their daily energy budget, but supplemental solar power is not useful for species that are nocturnal, subterranean, aquatic, or spend significant time beneath dense forest canopies. As such, there have been calls from the marine biology community for devices that could harvest power from their environments. For these marine species, alternative energy harvesting techniques are required. Here we explore a new application for energy harvesting as a power source for marine wildlife bio-logging tags. Marine animals cover wide swaths of the ocean, making tracking and data collection challenging. Tagging these animals with devices that track their location and/or collect data about the animal or its surroundings require large batteries and have limited life spans due to high power requirements for satellite data relays. With limited solar irradiance at depth making solar power less attractive, we review and explore other forms of energy that could be harvested, such as energy from fluid flow and hydrostatic pressure cycles. We investigate the energy potential from a number of sources and compare these values with the requirements of current bio-logging systems to assess required transduction efficiencies. The application of energy harvesting on animal tags could result in nearly indefinite life systems allowing for data collection from a single animal over the course of many years.
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Tran, Phat L., Valerie M. Merkle, Tracy DeCook, et al. "Platelet Activity State in Human, Bovine, and Ovine Species Under Constant Shear Stress: A Comparative Study." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14825.
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Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices, such as the total artificial heart and ventricular assist devices, are employed as bridge-to-transplant or destination therapies for advanced heart failure.[1] Recipients of these life-saving MCS devices have to endure life-long antiplatelet regimens to counteract thromboembolic events resulting from exposure of platelets to high shear stress. Often, large animal models, i.e. bovine and ovine, have been utilized to evaluate the performance and blood compatibility of these cardiovascular devices. Therefore, understanding and correlating the interspecies differences of platelet reactivity is crucial in optimizing the design of MCS devices.
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Vollrath, Fritz, Fujia Chen, and David Porter. "Silks and Their Composites." In Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Oxford 2009, edited by S. J. I’Anson. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2009.3.1355.
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Silks make not only interesting natural materials but also, in the context of their use by the animals that produce them, fascinating natural composites. Importantly, the material properties of a silk depend not only on the chemistry and subsequent folding pattern of the silk protein themselves but also on the hierarchical structure of the poly-protein fibre. Both, in turn, depend to a large extend on the conditions under which a fibre has been spun and thus depend on the animal’s spinning behaviour. Not surprisingly, this gives the animal a high degree of flexibility in which to use its materials. And, if the materials (and typically silks are multi-faceted) are integrated into structures, then those too can have a range of ultimate properties, depending on the animal’s building behaviour. As both materials and structures have evolved over hundreds of millions of years, much can be gleaned and learned concerning highly adapted and often optimized structure-property-function relationships on the material level as well as on the composite level. Individual silk fibres can range in diameter from 20 to 7000 nm depending on species, animal size, silk type and spinning conditions. The hierarchical structure of a silk fibre can range from very simple to complex i.e. a singular filament consisting of its molecular chains folded into regions with differing degrees of order to, respectively, bundles of filaments aggregated and layered into fibre-ropes and covered with coatings of specialist compounds [1]. Presented here are two very different silk fibre and composite types: the many silks and light-weight webs of spiders and the singular silk and solid cocoon of lepidopteran “silkworm” larvae.
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Abaid, Nicole, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Topological Analysis of Numerosity-Constrained Social Networks." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4099.
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In this study, we present a class of directed graphs with bounded degree sequences, which embodies the physical phenomenon of numerosity found in the collective behavior of large animal groups. Behavioral experiments show that an animal’s perception of number is capped by a critical limit, above which an individual perceives a nonspecific “many”. This species-dependent limit plays a pivotal role in the decision making process of large groups, such as fish schools and bird flocks. Here, we consider directed graphs whose edges model information-sharing between individual vertices. We incorporate the numerosity phenomenon as a critical limit on the intake of information by bounding the degree sequence and include the variability of cognitive processes by using a random variable in the network construction. We analytically compute measures of the expected structure of this class of graphs based on cycles, clustering, and sorting among vertices. Theoretical results are verified with numerical simulation.
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Tirziu, Emil, Ioan Banatean-Dunea, Ileana Nichita, Ionela Hotea, and Iulia-Maria Bucur. "RESEARCH REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AT BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM AQUACULTURE FISHES." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.26.
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The antibiotic resistance is a well-researched and of great interest subject for both veterinary and human medicine, not only due to the impact on human and animal health, but also for the effects that are triggered in the long run that are hard to specify at this moment. It is unanimously recognized the fact that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance phenomenon reduces the possibility of a large scale use of bacterial etiology diseases preventing and controlling means In the study was aimed both the isolation and identification of some bacterial species present in fishes from aquaculture farms, as well as the determination of the resistance degree to the main antibacterial substances of these isolated bacterial strains identified from the aquatic environment. The research was made on fish farms for the intensive growth of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), species raised for consumption. The laboratory tests were performed using Vitek2 Compact equipment, used both to identify the isolated bacterial species, as well as to test their resistance to antimicrobial agents. The assays for antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on seven out of ten bacterial strains isolated at a higher frequency. The research showed that there was a higher antimicrobial resistance in Sphingomonas paucimobilis, at 4 out of 17 antimicrobial substances under study and in Rhizobium radiobacter at 5 antimicrobial substances.
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Dreher, Rachel, Ryan Power, and Binil Starly. "Biofabrication of Multi-Material 3D Neural Constructs Embedded With Patterned PC12 Neural Cell Lines." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14249.
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In Vitro models are being used as a bridge between animal and human studies. Being able to reproduce specific tissue-like structures, functions and responses in a way that is more physiologically relevant allows for huge advantages for tissue engineering, pharmaco-toxicology and food research. These systems are not designed to be directly implanted into patients, but can be used to study human tissue physiology and pathophysiology in vitro. In vitro models are based on human cells, which can capture the responses of the human body, particularly those that are species specific. Models of tissues and organs can give enhanced predictive power, particularly for large-scale screening assays and to understand complex disease pathology.
Reports on the topic "Large Animal Species"
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Huijser, Marcel, E. R. Fairbank, and K. S. Paul. Best Practices Manual to Reduce Animal-Vehicle Collisions and Provide Habitat Connectivity for Wildlife. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.2.
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The goal for this manual is to provide practical information for the implementation of mitigation measures that aim to: 1. Improve human safety through reducing collisions with large animals, including large wild mammal species, select free roaming large feral species, and select free roaming large livestock species, and 2. Improve or maintain habitat connectivity for terrestrial wildlife species and selected feral species through safe crossing opportunities. This manual does not include all possible measures that can or may reduce animal-vehicle collisions and maintain or improve habitat connectivity for wildlife. The measures included in this manual are: Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large wild mammals and for small wild animal species), roadside animal detection system, Barriers (fences), Barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for free roaming livestock), and culling, relocation, anti-fertility treatment, roadside animal detection systems, barriers (fences), and barriers (fences) in combination with crossing structures (for large feral mammal species such as feral horses and burros).
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Davis, Austin. Overview of a rapid discrete infrared acquisition system and method for automated behavioral analysis of multiple emissive objects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2025. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49564.
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Many animal species form congregations on the landscape. These concentrations of animals provide an opportunity for biologists to conduct efficient population monitoring efforts. While general use of these sites is easy to document, continual monitoring is often problematic due to limited resources (time, expertise, etc.), potential for human disturbance on animal population and behavior, and an inability to determine an accurate assessment of counts. To allow for accurate and efficient assessment of animal numbers and usage of an area, an automated technology has been developed to monitor and characterize large animal concentrations. This automated technology provides information on population size, movement behavior characteristics, and other behavioral aspects of the target species.
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Huijser, M. P., Robert J. Ament, M. Bell, et al. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Pooled Fund Study – Literature Review. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.12.
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This report contains a summary of past research and new knowledge about the effectiveness of mitigation measures aimed at reducing animal-vehicle collisions and at providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. The measures are aimed at terrestrial large bodied wild mammal species, free roaming large livestock species (e.g. cattle, horses), free roaming large feral species (e.g. “wild” horses and burros), and small animal species (amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals). While mitigation is common, it is best to follow a three-step approach: avoidance, mitigation, and compensation or “off-site” mitigation. If reducing collisions with large wild mammals is the only objective, the most effective measures include roadside animal detection systems, wildlife culling, wildlife relocation, anti-fertility treatments, wildlife barriers (fences),and wildlife fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures. If the objectives also include maintaining or improving connectivity for large wild mammals, then wildlife barriers (fences) in combination with wildlife crossing structures are most effective. Measures for large domestic mammal species are largely similar, though for free roaming livestock there are legal, moral and ethical issues. For small animal species, temporary or permanent road closure and road removal are sometimes implemented, but barriers in combination with crossing structures are the most common.
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Ament, Rob, Marcel Huijser, and Dana May. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Cost Effective Solutions - Final Report. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.1.4.
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Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) are a significant component of overall crashes in the US and Canada. Roads and their traffic also create partial or total barriers to the movement of wildlife, both large and small. There are several well-studied proven mitigation measures that significantly reduce WVCs, provide for safe animal passage across roads, and maintain habitat connectivity. Highly effective measures, such as overpasses and underpasses with fencing can reduce large animal WVCs by over 80% – 100% on average; yet these structures can be costly and there is room for improvement in their design, the use of new materials, adding elements that improve their use by smaller animal species, such as reptiles and amphibians and improving their cost effectiveness. This Transportation Pooled Fund Study, TPF-5(358) (TPF Study), allowed researchers to evaluate the latest information on the effectiveness of 24 different highway mitigation measures designed to decrease collisions with large wildlife, large feral and domestic animals. Also reviewed were these same measures’ ability to protect small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from collisions. The TPF Study also explored the effectiveness of the 24 measures ability to maintain or enhance habitat connectivity. It conducted 11 different research projects that variously explored a) the costs and benefits of animal-vehicle collisions and the mitigation measures that seek to reduce them, b) the ecological effectiveness of various mitigation measures, and 3) new designs for crossing structures for a variety of species. The project developed a manual of best practices and concluded with a final report.
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Shrestha, Tanuja, Mir A. Matin, Vishwas Chitale, and Samuel Thomas. Exploring the potential of deep learning for classifying camera trap data: A case study from Nepal - working paper. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1016.
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Data from camera trap networks provide crucial information on various important aspects of wildlife presence, movement, and behaviour. However, manual processing of large volumes of images captured is time and resource intensive. This study explores three different approaches of deep learning methods to detect and classify images of key animal species collected from the ICIMOD Knowledge Park at Godavari, Nepal. It shows that transfer learning with ImageNet pretrained models (A1) can be used to detect animal species with minimal model training and testing. These methods when scaled up offer tremendous scope for quicker and informed conflict management actions, including automated response, which can help minimise human wildlife conflict management costs across countries in the region.
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Huijser, Marcel P., and Matthew A. Bell. Identification and prioritization of road sections with a relatively high concentration of large wild mammal-vehicle collisions in Gallatin County, Montana, USA. Western Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1727734814.
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The primary objective of this project is to identify and prioritize the road sections in Gallatin County that have a relatively high concentration of collisions involving large wild mammals. These road sections may then later be evaluated for potential future mitigation measures aimed at 1. Reducing collisions with large wild mammals, and 2. Providing safe passage across roads for large wild mammals, as well as other wildlife species in the area. We acquired the 3 datasets related to large wild mammal-vehicle collisions in Gallatin County: 1. Wildlife-vehicle crash data collected by law enforcement personnel, 2. Carcass removal data collected by road maintenance personnel; and 3. Grizzly bear road mortality data by the U.S. Geological Survey. The carcass removal data and grizzly bear road mortality data were merged into one carcass database. We conducted separate analyses for the crash data and the carcass data. We conducted two different types of analyses to identify and prioritize road sections with the highest number of wildlife-vehicle crashes and carcasses: 1. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis that identifies road sections with the highest concentration of collisions, and 2. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identifies road sections that have statistically significant spatial clusters of collisions. There was great similarity between the hotspots identified through the Kernel Density Estimation analyses for 2008-2022 and 2018-2022 for both the crash and carcass removal data. The same was true for the Getis-Ord Gi* analyses. Especially sections of I-90 and US Hwy 191 between I-90 through Four Corners to the mouth of Gallatin Canyon had the highest concentration of wild animal crashes and large wild animal carcasses. Based on the Getis-Ord Gi* analyses, these road sections generally had concentrations of crashes and carcasses that were significantly higher than expected should the crashes and carcasses have been randomly distributed. In other words, these road sections do not only have the highest concentration of crashes and carcasses, but the identification of these road sections is not based on coincidence. These road sections have a concentration of crashes and carcasses that is beyond random.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Huijser, MP, J. W. Duffield, C. Neher, A. P. Clevenger, and T. Mcguire. Final Report 2022: Update and expansion of the WVC mitigation measures and their cost-benefit model. Nevada Department of Transportation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2022.10.
Full textAbstract:
This report contains an update and an expansion of a cost-benefit model for wildlife-vehicle collisions and associated mitigation measures along highways, that was originally calculated in 2007 US$ and published in 2009. The direct cost values (vehicle repair, human injuries, human fatalities) were updated for deer, elk, and moose, and expanded by including additional species: gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), and free ranging or feral domesticated species including cattle, horse, and burro. The costs associated with collisions were also expanded by including passive use, or nonuse values associated with the conservation value of selected wild animal species. The total costs (in 2020 US$) associated with a collision with deer, elk and moose were about 2-3 times (direct costs only) or about 3-4 times higher (direct costs and passive use values combined) compared to the values in 2007 US$. The passive use costs associated with threatened species (wolf, grizzly bear) were higher or much higher than the direct costs. The costs associated with mitigation measures (especially fences and wildlife crossing structures) were also updated and supplemented with new data. New cost-benefit analyses generated updated or entirely new threshold values for deer, elk, moose, and grizzly bear. If collisions with these large wild mammal species reach or surpass the threshold values, it is economically defensible to install the associated type and combination of mitigation measures, both based on direct use and passive use parameters and their associated values. The trend in increasing costs associated with vehicle repair costs, costs associated with human injuries and fatalities, and through including passive use values for wildlife is that we learn that the implementation of effective mitigation measures can be considered earlier and more readily than based on the cost-benefit model published in 2009.
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Kull, Kathleen, Craig Young, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, Lloyd Morrison, and Michael DeBacker. Problematic plant monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 2.0. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293355.
Full textAbstract:
Problematic species, which include invasive, exotic, and harmful species, fragment native ecosystems, displace native plants and animals, and alter ecosystem function. In National Parks, such species negatively affect park resources and visitor enjoyment by altering landscapes and fire regimes, reducing native plant and animal habitat, and increasing trail maintenance needs. Recognizing these challenges, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network parks identified problematic plants as the highest-ranking vital sign across the network. Given the need to provide early detection of potential problematic plants (ProPs) and the size of network parks, the Heartland I&M Network opted to allocate available sampling effort to maximize the area searched. With this approach and the available sampling effort in mind, we developed realistic objectives for the ProP monitoring protocol. The monitoring objectives are: 1. Create a watch list of ProPs known to occur in network parks and a watch list of potential ProPs that may invade network parks in the future, and occasionally update these two lists as new information is made available. 2. Provide early detection monitoring for all ProPs on the watch lists. 3. Search at least 0.75% and up to 40% of the reference frame for ProP occurrences in each park. 4. Estimate/calculate and report the abundance and frequency of ProPs in each park. 5. To the extent possible, identify temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of ProPs known to occur in network parks. ProP watch lists are developed using the best available and most relevant state, regional, and national exotic plant lists. The lists are generated using the PriorityDB database. We designed the park reference frames (i.e., the area to be monitored) to focus on accessible natural and restored areas. The field methods vary for small parks and large parks, defined as parks with reference frames less than and greater than 350 acres (142 ha), respectively. For small parks, surveyors make three equidistant passes through polygon search units that are approximately 2-acres (0.8 ha) in size. For large parks, surveyors record each ProP encountered along 200-m or 400-m line search units. The cover of each ProP taxa encountered in search units is estimated using the following cover scale: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.1-0.9 m2, 2 = 1-9.9 m2, 3 = 10-49.9 m2, 4 = 50-99.9 m2, 5 = 100-499.9 m2, 6 = 499.9-999.9 m2, and 7 = 1,000-4,999.9 m2. The field data are managed in the FieldDB database. Monitoring is scheduled to revisit most parks every four years. The network will report the results to park managers and superintendents after completing ProP monitoring.
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Spence, John, Ken Hyde, and Vanessa Glynn-Linaris. 1995–2017 analysis of vegetation change using NDVI data at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299497.
Full textAbstract:
This Focused Condition Assessment examines the impacts of the recent 2000–2020 long-term drought on the vegetation and soils of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (GLCA). With support from the NASA DEVELOP Program, summer (June–August) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from 1995 to 2017 (excluding 2012 which was not available), measuring greenness and phenology in the vegetation, were analyzed for two periods. The first period from 1995–1999 included the pre-drought period, when precipitation was average to above average. Most years of the second period, 2000–2020, were drier than average as part of the severe drought that began in late 1999 and has continued to present (Lukas and Payton 2020). The NDVI values included mean values and were analyzed for 42 soil units, 20 associated NRCS Ecological Sites (ecosites), and the 10 most widespread vegetation alliances derived from the GLCA vegetation classification. Unvegetated rock outcrops, other exposed bedrock areas, and cliffs, which are extensive in GLCA, were not included. With the exception of some riparian areas, mean NDVI values for all upland soils, ecosites and alliances declined from pre-drought conditions. The areas showing the largest declines were clay soils, shallow sandy loam and other shallow soils and associated ecosites and alliances. Talus vegetation and mid- to upper elevation pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands showed the smallest declines. Deeper sandy and sandy loam sites showed intermediate declines. Particularly large declines occurred in shallow soil arid sites dominated by shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) and other saltbush species. Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), one of the dominant species in the park, showed moderate declines, primarily on shallower soils. No evidence for widespread death in either blackbrush or pinyon-juniper woodlands were noted, although recent severe drought and a weakened Arizona Monsoon since 2018 may be causing impacts to the woodland species. Relationships with livestock grazing are also examined, based on data collected on long-term monitoring plots established between 2008 and 2020. There is evidence that areas with intensive livestock grazing have shown larger declines than ungrazed areas, but these impacts need to be explored more fully at the local allotment and pasture level, and correlated with actual grazing animal unit months (AUM)’s. Several management recommendations are made, including additional plot-based long-term monitoring, exploration of cultural resource inventories and erodible soils, how these observed changes can affect livestock grazing management decisions in the park, and further exploration using NDVI data from 2018 and forward.