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1
Mera, Usman Muhammed, Abubakar Musa Mayaki, and Abdulrahman Abdullahi Gambo. "COMPARISON BETWEEN RECTAL AND BODY SURFACE TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY DIGITAL AND NON-CONTACT INFRARED THERMOMETER IN SOME LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 7, no. 8 (2019): 62–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3379836.
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This study was carried out to compare the digital rectal (DR) thermometer with non-contact infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements at two locations on the face in some large animal species. Two hundred and forty (240) animals comprising of equal numbers of three species (cattle, camel and horses) of varying age and either sex was used. The IR temperature was taken from two sites [frontal (FIRT) and temporal (TIRT) region] on the animal face. The mean IR temperatures (FIRT and TIRT) were higher than the RT in all the animal species. The two thermometers correlate poorly in all the animal species. Bland-Altman analysis showed high biases and limits of agreement not acceptable for clinical purposes. In conclusion, IRT seems to offer a quick and easy way to determine the animal temperature but clinically it cannot be used interchangeably with DR thermometer at the moment for body temperature measurement in these animal species.
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Dyer, Alexander, Ulrich Brose, Emilio Berti, Benjamin Rosenbaum, and Myriam R. Hirt. "The travel speeds of large animals are limited by their heat-dissipation capacities." PLOS Biology 21, no. 4 (2023): e3001820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001820.
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Movement is critical to animal survival and, thus, biodiversity in fragmented landscapes. Increasing fragmentation in the Anthropocene necessitates predictions about the movement capacities of the multitude of species that inhabit natural ecosystems. This requires mechanistic, trait-based animal locomotion models, which are sufficiently general as well as biologically realistic. While larger animals should generally be able to travel greater distances, reported trends in their maximum speeds across a range of body sizes suggest limited movement capacities among the largest species. Here, we show that this also applies to travel speeds and that this arises because of their limited heat-dissipation capacities. We derive a model considering how fundamental biophysical constraints of animal body mass associated with energy utilisation (i.e., larger animals have a lower metabolic energy cost of locomotion) and heat-dissipation (i.e., larger animals require more time to dissipate metabolic heat) limit aerobic travel speeds. Using an extensive empirical dataset of animal travel speeds (532 species), we show that this allometric heat-dissipation model best captures the hump-shaped trends in travel speed with body mass for flying, running, and swimming animals. This implies that the inability to dissipate metabolic heat leads to the saturation and eventual decrease in travel speed with increasing body mass as larger animals must reduce their realised travel speeds in order to avoid hyperthermia during extended locomotion bouts. As a result, the highest travel speeds are achieved by animals of intermediate body mass, suggesting that the largest species are more limited in their movement capacities than previously anticipated. Consequently, we provide a mechanistic understanding of animal travel speed that can be generalised across species, even when the details of an individual species’ biology are unknown, to facilitate more realistic predictions of biodiversity dynamics in fragmented landscapes.
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Binderup, Tina, Raphaël Duivenvoorden, Francois Fay, et al. "Imaging-assisted nanoimmunotherapy for atherosclerosis in multiple species." Science Translational Medicine 11, no. 506 (2019): eaaw7736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7736.
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Nanomedicine research produces hundreds of studies every year, yet very few formulations have been approved for clinical use. This is due in part to a reliance on murine studies, which have limited value in accurately predicting translational efficacy in larger animal models and humans. Here, we report the scale-up of a nanoimmunotherapy from mouse to large rabbit and porcine atherosclerosis models, with an emphasis on the solutions we implemented to overcome production and evaluation challenges. Specifically, we integrated translational imaging readouts within our workflow to both analyze the nanoimmunotherapeutic’s in vivo behavior and assess treatment response in larger animals. We observed our nanoimmunotherapeutic’s anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice, as well as rabbits and pigs. Nanoimmunotherapy-mediated reduction of inflammation in the large animal models halted plaque progression, supporting the approach’s translatability and potential to acutely treat atherosclerosis.
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Hildebrand, SV, and JA Bolich. "Clinical use of atracurium in large animal species." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 29, no. 2 (2002): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_27.x.
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Gad, Shayne C. "Large Animal Toxicology: Introduction and General Principles." International Journal of Toxicology 19, no. 2 (2000): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158100224944.
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Large animal toxicity studies, also called nonrodent studies, are very different from rodent (rat, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit) studies in significant ways. The differences between the two study types, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each, are evaluated in detail. Also examined are causes for selecting specific species, regulatory requirements for using nonrodent species, and an overview of major species characteristics for dogs, primates, pigs, and ferrets.
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Kaul, Rahul, Hilaluddin, J. S. Jandrotia, and Philip J. K. McGowan. "Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Indian western Himalaya." Oryx 38, no. 4 (2004): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000808.
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We conducted a survey in the western Himalaya of India to assess animal extraction patterns. Data on animal species and their extraction patterns, their importance to the respondents, and reasons and methods of hunting were collected using structured questionnaires. Twenty-three species of large mammals and Galliformes were present in the area, 18 of which were hunted around at least one village. Of special concern were several threatened species that were hunted around most villages were they occurred, although the impact of removal on wild populations is not clear. The main reason for hunting was to supplement animal protein, although some animals were also killed for sale of meat and their parts. The establishment of community-managed forests has not had an impact on extraction rates. Assessment of the impact of hunting on the threatened species in particular is urgently required.
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Wood, Sarah, and Sarah Long. "Large animal dermatology: common cases." Livestock 29, no. 1 (2024): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2024.29.1.30.
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Dermatological presentations are common across farm animal species. This article uses case reports from first opinion ambulatory practice to illustrate common presentations. For each the case background and presenting signs are described, alongside the approach to the case, and the considerations regarding management and treatment options. With application of a logical approach to a case, and consideration of the equipment required for ambulatory vets to appropriately work up such cases, farm animal practitioners can successfully manage these cases, ensuring an optimal outcome for client and herd.
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Winkler, Paige A., Laurence M. Occelli, and Simon M. Petersen-Jones. "Large Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degenerations: A Review." Cells 9, no. 4 (2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040882.
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Studies utilizing large animal models of inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) have proven important in not only the development of translational therapeutic approaches, but also in improving our understanding of disease mechanisms. The dog is the predominant species utilized because spontaneous IRD is common in the canine pet population. Cats are also a source of spontaneous IRDs. Other large animal models with spontaneous IRDs include sheep, horses and non-human primates (NHP). The pig has also proven valuable due to the ease in which transgenic animals can be generated and work is ongoing to produce engineered models of other large animal species including NHP. These large animal models offer important advantages over the widely used laboratory rodent models. The globe size and dimensions more closely parallel those of humans and, most importantly, they have a retinal region of high cone density and denser photoreceptor packing for high acuity vision. Laboratory rodents lack such a retinal region and, as macular disease is a critical cause for vision loss in humans, having a comparable retinal region in model species is particularly important. This review will discuss several large animal models which have been used to study disease mechanisms relevant for the equivalent human IRD.
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Kuczaj, S., K. Tranel, M. Trone, and H. Hill. "Are Animals Capable of Deception or Empathy? Implications for Animal Consciousness and Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 10, S1 (2001): S161—S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023599.
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AbstractAwareness of the self and awareness of others are difficult faculties to define. Part of the problem lies in the wide range of abilities that involve various aspects of awareness. Some of the most commonly studied abilities focus on the self-awareness of the individual. These abilities range from the capacity to distinguish self from non-self to the competency to reflect on one's past, present or future condition. Another set of abilities that is relevant to the study of awareness involves the interactions of individuals, and includes behaviours such as deception and empathy. We explore the possibility that species other than humans engage in deception and empathy, and consider the implications of such behaviours for self-awareness and other-awareness in these species. Although examples from a variety of species are provided, many examples come from dolphins and whales. This reflects both the authors’ interest in these animals and the possibility that large-brained creatures are more likely to engage in deliberate deception and/or true empathy.
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Tondato, F., L. Rougée, G. K. Ostrander, M. Ungs, and M. M. Mower. "259 EFFECTS OF BIPHASIC PACING IN LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." Journal of Investigative Medicine 54, no. 1 (2006): S302.4—S302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.258.
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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, and Filippo Fratini. "Leptospira Infections in Domestic and Wild Animals." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (2020): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070573.
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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as the reservoir for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contacts between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this Special Issue have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in the leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.
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Muhammed, Mera Usman, Mayaki Abubakar Musa, and Gambo Abdulrahman Abdullahi. "COMPARISON BETWEEN RECTAL AND BODY SURFACE TEMPERATURES OBTAINED BY DIGITAL AND NON-CONTACT INFRARED THERMOMETER IN SOME LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.639.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to compare the digital rectal (DR) thermometer with non-contact infrared thermometer (IRT) measurements at two locations on the face in some large animal species. Two hundred and forty (240) animals comprising of equal numbers of three species (cattle, camel and horses) of varying age and either sex was used. The IR temperature was taken from two sites [frontal (FIRT) and temporal (TIRT) region] on the animal face. The mean IR temperatures (FIRT and TIRT) were higher than the RT in all the animal species. The two thermometers correlate poorly in all the animal species. Bland-Altman analysis showed high biases and limits of agreement not acceptable for clinical purposes. In conclusion, IRT seems to offer a quick and easy way to determine the animal temperature but clinically it cannot be used interchangeably with DR thermometer at the moment for body temperature measurement in these animal species.
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Werner, Yehudah L., Petar G. Igić, Merav Seifan, and James C. Saunders. "Effects of age and size in the ears of gekkonomorph lizards: middle-ear sensitivity." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 20 (2002): 3215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.20.3215.
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SUMMARY Previous studies of electrophysiological audiograms in gekkonomorph lizards revealed greater sensitivity in adults than in juveniles. We investigated whether this difference, as far as it is affected by the middle ear, is due to animal age or size. The velocity transfer function of the tympanic membrane(TM) was examined using laser interferometry in nine samples: adults of three large gekkonomorph species, adults of three small species (each related to one of the former), and juveniles of the large species, their sizes matching those of the small-species adults. Each transfer function exhibited an inverted `V'or `U' shape, with the velocity of TM motion peaking in the mid-frequency range and becoming poorer at lower and higher frequencies. Among samples,maximum TM velocity correlated with animal length, perhaps because of a damping change in the larger TM. The frequency at maximum velocity negatively correlated with measurements of TM area. Presumably, with a larger TM area,the best frequency shifted downward because of increased middle-ear mass or decreased stiffness. The bandwidth of the transfer function negatively correlated with animal length, being broader in smaller animals and sharper in larger animals. This effect can be attributed to increased mass, decreased damping, or both. Among the middle-ear morphological measurements, the one most closely correlated with body length was the length of the extracolumellar anchorage at the TM. Among the physiological variables investigated, maximum velocity was negatively correlated with the frequency at which it occurred. The dependence of these transfer function variables on animal and ear size was similar, regardless of whether the comparison was among adults of species of different sizes, or among age classes within a species, so that age differences appear to be largely the result of size differences.
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Vilahur, Gemma, Teresa Padro, and Lina Badimon. "Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis: Insights from Large Animal Models." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/907575.
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Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications are responsible for remarkably high numbers of deaths. The combination ofin vitro, ex vivo, andin vivoexperimental approaches has largely contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the atherothrombotic process. Indeed, different animal models have been implemented in atherosclerosis and thrombosis research in order to provide new insights into the mechanisms that have already been outlined in isolated cells and protein studies. Yet, although no model completely mimics the human pathology, large animal models have demonstrated better suitability for translation to humans. Indeed, direct translation from mice to humans should be taken with caution because of the well-reported species-related differences. This paper provides an overview of the availableatherothrombotic-likeanimal models, with a particular focus on large animal models of thrombosis and atherosclerosis, and examines their applicability for translational research purposes as well as highlights species-related differences with humans.
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Bride, Ian. "Herpetofauna Pet-Keeping by Secondary School Students: Causes for Concern." Society & Animals 6, no. 1 (1998): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853098x00032.
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AbstractThis study of the patterns of the keeping of herpetofauna animals and associated animal welfare issues among secondary school pupils in the United Kingdom suggests that a large proportion of the animals kept as companion animals by this group are indigenous species. In comparison with purchased species, these captured animals, even those normally long-lived, appear to suffer a high rate of mortality. Relatively large numbers of escape- and food-related deaths among these animals imply that many are not furnished with suitable vivaria or adequate care. Traded reptile and amphibian species were reported to have been kept by nearly 40% of the students who said they had kept herpetofauna, and the proportions of most taxa reflected their availability in shops. Data concerning students' opinions about their own care-knowledge appeared to support the general conclusion that students have much to learn about keeping reptiles and amphibians. These findings are considered in relation to issues of animnl welfare and herpetofauna conservation. Their ramifications for school-based education about reptiles and amphibians are also discussed.
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Rivas-Alonso, Edith, Cristina Martínez-Garza, La Peña-Domene Marinés De, and Moisés Méndez-Toribio. "Large trees in restored tropical rainforest." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (June 12, 2021): 119563. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13424347.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Restoration interventions aim to accelerate forest recovery by skipping the early stages of succession where short-lived early-successional tree species dominate. Large trees (≥30 cm of Diameter at Breast Height [DBH]) provide ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage and acting as stepping stones for the movement of animals through the landscape. Here, we evaluated two mixtures of planted and, unplanted areas to figure out which restoration treatment was more successful in skipping the early stages of succession. For this, we measured forest structure of large trees in restoration settings after 10 years in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. In 2006, cattle grazing was excluded from 24 plots (30 × 30 m). Eight of those plots were planted with 12 wind-dispersed species, eight plots were planted with 12 animal-dispersed species (a total of 2,304 planted trees), and eight plots were left to undergo natural succession without plantings. Planted and naturally recruited trees have been assessed periodically since 2007. A total of 835 planted and naturally recruited trees of 45 species reached large size. Including all trees (planted and recruited), the richness and abundance of late-successional trees was higher in plantings than under natural succession while richness of large recruits of late-successional species was as higher in plantings as in natural succession. Also, including all trees, plantings of animal-dispersed species have higher richness and abundance of trees dispersed by bats and both bats and birds; while species and trees dispersed by birds were present equally at all treatments. Richness and abundance of bat-dispersed recruits were similar in plantings and natural succession while plantings of wind-dispersed species had higher bird-dispersed recruits. Composition heterogeneity, driven by natural recruitment, was largest for early-successional trees in natural succession. After 10 years, the first stages of succession (20–30 years) were skipped in plantings: plantings have higher abundance of large seeded late-successional species. For an overall increase in composition heterogeneity in permanent agricultural landscapes, we suggest establishing areas to undergo natural succession along with plantings that include a higher percentage of late-successional species with large seeds.
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Rivas-Alonso, Edith, Cristina Martínez-Garza, La Peña-Domene Marinés De, and Moisés Méndez-Toribio. "Large trees in restored tropical rainforest." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (June 7, 2021): 119563. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13424347.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Restoration interventions aim to accelerate forest recovery by skipping the early stages of succession where short-lived early-successional tree species dominate. Large trees (≥30 cm of Diameter at Breast Height [DBH]) provide ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage and acting as stepping stones for the movement of animals through the landscape. Here, we evaluated two mixtures of planted and, unplanted areas to figure out which restoration treatment was more successful in skipping the early stages of succession. For this, we measured forest structure of large trees in restoration settings after 10 years in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. In 2006, cattle grazing was excluded from 24 plots (30 × 30 m). Eight of those plots were planted with 12 wind-dispersed species, eight plots were planted with 12 animal-dispersed species (a total of 2,304 planted trees), and eight plots were left to undergo natural succession without plantings. Planted and naturally recruited trees have been assessed periodically since 2007. A total of 835 planted and naturally recruited trees of 45 species reached large size. Including all trees (planted and recruited), the richness and abundance of late-successional trees was higher in plantings than under natural succession while richness of large recruits of late-successional species was as higher in plantings as in natural succession. Also, including all trees, plantings of animal-dispersed species have higher richness and abundance of trees dispersed by bats and both bats and birds; while species and trees dispersed by birds were present equally at all treatments. Richness and abundance of bat-dispersed recruits were similar in plantings and natural succession while plantings of wind-dispersed species had higher bird-dispersed recruits. Composition heterogeneity, driven by natural recruitment, was largest for early-successional trees in natural succession. After 10 years, the first stages of succession (20–30 years) were skipped in plantings: plantings have higher abundance of large seeded late-successional species. For an overall increase in composition heterogeneity in permanent agricultural landscapes, we suggest establishing areas to undergo natural succession along with plantings that include a higher percentage of late-successional species with large seeds.
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Rivas-Alonso, Edith, Cristina Martínez-Garza, La Peña-Domene Marinés De, and Moisés Méndez-Toribio. "Large trees in restored tropical rainforest." Forest Ecology and Management 498 (June 19, 2021): 119563. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13424347.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Restoration interventions aim to accelerate forest recovery by skipping the early stages of succession where short-lived early-successional tree species dominate. Large trees (≥30 cm of Diameter at Breast Height [DBH]) provide ecosystem functions, such as carbon storage and acting as stepping stones for the movement of animals through the landscape. Here, we evaluated two mixtures of planted and, unplanted areas to figure out which restoration treatment was more successful in skipping the early stages of succession. For this, we measured forest structure of large trees in restoration settings after 10 years in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. In 2006, cattle grazing was excluded from 24 plots (30 × 30 m). Eight of those plots were planted with 12 wind-dispersed species, eight plots were planted with 12 animal-dispersed species (a total of 2,304 planted trees), and eight plots were left to undergo natural succession without plantings. Planted and naturally recruited trees have been assessed periodically since 2007. A total of 835 planted and naturally recruited trees of 45 species reached large size. Including all trees (planted and recruited), the richness and abundance of late-successional trees was higher in plantings than under natural succession while richness of large recruits of late-successional species was as higher in plantings as in natural succession. Also, including all trees, plantings of animal-dispersed species have higher richness and abundance of trees dispersed by bats and both bats and birds; while species and trees dispersed by birds were present equally at all treatments. Richness and abundance of bat-dispersed recruits were similar in plantings and natural succession while plantings of wind-dispersed species had higher bird-dispersed recruits. Composition heterogeneity, driven by natural recruitment, was largest for early-successional trees in natural succession. After 10 years, the first stages of succession (20–30 years) were skipped in plantings: plantings have higher abundance of large seeded late-successional species. For an overall increase in composition heterogeneity in permanent agricultural landscapes, we suggest establishing areas to undergo natural succession along with plantings that include a higher percentage of late-successional species with large seeds.
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Díaz, Rocío Alejandra, Verónica Sevillano, and Marcelo Hernán Cassini. "Do People Care about the Origin of Wildlife? The Role of Social Stereotypes on Public Preference for Exotic Animals." Animals 12, no. 17 (2022): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172160.
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People’s attitudes to animals are becoming increasingly important for the success of invasive species management. We asked college students from Argentina to fill a questionnaire that included a question about their favorite free-living animal. A total of 159 responses were obtained. Native species were significantly less preferred than non-native species. We tested if these preferences were associated with animal stereotypes. The stereotype hypothesis predicts that animals from the contemptible stereotype (invertebrate, rodents, and reptiles) should be the least preferred taxa, and animals from the protective stereotype (pets, horses, and primates) should be the most preferred taxa; animals from the subordination (lagomorphs and birds) and threatening–awe stereotype (large carnivores) should show intermediate preferences. The first prediction was supported. However, students showed significant preference for non-native taxa included in the threatening–awe stereotype. We proposed that people prefer large carnivores (stereotypically strong, intelligent, and beautiful animals) when they are exotic, because they did not represent a risk.
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Sun, Meiqi, Zhonghan Zhao, Wenhao Chai, et al. "UniAP: Towards Universal Animal Perception in Vision via Few-Shot Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 5 (2024): 5008–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i5.28305.
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Animal visual perception is an important technique for automatically monitoring animal health, understanding animal behaviors, and assisting animal-related research. However, it is challenging to design a deep learning-based perception model that can freely adapt to different animals across various perception tasks, due to the varying poses of a large diversity of animals, lacking data on rare species, and the semantic inconsistency of different tasks. We introduce UniAP, a novel Universal Animal Perception model that leverages few-shot learning to enable cross-species perception among various visual tasks. Our proposed model takes support images and labels as prompt guidance for a query image. Images and labels are processed through a Transformer-based encoder and a lightweight label encoder, respectively. Then a matching module is designed for aggregating information between prompt guidance and the query image, followed by a multi-head label decoder to generate outputs for various tasks. By capitalizing on the shared visual characteristics among different animals and tasks, UniAP enables the transfer of knowledge from well-studied species to those with limited labeled data or even unseen species. We demonstrate the effectiveness of UniAP through comprehensive experiments in pose estimation, segmentation, and classification tasks on diverse animal species, showcasing its ability to generalize and adapt to new classes with minimal labeled examples.
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Morris, Cheryl L. "93 Animal Based Ingredients in Diets for Captive Exotic Animals." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.141.
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Abstract Animal managers in zoological facilities are faced with unique challenges when feeding large collections of species. Few nutrient requirements of exotic species are known or established; therefore, diet formulation is a series of scientific extrapolations, mingled with an understanding of natural history of individual species. Goals of nutrition programs in zoos also include supporting behavioral diversity. This leads to the use of a wide variety of animal-based ingredients within zoo nutrition programs to support species across multiple taxa inclusive of amphibians, reptiles, avians, mammals and fish. Commonly used rendered protein ingredients such as fish meal and other meat meals are commonly used in extruded and processed diets developed for exotic species. For example, a commercially marketed extruded diet designed for cranes includes fish meal, porcine meat and bone meal and dried whey. An extruded diet for small exotic felids includes chicken meal, poultry by-product meal and fish meal. While these are commonly accepted animal-based ingredients across different animal industries, other animal protein ingredients are well-accepted in zoos and yet fail to reach general acceptance in other industries including pet food. Some of these common animal-based ingredients used in various zoo diets include insects, whole prey (rodents), raw meat (inclusive of horse and pork) and raw organ meats. These ingredients are often met with reluctance, misunderstanding, or dated information when applied to other animal industries. One example of dated information is the fear of using raw pork in relation to the risk of trichinella. The zoo nutrition industry may provide benefit to other animal industries when exploring opportunities to safely utilize and include novel animal-based ingredients in diet formulations.
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White, Jan, and Terrie Williams. "Saving Endangered Species in Major Oil Spill Cleanup Efforts." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (1991): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-221.
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ABSTRACT While wildlife rehabilitation efforts generally attempt to save as many animals as possible, working with rare or endangered species presents new challenges. Every single individual animal has increased significance, and, further, each one that dies may result in a large fine on the spiller. This paper focuses on the way in which treating rare or endangered animals differs from the usual “herd health medicine approach” used with more common species, and the costs associated with such an approach.
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Wang, Dongliang, Quanqin Shao, and Huanyin Yue. "Surveying Wild Animals from Satellites, Manned Aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs): A Review." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (2019): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111308.
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This article reviews studies regarding wild animal surveys based on multiple platforms, including satellites, manned aircraft, and unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), and focuses on the data used, animal detection methods, and their accuracies. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each type of remote sensing data and highlight some new research opportunities and challenges. Submeter very-high-resolution (VHR) spaceborne imagery has potential in modeling the population dynamics of large (>0.6 m) wild animals at large spatial and temporal scales, but has difficulty discerning small (<0.6 m) animals at the species level, although high-resolution commercial satellites, such as WorldView-3 and -4, have been able to collect images with a ground resolution of up to 0.31 m in panchromatic mode. This situation will not change unless the satellite image resolution is greatly improved in the future. Manned aerial surveys have long been employed to capture the centimeter-scale images required for animal censuses over large areas. However, such aerial surveys are costly to implement in small areas and can cause significant disturbances to wild animals because of their noise. In contrast, UAS surveys are seen as a safe, convenient and less expensive alternative to ground-based and conventional manned aerial surveys, but most UASs can cover only small areas. The proposed use of UAS imagery in combination with VHR satellite imagery would produce critical population data for large wild animal species and colonies over large areas. The development of software systems for automatically producing image mosaics and recognizing wild animals will further improve survey efficiency.
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Currie, David J. "Energy and Large-Scale Patterns of Animal- and Plant-Species Richness." American Naturalist 137, no. 1 (1991): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285144.
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Zhou, Meilun, Jared A. Elmore, Sathishkumar Samiappan, et al. "Improving Animal Monitoring Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) and Deep Learning Networks." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175697.
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In recent years, small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) have been used widely to monitor animals because of their customizability, ease of operating, ability to access difficult to navigate places, and potential to minimize disturbance to animals. Automatic identification and classification of animals through images acquired using a sUAS may solve critical problems such as monitoring large areas with high vehicle traffic for animals to prevent collisions, such as animal-aircraft collisions on airports. In this research we demonstrate automated identification of four animal species using deep learning animal classification models trained on sUAS collected images. We used a sUAS mounted with visible spectrum cameras to capture 1288 images of four different animal species: cattle (Bos taurus), horses (Equus caballus), Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We chose these animals because they were readily accessible and white-tailed deer and Canada Geese are considered aviation hazards, as well as being easily identifiable within aerial imagery. A four-class classification problem involving these species was developed from the acquired data using deep learning neural networks. We studied the performance of two deep neural network models, convolutional neural networks (CNN) and deep residual networks (ResNet). Results indicate that the ResNet model with 18 layers, ResNet 18, may be an effective algorithm at classifying between animals while using a relatively small number of training samples. The best ResNet architecture produced a 99.18% overall accuracy (OA) in animal identification and a Kappa statistic of 0.98. The highest OA and Kappa produced by CNN were 84.55% and 0.79 respectively. These findings suggest that ResNet is effective at distinguishing among the four species tested and shows promise for classifying larger datasets of more diverse animals.
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Bukhari, Syed S. U. H., Rebecca S. V. Parkes, Lynne U. Sneddon, and Alan G. McElligott. "The behavior and welfare of neglected species: some examples from fish and mammals." PeerJ 12 (March 28, 2024): e17149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17149.
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Animal welfare is the state of an animal’s body and mind and the level to which its requirements are satisfied. Animal welfare is affected by human decisions and actions. Numerous decisions concerning animals are driven by human desires to enhance their own lives, and some of these decisions may be influenced by self-interest or a strong emphasis on economic factors. How to assess the welfare state of animals is a central issue in animal welfare science. Two critical questions can be used to address animal welfare: first, is the animal healthy, and second, does the animal have what it needs? Both of these questions can potentially be answered using the study of animal behavior. The development of behavioral methodologies is crucial for evaluating welfare in contexts where concern for animal welfare is often highest, such as on intensive modern farms and sites where working animals are used. Herein, we discuss animal welfare by focusing on some of its major concepts and explanations. Later, to illustrate key aspects of animal welfare, we chose to examine the information that is available for some ‘neglected’ livestock species, which are commercially important on a global basis and found in large numbers: buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), camels (Camelus dromedarius), donkeys (Equus asinus), mules (Equus asinus × Equus caballus), and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). We chose these species because there are major ongoing concerns about their welfare, and more research is required to help solve the various problems. Overall, there are strong imbalances in terms of the species that are usually studied in terms of animal welfare research, and we call for greater attention to those that have traditionally been neglected.
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Weese, J. Scott. "Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile in animals." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 2 (2020): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719899081.
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Clostridium ( Clostridioides) difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is an important cause of disease in people, a variably important cause of disease in some animal species, and an apparently harmless commensal in others. Regardless of whether it is a known pathogen in a particular species, it can also be found in healthy individuals, sometimes at high prevalences and typically with higher rates of carriage in young individuals. As it is investigated in more animal species, it is apparent that this bacterium is widely disseminated in a diverse range of domestic and wild animal species. Although it can be found in most species in which investigations have been performed, there are pronounced intra- and inter-species differences in prevalence and clinical relevance. A wide range of strains can be identified, some that appear to be animal associated and others that are found in humans and animals. A large percentage of strains that cause disease in people can at least sporadically be found in animals. It is a potentially important zoonotic pathogen, but there is limited direct evidence of animal–human transmission. Although C. difficile has been studied extensively over the past few decades, it remains an enigmatic organism in many ways.
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Song, Luting, and Wen Wangs. "Genomes and evolutionary genomics of animals." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.87.
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Abstract Alongside recent advances and booming applications of DNA sequencing technologies, a great number of complete genome sequences for animal species are available to researchers. Hundreds of animals have been involved in whole genome sequencing, and at least 87 non-human animal species’ complete or draft genome sequences have been published since 1998. Based on these technological advances and the subsequent accumulation of large quantity of genomic data, evolutionary genomics has become one of the most rapidly advancing disciplines in biology. Scientists now can perform a number of comparative and evolutionary genomic studies for animals, to identify conserved genes or other functional elements among species, genomic elements that confer animals their own specific characteristics and new phenotypes for adaptation. This review deals with the current ge-nomic and evolutionary research on non-human animals, and displays a comprehensive landscape of genomes and the evolutionary genomics of non-human animals. It is very helpful to a better understanding of the biology and evolution of the myriad forms within the animal kingdom.
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Steckenreuter, Andre, Xavier Hoenner, Charlie Huveneers, et al. "Optimising the design of large-scale acoustic telemetry curtains." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 8 (2017): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16126.
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Broad-scale acoustic telemetry networks are being established worldwide. The 10-year anniversary of the Integrated Marine Observing System’s Animal Tracking Facility provided the opportunity to assess the efficiency of one of the first national-scale acoustic telemetry networks. Acoustic networks are comprised of acoustic receiver arrays that detect high-frequency transmitters attached to animals that pass within detection range. Herein we assessed the efficiency of eight curtains to detect passing animals by calculating the standardised mean number of detections and transmitters detected at each station. The aim was to determine how many receivers could be decommissioned from each curtain while maintaining its integrity (i.e. detection of all species passing the array). Pivotal locations were defined as the furthest station at which all species would still be detected and where at least 75% of the detections and transmitters would still be detected. By applying these criteria, we were able to improve the cost-effectiveness of our network significantly, reducing the number of stations from 132 to 85 (64% of the original network), yet still retaining 84% of total detections, 86% of transmitters and 100% of detected species. The present study provides a useful framework for refining acoustic telemetry networks.
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Karwa, Aniket. "Carnivorous Animal Detection Using AI & ML." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 5 (2025): 4103–7. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.71191.
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Carnivorous Animal Detection Project explores the application of deep Learning models, Specifically ResNet-50, for detection and classification of carnivorous animals in diverse ecological for the detection and classification of carnivorous animals in diverse ecological environments. Utilizing advanced computer vision techniques, the system automates the identification of species and their dietary habits, offering an efficient, scalable solution for wildlife monitoring and conservation. By leveraging large datasets of animal images, the model is trained to accurately distinguish between carnivorous and noncarnivorous species, enhancing the understanding of predator-prey dynamics. The system's real-time detection capability provides immediate insights, supporting conservation efforts, ecological research, and mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. Future improvements aim to expand the model's scope to include more species, refine detection accuracy, and integrate additional data modalities such as acoustic and thermal imaging. This project highlights the potential of AI-driven solutions to advance wildlife conservation, offering a robust tool for researchers and environmental organizations.
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Illig, Jens, Reinhard Langel, Roy A. Norton, Stefan Scheu, and Mark Maraun. "Where are the decomposers? Uncovering the soil food web of a tropical montane rain forest in southern Ecuador using stable isotopes (15N)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 5 (2005): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002646.
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Trophic relationships among animals, plants and microflora are the basis for the construction of terrestrial and aquatic food webs, but both the structure and dynamics of food webs remain contentious. Examples of issues include how the overall nutrient status of a system affects the number of trophic levels, whether trophic-level omnivory and intraguild predation are rare or important, if different animal species can be aggregated into functional groups according to their taxonomic affiliation, how large numbers of decomposer animal species can coexist and why there are so many parthenogenetic taxa in soil.
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Phillips, David J. "Activins, inhibins and follistatins in the large domestic species." Domestic Animal Endocrinology 28, no. 1 (2005): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.05.006.
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Sobolevskii, Vladislav, Leonid Kolpaschikov, Sophia Rosenfeld, and Vladimir Mikhailov. "Automated counting of large vertebrate species using AutoML technology." BIO Web of Conferences 139 (2024): 14010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202413914010.
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The purpose of the presented work is to develop an automation system for synthesizing models of automatic recognition of different animal species in photo and video images. The paper presents a system for recognizing and counting two large vertebrate species - reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and white-cheeked goose (Branta bernicla) on aerial images. The AutoGenNet recognition system is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) of Mask R-CNN architecture using the concept of automatic machine learning (AutoML). The created system is able to automate a number of stages of model creation for recognizing objects in images. In particular, the presented system utilizes transfer learning. This approach significantly reduces the amount of training data required. The CNN model is synthesized automatically based on the images marked up by AutoGenNet system. To learn the Mask R-CNN model and to test the recognition accuracy, we used the images of reindeer herds obtained during aerial surveys in Taimyr and the images of brant goose flocks taken in different regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. On average, the trained software correctly recognised 82% of reindeer on the test array. Correctly recognizable brant geese accounted for 65% across the entire data set tested. Considering that this model of different animal species recognition was created automatically, with minimal involvement of machine learning specialists, this result indicates the successful application of the AutoML approach.
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Ehrlich, Margot, Christopher Madden, Dillon S. McBride, et al. "Lack of SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Detection among a Convenience Sampling of Ohio Wildlife, Companion, and Agricultural Animals, 2020–2021." Animals 13, no. 16 (2023): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13162554.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in humans in late 2019 and spread rapidly, becoming a global pandemic. A zoonotic spillover event from animal to human was identified as the presumed origin. Subsequently, reports began emerging regarding spillback events resulting in SARS-CoV-2 infections in multiple animal species. These events highlighted critical links between animal and human health while also raising concerns about the development of new reservoir hosts and potential viral mutations that could alter the virulence and transmission or evade immune responses. Characterizing susceptibility, prevalence, and transmission between animal species became a priority to help protect animal and human health. In this study, we coalesced a large team of investigators and community partners to surveil for SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and free-ranging animals around Ohio between May 2020 and August 2021. We focused on species with known or predicted susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highly congregated or medically compromised animals (e.g., shelters, barns, veterinary hospitals), and animals that had frequent contact with humans (e.g., pets, agricultural animals, zoo animals, or animals in wildlife hospitals). This included free-ranging deer (n = 76 individuals), free-ranging mink (n = 57), multiple species of bats (n = 59), and other wildlife in addition to domestic cats (n = 275) and pigs (n = 184). In total, we tested 792 individual animals (34 species) via rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was not detected in any of the tested animals despite a major peak in human SARS-CoV-2 cases that occurred in Ohio subsequent to the peak of animal samplings. Importantly, we did not test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in this study, which limited our ability to assess exposure. While the results of this study were negative, the surveillance effort was critical and remains key to understanding, predicting, and preventing the re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans or animals.
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Băcescu, B., C. Vişoiu, and E. Catrina. "DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS IN LARGE FELINES FROM BUCHAREST ZOO." Slovak international scientific journal, no. 79 (January 10, 2024): 33–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10480876.
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The study was carried out on several animal species from the collection of the Bucharest Zoo in the period 2015-2020 and the evolution of parasitic infestations among others was studied. In the first phase, the rate of intestinal endoparasites was monitored in large felines, where the infestation rate was 41.6% in some cases, correlating with progressive weakening and digestive disorders. According to the results, Toxasacaris leonina infestation was prevalent especially in tigers.
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Defaye, Baptiste, Sara Moutailler, Vanina Pasqualini, and Yann Quilichini. "Distribution of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals and Their Ticks in the Countries of the Mediterranean Basin between 2000 and 2021: A Systematic Review." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (2022): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061236.
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Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) include a wide range of bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause a large spectrum of animal, human and zoonotic tick-borne diseases (TBDs). The object of this review was to establish an inventory and an analysis of TBPs found in domestic animals in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. This geographic area occupies a central position between several continents and is an area of movement for animals, humans and pathogens of interest and their vectors, which is important in terms of animal and human health. In this systematic review, we included a total of 271 publications produced between 2000–2021 concerning TBPs in domestic animals. Among this literature, we found a total of 90 pathogen species (known as TBPs) reported in the 20 countries of the area; these were detected in tick species from domestic animals and were also directly detected in domestic animals. In all, 31 tick species were recorded and 12 domestic animal species, the latter comprising nine livestock and three pet species. More than 50% of the publications were from Western Europe. Island data were extracted and assessed, as islands of the Mediterranean Basin were represented in 16% of the publications and 77.8% of the TBPs reported. Our results show the importance of islands in the monitoring of TBPs, despite the low percentage of publications.
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Eaton, Samantha L., Fraser Murdoch, Nina M. Rzechorzek, et al. "Modelling Neurological Diseases in Large Animals: Criteria for Model Selection and Clinical Assessment." Cells 11, no. 17 (2022): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11172641.
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Issue: The impact of neurological disorders is recognised globally, with one in six people affected in their lifetime and few treatments to slow or halt disease progression. This is due in part to the increasing ageing population, and is confounded by the high failure rate of translation from rodent-derived therapeutics to clinically effective human neurological interventions. Improved translation is demonstrated using higher order mammals with more complex/comparable neuroanatomy. These animals effectually span this translational disparity and increase confidence in factors including routes of administration/dosing and ability to scale, such that potential therapeutics will have successful outcomes when moving to patients. Coupled with advancements in genetic engineering to produce genetically tailored models, livestock are increasingly being used to bridge this translational gap. Approach: In order to aid in standardising characterisation of such models, we provide comprehensive neurological assessment protocols designed to inform on neuroanatomical dysfunction and/or lesion(s) for large animal species. We also describe the applicability of these exams in different large animals to help provide a better understanding of the practicalities of cross species neurological disease modelling. Recommendation: We would encourage the use of these assessments as a reference framework to help standardise neurological clinical scoring of large animal models.
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Bennett, Jerusha, Robert Poulin, and Bronwen Presswell. "Acanthocephalan Diversity and Host Associations Revealed from a Large-Scale Biodiversity Survey." Diversity 15, no. 5 (2023): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15050665.
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Acanthocephalans constitute a relatively small phylum of dioecious helminths that infect invertebrate intermediate and vertebrate paratenic and definitive hosts. Like most parasites, acanthocephalans are usually overlooked in biodiversity studies, although they can have significant impacts on their host’s health and the structure of surrounding communities. In this study, we present morphological and molecular data from an extensive biodiversity survey of acanthocephalans infecting a range of marine animals in a coastal marine ecosystem in New Zealand. We recovered 13 acanthocephalan species infecting 32 of the 168 free-living animal species investigated, 1 of which is a new geographic record for New Zealand (Gorgorhynchoides queenslandensis), 9 of which constitute new host records, and at least 2 that are species new to science. The data presented here provide a baseline dataset to which future assessments of changes in diversity and distribution of acanthocephalans can be compared.
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Carbone, Larry. "Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 2, no. 2 (2020): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10001.
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Abstract Accurate pain evaluation is essential for ethical review of laboratory animal use. Warnings that “prey species hide their pain,” encourage careful accurate pain assessment. In this article, I review relevant literature on prey species’ pain manifestation through the lens of the applied ethics of animal welfare oversight. If dogs are the species whose pain is most reliably diagnosed, I argue that it is not their diet as predator or prey but rather because dogs and humans can develop trusting relationships and because people invest time and effort in canine pain diagnosis. Pain diagnosis for all animals may improve when humans foster a trusting relationship with animals and invest time into multimodal pain evaluations. Where this is not practical, as with large cohorts of laboratory mice, committees must regard with skepticism assurances that animals “appear” pain-free on experiments, requiring thorough literature searches and sophisticated pain assessments during pilot work.
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Choubey, Bibha, and Dr Sr M. Stuti A. C. "Non-Invasive Monitoring of Stress in Large Captive Herbivores: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48593.
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Abstract: A potential indicator of animal welfare is the absence of stress. The unpredictable components of life result in changes in the endocrine and metabolic status of an organism. The numbers of mega vertebrates are declining rapidly in their native habitat, therefore, the demand for more complete measures of the impact of conservation interventions and the effects of captive environments on animal health and welfare has risen. Measuring an individual’s physiological arousal provides a window into how that individual animal is coping with its environment, whether in the wild or captivity. Non-invasive monitoring of Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) has become a popular measure of physiological function and welfare in a variety of species because they reflect adrenocortical activity over a certain time period and can therefore be used to answer a wide variety of research questions. The present study reviews the role of FGM as a stress indicator in large captive herbivores by measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) and suggests measures to bring back these animals from the bark of extinction.
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San-Jose, Luis M., and Alexandre Roulin. "Genomics of coloration in natural animal populations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (2017): 20160337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0337.
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Animal coloration has traditionally been the target of genetic and evolutionary studies. However, until very recently, the study of the genetic basis of animal coloration has been mainly restricted to model species, whereas research on non-model species has been either neglected or mainly based on candidate approaches, and thereby limited by the knowledge obtained in model species. Recent high-throughput sequencing technologies allow us to overcome previous limitations, and open new avenues to study the genetic basis of animal coloration in a broader number of species and colour traits, and to address the general relevance of different genetic structures and their implications for the evolution of colour. In this review, we highlight aspects where genome-wide studies could be of major utility to fill in the gaps in our understanding of the biology and evolution of animal coloration. The new genomic approaches have been promptly adopted to study animal coloration although substantial work is still needed to consider a larger range of species and colour traits, such as those exhibiting continuous variation or based on reflective structures. We argue that a robust advancement in the study of animal coloration will also require large efforts to validate the functional role of the genes and variants discovered using genome-wide tools. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.
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Pepperberg, IM. "Cognitive and communicative capacities of Grey parrots — implications for the enrichment of many species." Animal Welfare 13, S1 (2004): S203—S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014603.
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AbstractMuch of my research has been devoted to determining the cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), but other companion animals and those in captivity in Zoos also have considerable capacities that are often under-utilised in such settings. Many such animals are left to their own devices for large parts of the day; their boredom may translate into unsuitable behaviour patterns. In order to address this problem, my colleagues and I began to devise various computer-based ‘toys’ that would not only provide enrichment in the sense of relieving boredom and reproducing situations somewhat like the challenges faced by animals in the wild on a daily basis, but also would help us determine the extent of these animals’ cognitive capacities. Some of these systems allow remote interactions between owners and their pets and others might be adapted for animal-animal interactions. In this paper I will describe these projects, their aims, and our limited progress.
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Ali, Abid, Sehrish Mehmood, Ishtiaq Ullah, et al. "Pakistan Zoo Visitors’ Perceptions toward Zoos and Large Native Carnivores." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 4 (2022): 665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3040049.
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A primary goal of zoos is to educate their visitors about global conservation efforts. Studying visitors’ perceptions and attitudes towards captive and wild endangered species helps target conservation messaging. This is especially important in countries, such as Pakistan, where hunting and human–wildlife conflict pose the greatest threats to species. While there have been some studies about Pakistan’s rural communities’ perceptions, few studies have examined the perceptions of Pakistan’s zoo visitors. We present data from exit surveys (n = 304) collected at three of the largest zoos in Pakistan (Lahore: an established zoo, Peshawar: a newly built zoo, and Jungle Kingdom: a theme park and zoo). Zoo location was a significant predictor for a range of attitudes, suggesting that the way a zoo presents itself strongly impacts visitor perceptions. Perceptions of learning were influenced by high biodiversity appreciation but a low confidence in knowledge about animals. Support for keeping animals in captivity was most likely when animal welfare was perceived as good and amongst respondents who valued biodiversity. Zoo-goers, regardless of location, demonstrated high levels of interest in animals and environmental concerns. However, the primary visit motivator was spending time with family and friends.
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Grdovic, Svetlana, Dragan Sefer, and Branko Petrujkic. "Possibilities for using plant extracts added to ruminant feed aimed at improving production results." Veterinarski glasnik 64, no. 3-4 (2010): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1004207g.
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The use of plant extracts with the objective of improving production results and the quality of food articles of animal origin is an area which is acquiring increasing scientific importance. Numerous investigations carried out so far on ruminants and other species of domestic animals have been aimed at examining specific bioactive matter of plants. The results of these investigations have demonstrated a positive influence on the production results. A large number of data indicate that plant extracts added to animal feed contribute to increasing overall productivity. Furthermore, plant extracts as additives in animal feed have a positive effect also on the health condition of the animals. A large number of plants have characteristics which potentially improve consumption, digestibility and conversion of food, and also growth. Examinations have been performed of the effects of different plant extracts on food consumption, wool growth, growth and composition of the trunk, milk production, reproductive parameters, agents for wool shearing, preventing bloat, methane production, as well as the influence of plants on curbing nematode infestations of ruminants. This work presents a review of scientific investigations of different plant species and their effects on the production characteristics of ruminants. .
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Frauendorf, Therese C., Amanda L. Subalusky, Christopher L. Dutton, et al. "Animal legacies lost and found in river ecosystems." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 11 (2021): 115011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2cb0.
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Abstract Animals can impact freshwater ecosystem structure and function in ways that persist well beyond the animal’s active presence. These legacy effects can last for months, even decades, and often increase spatial and temporal heterogeneity within a system. Herein, we review examples of structural, biogeochemical, and trophic legacies from animals in stream and river ecosystems with a focus on large vertebrates. We examine how the decline or disappearance of many native animal populations has led to the loss of their legacy effects. We also demonstrate how anthropogenically altered animal populations, such as livestock and invasive species, provide new legacy effects that may partially replace lost animal legacies. However, these new effects often have important functional differences, including stronger, more widespread and homogenizing effects. Understanding the influence of animal legacy effects is particularly important as native animal populations continue to decline and disappear from many ecosystems, because they illustrate the long-term and often unanticipated consequences of biodiversity loss. We encourage the conservation and restoration of native species to ensure that both animal populations and their legacy effects continue to support the structure and function of river ecosystems.
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Mussgnug, Florian. "Species at War? The Animal and the Anthropocene." Paragraph 42, no. 1 (2019): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2019.0291.
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Environmental politics has become inextricably entwined with planetary deep time. This article calls for a reconceptualization of the relation between humans and nonhuman nature. It rejects the ontological singularity of the human, either as a biological species (Homo) or as a planetary super-agent (Anthropos) and argues for a perspective centred on companionship and shared vulnerability. Animal philosophy serves here to counter a growing tendency to generalize and address the human species at large, in the singular. The cultural force of the animal, it is suggested, stems from a productive tension between the abstract singular (‘the Animal’) and the unique specificity of each particular nonhuman other. In the context of Anthropocene Studies, references to Anthropos follow a similar logic. The planetary future of humans cannot be deduced from any specific geopolitical context or expressed through universalizing categories. It must be understood, against the vertiginous backdrop of geological time, as a process of becoming: a complex set of material and semiotic practices shaping open-ended, transformative trajectories
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Engel, Robyn M., Carrie C. Silver, Christin L. Veeder, and Ron E. Banks. "Cognitive Dissonance in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Implications for Animal Welfare." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 2 (2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000073.
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People experience cognitive dissonance when they entertain 2 conflicting ideas at the same time. Cognitive dissonance may cause a negative emotional state, which can lead to engagement of compensation mechanisms to resolve the conflict. Here we describe a survey that explores cognitive dissonance in laboratory animal veterinarians and veterinary technicians and various ways in which veterinary staff manage dissonance associated with research animal use. Respondents—164 veterinarians and 145 veterinary technicians—were asked to rate their opinions of various statements on a sliding scale of 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree' or 'never' to 'always.' Statements assessed negative emotions (discomfort, powerlessness, frustration) and compensation mechanisms (devaluing, emotional distancing, shifting responsibility) as bases for inferring effects on welfare states of animals. Responses were evaluated overall and were compared according to level of training (veterinarian compared with veterinary technician), years of work experience (0 to 5, 6 to 10, greater than 10), and species tended (large, mixed, small species). Respondents strongly agreed that animal wellbeing and animal use in research were important. Respondents reported feelings of discomfort, powerlessness, and frustration associated with work. In addition, respondents reported feeling empowered to initiate changes affecting animal welfare. The most frequent compensation mechanism noted was shifting responsibility onto the IACUC and institutional rules. Devaluing the animals was another reported compensation mechanism. Responses to emotional distancing statements were divided. Survey responses supported the existence of cognitive dissonance associated with laboratory animal medicine. Potential negative and positive effects on animal welfare are discussed.
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Sorby-Adams, Annabel J., Robert Vink, and Renée J. Turner. "Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 2 (2018): R165—R190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017.
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Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Andreeva, V. A. "Chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals (review)." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2105-03.
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The purpose of the work was to analyze the frequency of chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals in Western Siberia on the basis of literature data. The analysis of the literature on the topic of somatic chromosomal instability in agricultural animals has been carried out. Despite the stability of the chromosome set, deviations from it are quite common. It is noteworthy that chromosomal instability is characteristic of almost all individuals in the population and serves as an important indicator for assessing the natural mutability of chromosomes. It has been found if an aberration appeared in one tissue, it is very likely to occur in others. It has been noted that somatic chromosomal instability occurs in animals with reduced reproductive function, as well as those suffering from any pathology. For example, in calves with parakeratosis the increase in the frequency of chromatid and isochromatid breaks has been found. Analysis of the frequency of aberrations in sires, which differ in the level of perinatal mortality of offspring revealed the increased percentage of offspring mortality in fathers with the large number of chromosomal disorders. Therefore, low fertilization, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths may be indications for karyotypic analysis. It has been revealed that the lability of the karyotype is inherent in all animal species, regardless of the species, sex and age, as well as the morphofunctional state. The data on some types of somatic chromosomal instability in different types of farm animals in Western Siberia has been presented. Such indicators as the frequency of polyploidy, the number of cells with fragments of chromosomes, as well as single and paired fragments of chromosomes has been given. Different types of chromosomal instability varied depending on the animal species and climate zone. The presented data can be accepted as a physiological norm and used in veterinary medicine and animal science.
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Croft, David B. "Walking in Each Other’s Footsteps: Do Animal Trail Makers Confer Resilience against Trampling Tourists?" Environments 6, no. 7 (2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6070083.
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Modern humans, and other hominins before them, have walked across the landscapes of most continents for many millennia. They shared these landscapes with other large animals, especially mammalian herbivores and their predators, whose footsteps defined trails through the vegetation. Most of the diversity in the wild species is now concentrated in protected areas and visited by large numbers of tourists who may walk amongst them. This review examines the literature about medium-large animal and tourist trampling impacts to uncover any marriage between animal ecology and nature-based tourism research. Methodology is comparable. Animal ecology has focused on the propagation of grazing and trampling effects from a point source (usually water). Tourism research has focused on trail structure (formal/informal, hardened, wide/narrow) and the propagation of effects (especially weeds) into the hinterland and along the trail. There is little research to substantiate an evolutionary view of trampling impacts. At least tourists venturing off formed trails may reduce impacts by following animal trails with caveats, such as risk of encounters with dangerous animals and disruption of animal behavior. This is an under-studied topic but a fertile ground for research, aided by modern tools like trail cameras and geographically enabled devices borne by tourists.