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Journal articles on the topic 'Large fetus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

BERKUS, MICHAEL D., DEBRA CONWAY, and ODED LANGER. "The Large Fetus." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 42, no. 4 (1999): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199912000-00006.

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2

Axelsson, Ove. "Delivery of the Large Fetus." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 69, no. 6 (1990): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349009013320.

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3

Taher, Heba M. A., Mostafa Abdellatif, Ahmed Mohamed Kadry Wishahy, et al. "Fetus in Fetu: Lessons Learned from a Large Multicenter Cohort Study." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30, no. 04 (2019): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698765.

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Abstract Introduction Fetus in fetu (FIF) is an extremely rare condition of abnormal twinning during embryogenesis. Most publications are single case reports. We describe the combined experience of four large tertiary referral centers with FIF which were not previously reported or published, and thereby draw conclusions to establish criteria for the workup, diagnosis, and management including intraoperative risk. Materials and Methods A survey was forwarded to a national pediatric surgery group which includes members from all pediatric surgery centers in the country enquiring about unpublished

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4

Kasegaonkar, Minakshi, Vijay Patil, and Anjali Gosavi. "An anomaly – Fetus in fetu: Case report." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 9, no. 1 (2022): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2022.017.

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Full term newborn female child along with a lump attached to the umbilical region by broad base pedicle, was delivered by Caesarian section. Prior to the Caesarian section in Anti-Natal Care, it was found like exomphalus on USG findings. But, the pre-operative radiological examination had revealed it as an irregular mass with some bony structure, limb buds, soft tissues with some fluid, all enclosed in a capsule which was attached to the umbilical region via a broad base pedicle. Mass was surgically removed. In that mass, some bony structure was found and upon its histo-pathological examinatio

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Högberg, Ulf, and Marie-Louise Lekås Berg. "Prolonged Labour Attributed to Large Fetus." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 49, no. 3 (2000): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000010239.

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6

Sharbaf, Fatemeh Rahimi, Narges Izadi Mood, Sedighh Hantushzadeh, et al. "Acardiac Fetus with Large Intestine Only." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 24, no. 4 (2008): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000163077.

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7

Mochalova, Marina N., Yulia N. Ponomareva, Andrey A. Mudrov, and Viktor A. Mudrov. "Outcomes of pregnancy and delivery large fetus." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 65, no. 6 (2016): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd65636-44.

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In spite of large number of studies on the issue of delivery pregnant with large fetus, avowed tactics of pregnancy and delivery does not exist. High rates of mother’s birth trauma and adverse perinatal outcomes during delivery large fetus are great medical and social problem.The aim of the study was to investigate the course of pregnancy and delivery, and perinatal outcomes during delivery large fetus.Materials: literary data of foreign and domestic authors in the period from 1991 to 2016.Methods: a systematic review and synthesis of the literature data.Conclusion: It is necessary to determin

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8

Zlatman, A. F. "Pregnancy and childbirth with a large fetus." Kazan medical journal 43, no. 4 (2021): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj87189.

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9

Chegus, Larisa Alekseevna, and Vladimir Ivanovich Korchin. "FEATURES OF PREGNANCY WITH A LARGE FETUS." SCIENTIFIC MEDICAL BULLETIN OF UGRA 12, no. 2 (2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25017/2306-1367-2017-12-2-87-90.

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10

Self, Alice, and Aris T. Papageorghiou. "Ultrasound Diagnosis of the Small and Large Fetus." Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 48, no. 2 (2021): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2021.03.003.

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11

Baeva, Irina Yu, and Olga D. Konstantinova. "Predictive risk scale for developing a large fetus." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 72, no. 5 (2023): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd562983.

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BACKGROUND:There is a need to search for early prognostic markers of macrosomia development due to the increase in the incidence of fetal macrosomia, the high risk of maternal and neonatal complications, and the lack of an algorithm for prenatal monitoring. It can improve the accuracy of diagnosis, optimize obstetric management of pregnancy and childbirth, and prevent fetal macrosomia. AIM:The aim of this study was to develop a scale for predicting macrosomia based on the study of the prognostic value of its risk factors and antifactors. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The authors conducted

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12

WORCESTER, SHARON. "Induction for Large Fetus Tied to Better Outcomes." Ob.Gyn. News 47, no. 4 (2012): 6–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7437(12)70076-9.

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13

Elmuradova, Charos Ahmedjanovna, and Larisa Rubenovna Agababyan. "LARGE OBSTETRIC SYNDROMES: TERMINOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT (Literature review)." Journal of reproductive health and uronephrology research 4, no. 4 (2023): 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8328484.

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The term large obstetric syndromes includes obstetric complications, such as premature birth, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, fetal death, preeclampsia and intrauterine development delay. Large obstetric syndromes are those pathological changes in pregnancy that are the cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, they are also called pathological pregnancy syndrome, combining pathogenesis and changes in the fetoplacental system. Large obstetric syndromes accompany more than 15% of pregnancies, exposing the mother and fetus to a high risk of adverse pregnancy o

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14

Kodandapani, Sreelakshmi, Abha Shreshta, Vani Ramkumar, and Lakshmi Rao. "Chorioangioma of Placenta: A Rare Placental Cause for Adverse Fetal Outcome." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/913878.

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Chorioangioma is a benign angioma of placenta arising from chorionic tissue. Large chorioangioma has unfavourable effects on both mother and fetus. We describe a case with large chorioangioma that had a poor outcome on the fetus. We also reviewed the literature on prognostic factors affecting fetal outcome.

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15

Gurevich, P. C., A. I. Kruch, M. G. Gazazyan, and N. A. Ponomareva. "On the role of uteroplacental circulation in the origin of a large fetus." Kazan medical journal 72, no. 2 (1991): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj105439.

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A comprehensive study of the morphological and functional features of the placenta of a large fetus and the intensity of uteroplacental blood flow was carried out to determine the state of the blood supply to the fetus and its role in the genesis of macrosomia. It has been established that macrosomia occurs in women with intense uteroplacental blood flow.

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16

Curley, Bridget, James D. St Louis, Joseph White, and Liezl T. Domingo. "A LARGE SINGLE TRANSMURAL CARDIAC RHABDOMYOMA IN A FETUS." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 79, no. 9 (2022): 3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(22)04046-3.

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17

Anjum, Neha, Sowmya Uppalapati, Sriya Gudavarthi, Anthapu Reddy, and Kalla Mounica. "Partial Hydatidiform Mole and Coexistent Live Fetus with anencephaly: A Rare Case Report." Asian Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences (A-JMRHS) 1, no. 1 (2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajmrhs.110720230008.

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Partial molar pregnancy is a rare entity in which there is usually a triploid abnormal fetus associated with a large placenta with cystic changes. The fetus is usually not compatible due to multiple abnormalities. Here we present a case of a 24-year-old pregnant woman who came for routine first trimester scan and was diagnosed with partial mole and a live fetus with anencephaly and multiple spinal anomalies.

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18

Rydhström, Håkan, Lngemar Lngemarsson, and Håkan Rydhstrom. "The Extremely Large Fetus-Antenatal Identification, Risks, and Proposed Management." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 68, no. 1 (1989): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016348909087691.

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19

Savelyeva, I. V., E. A. Bukharova, O. V. Shirokova, and N. V. Nosova. "Predicting the birth of a large fetus in obese women." Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 35, no. 4 (2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2020-35-4-65-70.

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Purpose. To determine the risk of macrosomia in pregnant women as a function of body weight.Material and Methods. The study included 754 patients. All patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 262 obese patients with an average body mass index (BMI) of 33.1 (31.4; 35.9) kg/m2, aged 30 (27; 34) years. Group 2 comprised 260 overweight patients with an average body mass index of 27.5 (26.4; 28.7) kg/m2, aged 29 (25; 33) years. Group 3 (control) included 232 patients with normal body weight, BMI of 22.6 (21.0; 23.8) kg/m2, aged 28 (25; 31.5) years. Anthropometric data were assessed

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Baeva, I. Yu, and O. D. Konstantinova. "Perinatal outcomes in a large fetus born to nondiabetic patients." Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa 15, no. 5 (2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/rosakush201515464-68.

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21

Miiler, Joseph M., Grace E. Kissling, Haywood L. Brown, Patricia M. Nagel, Frederick A. Korndorffer, and Harvey A. Gabert. "In utero growth of the large-for-menstrual-age fetus." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 17, no. 1 (1989): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870170104.

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22

Roman, E., and A. Borbolla Foster. "VP40.17: Ultrasound prediction of the large‐for‐gestational‐age fetus." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 56, S1 (2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.22955.

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23

Garg, Sandeep, Anurag Yenkar, and Sana Agrawal. "Fetoception: fetus within a fetus: a rare case presentation in a neonate." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 12, no. 4 (2025): 673–76. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20250779.

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Fetus in fetu (FIF) is a rare congenital anomaly where a malformed parasitic twin is found within a living host. It is often confused with mature teratoma due to overlapping features, but the presence of organized fetal structures and vertebrae helps differentiate FIF. A female neonate born at 37 weeks of gestation presented with a large sacrococcygeal mass. Prenatal anomaly scans suggested a sacral mass, and postnatal imaging, including radiographs and MRI, indicated a teratoma-like lesion. Surgical resection was performed on day four of life. Pathological analysis revealed a mass partially c

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24

Imran, Mohammad, Rajesh Kumar, Khalid M. Saifullah, Vikash Chandra Gupta, Abhishek A. Verma, and Uday Kumar. "A Unique Case of Eight Fetuses in a Single Fetu." Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 29, no. 3 (2024): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_257_23.

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ABSTRACT Fetus in fetu is a rare congenital anomaly in which a malformed parasitic twin is found within the body of a living child or adult. In this case report, a 1-day-old child presented with a large firm abdominal mass on the left side of the upper abdomen. Imaging studies misdiagnosed the mass as an intraperitoneal benign dermoid cyst displacing the bowel loops and internal viscera. A surgical resection was performed on 21 days of life, and pathology confirmed eight fetuses inside the cyst.

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25

Butylkina, Jekaterina, and Jelena Volochovič. "Large Sacrococcygeal Teratoma in Fetus and Newborn: Clinical Case and Review." Lietuvos chirurgija 21, no. 2 (2022): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2022.21.63.

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We present a clinical case of fetal and neonatal large sacrococcygeal teratoma. Sacrococcygeal teratoma mostly found in neonates, infant, and children below 4 years old and is more common in girls than boys. Antenatal fetus ultrasound is the main diagnostic method. Antenatal diagnosis is very important making pregnancy care plan, time and method of delivery also to prevent fetal and neonatal death. Complete excision of the sacrococcygeal teratoma, including the coccyx, remains the mainstay of treatment. Patient's birth mother gives consent for information about the patient (photograph and arti

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26

Cook, Andrew C., Nuala L. K. Fagg, and Gurleen K. Sharland. "Large blood cyst causing severe left ventricular obstruction in a fetus." Cardiology in the Young 6, no. 2 (1996): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100003541.

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SummaryA case of left ventricular obstruction is reported in a fetus of 21 weeks gestation. Obstruction to the left ventricular inflow and outflow tracts was documented by prenatal echocardiography and, at autopsy, the cause was found to be a large blood cyst. It is likely that the associated hypoplasia of the left heart was a result of reduced blood flow beyond this obstructive lesion.

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27

Weiner, Zeev, Izhar Ben-Shlomo, Ronit Beck-Fruchter, Yael Goldberg, and Eliezer Shalev. "Clinical and ultrasonographic weight estimation in large for gestational age fetus." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 105, no. 1 (2002): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00140-9.

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28

Bacelis, Jonas, Julius Juodakis, Kristina M. Adams Waldorf, et al. "Uterine distention as a factor in birth timing: retrospective nationwide cohort study in Sweden." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (2018): e022929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022929.

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ObjectivesTo determine whether uterine distention is associated with human pregnancy duration in a non-invasive observational setting.DesignRetrospective cohort study modelling uterine distention by interaction between maternal height and uterine load.SettingThe study is based on the 1990–2013 population data from all delivery units in Sweden.ParticipantsUncomplicated first pregnancies of healthy Nordic-born mothers with spontaneous onset of labour. Pregnancies were classified as twin (n=2846) or singleton (n=527 868). Singleton pregnancies were further classified as carrying a large for gesta

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29

Rae, D. Owen, Peter J. Chenoweth, Paul C. Genho, Antoinette D. McIntosh, C. Eugene Crosby, and Scott A. Moore. "Prevalence of Tritrichomonas fetus in a bull population and effect on production in a large cow-calf enterprise." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, no. 7 (1999): 1051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.214.07.1051.

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Objective To determine prevalence of infection with Tritrichomonas fetus in a bull population; assess influence of age, breed, and grouping; assess effects on measures of cow performance (pregnancy rate, weaning percentage, weaning weight); and estimate test sensitivity. Design Epidemiologic study. Animals 1,383 bulls and records for 28,471 cows bred by these bulls in the immediate past breeding season. Procedure Bulls in 11 cattle units on a large ranch were tested for T fetus colonization by vigorous preputial scraping and protozoologic culture until no newly infected bulls were identified.

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Bartoš, Vladimir, and Olga Kačerikova. "Congenital diaphragmatic (Bochdalek) hernia of the fetus." Medica Jadertina 52, no. 4 (2023): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.57140/mj.52.4.5.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a developmental malformation characterized by a defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal viscera to move into the chest cavity. A routine ultrasound screening performed during pregnancy detects over half of all cases. This paper describes two women who were prenatally diagnosed to have a fetus with isolated posterolateral CDH. Both mothers underwent medical abortion. In the first case, a postmortem examination of the fetus revealed a large right-sided CDH, in which a part of the liver and small intestine were propagated into the chest. In the secon

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GUPTA, DIVYA, VARINDER UPPAL, NEELAM BANSAL, and ANURADHA GUPTA. "Differentiation of pancreatic endocrine islets in buffalo fetus." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 5 (2020): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104607.

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Pancreas of 24 buffalo foetii collected from abattoir and veterinary clinics, GADVASU, Ludhiana were studied. The buffalo foetii were divided into three groups after measuring their CVRL, viz. Group I (CVRL between 0â€“20 cm), Group II (CVRL above 20 cm and up to 40 cm) and Group III (CVRL above 40 cm) and their approximate age was calculated. The tissues were processed and paraffin sections were cut and stained with different histological stains. In Group I, at 7.5 cm CVRL (62 days), the endocrine cells were scattered either in between the developing acinar cells and primitive tubules or were

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Allen, WR, S. Wilsher, F. Stewart, et al. "The influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse. II. Endocrinology of pregnancy." Journal of Endocrinology 172, no. 2 (2002): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1720237.

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Within-breed artificial insemination and between-breed embryo transfer were carried out in small pony (P) and large Thoroughbred (Tb) mares to create 4 types of horse pregnancy in which the fetus experienced spatial and nutritional deprivation (Tb-in-P; n=8), luxury (P-in-Tb; n=7) or normality (Tb-in-Tb; n=7 and P-in-P; n=7) in utero. Measurement of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), total conjugated oestrogens and progestagen concentrations in serial peripheral serum samples recovered from all the mares throughout gestation showed that the amount of eCG produced during the first half of ge

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33

Islamovna, Zakirova Nodira, Abdullaeva Nigora Erkinovna, and Xaydarova Diyora Sukhrobovna. "FETAL MACROSOMIA. OBSTETRIC AND PERINATAL OUTCOMES." International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 4, no. 2 (2024): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/volume04issue02-12.

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One of the significant medical and social problems is pregnancy and childbirth in the presence of a large fetus. Macrosomia in most literature is defined as birth weight >4000 g and occurs in 10% of pregnancies. This condition is associated with risks for both the mother and the fetus: the frequen-cy of cesarean section, trauma to the birth canal, shoulder dystocia and perinatal asphyxia increas-es.

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Gordienko, I., G. Grebinichenko, O. Tarapurova, and A. Velychko. "Variants of prenatal ultrasound imaging of omphalocele in the fetus." Radiation Diagnostics, Radiation Therapy, no. 4 (2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37336/2707-0700-2019-4-1.

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Purpose - to present characteristic features of prenatal ultrasound imaging in omphalocele among patients of the Department of Fetal Medicine, to describe most common typical variants. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 201 ultrasound examinations in 150 patients with omphalocele in the fetus, which were referred to the Department of Fetal Medicine in 2007-2018. Results. The most common typical variants of ultrasound imaging/anatomical variants of omphalocele in the fetus are presented. According to hernia content there were following frequent variants: “intestine” in 48.15 %, "

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Kaku, Shoji, Fuminori Kimura, and Takashi Murakami. "Management of Fetal Growth Arrest in One of Dichorionic Twins: Three Cases and a Literature Review." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289875.

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Progressive fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often an indication for delivery. In dichorionic diamniotic (DD) twin pregnancy with growth restriction only affecting one fetus (selective fetal growth restriction: sFGR), the normal twin is also delivered prematurely. There is still not enough evidence about the optimal timing of delivery for DD twins with sFGR in relation to discordance and gestational age. We report three sets of DD twins with sFGR (almost complete growth arrest affecting one fetus for ≥2 weeks) before 30 weeks of gestation. The interval from growth arrest to delivery was 21–24

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Zakirova, Nodira Islamovna, Fotima Islamovna Zakirova, and Nigora Erkinovna Abdullaeva. "FEATURES OF PREGNANCY MANAGEMENT AND BIRTH OUTCOMES IN WOMEN WITH FETAL MACROSOMIA WITH ACTIVE AND EXPECTANT TACTICS." Journal of reproductive health and uro-nephrology research 3, no. 4 (2022): 5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7421722.

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Currently, there is no generally accepted term for macrosomia, and therefore a child born weighing more than 4000 g, regardless of the gestational age, taking into account the child. The frequency of birth turns out to be a fetus, according to the literature, it ranges from 5-20%. Depending on the parity of childbirth, all women in labor (n=200) were divided into the following groups: group I included 78 women in labor, active management of labor was included, in group II - 122 women in labor with expectant management.  

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Zeng, Chengying, Yanbi Chen, Lijuan Zhao, and Bo Wan. "Partial hydatidiform mole and coexistent live fetus: a case report and review of the literature." Open Medicine 14, no. 1 (2019): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2019-0098.

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AbstractTwin pregnancy of a hydatidiform mole with a coexistent live fetus is very rare, and complete molar pregnancy is involved in most cases. A partial molar pregnancy almost always ends in miscarriage due to a triploid fetus. Here, we report a case of a 32-year-old Chinese woman with ultrasound diagnosis of a partial molar pregnancy. Amniocentesis suggested mosaicism, but the fetus was morphologically normal. The woman chose to continue the pregnancy after fully understanding the risk. The infant was delivered prematurely, and the presence of a large single placenta with molar changes. The

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Khmara, T., and O. Slobodian. "ATYPICAL VARIANT OF FETAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY." Clinical anatomy and operative surgery 21, no. 1 (2022): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/1727-0847.21.1.2022.13.

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An atypical case of the topography of the abdominal organs in a 5-month-old fetus is presented. The described variants of the external structure and syntopy of the liver, spleen, stomach, some parts of the small and large intestines, as well as the high position of the caecum, the absence of the ascending colon and the cardiac part of the stomach in the fetus will be of interest to both morphologists and fetal surgeons.

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Graham, Lori L. "Campylobacter fetusadheres to and enters INT 407 cells." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 11 (2002): 995–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-096.

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Campylobacter fetus is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen of humans and ungulates and is normally transmitted via ingestion of contaminated food or water with infection resulting in mild to severe enteritis. However, despite clinical evidence that C. fetus infection often involves transient bacteremic states from which systemic infection may develop and the frequent isolation of C. fetus from extra-intestinal sites, this organism displays very poor invasiveness in in vitro models of infection. In this study, immunofluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays were used to investigat

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40

Chung, Misoo, Cecilia Teng, Michelle Timmerman, Giacomo Meschia, and Frederick C. Battaglia. "Production and utilization of amino acids by ovine placenta in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 274, no. 1 (1998): E13—E22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.1.e13.

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Uterine and umbilical uptakes of plasma amino acids were measured simultaneously in eighteen singleton pregnant ewes at 130 ± 1 days gestation for the purpose of establishing which amino acids are produced or used by the uteroplacenta under normal physiological conditions and at what rates. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) had uterine uptakes significantly greater than umbilical uptakes. Net uteroplacental BCAA utilization was 8.0 ± 2.5 μmol ⋅ kg fetus−1 ⋅ min−1( P < 0.005) and represented 42% of the total BCAA utilization by fetus plus uteroplacenta. There was placental uptake of feta

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Parmar, Kirankumar, Jakotra Hardikbhai, and Vala Rajeshbhai. "Management of Dystocia Due to Unilateral Post-Cervical Torsion in Ewe." Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction 45, no. 2 (2025): 102–4. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijar.2024.45.02.21.

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The present clinical case of unilateral post-cervical torsion in ewe reports the successful delivery of a fetus by rolling the ewe using Schaffer’s method with little modification from large animals. A pluriparous non-descript ewe aged about 2.5 years was presented at VCC, Junagadh, Gujarat with a history of completion of gestation and straining for 24 hours. The per-vaginal fetus was delivered successfully after rolling the dam with slight traction. The dam had an uneventful recovery.

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Assad, R. S., F. Y. Lee, and F. L. Hanley. "Placental compliance during fetal extracorporeal circulation." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 5 (2001): 1882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1882.

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The fetus requires large amounts of volume when weaning from cardiac bypass. This suggests that placental vasculature can act as a large capacitor in the fetal circulation. To assess placental compliance of fetal lambs, seven isolated in situ lamb placentas were placed on extracorporeal circulation. Umbilical artery blood flow was varied from 0 to 350 ml · min−1· kg fetal wt−1. Because the extracorporeal circuit is a closed system, volume changes in the placenta induced by umbilical artery pressure changes were measured from reciprocal volume changes in the reservoir. There was a wide range of

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Taga, Shigeki, Junko Haraga, Mari Sawada, Aya Nagai, Dan Yamamoto, and Ryoji Hayase. "A Case of Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/265159.

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Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) rarely complicates with pregnancy. A 30-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 3, presenting with placentomegaly, was referred to our department at 18 weeks of gestation. An ultrasonography revealed a normal fetus with a large multicystic placenta, measuring 125 × 42 × 80 mm. The border between the lesion and normal region was not clear. Color doppler revealed little blood flow in the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed normal fetus and a large multicystic placenta. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin level was 20124.97 U/L, which was normal at 20 weeks of

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Wang, Dajia, Zhibo Zhang, and Yuzuo Bai. "Large abdominal cyst of the fetus: A rare diagnosis of neonatal megaduodenum." Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 81 (June 2022): 102243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsc.2022.102243.

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Derkatch, Derkatch E. A., and Guseva O. I. Guseva. "Possibilities of echography in determining the weight of an extreme large fetus." Akusherstvo i ginekologiia 5_2019 (May 31, 2019): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.5.133-136.

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Shmueli, Anat, Daniel I. Nassie, Liran Hiersch, et al. "241: Prerecognition of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus and its consequences." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 216, no. 1 (2017): S150—S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.146.

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Miller, Joseph M., Grace A. Kissling, Haywood L. Brown, and Harvey A. Gabert. "Estimated fetal weight: Applicability to small- and large-for-gestational-age fetus." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 16, no. 2 (1988): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870160205.

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Maat-Kievit, J. A., D. Oepkes, N. G. Hartwig, C. Vermeij-Keers, I. L. Van Kamp, and J. J. P. Van De Kamp. "A large retinoblastoma detected in a fetus at 21 weeks of gestation." Prenatal Diagnosis 13, no. 5 (1993): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970130510.

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SCHYDLOWER, MANUEL, and JAMES PERRIN. "Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome." Pediatrics 92, no. 5 (1993): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.5.739a.

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In Reply.— Doctors Shoemaker, Alpert, and Zuckerman's comments on abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy and alcohol effect on intrauterine growth are appreciated. The statement developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committees on Substance Abuse and Children with Disabilities did in fact note that evidence for harm to the fetus is much stronger with large amounts of maternal alcohol consumption, and there is controversy about the association between maternal consumption of smaller amounts of alcohol and possible damage to the fetus.1

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Miller, E. M., and N. Martin. "Analysis of the Effect of Hormones on Opposite-Sex Twin Attitudes." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 44, no. 1 (1995): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000001884.

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AbstractNumerous reports in the literature suggest that hormones may transfer from one fetus to another, in humans as in animals. In a large sample of over seven thousand Australian adult twins, it was found that opposite-sex females showed a statistically significant tendency to hold more masculine attitudes than did same-sex female twins. This may be due to post-natal social interaction, but could also be caused by the transfer of testosterone from the male to the female fetus in opposite-sex twins.

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