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Journal articles on the topic 'Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland)'
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1
Chetverikov, A. O. "Immunity of States and International Organizations in the Court of Justice of the European Union Practice and its Significance in the Implementation of Megascience Projects." Lex Russica, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.173.4.112-129.
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In recent years, Russia has invested significant assets in unique scientific facility of the “Megascience” class that are being built or are already operating on the territory of foreign countries, mainly member states of the European Union: the International Thermonuclear Research Reactor-ITER (France), the European X-ray Free Electron Laser-European XFEL, the Large Hadron Collider (Switzerland and France), etc.How reliable and safe are such investments in the context of the sanctions policy of the West, including the EU, against our country? To what extent are they protected by the principle of immunity of states and international organizations, which is generally recognized, but is not interpreted and applied in different legal systems? The paper considers these issues in the context of the development of the judicial practice of the supranational institution of the judicial power of the EU, namely the Court of Justice of the European Union and the concept of relative immunity (immunité relative) formulated herein.Having conducted a comparative legal review of the current state of the sources of law and doctrine on the issues of immunity of states and international organizations, the author analyses and evaluates the decisions of the EU Court of Justice and the legal positions of its attorneys General: — Mahamdia v. Algeria, 2012: for the first time ECJ formulates the concept of relative immunity in relation to states;— "Rina" and "Suprim" cases, 2020: EU Court clarifies the interpretation of the concept of acta iure imperii (acts of public authority), in respect of which states retain immunity in the EU, and extends its concept of relative immunity to international intergovernmental organizations.The final section deals with legal issues that yet to get a clear answer in the practice of the EU Court of Justice. In this regard, the author highlights possible directions of its evolution, and studies other recent decisions of the EU Court of Justice that may affect Russia’s national interests in the context of cooperation with EU member states in the scientific and technical sphere, including megascience, and in other areas.
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Cowen, Ron. "E=Mc2: This fall, the massive large hadron collider beneath france and switzerland will switch on. Protons moving at almost the speed of light will collide with energies high enough, physicists hope, to solve matter's biggest mysteries." Science News 174, no. 2 (September 30, 2009): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2008.5591740221.
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Dissertori, G. "The pre-LHC Higgs hunt." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2032 (January 13, 2015): 20140039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0039.
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Enormous efforts at accelerators and experiments all around the world have gone into the search for the long-sought Higgs boson, postulated almost five decades ago. This search has culminated in the discovery of a Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in 2012. Instead of describing this widely celebrated discovery, in this article I will rather focus on earlier attempts to discover the Higgs boson, or to constrain the range of possible masses by interpreting precise data in the context of the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, I will focus on the experimental efforts carried out during the last two decades, at the Large Electron Positron collider, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, and the Tevatron collider, Fermilab, near Chicago, IL, USA.
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Royon, Christophe, and Cristian Baldenegro. "Diffraction and photon exchange processes at the LHC and parton saturation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 08 (March 20, 2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20300045.
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We present a review of the recent theoretical and experimental developments related to the field of diffraction, parton saturation, and forward physics. We first discuss our present understanding of the proton structure in terms of quarks and gluons, the degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics. We then focus on some of the main results on diffraction at the HERA electron–proton collider in DESY, Germany, at the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider at Fermilab, Batavia, US, and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton–proton and nucleus–nucleus collider, which is located in Geneva, Switzerland. We also present a selected amount of results on diffraction and photon exchanges that can be done at the LHC experiments and at a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) to be built in the US at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York.
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Latif, Imran, Shigeki Misawa, and Alexandr Zaytsev. "Finalizing Construction of a New Data Center at BNL." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125102069.
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Computational science, data management and analysis have been key factors in the success of Brookhaven National Laboratory’s scientific programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and in biological, atmospheric, and energy systems science, Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) and Materials Science, as well as our participation in international research collaborations, such as the ATLAS experiment at Europe’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Switzerland) and the Belle II experiment at KEK (Japan). The construction of a new data center is an acknowledgement of the increasing demand for computing and storage services at BNL in the near term and enable the Lab to address the needs of the future experiments at the High-Luminosity LHC at CERN and the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL in the long term.
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PACE, ALBERTO. "TECHNOLOGIES FOR LARGE DATA MANAGEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 02 (February 2014): 1430001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114300012.
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In recent years, intense usage of computing has been the main strategy of investigations in several scientific research projects. The progress in computing technology has opened unprecedented opportunities for systematic collection of experimental data and the associated analysis that were considered impossible only few years ago. This paper focuses on the strategies in use: it reviews the various components that are necessary for an effective solution that ensures the storage, the long term preservation, and the worldwide distribution of large quantities of data that are necessary in a large scientific research project. The paper also mentions several examples of data management solutions used in High Energy Physics for the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments in Geneva, Switzerland which generate more than 30,000 terabytes of data every year that need to be preserved, analyzed, and made available to a community of several tenth of thousands scientists worldwide.
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Stojanov, Nace, Srdjan Petrovic, and Nebojsa Neskovic. "Energy loss distributions of 7 TeV protons channeled in a bent silicon crystals." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 28, no. 1 (2013): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1301031s.
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The energy loss distributions of relativistic protons axially channeled through the bent <100> Si crystals, with the constant curvature radius, R = 50 m, are studied here. The proton energy is 7 TeV and the thickness of the crystal is varied from 1 mm to 5 mm, which corresponds to the reduced crystal thickness, L, from 2.1 to 10.6, respectively. The proton energy was chosen in accordance with the large hadron collider project, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, in Geneva, Switzerland. The energy loss distributions of the channeled protons were generated by the computer simulation method using the numerical solution of the proton equations of motion in the transverse plane. Dispersion of the proton scattering angle caused by its collisions with the crystal?s electrons was taken into account.
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Hardiyanto, Moh. "Approximation in Quantum Quadrupole at Juergen Model for Nuclear Reactor Control Rod Blade Based on \ce {Th_xDUO2} Nano Materials." Omega: Jurnal Fisika dan Pendidikan Fisika 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31758/omegajphysphyseduc.v4i1.7.
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The functional of a multi purpose research nuclear reactor control rod blade nuclear reactor is stabilized and controlling devices for nuclear chain reactions, the existing of Cerenkov's radiation impact and thermal neutron flux in reactor chamber. This research was conducted in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - Muon Hadron Division at CERN, Lyon - France under International Research between Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) - Nuclear Reactor and Betha Group Section for sub-particles for nanomaterial. Using Juergen Model with quantum states approaching and testing by Muon-Hadron Stirrer equipment had determined the \ce {Th_xDUO2} derivatives materials. This material shown the strength of thermal neutron flux absorbed about 2.56 × 10⁵ − 1.94 × 10⁶ Ci/mm, the value of Electrical Conductivity is 26.62 − 29.98 in 800° - 890° C temperature, however at 2.1 × 10⁵ Ci/mm thermal neutron flux condition is 29.44 − 37.88 in IAEA standard. At 450 tesla magnetic field and 2.1 × 10⁵ Ci/mm thermal neutron absorber, the crystalline structure reduction is 6.88% until 10.95% for 25 years period in 45.7 megawatts with \ce {UO2} more enrichment and \ce {Pu2O} also \ce {Th2O_y} nuclear fuel element matrix.
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Camattari, Riccardo, Marco Romagnoni, Laura Bandiera, Enrico Bagli, Andrea Mazzolari, Alexei Sytov, Simon Haaga, et al. "X-ray characterization of self-standing bent Si crystal plates for Large Hadron Collider beam extraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720002800.
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Bent crystals can be used to deflect high-energy charged particles for beam extraction and/or beam collimation at accelerator facilities, thanks to the channelling phenomenon. In the present paper, two perfect silicon mono-crystals were bent using two different methods: sandblasting and the application of a carbon fibre composite. In particular, these samples were obtained for the realization of bent crystal prototypes to be used to steer the 7 TeV proton beam of the Large Hadron Collider in the context of the CRYSBEAM project. The two bending methods were selected since they allow a very homogeneous curvature of the crystals to be obtained, which is essential for high channelling efficiency. Moreover, the deformation obtained is self-standing, i.e. there is no need for any external device to keep the samples bent. Self-standing curvature can be useful because the presence of an external bender could be a severe limitation in the collider beam-pipe. The curvature of the samples was measured through high-energy X-ray diffraction at the ID11 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. Since the diffraction efficiencies obtained were in good agreement with theoretical expectations, it follows that the manufacturing techniques did not damage the samples, i.e. the crystallographic quality was preserved. Finally, the crystal quality of the sandblasted sample was investigated in detail at the synchrotron source at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology by X-ray white-beam topography. The measurements showed no diffusion of defects from the machined surfaces to the crystal bulk.
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Bonnal, Pierre, Jurgen De Jonghe, and John Ferguson. "A Deliverable-Oriented EVM System Suited to a Large-Scale Project." Project Management Journal 37, no. 1 (March 2006): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875697280603700106.
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is under construction at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, near Geneva, Switzerland. In 2003, a new earned value management (EVM) system was introduced to improve transparency in LHC project reporting, to allow a clearer distinction between cost differences to the baseline due to overruns versus resulting delays, and to provide the project management team with a more reactive project management information system for better decision-making. EVM has become a de facto standard for the follow-up of cost and schedule and several commercial packages are offered for implementing an EVM system. But because none of these packages fulfilled CERN's requirements, its executive management decided to proceed with an in-house development. In this paper, an overview of what CERN considers to be good requirements for an EVM system suited to large-scale projects is provided: the deliverable-oriented, collaborative and lean management dimensions are enforced. In conclusion, we discuss some of our positive and negative experiences so those who would like to develop or implement similar enterprise-wide project control systems can be more aware of common pitfalls.
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Roy, Arpita. "Ethnography and Theory of the Signature in Physics." Cultural Anthropology 29, no. 3 (August 11, 2014): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca29.3.03.
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Ending the decades-long search for the elusive Higgs particle, physicists at the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or CERN, in Switzerland announced the news of its historic discovery on July 4, 2012. In the wake of the recent discovery of the Higgs particle, the article aims to give a critical account of the concept of signature used in contemporary particle physics. Appearing as interlopers in the material world of science, signatures engender a complex movement between fact and value, thing and sign, or reference and meaning. This movement is instructive in explaining how discoveries are made in an experimental science, and also in the more provocative problem of how necessary consequences follow from contextual signs. Drawing on two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork carried out at the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator complex and integrating it with medieval theories of the signature, the essay offers a renewed interrogation into the topic of things, signs, and relations and their relevance for anthropology today.
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Latif, Imran, Shigeki Misawa, and Alexandr Zaytsev. "Finalizing Transition to the New Data Center at BNL." EPJ Web of Conferences 295 (2024): 07021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429507021.
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Computational science, data management and analysis have been key factors in the success of Brookhaven National Laboratory's scientific programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS-II), the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and in biological, atmospheric, and energy systems science, Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) and Materials Science, as well as our participation in international research collaborations, such as the ATLAS Experiment at Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Switzerland) and the Belle II Experiment at KEK (Japan). The construction of a new data center is an acknowledgement of the increasing demand for computing and storage services at BNL in the near term and enable the Lab to address the needs of the future experiments at the High-Luminosity LHC at CERN and the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL in the long term. The Computing Facility Revitalization (CFR) project is aimed at repurposing the former National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS-I) building as the new data center for BNL. The construction of the new data center was finished in 2021Q3, and it was delivered for production in early FY2022 for all collaborations supported by the Scientific Data and Computing Center (SDCC), including STAR, PHENIX and sPHENIX experiments at RHIC collider at BNL, the Belle II Experiment at KEK (Japan), and the Computational Science Initiative at BNL (CSI). This paper highlights the key mechanical, electrical, and networking components of the new data center in its final configuration as used in production since 2021Q4 and gives an overview for the extension of the central network systems into the new data center and the migration of a significant portion of IT load and services from the old data center to the new data center carried out in 20212023, with expected completion of the main phase of the gradual IT equipment replacement and migration from the old data center into the new one set to the end of FY2023 (Sep 30, 2023).
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Cardellino, Enrico, Donatella de Silva, Antonio Bilotta, Darko Perović, Oriol Rios, Saverio la Mendola, Emidio Nigro, and Marco Andreini. "FIRE MODELLING AND STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE LININGS OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES." ce/papers 6, no. 5 (September 2023): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2206.
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AbstractThe structural fire safety of tunnels is a highly debated theme at international level. Car accidents in road tunnels, failures on the power lines in railway tunnels [1,2] and electrical related issues of technological installations in underground research infrastructures can lead to trigger a fire. Fire due to cars, trains and combustion of cable insulations can be considerably dangerous. Fire in such infrastructures causes the stress increases and the losses of bearing capacity in the exposed concrete linings. Thus, in presence of a relevant fire risk, both new and existing underground structures need to be assessed. This paper shows the analyses carried out on the cavern UX15 of the ATLAS experiment, located at the Point 1 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of CERN – Meyrin, Switzerland. The structural fire assessment of tunnels requires to model the lining restrain conditions, the related structural resistance and the spalling phenomena. This modelling is done by Finite Element Method (FEM) code taking into account the spalling in advanced thermo‐mechanical analyses. The shell elements have been used due to their relatively conservative temperature distribution predictions, the acceptable accuracy of the displacement estimates, and a reasonable computational burden.
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Zaplatina, T. S. "INSTITUT LAUE-LANGEVIN (ILL) AS A FORM OF SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.108-123.
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The integration of states in the field of education has given rise to the expansion of various forms of cooperation in this area. The subject of the study is one of the large-scale scientific projects called "megasience" — Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), based in Grenoble, France. Such international research centers are designed to achieve breakthrough discoveries, like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Europe, the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United States, and neutron research through the research reactor complex PIK, under construction in Russia. Large research infrastructures are an important phenomenon of public life. In France, megasience installations are officially called "very large research infrastructures", briefly TGIR, in Australia — "landmark research infrastructures".The Institut Laue-Langevin is established as a national legal entity and is managed by three partner countries: France through the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS); Germany through the Jülich Research Centre (FZJ) and the United Kingdom through the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).This form of cooperation between countries, integration of states in the field of education has a number of positive aspects and can be used in Russia to find the most effective model for organizing mega-science projects. Thus, ILL make ot possible to use different sources of funding-funds from both the state and private research and grants, as well as European projects. The ILL provides for the possibility of diverse cooperation and participation of various states, the involvement of scientists and individuals, including non-European countries, open membership. The positive features are also the ease of management and reorientation of ILL, flexibility, as well as the ease of cooperation with various institutions of both national and European and international level.
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Olimov, Khusniddin K., Fu-Hu Liu, Anastasiya I. Fedosimova, Igor A. Lebedev, Airton Deppman, Kobil A. Musaev, Maratbek Z. Shodmonov, and Boburbek J. Tukhtaev. "Analysis of Midrapidity \({p_t}\) Distributions of Identified Charged Particles in Pb + Pb Collisions at \({\sqrt{S_{nn}}}\) = 5.02 TeV Using Tsallis Distribution with Embedded Transverse Flow." Universe 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8080401.
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The midrapidity transverse momentum distributions of the charged pions, kaons, protons, and antiprotons, measured by ALICE Collaboration at ten centrality classes of Pb + Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC, CERN, Switzerland), are successfully analyzed using combined minimum χ2 fits with a thermodynamically non-consistent, as well as thermodynamically consistent, Tsallis function with transverse flow. The extracted non-extensivity parameter q decreases systematically for all considered particle species with increasing Pb+Pb collision centrality, suggesting an increase in the degree of system thermalization with an increase in collision centrality. The results for q suggest quite a large degree of thermalization of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) created in central Pb + Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV with the average number of participant nucleons > 160. The obtained significantly different growth rates of transverse flow velocity, , in regions < 71 ± 7 and > 71 ± 7 with the temperature parameter T0 remaining constant within uncertainties in region > 71 ± 7 probably indicates that ≈ 71 ± 7 (corresponding to ≈ 251 ± 20) is a threshold border value for a crossover transition from a dense hadronic state to the QGP phase (or mixed phase of QGP and hadrons) in Pb + Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV. The threshold border value for transverse flow velocity ≈ 0.46 ± 0.03 (corresponding to ≈ 71 ± 7), estimated by us in Pb + Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV, agrees well with the corresponding border value ≈ 0.44 ± 0.02, recently obtained in Xe + Xe collisions at = 5.44 TeV, and with almost constant values extracted earlier in the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC, Brookhaven, USA) in central Au + Au collisions in the = 7.7 − 39 GeV energy range, where the threshold for QGP production is achieved. The correlations between extracted T0 and parameters are found to be greatly different in regions < 0.46 and > 0.46, which further supports our result obtained for the threshold border value in Pb + Pb collisions at = 5.02 TeV.
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Hardiyanto, Moh. "Quantum Approximation for Josephson's Tunneling in Thx DUO2 Nano Material for 535 Tesla at Muon Cyclotron." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.157.
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The convergence quantum states of free covariant equation in Einsteins space with quantum condition is studied using the ABR (Abrikosov-Balseiro-Russell) formulation in convergence approximation for Josephson tunneling is important role for determine of neutrino particle existing, especially after Cerenkovs effect for 517 tesla super magnetic at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Cyclotron in CERN, Lyon, France based on ThxDUO2nanomaterial. This approaching will be solved the problem for determine the value of interstellar Electrical Conductivity (EC) on DUO2chain reaction, then the post condition of muon has been known exactly. In this research shown the value of EC is 4.32 μeV at 378 tesla magnetic field for 2.1 x 104ci/mm fast thermal neutron floating in 45.7 megawatts adjusted power of CERNs Cyclotron. The resulted by special Electron-Scanning-Nuclear-Absorbtion (ESNA) shown any possibilities of Josephsons tunneling must be boundary by muon particles without neutrino particle existing for 350 456 tesla magnetic field on UO2more enrichment nuclear fuel at CERN, whereas this research has purpose for provide the mathematical formulation to boundary of muons moving at nuclear research reactor to a high degree of accuracy and with Catch-Nuc, one of nuclear beam equipment has a few important value of experimental effort.
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Cucciati, Giacomo. "Cms Ecal Daq Monitoring System." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401045.
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, has just completed the Run 2 era, colliding protons at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at high instantaneous luminosity. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose particle detector experiment at the LHC. The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) has been designed to achieve excellent energy and position resolution for electrons and photons. A multi-machine distributed software configures the on-detector and off-detector electronic boards composing the ECAL data acquisition (DAQ) system and follows the life cycle of the acquisition process. Since the beginning of Run 2 in 2015, many improvements to the ECAL DAQ have been implemented to reduce and mitigate occasional errors in the front-end electronics and not only. Efforts at the software level have been made to introduce automatic recovery in case of errors. Automatic actions has made even more important the online monitoring of the DAQ boards status. For this purpose a new web application, EcalView, has been developed. It runs on a light Node.js JavaScript server framework. It is composed of several routines that cyclically collect the status of the electronics. It display the information when web requests are launched by client side graphical interfaces. For each board, detailed information can be loaded and presented in specific pages if requested by the expert. Server side routines store information regarding electronics errors in a SQLite database in order to perform offline analysis about the long term status of the boards.
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Zaburda, George, Antti Onnela, Kamil Cichy, Jerome Daguin, and Alexander J. G. Lunt. "Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of Cooling Pipes for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123190.
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The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of the detector closest to the particle collisions. The increased heat load associated with these sensors has required the design of an enhanced cooling system that exploits the latent heat of 40 bar CO2. In order to minimise interaction with the incident radiation and improve the detector performance, the cooling pipes within this system need to be thin-walled (~100 μm) and strong enough to withstand these pressures. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-walled cooling pipes currently in use in existing detectors to assess their potential for the tracker upgrade. In total, 22 different pipes were examined, which were composed of CuNi, SS316L, and Ti and were coated with Ni, Cu, and Au. The samples were characterised using computer tomography for 3D structural assessment, focused ion beam ring-core milling for microscale residual stress analysis, optical profilometry for surface roughness, optical microscopy for grain size analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Overall, this examination demonstrated that the Ni- and Cu-coated SS316L tubing was optimal due to a combination of low residual stress (20 MPa axial and 5 MPa hoop absolute), low coating roughness (0.4 μm Ra), minimal elemental diffusion, and a small void fraction (1.4%). This result offers a crucial starting point for the ongoing thin-walled pipe selection, development, and pipe-joining research required for the CMS tracker upgrade, as well as the widespread use of CO2 cooling systems in general.
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Brüning, Oliver, Andrei Seryi, and Silvia Verdú-Andrés. "Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh." Frontiers in Physics 10 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.886473.
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Electron-hadron colliders are the ultimate tool for high-precision quantum chromodynamics studies and provide the ultimate microscope for probing the internal structure of hadrons. The electron is an ideal probe of the proton structure because it provides the unmatched precision of the electromagnetic interaction, as the virtual photon or vector bosons probe the proton structure in a clean environment, the kinematics of which is uniquely determined by the electron beam and the scattered lepton, or the hadronic final state accounting appropriately for radiation. The Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator HERA (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) was the only electron-hadron collider ever operated (1991–2007) and advanced the knowledge of quantum chromodynamics and the proton structure, with implications for the physics studied in RHIC (BNL, Upton, NY) and the LHC (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). Recent technological advances in the field of particle accelerators pave the way to realize next-generation electron-hadron colliders that deliver higher luminosity and enable collisions in a much broader range of energies and beam types than HERA. Electron-hadron colliders combine challenges from both electron and hadron machines besides facing their own distinct challenges derived from their intrinsic asymmetry. This review paper will discuss the major features and milestones of HERA and will examine the electron-hadron collider designs of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) currently under construction at BNL, the CERN’s Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC), at an advanced stage of design and awaiting approval, and the Future Circular lepton-hadron Collider (FCC-eh).
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Brüning, Oliver, Andrei Seryi, and Silvia Verdú-Andrés. "Electron-Hadron Colliders: EIC, LHeC and FCC-eh." Frontiers in Physics 10 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.886473.
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Electron-hadron colliders are the ultimate tool for high-precision quantum chromodynamics studies and provide the ultimate microscope for probing the internal structure of hadrons. The electron is an ideal probe of the proton structure because it provides the unmatched precision of the electromagnetic interaction, as the virtual photon or vector bosons probe the proton structure in a clean environment, the kinematics of which is uniquely determined by the electron beam and the scattered lepton, or the hadronic final state accounting appropriately for radiation. The Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator HERA (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) was the only electron-hadron collider ever operated (1991–2007) and advanced the knowledge of quantum chromodynamics and the proton structure, with implications for the physics studied in RHIC (BNL, Upton, NY) and the LHC (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). Recent technological advances in the field of particle accelerators pave the way to realize next-generation electron-hadron colliders that deliver higher luminosity and enable collisions in a much broader range of energies and beam types than HERA. Electron-hadron colliders combine challenges from both electron and hadron machines besides facing their own distinct challenges derived from their intrinsic asymmetry. This review paper will discuss the major features and milestones of HERA and will examine the electron-hadron collider designs of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) currently under construction at BNL, the CERN’s Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC), at an advanced stage of design and awaiting approval, and the Future Circular lepton-hadron Collider (FCC-eh).
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"Scientists and Students from Hong Kong Join a Top Particle Physics Experiment." Asia Pacific Physics Newsletter 03, no. 02 (August 2014): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251158x14000289.
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A team of physicists from Hong Kong has now formally joined one of the most prestigious physics experiments in the world. Following a unanimous vote of approval today by its Collaboration Board, ATLAS has admitted the Hong Kong team as a member. The ATLAS Collaboration operates one of the largest particle detectors in the world, located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's highest energy particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland. In 2012, the ATLAS team — along with the CMS Collaboration — co-discovered the Higgs boson, or so-called 'God Particle'. The gigantic but sensitive and precise ATLAS detector, together with the unprecedentedly high collision energy and luminosity of the LHC, make it possible to search for fundamentally new physics, such as dark matter, hidden extra dimensions, and supersymmetry — a proposed symmetry among elementary particles. The LHC is currently undergoing an upgrade, targeting a substantial increase in beam energy and intensity in a year's time. It is widely expected that the discovery of the Higgs boson is only the beginning of an era of new breakthroughs in fundamental physics. All these exciting opportunities are now opened up to scientists and students from Hong Kong.
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Infantino, Angelo, Richard William Harbron, Renaud Mouret, Philippe Bertreix, Ana-Paula Bernardes, Luca Bruno, Marco Calviani, et al. "Radiological characterization for the disposal of a decommissioned LHC external beam dump at CERN." European Physical Journal Plus 138, no. 8 (August 8, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04319-0.
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AbstractDuring the last Long Shutdown, a scheduled maintenance period between physics runs, the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beam dumps were replaced with upgraded spares modules. It was then decided to conduct an in-house autopsy and a post-irradiation examination of the removed dumps to extract information essential for the 3rd LHC physics run and to aid the design of new generations of beam dumps able to cope with future upgrades of the LHC. The need for a postmortem analysis of the dump cores opened the opportunity to combine the autopsy with processes required for the disposal of the dumps as radioactive waste at a dedicated disposal facility in France. This had a direct impact in terms of overall optimization of the interventions (postmortem analysis and prepackaging) to be performed on the dump as well as in terms of minimizing of the radiological risk (ALARA), by reducing the exposure of the personnel by combining two interventions in one. The characterization of the dump as radioactive waste was performed by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and analytical techniques verified experimentally via a series of dedicated radiochemical (using liquid scintillation) analyses, conducted in-house and in external specialized laboratories. Based on these results, the dumps will be disposed of as intermediate–medium-level (FMA-VC) waste at the ANDRA CSA repository in France.
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Chatterley, Trish. "George and the Big Bang by L. and S. Hawking." Deakin Review of Children's Literature 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.20361/g28s36.
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Hawking, Lucy and Stephen Hawking. George and the Big Bang. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print. This is the third installment in a trilogy about George’s escapades and galactic adventures, though the book provides enough background that it can stand on its own without the reader needing the context provided in the first two books. George is best friends with his neighbour, Annie, whose father, Eric, is an eminent physicist and professor of mathematics. George and Annie secretly use her father’s supercomputer, named Cosmos, not only to answer their questions but also to open windows and passageways into other parts of the world and outer space. In this story, when Eric and George are observed gallivanting on the surface of the Moon, a special meeting of the Order of Science to Benefit Humanity is called to discuss the consequences of Eric’s actions. The Order is comprised of the world’s leading scientists, and is designed to ensure that science is used for good and not evil. George and Annie must prevent the secret organization, called TOERAG (Theory of Everything Resists Addition of Gravity), from setting off a quantum mechanical bomb at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland where the meeting is to take place. The bomb is to be set off just as a very important experiment into the beginnings of the Universe is to be conducted. The group’s intent is to destroy science by killing the top physicists in the world (including Annie’s dad), thereby permanently disrupting scientific investigation. George and Annie encounter much danger and a few close calls along the way. Black and white cartoon illustrations by Garry Parsons complement the story. Essays about some of the latest scientific theories, such as dark matter and wormholes, factual sections about various astronomical subjects, and colour photographs from space, are interspersed throughout the narrative. They appear when related concepts are presented in the story, though at times they interrupt the flow of the text. The inserts are written in a conversational tone and try to make complex topics comprehensible. However, some subjects will remain beyond the understanding of a young reader. There remains a dichotomy between the fiction and the non-fiction; younger children will appreciate the story, while older kids with an interest in science may learn a great deal about astronomy and physics, but the different elements may not appeal to all ages. Recommended: 3 out of 4 starsReviewer: Trish ChatterleyTrish is a Public Services Librarian for the John W. Scott Health Sciences Library at the University of Alberta. In her free time she enjoys dancing, gardening, and reading books of all types.