Academic literature on the topic 'Large intestine. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Large intestine. eng"
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Adewusi, S. R. A., and O. L. Oke. "On the metabolism of amygdalin. 2. The distribution of β-glucosidase activity and orally administered amygdalin in rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-178.
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The organs of 15-day-old rats had the highest capability to hydrolyze amygdalin and prunasin, and most of this activity is concentrated in the tissues of the small and large intestines. The activity decreased with age. In adult rats, the ability of the organs to hydrolyze prunasin is higher than that of amygdalin and is concentrated in the spleen, large intestine, and kidney (35.0, 15.0, and 8.9 μg prunasin hydrolyzed∙h−1∙g tissue−1). Minced tissues of the liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach contain more hydrolytic capability than the homogenate of these organs, while the reverse is the case with the small and large intestines. When 30 mg amygdalin was orally administered to adult rats, its distribution after the 1st h was as follows: stomach (0.89 mg), small intestine (0.78 mg), spleen (0.36 mg), large intestine (0.30 mg), kidney (0.19 mg), liver (0.10 mg), and serum (5.6 μg/mL). At the end of the 2nd h, the highest amygdalin content was found in the large intestine (0.79 mg).
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Ferraris, R. P., P. P. Lee, and J. M. Diamond. "Origin of regional and species differences in intestinal glucose uptake." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): G689—G697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.5.g689.
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Differences in intestinal absorption among physiological states, intestinal regions, and animal species could arise from many anatomical factors (e.g., intestinal length and diameter, or area amplification by villi and microvilli) and biochemical factors (e.g., transporter density and turnover number). In no comparison had all these factors been measured. Hence we made the necessary new measurements to identify the origin of differences in glucose absorption among three species (mouse, desert wood rat, and desert iguana) and among three intestinal regions in two of these species. Turnover numbers range from 6,900 to 32,300 glucose molecules per minute per site. Microvilli amplify intestinal area by a larger factor (36-96 times) than do villi (2-14 times), so that the intestine's actual area is at least 110-1,280 times the nominal area of the equivalent smooth-bore cylinder. Species comparisons among mammals yield the striking result that the area of the whole length of the small intestine at the microvillus level varies nearly linearly as the mammal's metabolic live mass. For the species studied, all the anatomical and biochemical factors studied proved to make significant contributions to species and regional difference in glucose uptake.
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Joesten, William C., Audrey H. Short, and Michael A. Kennedy. "Spatial variations in gut permeability are linked to type 1 diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 7, no. 1 (December 2019): e000793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000793.
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ObjectivesTo determine if spatial variations in gut permeability play a role in regulating type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression.Research design and methodsSpatially resolved duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and large intestine sections from end-stage T1D non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were probed by immunohistochemistry to quantify zonulin levels as a measure of gut permeability in early-progressor and late-progressor NOD mice in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR/LtJ control mice.ResultsZonulin levels were elevated in the small and large intestines in early-progressor and late-progressor NOD mice in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR control mice. In early-onset mice, elevated zonulin levels were maximum in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum and large intestine. In late-progressor mice, zonulin levels were elevated almost evenly along the small and large intestines. In non-progressor NOD mice, zonulin levels were comparable with NOR control levels in both the small and large intestines.ConclusionsElevated zonulin expression levels indicated that gut permeability was increased both in the small and large intestines in NOD mice that progressed to end-stage T1D in comparison with non-progressor NOD mice and healthy NOR control mice. Highest elevations in zonulin levels were observed in the duodenum and jejunum followed by the ileum and large intestines. Spatial variations in gut permeability appeared to play a role in regulating the rate and severity of T1D progression in NOD mice indicating that spatial variations in gut permeability should be investigated as a potentially important factor in human T1D progression.
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Sanches, Lorena Mari, Cinthia Eyng, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Jomara Broch, Felipe Potenza Campos, and Karine Isabela Tenório. "Performance and biometry of the gastrointestinal tract in growing Japanese quails fed bee pollen." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1379.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of bee pollen in the diet of growing Japanese quails on productive performance, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines. A total of 650 one-day-old female Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments according to the dietary levels of bee pollen (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6%), five replicates, and 26 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (35 days of age), the performance and relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of bee pollen did not influence (P > 0.05) performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver, and large intestine, as well as the length of small and large intestines. However, a linear reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the relative weight of small intestine as dietary bee pollen levels increased. The inclusion of bee pollen from 0.4 to 1.6% in the diet of growing Japanese quails did neither improve productive performance nor alter the biometry of digestive organs.
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Secor, Stephen M., Edward E. Whang, John S. Lane, Stanley W. Ashley, and Jared Diamond. "Luminal and systemic signals trigger intestinal adaptation in the juvenile python." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): G1177—G1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.6.g1177.
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Juvenile pythons undergo large rapid upregulation of intestinal mass and intestinal transporter activities upon feeding. Because it is also easy to do surgery on pythons and to maintain them in the laboratory, we used a python model to examine signals and agents for intestinal adaptation. We surgically isolated the middle third of the small intestine from enteric continuity, leaving its mesenteric nerve and vascular supply intact. Intestinal continuity was restored by an end-to-end anastomosis between the proximal and distal thirds. Within 24 h of the snake's feeding, the reanastomosed proximal and distal segments (receiving luminal nutrients) had upregulated amino acid and glucose uptakes by up to 15-fold, had doubled intestinal mass, and thereby soon achieved total nutrient uptake capacities equal to those of the normal fed full-length intestine. At this time, however, the isolated middle segment, receiving no luminal nutrients, experienced no changes from the fasted state in either nutrient uptakes or in morphology. By 3 days postfeeding, the isolated middle segment had upregulated nutrient uptakes to the same levels as the reanastomosed proximal and distal segments, but it still lacked any appreciable morphological response. These contrasting results for the reanastomosed intestine and for the isolated middle segment suggest that luminal nutrients and/or pancreatic biliary secretions are the agents triggering rapid upregulation of transporters and of intestinal mass and that systemic nerve or hormonal signals later trigger transporter regulation but no trophic response.
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Mykhailiutenko, S. M., O. V. Kruchynenko, O. S. Klymenko, J. K. Serdioucov, N. I. Dmytrenko, and V. V. Tkachenko. "Pathomorphological changes in the large intestine of rabbits parasitised by Passalurus ambiguus (Nematoda, Oxyuridae)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021911.
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Passaluriasis is a common infestation of lagomorphs, which clinically manifests in intense itching around the anus, various disorders of digestion and loss of weight. We performed a study of infested rabbits of the seryi veleten breed, which were kept in individual farms in Poltava Oblast (Ukraine). During the autopsy, in the cavity of the large intestine, there were found small, spindle-like helminths of white colour. Out of 10 rabbits, 846 nematodes were extracted (369 males and 477 females, identified as Passalurus ambiguus (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845. It was determined that the extensity of infestation in female rabbits reached 56.4%, male rabbits – 43.6%. The results of metric parameters of the nematodes are as follows: mean body length of males equaled 4.6 ± 0.4, females – 9.7 ± 1.21 mm, and maximum width – 257.4 ± 17.8 and 546.2 ± 37.1 µm respectively. A common feature of mature nematodes of this species is the presence of a rounded extension (bulbus) at the end of the esophagus. During chronic course of passaluriasis in rabbits, pathomorphological changes developed in the large intestine. The upper epithelium of the large intestine was damaged in some places, certain epithelian cells were found in the lumen of the intestine. The intestinal glands are widened, filled with slimy content of mostly dark blue-violet colour, especially in the upper sections of the glands. In the deep sections of the glands, slime was almost transparent. In deep sections of the glands the slime was almost transparent. In the epithelium cells of the glands, slimy granules were also of basophilic colour. The muscularis mucosae of the mucous membrane, especially between the intestinal glands was swollen, had practically no colour, the collagen fibers were stretched, thinned-out. Edemas were also recorded in the tela submucosa. In some preparations, the muscularis mucosae was notably infiltrated by lymphoid cells and histiocytes. On large extensions, we found some signs of hypersecretion of slime in goblet cells of the intestinal glands as accumulations of granules of slime in the cytoplasm, which had poorly developed colouration. On the side of the muscular and serous membranes, no pathological changes were found. The information presented here indicates the relevance of passaluriasis infestation as an etiological factor of occurrence of chronic catarrhal colitis with lymphohistiocytosis.
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Chrostkowska, Iwona, Bartosz Wanot, Agnieszka Biskupek-Wanot, and Liudmila Matulnikova. "EXTERIORISATION OF INTESTINAL STOMA AS A RESULT OF INTESTINAL CANCER DISEASE." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 25, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/2514.
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Among diseases of the 21st century, intestinal tumours are frequently mentioned. Colon cancer is a serious and growing health problem not only in Poland, but also in the world. As the most common result of fighting for one's own health and often even life is the consent to the intestinal stoma. Intestinal stoma is made by exteriorisation of the preserved intestinal end by abdominal incision outside the abdominal cavity, the incision of the mucous membrane and suturing it to the skin. The three main groups of indications for exteriorisation of stoma are: (a) inflammatory disease of intestines, (b) colitis, rectal and colonic trauma, (c) colorectal cancer. Properly exteriorised stoma on the large intestine should be located on the smooth surface of the skin away from the navel, hip bone, skin folds, scars and also at least 4 cm away from the main surgical cut. Patients should see the fistula well because it is the basis of proper self-care. Dermatological complications are the most common complication of stoma and occur in nearly 80% of patients. It comes to them as a result of irritation of the skin by the intestinal contents that come out of it and causes inflammation. This is usually the result of incorrect stoma care or improper use of stoma equipment. Despite medical advances towards minimizing invasive procedures and limiting the severity of the disease, the problem of the great stress experienced by every person undergoing surgical treatment is still valid and relevant to the outcome of the whole therapy. Choosing intestinal stoma is one of the most stressful treatments, so in this case, not only medical care but also psychological over the patient seems to be a priority.
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Paar, M., E. M. Liebler, and J. F. Pohlenz. "Uptake of Ferritin by Follicle-associated Epithelium in the Colon of Calves." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900204.
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Uptake of macromolecules (e.g., ferritin) by M cells in follicle-associated epithelium in small and large intestine was investigated in three healthy, conventionally raised, 2- to 3-week-old, female Holstein Frisian calves. A 2.5% solution of ferritin was injected into the ligated loops in mid-jejunum, in terminal ileum, in the ascending colon adjacent to the ileocecal junction, and in the proximal loop of the ascending colon containing gut-associated lymphoid tissue. After exposure times that ranged from 82 to 165 minutes, ferritin was detected in M cells of domes in the small intestine, as well as in cells in follicle-associated epithelium of proprial lymphoid nodules and lymphoglandular complexes of colon that morphologically resembled M cells of small intestine. Ferritin was found in apical invaginations, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, basal vesicles, and adjacent intercellular spaces. In addition to ferritin, apical vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and intercellular spaces contained 50-nm membrane-bound particles. More ferritin was endocytosed by M cells of the small intestine than by M cells of the large intestine. In the large intestine, higher amounts of ferritin were found in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium overlying proprial lymphoid nodules than in M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the depth of lymphoglandular complexes. Based on these results, we concluded that M cells of follicle-associated epithelium in the colon of calves provide a route for antigen uptake into the intestinal lymphoid system.
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Lee, Juneyoung, Attayeb Mohsen, Anik Banerjee, Louise D. McCullough, Kenji Mizuguchi, Motomu Shimaoka, Hiroshi Kiyono, and Eun Jeong Park. "Distinct Age-Specific miRegulome Profiling of Isolated Small and Large Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073544.
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The intestinal epithelium serves as a dynamic barrier to protect the host tissue from exposure to a myriad of inflammatory stimuli in the luminal environment. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) encompass differentiated and specialized cell types that are equipped with regulatory genes, which allow for sensing of the luminal environment. Potential inflammatory cues can instruct IECs to undergo a diverse set of phenotypic alterations. Aging is a primary risk factor for a variety of diseases; it is now well-documented that aging itself reduces the barrier function and turnover of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in pathogen translocation and immune priming with increased systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to provide an effective epigenetic and regulatory outlook that examines age-associated alterations in the intestines through the profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) on isolated mouse IECs. Our microarray analysis revealed that with aging, there is dysregulation of distinct clusters of miRNAs that was present to a greater degree in small IECs (22 miRNAs) compared to large IECs (three miRNAs). Further, miRNA–mRNA interaction network and pathway analyses indicated that aging differentially regulates key pathways between small IECs (e.g., toll-like receptor-related cascades) and large IECs (e.g., cell cycle, Notch signaling and small ubiquitin-related modifier pathway). Taken together, current findings suggest novel gene regulation pathways by epithelial miRNAs in aging within the gastrointestinal tissues.
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Tybinka, A. M. "ВПЛИВ ТИПОЛОГІЧНИХ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ АВТОНОМНОГО ТОНУСУ НА КІЛЬКІСНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ СПОЛУЧНОЇ ТКАНИНИ КИШКОВОЇ СТІНКИ КУРЕЙ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 2(66) (August 9, 2016): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6636.
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Fibrous connective tissue of the intestinal wall supports its functional stability and morphological integrity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between the fibrous components of connective tissue in the intestinal wall of chicken, which is characterized by different types of autonomous tone.The researches was carries out on laying chicken of Isa-Braun cross, in amount 33 animals, aged 1 year. According to the results of electrocardiographic and variation-pulse metric researches, poultry was divided into two groups: sympatotonics (CT) – 16 chickens and sympato-normotonics (CT-HT) – 17 chickens. After poultry slaughter, from each intestine was extracted wall samples, which were fixed in fluid Buena with the further making of paraffin sections. The coloring of histological sections was done, using the methods of Van Gieson's stain, Pachini and Weigert. The correlation between the size of all fibers of connecting tissue and the size of only elastic fibers in both groups of poultry was researched on ready histological preparations. These researches were carried out on the section of crypt of mucosa and muscle membrane by the way of using computer morphometry. The results of the research were worked out statistically.It was found, on the basis of the obtained results, that the researched correlation is characterized by the same dynamics in the both intestine membranes. Herewith along the whole intestine larger numbers of this correlation belong to chicken-CT. The part of elastic fibers in muscle membrane is higher than in mucosa. The maximum amount of elastic fibers in the content of all fibers of connecting tissue can be observed at the beginning of small intestine and along with it gradually reduces. At the beginning of the large intestine this part slightly increase, however in the end of the intestine has the smallest amount. The presented patterns is peculiar for the both types of poultry, so on the basis of this we can mention the relative stability of morphology of intestine connective tissue. And disclosed typological peculiarities of the autonomous tone allow to adapt the structure of fiber component of connective tissue to the functional characteristics of digestion during the respective type of autonomous balance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Large intestine. eng"
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Remedio, Rafael Neodini. "Alterações histoquímicas e ultraestruturas do fígado e intestino grosso de ratos diabéticos tipo I e os efeitos do treinamento físico /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87738.
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Resumo: O diabetes mellitus resulta de uma complexa interação entre vários graus de susceptibilidade genética e fatores ambientais. Sua principal característica é a secreção deficiente de insulina (hipoinsulinemia), ou ainda a baixa sensibilidade dos tecidos periféricos a este hormônio, fatos que resultam em uma elevação característica nos níveis de glicose no sangue (hiperglicemia). O diabetes tipo I caracteriza-se pela hipoinsulinemia, sendo acompanhado por alterações metabólicas e bioquímicas, além de prejuízos morfológicos em diversos tecidos, como o fígado e o intestino grosso. A prática regular de exercícios é reconhecida como um fator preventivo muito importante para os casos de diabetes, aumentando a sensibilidade e resposta à insulina e diminuindo sua necessidade em indivíduos diabéticos. A fim de analisar estas alterações, ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle sedentário (CS), controle treinado (CT), diabético sedentário (DS) e diabético treinado (DT). O diabetes foi induzido por aloxana monoidratada Sigma. Amostras de fígado e intestino grosso foram coletadas para a realização de técnicas histoquímicas e ultraestruturais. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar os prejuízos provenientes do desenvolvimento do diabetes nos tecidos analisados e, a partir desta análise, avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico na amenização ou prevenção destas alterações. Resultados histoquímicos bastante expressivos foram encontrados no fígado, principalmente em relação ao acúmulo de glicogênio e de fibras colágenas perisinusoidais nas células hepáticas que, após a realização de treinamento físico moderado, atingiram níveis mais próximos dos considerados normais. Os resultados ultraestruturais demonstraram grandes alterações na presença de mitocôndrias e retículo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: Diabetes mellitus results from a complex interaction between various degrees of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Its main feature is a deficient insulin secretion (hypoinsulinemia), or the low sensitivity of peripheral tissues to this hormone, facts that result in a characteristic elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). Type I diabetes is characterized by hypoinsulinemia, and is followed by metabolic and biochemical alterations, besides morphological impairment in various tissues, such as liver and large intestine. Regular exercise is recognized as an important preventative factor in cases of diabetes, increasing sensitivity and response to insulin and decreasing its necessity in diabetic individuals. In order to analyze these changes, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary Controls (SC), Trained Controls (TC), Sedentary Diabetics (SD) and Trained Diabetics (TD). Diabetes was induced by monohydrate alloxan Sigma. Liver and large intestine samples were collected for carrying out histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the damage proceeding from the development of diabetes in the analyzed tissues and evaluate, from this analysis, the effects of physical training in alleviating or preventing these changes. Very promising histochemical results were found in the liver, especially related to the accumulation of glycogen and perisinusoidal collagen fibers in liver cells that, after performing moderate physical training, reached levels near those considered normal. Ultrastructural results showed important variations in the presence of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytosol of diabetic rats' hepatocytes. Slight recovery was observed as result of exercise. Large intestine, in turn, presented significant histochemical changes in the amount of mucin secreted, besides alterations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Flávio Henrique Caetano
Coorientador: Ricardo José Gomes
Banca: Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol
Banca: Fernando José Zara
Mestre
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Pereira, Rodrigo Severo de Camargo. "Cicatrização intestinal em ratos submetidos à ingestão de etanol /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101024.
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Orientador: José Guilherme MinossiBanca: Luis Eduardo Naresse
Banca: Lidia Raquel de Carvalho
Banca: Roberto Saad Junior
Banca: Luis Roberto Montolar Verderese
Resumo: O consumo abusivo de álcool é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. O uso excessivo e indiscriminado de bebidas alcoólicas é responsável por mais de 60 agravos a saúde, como câncer de esôfago, estômago e fígado, doenças cardiovasculares, cirrose hepática, pancreatite crônica, úlcera péptica e em muitas dessas patologias pode-se necessitar de intervenções no trato digestivo. Na problemática exposta sobre o alcoolismo há uma série de alterações que podem repercutir nas anastomoses do trato gastrointestinal, como: desnutrição, lesões hepáticas, além do efeito tóxico direto do etanol sobre a mucosa gastrointestinal. Estudar o efeito do alcoolismo no processo de cicatrização intestinal e a evolução no pós-operatório de ratos submetidos à ingestão de etanol. Método: Foram utilizados 160 ratos da linhagem Wistar. Esses animais foram divididos em dois grupos, controle e tratado, sendo que o controle recebeu água e ração em livre demanda e o tratado solução etílica a 30% e ração livre demanda. Após 180 dias foi realizada colotomia cinco centímetros acima da deflexão peritoneal e anastomose em todos os animais. Após o procedimento os grupos foram divididos em quatro subgrupos de 20 ratos para estudo nos seguintes momentos: 40, 70, 140 e 210 pós-operatórios. Os parâmetros analisados foram: força de ruptura longitudinal, dosagem de hidroxiprolina tecidual, complicações pós-operatórias e estudo histopatológico. Resultados: O ganho de peso foi superior no grupo controle quando comparado com o grupo tratado (p<0,05). Agrupados todos os subgrupos, a força de ruptura foi significativamente maior no grupo controle que no grupo tratado (p<0,05). A dosagem de hidroxiprolina não apresentou diferença entre os grupos em cada momento estudado. A análise histopatológica não demonstrou alterações significativas entre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Alcohol abuse is considered to be a serious public-health problem worldwide. The excessive and indiscriminate use of alcoholic beverages is responsible for more than 60 health medical problems, such as esophageal, stomach and liver cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis and peptic ulcers. Many of these pathologies may require interventions in the digestive tract. The problems stemming from alcoholism include a number of alterations that may lead to anastomosis of the gastrointestinal tract, such as malnutrition and hepatic lesions, in addition to the direct toxic effect of ethanol on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Objective: To study the effect of alcoholism on the process of intestinal healing and the post-operative development of rats submitted to ethanol ingestion. Method: One hundred and sixty Wistar rats were used. These animals were divided into two groups, namely control and treated. The control group received water and animal feed ad libitum, and the treated group was given 30% ethyl alcohol solution and feed ad libitum. One hundred and eighty days later, colotomy 5 cm above peritoneal deflection and anastomosis were performed in all animals. After the procedure, the groups were divided into 4 sub-groups of 20 rats for study at the following post-operative moments: 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days. The parameters analyzed were rupture strength, tissue hydroxyproline dosage, post-operative complications and histopathology. Results: Weight gain was greater in the control group as compared to that in the treated group (p<0.05). By grouping all the sub-groups, it was observed that rupture strength was significantly greater in the control group than in the treated group (p<0,05). Hydroxyproline dosage did not show any differences between the groups at each studied moment. Histopathological analysis did not show significant alterations between the groups... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Book chapters on the topic "Large intestine. eng"
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Wani, Robert Serafino. "Parasites and Worms." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0010.
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A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Worms or helminths either live as parasites or free of a host in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Parasites and worms are found worldwide but mainly in the tropics. It is estimated that 20% of immigrants from endemic countries may have helminthic infections at their arrival to the UK. These people could be asymptomatic, but tend to present with unexplained symptoms, especially gastrointestinal in nature or eosinophilia. Travellers to endemic countries tend to be newly infected and have greater immune response and pronounced eosinophilia in some but not all parasitic infections. Parasites that can cause disease in humans fall under three classes: protozoa, helminths, and Ectoparasites Protozoa are microscopic, one- celled organisms that can be free living or parasitic in nature. Transmission of protozoa that live in a human’s intestine to another human typically occurs through a faeco-oral route (for example, contaminated food or water, or person- to-person contact). Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an arthropod vector (for example, through the bite of a mosquito or sand fly). Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages. Like protozoa, helminths can be either free living or parasitic. There are three main groups of helminths that parasitize humans: cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes. These are flat worms that comprise Echinococcus species: intestinal tapeworms and neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium) These are leaf- shaped, and they vary in length from a few millimetres to 8 cm. They include: ■ Liver fluke: Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica ■ Intestinal fluke: Fasciola buski, Heterophyes heterophyes, ■ Lung fluke: Paragonimus westernmani ■ Blood flukes: Schistosoma species These are cylindrical in structure. Blood- sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes are considered as ectoparasites because they depend on blood meal for their survival. Narrowly speaking, ectoparasites include organisms like ticks, fleas, lice, and mites (scabies) that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (e.g. weeks to months).
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"Digestive system." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Medical Sciences, edited by Jade Chow, John Patterson, Kathy Boursicot, and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605071.003.0023.
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In essence, the digestive system is a four-layered tube that extends from mouth to anus. Its main purpose is the enzymatic digestion of food to produce smaller molecules that can then be absorbed into the body as nutrients. To achieve this the gut is regionally specialized to enable the serial processing of food and the absorption of food, water, and electrolytes as materials pass along the bowel. The four layers of the bowel are: 1) A mucosa surrounding the lumen, made up of a specialized epithelium, a lamina propria of connective tissue, and a layer of smooth muscle—the muscularis mucosae. 2) A submucosa, a layer of connective tissue oft en containing glands. 3) A muscularis externa with, usually, an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle, responsible for peristalsis. 4) An outermost layer of epithelia and connective tissue called the adventitia, or serosa if the bowel is enfolded by peritoneum or mesentery. Despite this common arrangement along the whole bowel, the four layers show characteristic differences in each region, reflecting the specialization of function found in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Indeed, differences can also be seen between the subdivisions of these regions. Associated with the gut are two major organs, the liver and the pancreas. The liver processes the newly absorbed nutrients passed to it from the bowel by the hepatic portal vein. It also produces bile, which is eventually secreted into the bowel. Bile, stored and modified between meals in the gallbladder, is a vehicle for the removal from the body of conjugated bile pigments from the breakdown of haemoglobin. Bile also delivers to the small intestine the bile salts essential for the proper digestion of fats. The pancreas is divided into an exocrine pancreas, whose secretions of pro-enzymes, bicarbonate, and water pass to the small intestine to neutralize gastric acid and support digestion, and islets of endocrine tissue that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin — hormones concerned, in part, with glucose regulation. Control of bowel function is complex.
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Collier, Jane. "Investigation and management of jaundice." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jack Satsangi, 3049–57. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0317.
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Haem molecules are degraded in macrophages to biliverdin and then to bilirubin, which is selectively removed by hepatocytes from sinusoidal blood and conjugated, chiefly with two glucuronic acid moieties. Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into the bile, but in many liver diseases it refluxes back into blood from which some is filtered into and darkens the urine (choluria). In the distal intestine, conjugated bilirubin is deconjugated and reduced to a series of uro- and stercobilinogens that give the normal colour to faeces. Jaundice is the clinical sign of hyperbilirubinaemia and usually indicates disease of the liver or biliary tree. Dark urine and pale stools indicate cholestasis. Stigmata of chronic liver disease do not define the cause of jaundice. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia—presents with raised serum bilirubin levels and normal other liver-related blood tests. Causes include haemolysis and benign inherited unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (i.e. Gilbert’s syndrome). Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia—routine liver-related blood tests cannot alone differentiate between intra- and extrahepatic causes of jaundice although high levels of transferases suggests hepatitis (e.g. viral, autoimmune) or hepatic necrosis (e.g. paracetamol). Alcohol and drug histories are needed in those with both elevated alkaline phosphatase and transferases. Extrahepatic cholestasis should be sought by abdominal ultrasonography to detect a dilated intra- and/or extrahepatic biliary tree (and often also to reveal its cause, e.g. gallstones, tumour). Further investigation depends on the clinical context: (1) likely large bile duct disease—endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and endoscopic ultrasonography; (2) likely intrahepatic cholestasis—autoantibodies, immunoglobulins, and liver biopsy.
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Farne, Hugo, Edward Norris-Cervetto, and James Warbrick-Smith. "Nausea and vomiting." In Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716228.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
The vomiting centre (mainly histamine and acetylcholine receptors) in the medulla oblongata can be activated by four main input systems shown in Figure 13.1: the vestibular system, the central nervous system, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (in the fourth ventricle of the brain), and cranial nerves IX and X. With these four inputs in mind, it becomes easier to understand some of the pathologies that can activate the vomiting centre and cause nausea and vomiting, as is shown in Figure 13.2. • Contents ■ Undigested: oesophageal disorders, e.g. achalasia, pharyngeal pouch ■ Partially digested: gastric outlet obstruction, gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying, e.g. seen in diabetes mellitus) ■ Bile (green): small bowel obstruction (distal to the ampulla of Vater) ■ Faeculent: distal intestinal or colonic obstruction. Note: the only time you will see faecal (i.e. true faeces), as opposed to faeculent (i.e. foul looking), vomiting is in patients with a gastrocolonic fistula… or coprophagia ■ Blood/coffee-ground: haematemesis (see Chapter 5) ■ Large volume: less likely to be functional. • Timing ■ Early morning: classically in pregnancy and raised intracranial pressure. ■ Duration: this is useful in identifying the severity (patients with severe nausea and vomiting present early) and a longer time course makes acute pathologies such as bowel obstruction less likely, as untreated this will either deteriorate or resolve. • Association with eating? ■ Vomiting within an hour of eating suggests an obstruction high in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract proximal to the gastric outlet. If this is the case, you should ask about peptic ulcer disease (or a history of dyspepsia) as this can cause scarring and pyloric stenosis. ■ Vomiting after a longer postprandial delay is consistent with an obstruction lower in the GI tract, usually in the small bowel. ■ Early satiety, postprandial bloating, and abdominal discomfort together suggest gastroparesis or outlet obstruction. • Use the SOCRATES mnemonic to characterize the pain (see Chapter 12). • The site is indicative of certain pathologies (e.g. right upper quadrant suggests a hepatobiliary cause, epigastric suggests a pancreatic or gastroduodenal cause). However, localization of pain is far from accurate in abdominal pathology due to the neural wiring and embryology, and also anatomical variations.
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Atkins, Peter. "Food for Thought: Enzyme Action." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0034.
Full textAbstract:
Nature makes use of the tools that I have been developing, and does so in the most extraordinary and subtle manner. After all, she has had about four billion years to come up with solutions to problems with which human chemists have striven seriously for only a century or so. Most of the reactions that go on in organisms—including you—are controlled by the proteins called ‘enzymes’ (a name derived from the Greek words for ‘in leaven’, as in yeast). Enzymes are biological catalysts (Reaction 11) that are extraordinarily specific and highly effective in their role. One of these complex molecules might serve as the merest foot soldier in the army of reactions going on inside you, with a role such as severing the bond between two specific groups of atoms in a target molecule. Because their function may be highly specific, enzyme molecules need to be large: they have to recognize the molecule they act on, act on it, then release it so that they can act again. Thus, they have to have several functions built into them. As you will see, enzymes are the ultimate in functional blindness: they feel around in their surroundings in order to identify their substrate, the species they can act on. Life is ultimately blind chemical progress guided by touch. I am going to introduce you to one particular group of enzymes, the ‘proteases’, and focus on one example from this group, namely chymotrypsin. A protease is a traitor to its kind: it is a protein that breaks down other proteins. It plays a role in digestion, of course, but its range is much wider. One protease enables a lucky sperm to eat through the cell wall of an egg and ensure its at least temporary immortality. Another facilitates the clotting of blood to terminate possibly fatal bleeding. Chymotrypsin itself is an enzyme that is secreted from the pancreas into the intestine, and makes an essential contribution to the process of digestion. Its name is derived slightly circuitously from the Greek words for animal fluid, a bodily ‘humour’, and rubbing, as it was obtained as a fluid by rubbing the pancreas.
Conference papers on the topic "Large intestine. eng"
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Liao-yuan, Ai, Ge Shu-chen, Xu Jing-jing, Li Ming-yang, Mao Lin, and Song Cheng-li. "Finite Element Analysis and Experiment on Large Intestine End-to-End Anastomosis." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6832.
Full textAbstract:
Colorectal surgery is widely performed to re-establish the bowel, the part of which is removed because of diverticulitis, intestinal polyps, inflammatory bowel and cancer. Stapled anastomosis is a highly standardized technique and considered the standard of care. However, complications like leakage, stenosis and postoperative bleeding cannot be completely avoided [1,2]. There is limited understanding of the impact of staplers on tissue and basic mechanics of tissue stapling. According to the previous research, compression, staple height, tissue thickness, tissue compressibility, and tissue type have an effect on the patient outcomes [3]. Hence, we conducted this prospective study to analyze the effect of staple height on tissue damage and compression pressure. An attempt was made to determine the relationship between the tissue height and the optimal closed staple height.
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Filip, Dobromir, Marjan Eggermont, Jacquelyn Nagel, C. N. Andrews, Orly Yadid-Pecht, and Martin P. Mintchev. "Electronic Stool (e-Stool): A Novel Self-Stabilizing Video Capsule Endoscope for Reliable Non-Invasive Colonic Imaging." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62714.
Full textAbstract:
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become a popular non-invasive technique to study the small intestine. However, colonic VCE has been problematic due to capsule tumbling in the larger lumen of this organ. Self-stabilizing VCE is a novel method to visualize the colon without tumbling utilizing a biomimetic approach. The proposed design uses the free energy of the body’s natural processes employed to move chyme, and imitates the formation and propagation of stool. In its final stage, it physically and mechanically mimics natural feces. The process starts by administering the capsule orally. The capsule size, shape, and material were chosen to provide a smooth transit throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Once it reaches the colon, its special outer casing enzymatically dissolves. A stabilizing component that is attached to the back end of the capsule starts quickly expanding in the cecum by osmosis. This increase of the volumetric size of the expandable component (stabilizing component) invokes natural peristalsis by colonic mass reflex. Since the expansion process takes place very quickly, the capsule gets stabilized before the expansion-provoked peristalsis starts. At the final stage, the artificially created expanded component (behaving like an artificial stool) centralizes the capsule during its voyage in the colon, allowing a very smooth transit due to its viscosity. The aim of the present study is to present the design of the capsule from a biomimetic perspective and to comparatively quantify the mechanical properties of the design with those of actual human stool.
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de la Torre, Roger A., and Jaya Ghosh. "Device for Safely Closing Trocar Sites in Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3399.
Full textAbstract:
Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries of the abdomen require a trocar to facilitate entry and removal of instrumentation. Some of these trocars are 5mm or less, but some trocars for these surgeries are larger, with 8mm to 15mm trocars commonly used. One of the well-known problems seen in minimally invasive surgery to the abdomen is the resulting defect left in the abdominal wall following removal of the trocars. Occasionally, especially after removal of larger trocars, a defect is left that is large enough to allow omentum or segments of small intestine to become entrapped within the resulting space in the abdominal wall. These trocar site hernias can cause pain, but they also may lead to small bowel obstruction and bowel ischemia or even infarction, perforation and death. The likelihood of a trocar site hernia is increased when the minimally invasive procedure requires removal of an organ or a mass. This often requires dilatation of the trocar site opening.1,2,3 Re-operation to reduce and repair trocar site hernias adds significant cost to the healthcare system. Two separate studies report that incidence of trocar site hernias are in the ranges of 0.65%–2.8%4 and 1.5%–1.8%5,6. Based on a 2016 report published by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), 196,0007 bariatric procedures were performed in 2015. Assuming an average incidence rate of 1.7%, and based on the cost analysis provided by a 2008 case study8, in bariatric surgery alone, it is estimated that the treatment and hospitalization of such hernias adds an additional $86.2M to healthcare costs. Several methods and devices exist to prevent the occurrence of trocar site hernias. However, closing superficial fascia externally is difficult, especially in obese patients, and often requires extending the skin incision significantly. Most instruments to close the potential hernia site involve introducing a hollow needle with a built-in, grasping device through tissue on one side of the defect and into the abdominal cavity. This puts internal structures at risk for potential injury. One end of suture is introduced with this needle and then using a separate instrument through a different trocar this suture is held while the needle is removed. The needle device is then re-introduced through tissue on the opposite side of the defect, and the suture is handed back to the needle device and pulled out completing a U-stitch to close the potential hernia site. If a surgeon inserts a finger into the abdomen along the trocar site to guide the needle, there is the potential for injury to the surgeon’s finger. Therefore, we set about to design a device to close trocar site defects that would work efficiently, while being safe from injury to the patient or the surgeon, and preferably without the need for a separate instrument through a different trocar to assist.